专外笔记

合集下载

专科大学英语教材笔记

专科大学英语教材笔记

专科大学英语教材笔记一、教材概述专科大学英语教材是专为在大学期间学习英语的专科生设计的。

本教材旨在提高学生的听力、口语、阅读和写作能力,帮助他们在未来的学习和工作中更好地运用英语。

二、教材特点1. 系统性:教材内容按照学习者的英语水平和要求进行分级,从基础到高级逐步展开,使学习者能够循序渐进地提高英语水平。

2. 实用性:教材注重培养学生的实际运用能力,涵盖各个语言技能,如听说读写,并融入与现实世界相关的话题和情境。

3. 全面性:教材全面覆盖了英语的基础知识和技能,包括词汇、语法、听力、口语、阅读、写作等方面,并提供相关练习和活动,帮助学生全面发展英语能力。

三、教材结构教材分为若干单元,每个单元包含以下部分:1. 主题介绍:每个单元以一个主题为中心,介绍该主题的背景和相关内容,激发学生的学习兴趣。

2. 词汇与语法:介绍与主题相关的词汇和语法知识,以帮助学生理解和运用相关的词语和句型。

3. 听力训练:提供与主题相关的听力材料,让学生通过听力练习提高语音识别和理解能力。

4. 口语训练:通过对话、角色扮演等形式,让学生练习口语表达,提高口语交流能力。

5. 阅读理解:提供与主题相关的阅读材料,让学生阅读并理解文章中的信息,培养阅读理解能力。

6. 写作练习:引导学生根据主题进行写作练习,提高写作能力和表达能力。

7. 补充材料:提供一些与主题相关的额外资料,供学生拓展知识和进行深入学习。

四、教材应用1. 课堂教学:教师可以按照教材的内容和顺序进行课堂教学,通过讲解、示范和练习帮助学生掌握和运用知识。

2. 自主学习:学生可以根据教材的指导进行自主学习,通过阅读、听力练习和书面作业提高各方面的英语能力。

3. 辅助教材:教材中的补充材料可以作为教师教学时的额外资料,提供更多的例子和案例,帮助学生更好地理解和应用知识。

五、教材评价专科大学英语教材准确地符合了专科生学习英语的需求,并且整体结构合理,内容丰富,各个语言技能得到充分训练与提高。

外科学重点外科学笔记(考试专用)

外科学重点外科学笔记(考试专用)

外科学重点外科学笔记(考试专用)外科学总论复重点XXX独家搜集1.无菌术是指针对微生物及感染途径所采取的一系列预防措施,其中包括灭菌法、消毒法、操作规则及管理制度。

灭菌是指杀灭一切活的微生物。

消毒是指灭病原微生物和其他有害微生物,但不要求清除或杀灭所有微生物。

常用灭菌法包括①高压蒸汽灭菌法,这是手术用品灭菌最常用最可靠是方法;②煮沸灭菌法,用于金属器械、玻璃、橡胶类物品;③火烧法,用于紧急情况下使用的器械。

消毒法包括药液浸泡消毒法和甲醛蒸汽熏蒸法。

正确进行无菌操作的原则(十要点)要求一般了解即可。

参见应试教程P509页。

2.水、电解质代谢和酸碱平衡失调。

(1)各型缺水(等渗性脱水、高渗性脱水、低渗性脱水)和钾(低血钾、高钾血症)、钙、镁异常的病理生理、临床表现、诊断和防治原则。

(2)代谢性酸中毒和碱中毒的病理生理、临床表现、诊断和防治。

代谢性酸中毒是由于各种原因所致的体内的[HCO3-]减少所致;临床突出表现为深快呼吸,呼气时有时带有酮味。

面色潮红,心率增快,脉搏增快,CO2—CP<40%,尿液呈酸性。

诊断主要是根据病史及深快呼吸,血PH值及[HCO3-]明显下降等特征。

治疗方法一是消除病因,治疗原发病;二是根据[HCO3-]浓度来决定是否补碱,三是防止低钾血症,及时补K+。

(3)体液和酸碱平衡失调的概念和防治原则。

呼酸是指肺泡通气及换气功能减弱,不能充分排出体内生成的CO2,以致血液PCO2增高,引起高碳酸血症。

呼碱是由于肺泡通气过度,体内生成CO2排出过多,以致P CO2降低,最终引起低碳酸血症,血PH值升高。

3.输血的适应证包括出血、纠正贫血或低蛋白血症、严重感染和凝血异常。

注意事项是①严密查对,②关于保密时间,③血液预热,④不加药物,⑤加强观察,尤其是T、P、BP及尿色。

要注意发热反应和过敏反应等并发症。

4.外科休克的基本概念、病因(低血容量性休克、感染性休克、心源性休克、神经性休克、过敏性休克)及病理生理变化(微循环改变、内脏器官继发损害)、临床表现(休克前期、休克期)、诊断要点及各型休克的治疗原则(一般治疗、扩容补充血容量、应用心血管药物、应用强心剂、纠正酸中毒、应用激素、积极治疗原发病、积极处理无尿者)。

商务英语课堂笔记模板

商务英语课堂笔记模板

商务英语课堂笔记模板
商务英语学习需要认真记录、总结和反思。

好的课堂笔记模板可以帮助学生更
好地记录学习内容和学习思路。

以下是商务英语课堂笔记模板的参考。

1. 日期
课程日期: ________ 年 ________ 月 ________ 日
2. 课程信息
•课程名称:
•授课老师:
•课程类型:
•课程时间:
•授课地点:
3. 课程目标
简要描述本节课的授课目标和重点。

4. 笔记主题
记录本次课堂的主题和主要内容,包括老师讲解的重点、学生主要学习的内容,以及具体的学习方式。

5. 词汇记录
记录本次课学习的生词和相关短语,包括汉语翻译和英语原文。

可以根据个人
习惯和掌握程度标记词汇重要性或难度。

6. 句型结构
记录课程中学习到的重要的句型和语法结构,包括例句和对应的中文翻译。


时也可以结合上下文学习如何使用这些句型和语法。

7. 同义词和反义词
记录课程中学习到的同义词和反义词,可以帮助扩充词汇并提高词汇表达的准
确性。

8. 业务实例
记录本次课程中学习到的实际业务案例,对于深入理解商务英语课程非常有帮助。

9. 学习反思
结合本次课堂学习内容和自身学习经验,进行学习反思和总结。

包括个人学习感受、对记录方式的评估和改进想法。

10. 下一步计划
基于本次课堂学习,制定下一步学习计划,包括词汇学习、听力和口语训练等方面的内容。

以上就是商务英语课堂笔记模板的内容,希望能够帮助到大家。

如果需要,可以在此基础上进行个性化的修改和调整。

英语专业四级听力记笔记技巧

英语专业四级听力记笔记技巧

英语专业四级听力记笔记技巧听力在英语专业四级考试中占据重要的一部分,而记笔记是提高听力理解和记忆能力的有效方法之一。

本文将介绍一些英语专业四级听力记笔记的技巧,帮助考生更好地应对听力考试。

一、精要概括法精要概括法是指在听力过程中,将主要信息或重要细节用简短的语言概括出来。

这样做可以帮助我们快速捕捉到关键信息,提高记忆效果。

例如,在听一篇关于某种新技术的讲座时,我们可以用以下方式记笔记:1. 新技术名称:XXX2. 优点:提高效率、降低成本3. 应用领域:医疗、工业、交通等4. 示例:医疗领域的应用案例通过此法,我们可以在听力结束后复盘时,快速回顾整个内容,对听力内容有更清晰的印象。

二、图表法图表法适用于对数字、比例、时序等信息进行整理和比较的听力材料。

我们可以通过绘制表格、流程图、柱状图等形式,将听到的信息转化为可视化的图像,更好地理解和记忆。

例如,在听一篇关于某个公司营收增长情况的报道时,我们可以绘制一张柱状图,标明每年的营收数字,从而更清晰地了解其增长趋势。

三、关键词法关键词法是将关键信息或词汇快速记录下来,在复习时重点关注这些关键信息。

我们可以用简洁的方式记录下主题词、人名、地名、日期等关键词,帮助我们在听力材料中准确捕捉重要信息。

例如,在听一个关于环境污染的访谈时,我们可以用以下方式记录关键词:1. 主题词:环境污染2. 原因:工业排放、汽车尾气3. 影响:空气污染、健康问题4. 解决方案:减少排放、提倡绿色出行通过捕捉关键信息,我们可以更好地理解听力内容,从而提高记忆和理解效果。

四、箭头连接法箭头连接法适用于需要记笔记的内容之间存在关联性的听力材料。

我们可以通过画箭头将不同信息相互连接,形成脉络清晰的笔记。

例如,在听一篇关于某个历史事件的讲座时,我们可以用箭头连接不同的年份、人物、事件,形成时间线,帮助我们理清事件的发展过程。

五、语境还原法语境还原法是将听到的信息与前后文进行关联,还原出原本的语境。

高三英语作业笔记和知识点

高三英语作业笔记和知识点

高三英语作业笔记和知识点在高三英语学习过程中,积累笔记和整理知识点是非常重要的,它们不仅可以帮助我们理清知识结构,还能提高学习效率和记忆力。

下面是我对高三英语作业笔记和知识点的一些总结和分享。

一、听力笔记在做听力练习时,我们可以通过记录关键信息和重点内容来提高听力笔记的效果。

以下是一些记录听力笔记的技巧:1. 关键信息记录:将听到的关键信息,如人名、地点、数字、时间等写下来,以便后续记忆和答题。

2. 笔记符号:使用合适的符号来标记笔记,如“+”表示正面观点,“-”表示负面观点,“?”表示不确定等。

3. 简洁明了:尽量使用简短的词语和简洁的句子表达听到的内容,以便后续回顾和复习。

二、阅读笔记阅读是提高英语能力的关键部分,而有效的阅读笔记可以帮助我们更好地理解文章和提高阅读理解能力。

以下是一些记录阅读笔记的方法:1. 主题概括:写下文章的主题和核心观点,帮助我们理清文章结构和思路。

2. 生词记录:将不认识的生词和短语写下来,后续可以进行查阅和记忆。

3. 关键句子摘录:将文章中重要的句子或段落摘录下来,以备后续分析和参考。

4. 个人想法:可以在笔记中加入自己的思考和想法,与文章内容进行对比和探讨。

三、写作知识点写作是考试中需要应对的一项技能,在备考中必须重视对写作知识点的归纳和总结。

下面是一些高三英语写作知识点的整理:1. 文章结构:要了解不同类型的写作形式和结构,如议论文、说明文、提纲类作文等。

2. 连词和过渡词:熟练掌握各种连接词和过渡词的用法,能够使文章结构更加紧密和流畅。

3. 语法和句式:了解基本的语法规则和常用的句式结构,尽量避免语法错误,使文章语言表达更准确。

4. 词汇选择:学习多样化的词汇和短语,并且合理运用到写作中,使文章更富有表达力和亮点。

四、口语知识点口语是英语学习的一个重要方面,通过口语的练习可以提高对语言的运用能力和流利度。

以下是一些高三英语口语知识点的总结:1. 常用口语表达:积累一些实用的口语表达,如问候、道歉、感谢和邀请等,可以帮助我们更好地与他人交流。

贸大翻硕-2015年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研参考笔记总结

贸大翻硕-2015年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研参考笔记总结

贸大翻硕-2015年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研参考笔记总结各位考研的同学们,大家好!我是才思的一名学员,现在已经顺利的考上对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士,今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题,方便大家准备考研,希望给大家一定的帮助。

费希特认识到自我是独立自由的主体。

他站在主观唯心主义的立场伸张人的独立自主性;他建立了主观唯心主义的思维(自我)与存在(非我)统一说。

谢林创立了自己的同一哲学。

他认为自然和精神、存在和思维、客体和主体,表面相反,实则同一,是“绝对”发展过程中的不同阶段。

“绝对” “无差别的同一”,是万事万物的根源。

谢林认为自我意识发展的最高阶段是艺术。

黑格尔是集德国唯心主义之大成的哲学家。

他创立了西方哲学史上最庞大的客观唯心主义体系,第一个系统地、自觉地阐述了辩证法的一般运动形式,成为马克思主义以前辩证法高级形态的最大代表。

黑格尔认为,多样性的东西都不是最真实的,只有普遍性、统一性才是最真实的。

统一不是脱离矛盾、对立的抽象统一,而是在内的统一,叫做对立统一。

具体普遍、对立统一是黑格尔全部辩证法的核心。

另一方面,黑格尔是客观唯心主义者,认为最真实的无所不包的整体既是“绝对精神”,又是对立的统一。

黑格尔把“绝对精神”这一最高统一体展开为逻辑、自然、精神三大阶段。

关于人类精神的学问是最高的学问。

黑格尔在唯心主义基础上第一次把人类从感性认识到理性认识的辩证法作了系统的、详细的阐述。

费尔巴哈德国古典哲学的最后一个代表,唯物主义哲学家。

他认为,自然界是唯一实在的;人是肉体与灵魂的统一;思维从存在而来。

建立了形而上学形态的“人本学”唯物主义和以唯物主义为基础的思维与存在同一说。

翻译硕士高校排名第一批:1.北大招生30名,其中推免202.北外英语笔译 60名(学制两年)(好像除了翻译基础和汉语百科,会考俄日法德其中一门二外)3.南开英语口笔译非在职和在职生各招收30名4.复旦英语笔译 30名5.同济英语笔译德语笔译未列招生人数6.上海交大英语笔译未列招生人数7.上外英语笔译35人(下设法律翻译,公/商务笔译,专业编译三个方向)英语口译15人(下设会议口译方向,公/商务口译方向和陪同口译方向)法语口译 5人8.南大英语笔译35人9.厦大英语口笔译各15人10.中南大学英语口笔译未列招生人数11.湖南师范英语口笔译未列招生人数12.中山英语笔译20人英语口译10人13.西南大学英语笔译未列招生人数14.广外英语笔译60人英语口译40人日语笔译20人日语口译10人法语口译10人其中英语翻译硕士复试参考书目991|翻译实务(笔译):1、《实用翻译教程(修订版)》,刘季春主编,中山大学出版社,2007年。

外科笔记重点总结

外科笔记重点总结

外科笔记重点总结外科是医学领域中一个重要的分支,涵盖了众多疾病的诊断、治疗和预防。

以下是对外科笔记重点的总结,希望能对大家有所帮助。

一、外科手术基本操作(一)切开切开是外科手术的第一步,其关键在于选择合适的切口位置和方向,以最小的损伤达到最佳的手术视野暴露。

切口应避开重要的神经、血管和器官,同时要考虑到术后的美观和功能恢复。

切开时,手术刀要与皮肤垂直,用力均匀,一次性切开皮肤全层,避免多次切割造成组织损伤。

(二)止血手术中的止血至关重要,常用的止血方法包括压迫止血、结扎止血、电凝止血和药物止血等。

压迫止血适用于小血管的出血,通过纱布按压一段时间即可止血。

结扎止血是最常用的方法,用丝线将出血的血管结扎。

电凝止血适用于小的出血点,通过高频电流使组织凝固止血。

药物止血则常用于渗血,如使用止血纱布、止血粉等。

(三)分离分离是指将病变组织与正常组织分离开来,常用的分离方法有锐性分离和钝性分离。

锐性分离使用手术刀、手术剪等器械进行,对组织损伤小,但操作要求精细。

钝性分离则使用手指、纱布球等进行,适用于疏松组织的分离,但容易造成组织损伤。

(四)缝合缝合是手术结束时的重要操作,其目的是使切口闭合,促进愈合。

缝合的方法有多种,如单纯缝合、内翻缝合、外翻缝合等。

选择合适的缝合方法取决于切口的部位、张力和组织的特性。

缝合时要注意针距和线距均匀,缝线的拉力适中,避免过紧或过松。

二、外科感染(一)病因外科感染的病因主要包括细菌感染、真菌感染、病毒感染等。

细菌感染是最常见的原因,如金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌等。

感染的发生还与机体的抵抗力下降、局部组织损伤、异物存留等因素有关。

(二)临床表现外科感染的临床表现因感染的部位、类型和严重程度而异。

常见的症状包括局部红肿、疼痛、发热、功能障碍等。

严重的感染还可能出现全身症状,如寒战、高热、乏力、食欲不振等。

(三)治疗外科感染的治疗原则是消除感染病因,控制感染扩散,促进炎症消退和组织修复。

专四笔记整理

专四笔记整理

专四笔记整理English: Taking notes is an essential activity for students. It helps in retaining information, understanding concepts, and studying effectively. When taking notes, it is important to be organized and focused. Use headings, bullet points, and underline important information. This will help in easy revision and quick recollection of information. When making notes, it is crucial to use your own words and avoid copying directly from the source. This helps in better understanding and retention. Additionally, reviewing and revising notes regularly is key to long-term memory retention. It is also helpful to use different colors, diagrams, and mind maps to make the notes more visually appealing and easy to comprehend.中文翻译: 记笔记对于学生来说是一项必不可少的活动。

它有助于记忆信息,理解概念,以及有效地学习。

在做笔记时,重要的是要有条理和专注。

使用标题、项目符号和重要信息的下划线。

英语专业学生的笔记。。。超级强悍...

英语专业学生的笔记。。。超级强悍...

英语专业学生的笔记。

超级强悍...英语专业学生的笔记。

超级强悍,我都无法用语言形容了。

看了之后让我不得不佩服,不得不自愧不如啊(转)我怕找不到英语四六级写作25个加分句型一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)例句:Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V例句:Nothing is more important than to receive education.没有比接受教育更重要的事。

三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.(再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。

)例句:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

四、There is no denying that + S + V ...(不可否认的...)例句:There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否认的,我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

涉外作品翻译实训学习笔记

涉外作品翻译实训学习笔记

涉外作品翻译实训学习笔记今天是XXXX年X月XX日,我在XXXX公司实习的最后一天。

一个多月的实习经历让我收获良多。

无论是专业技能,还是职场规范,都有在学校里无法得到的感悟。

我在大学里学的是翻译,到XX之后的主要工作也是翻译和校对,在专业上完全对口。

原本以为凭我的翻译水平这份工作应该很容易上手,但经过实际工作才发现自己要学习的地方有很多。

首先是格式问题。

在这方面,我不但所知极为有限,连意识也很欠缺。

学校里从未学过,我也一直以为翻译仅限于两种语言之间的转化,但作为一种职业,这却远远不够。

我们交给客户的应该是跟源文件各方面都一致的成品,而不是只转化了语言的半成品。

比如一份幻灯片文件要我们翻译,那译稿应该是格式完全一致的幻灯片,而不是仅仅翻译了文字的word文档。

然后是行文规范问题。

即便是纯文本文件,也有其行文规范,如字体、字号、行距以及标点符号运用等。

这些内容我们在学校里做翻译练习并不如何重视,但对于专业翻译公司,这类细节问题就像公司的门面,门面不好,公司实力再强形象也会受损。

就是对翻译本身,我也有了新的理解。

我在学校里所学所练主要以文学为主,讲究翻译技巧,追求辞藻和句式变化等修辞手法。

然而在公司,虽然也有文学方面的订单,但业务方面还是以科技和法律等专业性较强的内容为主。

很多时候,客户需要的是一份表达清晰、行文简洁的译文,而非需要用心品味的文章。

真正做翻译时,就需要以客户的要求为准,而不是信马游缰地行文。

以前我虽然有过一些兼职,但那些主要是课余时间赚取生活费,顺便了解社会的一种途径,工作本身对专业知识要求小,我也很少全心投入。

但在XX的实习不同,这家专业公司让我找到了真正步入社会的感觉。

英语业务学习笔记

英语业务学习笔记

英语业务学习笔记作为一个在英语学习道路上摸爬滚打多年的人,我深刻地明白,想要提升英语业务能力,可不是一件轻松的事儿。

这就好比登山,每一步都充满挑战,但当你站在高处回望,那种成就感简直无与伦比。

我记得刚开始接触英语业务的时候,那真的是一头雾水。

就拿那些商务英语邮件来说吧,满篇的专业词汇和复杂句式,看得我眼花缭乱。

有一次,我收到一封来自国外合作伙伴的邮件,里面提到了“ROI”这个词,我愣是琢磨了半天也没搞明白。

后来一查,原来是“Return on Investment”(投资回报率)的缩写。

当时我就想,这英语业务的水可真深呐!为了能更好地应对这些挑战,我给自己制定了一套详细的学习计划。

每天早上,我都会早起半个小时,读一些商务英语的文章,练习发音和语感。

一开始,读起来那叫一个磕磕绊绊,舌头都快打结了。

但我告诉自己,坚持就是胜利!慢慢地,我读得越来越顺畅,也能更准确地理解文章的意思了。

中午休息的时候,我也不放过学习的机会。

我会找一些英语业务的案例来分析,学习别人是怎么处理问题、怎么表达观点的。

有一个案例让我印象特别深刻,是关于一次跨国商务谈判的。

双方在价格上僵持不下,一方用了非常巧妙的措辞和数据支持,成功地说服了对方做出让步。

我仔细研究了他们的用词和逻辑,发现原来英语在商务谈判中可以这么有力量。

晚上,我会花一个小时的时间学习语法和词汇。

我买了好几本厚厚的英语语法书和词汇书,一页一页地啃。

有时候,那些枯燥的语法规则真的让我头疼,但一想到学好英语业务能带来的种种好处,我就又有了动力。

在学习的过程中,我还闹过不少笑话。

有一次,我参加一个英语商务会议,轮到我发言的时候,我特别紧张。

本来想说“Our company has achieved remarkab le results in the past year”(我们公司在过去一年取得了显著的成绩。

)结果一紧张,说成了“Our company has achieved remarkable rats in the past year”(我们公司在过去一年取得了显著的老鼠。

2021年cb398《公共英语》重点笔记

2021年cb398《公共英语》重点笔记

2021年cb398《公共英语》重点笔记1. 介绍在本文中,我们将探讨2021年cb398《公共英语》的重点内容和笔记。

通过系统的分析和总结,我将为您提供一份高质量、深度和广度兼具的笔记,帮助您更好地准备这门考试。

2. 听力部分2.1. 第一部分在2021年cb398《公共英语》考试中,听力部分占据重要地位。

我们需要重点关注各种日常对话和场景,包括但不限于购物、旅行、医疗、学习等。

这些对话通常会涉及到常用的日常用语和表达方式,需要我们熟练掌握。

2.2. 第二部分在听力部分的第二部分,往往涉及到较为专业化的讲座或演讲。

在这一部分,我们需要关注一些特定领域的知识,比如科技、文化、历史、环境等。

这些讲座或演讲也会涉及到一些学术用语和高级表达方式,需要我们通过长期的积累和练习来提高听力水平。

3. 阅读部分3.1. 第一部分随后,我们来关注2021年cb398《公共英语》考试的阅读部分。

我们需要理解各种日常生活中的文字材料,比如公告、广告、便条、简讯等。

这些材料往往会包含一些简单的词汇和句型,需要我们能够准确理解和理会其中的含义。

3.2. 第二部分在阅读部分的第二部分,通常会涉及到一些较为复杂的文章或报告。

这些文章可能涉及到科技、商业、社会、文化等各个领域,并且会包含一些较为专业化的术语和句式。

我们需要通过大量的阅读和理解来提高自己的阅读能力。

4. 写作部分在2021年cb398《公共英语》考试中,写作部分也是一个重点。

我们需要能够熟练运用一些常见的写作技巧和表达方式,比如段落结构、衔接词、句型转换等。

我们还需要有一定的话题积累,并且能够灵活地运用到不同的写作场景中。

5. 总结与回顾2021年cb398《公共英语》考试涵盖了听力、阅读和写作三个部分,每个部分都有其重点内容和要求。

我们需要通过系统的学习和练习,来提高自己的英语学习能力和应试能力,以取得更好的考试成绩。

6. 个人观点与理解就我个人而言,英语作为一门国际通用的语言,具有重要的实用价值和意义。

英语专业外贸笔记

英语专业外贸笔记

Chapter Two1.inquiry(enquiry)n.询盘,询价make(or:send,give,fax)sb.an inquiry for sth.向某人询购某种商品e.g.We thank you for your inquiry for sunflower seeds.我们感谢你方有关向日葵籽的询盘。

At present,there are large inquiries for our“Cool”Brand Air Conditioner in our market.目前,我们市场有大量对我“凉爽”牌空调的询盘。

inquire v.询价,询购,询问inquire for sth.询购某种商品e.g.Thank you for your letter of September1inquiring for3,000m/ts Northeast Rice.感谢你方九月一日询购三千公吨东北大米的来信。

enquire into调查e.g.The buyer claimed that the goods were damaged in transit,but we must enquire into this matter ourselves.买方声称货物在运输过程中被损坏了,但是我们必须亲自调查这件事情。

enquire about询问关于某事e.g.They sent us a letter,enquiring about the market condition here.他们给我们发来了一封信,询问这里的市场状况。

enquire of sb.about sth.询问某人某事e.g.Mr.Smith enquired of the exporter about the quality of their goods.史密斯先生询问出口商他们的产品质量如何。

2.catalogue n.目录quotation n.报价,报价单pricelist n.价目表3.volume adj.大量的e.g.volume orders大宗订单4.enter into business relations建立贸易关系还可以用:set upopen up business relationsestablishOr build up business connections5.in compliance with按照e.g.In compliance with your request,we are sending you our samples by air.应你方要求,我们用航空邮件给你们寄去了我们的样品。

大学专科英语教材笔记

大学专科英语教材笔记

大学专科英语教材笔记一、Unit 1: Campus LifeIn this unit, the topic is introduced by discussing various aspects of campus life. The unit covers topics such as university facilities, extracurricular activities, and study methods. Campus life plays a crucial role in shaping students' overall development and academic success. Therefore, it is essential for students to familiarize themselves with the resources and opportunities provided by their university.1.1 University Facilities- College Library: Provides students with access to a wide range of academic resources, such as books, journals, and online databases. It is an essential place for students to conduct research and study.- Sports Center: Offers various sports facilities, including a gymnasium, swimming pool, and athletic tracks. It promotes physical fitness and provides students with recreational activities.- Student Union: Serves as a platform for student organizations and activities. It encourages students to explore their interests outside of academics and enhances their social skills.1.2 Extracurricular Activities- Student Clubs and Societies: Provide opportunities for students to pursue their hobbies and interests. It allows students to engage in activities such as music, art, sports, and volunteering.- Cultural Events: Organized by the university, these events include concerts, exhibitions, and festivals. They aim to enrich students' cultural experiences and foster a sense of community.- Academic Conferences: Facilitate intellectual discussions and knowledge exchange among students, faculty, and experts in various fields. Attending conferences enhances students' awareness of current trends and developments.1.3 Study Methods- Time Management: Effectively managing study time helps students balance academic workload and other commitments. Setting priorities, creating schedules, and minimizing distractions are key strategies.- Note-Taking Techniques: Developing efficient note-taking skills during lectures improves understanding and retention of information. Methods such as Cornell notes or mind mapping can enhance the learning process.- Group Discussions: Collaborative learning promotes active engagement and knowledge sharing among classmates. Group discussions enable students to gain multiple perspectives and develop critical thinking skills.二、Unit 2: Social MediaIn this unit, the impact of social media on various aspects of society is explored. It examines both the positive and negative effects of social media on interpersonal relationships, education, and business. Understanding theinfluence of social media is vital in the digital age, as it has become an integral part of our daily lives.2.1 Interpersonal Relationships- Connectivity: Social media platforms connect individuals from different locations, fostering communication and relationships regardless of distance.- Social Skills: Overreliance on social media may hinder the development of face-to-face social skills, such as effective communication and emotional intelligence.- Privacy Concerns: Sharing personal information on social media exposes individuals to privacy risks. It is important to be cautious and maintain a healthy balance of online and offline interactions.2.2 Education- Learning Resources: Social media provides access to a vast range of educational resources, such as educational accounts, e-learning platforms, and online tutorials.- Collaborative Learning: Virtual communities and discussion forums enable students to share knowledge, seek help, and collaborate on projects, enhancing the learning experience.- Distractions: Social media can be a significant source of distraction during study time. It is essential for students to practice self-discipline and limit their usage for academic purposes.2.3 Business- Marketing Opportunities: Social media platforms offer businesses extensive reach and targeting options for advertising and promoting their products or services.- Customer Feedback: Companies can obtain instant feedback and engage in direct communication with their customers, which helps in improving products and services.- Online Reputation Management: Maintaining a positive online presence is crucial for businesses. Social media allows companies to monitor and manage their brand's reputation effectively.These are just a few examples of the topics covered in the unit. The comprehensive study of social media enables students to navigate the digital landscape responsibly and maximize its benefits while mitigating its potential drawbacks.三、Unit 3: Globalization and TradeUnit 3 focuses on the concept of globalization and its impact on international trade. It delves into topics such as the benefits and challenges of globalization, trade agreements, and the role of multinational corporations.3.1 Benefits of Globalization- Economic Growth: Globalization has led to increased trade, foreign investments, and market expansion, which contribute to economic growth in participating countries.- Cultural Exchange: Globalization facilitates the exchange of ideas, languages, and cultural practices, leading to multicultural understanding and appreciation.- Technological Advancements: The integration of global markets promotes technological innovation and knowledge sharing among nations.3.2 Challenges of Globalization- Inequality: Globalization can exacerbate economic disparities between developed and developing countries, leading to income inequalities and social unrest.- Environmental Concerns: Increased global trade has resulted in environmental degradation, such as pollution and resource depletion. Sustainable practices are necessary to address these issues.- Cultural Homogenization: The dominance of global media and consumerism has the potential to erode local cultures and traditions, necessitating efforts to preserve cultural diversity.3.3 Trade Agreements- Regional Trade Blocs: The formation of regional trade blocs, such as the European Union (EU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), promotes trade integration and cooperation among member countries.- World Trade Organization (WTO): The WTO sets rules and resolves trade disputes at a global level, fostering a fair and predictable trading system.- Free Trade Agreements (FTAs): These bilateral or multilateral agreements eliminate or reduce tariffs, facilitating trade and investment among participating countries.3.4 Role of Multinational Corporations- Market Expansion: Multinational corporations (MNCs) have the resources and expertise to enter new markets, driving economic growth and creating employment opportunities.- Labor and Environmental Practices: MNCs are increasingly scrutinized for their labor conditions and environmental impact. Stakeholder pressure pushes them toward sustainable and ethical practices.- Technology Transfer: MNCs bring advanced technology and managerial know-how to host countries, contributing to their industrial development and capacity building.Understanding the complexities of globalization and trade is essential for students pursuing careers in international business, economics, or related fields. The unit provides a foundation for comprehending the interconnectedness of the global economy and the challenges it presents.以上是大学专科英语教材笔记的一些小节内容,涵盖了大学生活、社交媒体和全球化与贸易等主题。

大专英语笔记期末总结

大专英语笔记期末总结

大专英语笔记期末总结First, I want to highlight the main subjects and corresponding topics covered in this semester. As a student pursuing a major in Business Administration, I have undertaken a variety of courses. These courses include Financial Accounting, Marketing Principles, Business Communication, and Human Resource Management.In Financial Accounting, I have learned the fundamental principles and concepts of accounting, such as the accounting equation, double-entry bookkeeping, and financial statement analysis. Through various case studies and practical exercises, I have gained a solid understanding of how to prepare and analyze financial statements. I have also become familiar with different accounting regulations and how they impact financial reporting.In Marketing Principles, I have learned about the key concepts and strategies in marketing. This course has given me insights into market segmentation, target marketing, product development, pricing, promotion, and distribution. I have also learned about consumer behavior and how to conduct market research. These skills will be essential in developing effective marketing campaigns and understanding consumer needs and preferences.In Business Communication, I have learned the importance of effective communication skills in the business world. This course has enhanced my written and verbal communication skills, as well as my presentation and teamwork abilities. I have also learned about different communication mediums and how to adapt my communication style to different contexts and audiences. These skills will be crucial in my future professional endeavors.In Human Resource Management, I have gained a comprehensive understanding of the key principles and strategies in managing human resources. I have learned about recruitment and selection, training and development, performance management, compensation and benefits, and employee relations. This course has equipped me with the knowledge and skills necessary to effectively manage and motivate employees in an organization. Overall, I am satisfied with my academic performance this semester. I have maintained a high GPA and actively participated in class discussions and group projects. However, there is always room for improvement. One area I would like to focus on in the future is time management. I sometimes struggle with balancing my coursework and other responsibilities, which can lead to unnecessary stress and a lack of productivity. To address this, I plan to create a detailed study schedule and prioritize my tasks effectively.In addition to academic achievements, I have also developed important life skills throughout this semester. I have improved my critical thinking and problem-solving skills, as well as my ability to work in teams and adapt to different situations. These skills will be valuable not only in my future professional career but also in my personal life.Looking ahead, I have set some goals for the next semester and beyond. Firstly, I aim to further develop my knowledge and skills in my major field by taking advanced courses andengaging in internships or extracurricular activities related to business administration. This will allow me to gain practical experience and apply the theories and concepts I have learned in real-world settings.Secondly, I want to improve my leadership skills. Being a leader requires strong communication, decision-making, and problem-solving abilities. I plan to join student clubs or organizations where I can take on leadership roles and enhance my leadership capabilities.Lastly, I want to continue expanding my network and building relationships with professionals in the industry. Networking is crucial in today's job market, and it can provide valuable opportunities for internships, job placements, and mentorship. I plan to attend industry conferences, career fairs, and networking events to connect with professionals in my desired field.In conclusion, this semester has been a valuable learning experience for me. I have gained knowledge in various subjects related to my major and developed important skills for both academic and professional success. While I am content with my achievements this semester, I recognize the need for continuous improvement. By setting goals and taking proactive steps to enhance my knowledge, skills, and personal growth, I am confident that I will be well-prepared for future challenges and success in my chosen field.。

外文读书笔记

外文读书笔记

外文读书笔记
外文读书笔记是指读外语书籍时所做的笔记。

以下是一些关于如何写外文读书笔记的建议:
1. 词汇记录:在读书过程中,遇到不熟悉的单词或短语时,及时记录下来。

可以写下单词的定义、例句以及自己的理解。

2. 句子摘抄:将书中触动你的句子摘抄下来。

这些句子可能是作者的观点、重要的论证或者令你有所思考的内容。

在记录时尽量保持原文的准确性和完整性。

3. 思考和批注:对于书中的观点和观点进行思考,并在读书笔记中进行批注。

可以写下自己的反驳意见、感受、补充说明等。

这有助于深入理解书中的内容并形成自己的观点。

4. 知识框架:将读书笔记按照章节或者主题进行分类整理,可以帮助你更好地理解书籍的结构和内容。

这也有助于后续的复习和回顾。

5. 总结和归纳:在读完一本书后,可以总结书中的主要观点和自己的学习收获。

可以写下书籍的亮点、作者的主要观点以及对自己的影响等。

6. 例句翻译:如果你想提高外语水平,可以选择将一些重要的例句进行翻译。

这有助于提高翻译能力和理解外语句子的能力。

7. 相关阅读推荐:如果在读书过程中遇到与其他书籍或文章相关的内容,可以在读书笔记中进行记录,并推荐给自己或
他人进行深入阅读。

以上建议可以帮助你更好地进行外文读书笔记的记录和整理,提高学习效果和理解能力。

外英语专业超全面翻译笔记

外英语专业超全面翻译笔记

外英语专业超全面翻译笔记第一部分:数词的译法一、数字增减的译法:1.句式特征:by+名词+比较级+thanThe wire is by three inches longer than that one.这根导线比那根长3英寸。

2.句式特征:表示增减意义的动词+to+n.译为:增加到。

或减少到。

Metal cutting machines have been decreased to 50.金属切割机已经减少到50台。

二、百分数增减的表示法与译法1.句式特征:表示增减意义的动词+%The output value has increased 35%.产值增加了35%2.句式特征:表示增减意义的动词+by+%Retail sales should rise by 8%商品零售额应增加3%The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本减少60%3.句式特征:表示减少意义的动词+to+%表示减少后剩余的数量By using this new-process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用这种新工艺,铁的损失量减少到20%4.句式特征:%+比较级+than表示净增减的数量Retail sales are expected to be nine percent higher than last year.今年零售额与去年相比,有望增加9%。

5.句式特征:%+比较级+名词表示净减数The new-type machine wasted 10 percent energy supplied. 新型机械能耗量净减10%6.句式特征:a + % + increase表示净增数There is a 20% increase of steel as compared with last year.与去年相比,今年钢产量净增20%7.句式特征:%+ (of) 名词(代词)表示净减数,数字n照译The production cost is about 60 percent that of last year.今年产值仅为去年的60%8.句式特征:%+up on 或over表示净增数The grain output of last year in this province was 20% percent up on that of 1978.去年粮食产量比1978年净增20%。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

Notes for English of civil engineering materialsBy Li Gang loving CQUchongdaligang@ 与诸君共勉:耐劳苦,尚简朴,勤学业,爱国家。

Vocabularyalkaline a.碱性的be capable of能够binding mediumcalcareous rock石灰质岩石cementitious materialchemical-resistant a.cohesive property/viscosity粘聚性come into contact with/in contact with与……接触consistency稠度constituent(组成)成份composition(化学)成份ingredient(强调个体组成)成份make-up(形式)组成make-up of hydration productscontinuity连续性homogeneous均一的uniformity一致性identical同一的consistent一致的conveyingcorrosion腐蚀(用于钢筋)counteract抵消be offset by被抵消criterion/specification标准,规范deficiency/insufficiency n.缺乏adverse不好的deterioration破坏diffusion扩散epoxide环氧树脂polyester聚酯树脂polymer聚合物polypropylene聚丙烯asbestos石棉exceptionally格外地exothermic放热的friable易粉碎的等级order eg of the same order of the design strengthigneous火成sedimentary沉积metamorphic变质rockssandstone砂岩greywacke杂砂岩basalt玄武岩压碎值试验crushing value test拉伸裂缝tensile cracking热膨胀系数coefficient of thermal expansionpetro-“岩”petrology岩石学几种形状flaky elongated angular rounded irregular棱角系数angularity number棱角指数angularity factorgradientsize distribution粒度分布continuously graded/gap-graded grading modulus the equivalent diameter筛目sieve size体积分数the proportion by volumefillerradiation shielding辐射屏蔽extract萃取alluvial glacial action冲击,冰川作用dredge挖掘impurities杂质types of aggregate P21bulk density总体密度bulk cement散装水泥facilitate促进facilitate mixingsurface dampness表面泛潮efflorescence风化,粉化staining玷污物质substancedetrimental effects有害影响trial mix试拌物proprietary专卖的专利的proprietary admixturesynthetic detergent合成洗涤剂air-entraining agents(foaming agents gas-producing agents)water reducers plasticizersdisrupt分裂P23dispersion分散P25lignosulphonic木质磺酸的hydroxylated-carboxylic羟基羧基的pozzolanas火山灰pumicite浮石water-repelling agents憎水剂metallic soap金属皂workability(consistency,mobility,compactability)bearing关系意义has a direct bearing on costcompacting factor捣实系数V-B consistometer VB稠度仪salient显著的cone锥形物subside沉降numerical数值的true/shear/collapse slumpcontrivance设备sensible明显的potential n./a.reproducibility重现性electric power supply电源respective各自的irrespective不考虑的exist irrespective of…与…无关Irrespective of无论…lubrication润滑magnitude大小,数量means单/复方法speed up加快delivery交货corrective measure修正措施discharge卸料blemish瑕疵sand streaks沙质条纹unsightly a.难看的percolation浸透作用undue过度的unduly过度地fine-grained(“e”)细粒的fine-ground磨细的grain size粒度freezing and thawingfragile brittle friable脆的frost resistance抗冻性hydrophobic憎水的impermeable(im)抗渗的permeability absorption water absorptioninitial set初凝lightweight轻的mass concrete大体积砼water content用水量moisture content含水量optimum最佳的modification更改outweigh在重量上超过优于persistent permanent持久的plastic state state强调状态stage强调步骤precisely准确地raw materialreagitate重新搅动reactivity活性retard减速saturated surface-dry state(condition)settlement沉降shrinkage cracking收缩裂缝drying shrinkage autogenous shrinkage plastic shrinkagestructural element结构部件concrete member构件undesirable不理想的unreliable不可靠的variation n.变化改变with caution慎重in situ/actualvolume fraction/change/stabilitydeformation under loadin extreme caseadversely affectworkmanship工艺nondestructive testingper unit area水泥的类型用typeconcentrated loads集中荷载荷载分布distribute loads over a wide area split cylinder test劈裂圆柱体试验plain concrete素砼based onactual concrete in question破裂模数rupture modulusgain n.v.eg:the gain in strengthappreciate evaluate assess estimatein excess of超出excess water多余的水porous structure后期at later ages水量amount外加剂用量dosage杂质细覆盖层a fine coating of impuritiesdetach剥落inevitable不可避免的达到achieve attain gain realize先决条件prerequisite(for)free mixing water自由拌合水试样sample试件specimen表观/名义/获得/测试/实际强度apparent/nominal/obtained/measured/actual strengthresume(2)恢复重新开始resumptionbearing关系behavior现象成熟度maturityheight-diameter ratio高径比square prism四方棱柱150mm cubequality-control purpose质量控制目的equivalent cube strength当量立方体强度thoroughly dry完全干的cyclic循环的fatigue疲劳静止,持续,恒定,循环荷载static,sustained,constant,cyclic load consolidation凝固压实redistribution重新分配time-dependent deformationelastic deformation弹性变形nonlinear非线性的deflection=deflexion挠曲侧面的横向的laterally轴向的axialmultiphase多相calcium sulphoaluminate compounds硫铝酸钙化合物瞬时变形(undergo)an instantaneous deformation徐变回复creep recovery creep is not wholly reversible最终徐变应变ultimate creep strain永久应变permanent-strain低估underestimate总的over-all准备privision限制作用restraining effect施工条件service condition水压hydraulic pressure淡水腐蚀(溶出)leaching溶解dissolve密实的dense fully compacted强烈程度intensity严重程度severity浓度concentration持续性continuity空穴作用cavitation effects汽蚀cavitation erosionremedy不救措施n.v.消除eliminate eliminationline衬上碱硅胶(没有胶凝作用)alkaline silica gel准弹性的quasi-elastic单轴压力荷载load in uniaxial compression快硬波特兰水泥rapid-hardening Portland cementsulphate-resisting数学方程mathematical equation提出propose防护措施preventive measureinherent固有的V.proportion/batch配比难易程度easewatertightness水密性permeability water pass through the concreteabsorption draw water into its voids be drawn out of hydrated gel 平板结构slab structure伸缩缝movement joints高的空隙率high porosity净net模状养护化合物membrane curing compounddry out干透procedure流程slight轻微的直接测量direct measurement局限性limitationrationallyflawprogressive/gradual change共振法resonance methodvibrationalhardnessultrasonic pulsedynamic,static modulus of elasticity规整的well-defined shapeexciter触发器acceptor transducer pick up convert into longitudinal纵向的nature frequencycomparative basis可比较的标准rebound hammer回弹仪empirical经验的Expressionsin comparison of与…相比be mainly confined to rock aggregates局限于岩石集料degree of compaction密实程度in the case of至于in case of以防应用广:Lightweight aggregates find application in a wide variety of concrete products.…对于…的效果the effect of…on…当表现出可观量时when present in appreciate quantities需要…it is desirable to符合规范comply with the specification并不意味着be not intended to存在(保留)了人为的判断remain a matter of personal judgment如果还是这样(重复的前述的现象)…,if persistent,…简单的后置定语:…and is generally unsatisfactory for compacting factorgreater than0.2此条件下成型的砼resulting hardened concrete表示某一段时间间隔:time interval from the commencement of mixing to compaction.the time that elapses between mixing of concrete and its final compaction.period following compaction before the concrete stiffens.值得记住的是it is worth remembering thatassume假定承担loss of workability assumes the importance when…以这种方式in this mannerby virtue of因为…优点加钢筋incorporate steel baron occasions间或在…条件下onIt’s reactivity is only brought into effect on mixing with water.通过by以…单位表达is expressed in/as square centimeters per gram某种水泥a cement达到…样的程度These layers of gel grow to the extent that they come into contact with each other.由…施加的限制the restraint afforded by…to…对冲击荷载的抵抗resistance to failure by impacttake account of考虑到be reflected in考虑到反映到adjustments…与…的比率eg:The specific gravity of a material is the ratio of its weight to that of water.在…范围lies between…and…falls within the range2.5-3.0varies over a much wider range提出方案propose a method以一半递减The successive sieve size decreases by a factor of twoin accordance with与……一致introduce…intobe directly/inversely proportional to正/反比于be composed of由……组成be susceptible to对……敏感attainable可以达到的as a guide原则上ambient/environment condition相应的relevant relative associated corresponding因果关系be responsible for果result of因result from果contribute to果ascribe果to因(果is ascribed to)attribute果to因(果is attributed to) owe to be due to作状语owing to作定语due tofactors responsible for…因为,鉴于inasmuch as=in as much as相对于with respect to鉴于此in this respect在这个着眼点上in this respect改变引起改变…change with……as……with…the more the more(省略表语) eg:The greater the imposed restraint,the more severe the cracking.再列出一种情况,给出变化范围:The optimum aggregate size varies with the richness of the mix,being smaller for the richer mixes and generally lies between10and50mm.变化引起的具体变化:It may be assumed that every1percent increase in air content will increase the compacting factor by0.01and reduce the V-B time by 10percent.随着时间变化的强度strength with time…increase(v.)with increase(n.)in……increase with the increasing…简单句表示越越Increased temperature accelerate this reaction.定义be defined as be taken as be referred to承受be subject to withstand undergo carry eg:the load it can carry 相应地relatively相对地comparativelyeg:Concrete is a comparative brittle material which is relatively weak in tension.高达……的砼concrete of up to80N mm-2产生occur take place bring about presence n.originate(with in…or at aggregate-matrix interface)arise导致contribute to induce lead to give易be prone to…readily be susceptible to tend to用……拌的砼with concrete made with low-heat cementseventually事实上水化过程中高质量的凝胶结构a good quality gel structure in the hydration course早期强度……后期强度……减慢The gain in strength is most marked at early ages and after28days the relative gain in strength is much reduced.多少的水灰比a water-cement ratio of approximately20.5(by weight)在……条件下for a given condition under the given condition in some instance砼受拉concrete is stressed阻碍好的连接的发展hinder the development of a good bond假设…条件provided…在这种假设下on this assumption拌成一致均一的砼块be mixed into a consistent and homogeneous mass论文中被动用care must be taken to减小发生的可能性minimize the probability of the occurrence of…由此产生的the resulting voids由……引起的restraint provided by the machine platens…due to…水化The amount and rate of hydration and furthermore the physical make-up of the hydration products are dependent on the time-moisture-temperature history.强度的高high和……相关be related to局限的适用性be limited in their applicability for predicting…试验的进行用carry out对于…for…测强度用determine程度the degree/extent of moist curing(湿养)乘以multiply…by1.25需要注意的是it should be noted that可以看出it can be seen that通常认为it is normally accepted that/known as速度和大小rate and magnitude水分的有无absence or presence of moistureloading rate快用fast强度的减小reduction in strength不像金属unlike that for metals在特征上in character使用的荷载applied load释放release……的存在presence of…和……发生化学反应…react chemically with…加载时的………at loading达到湿度平衡reach moisture equilibriumuse of cement with a high rate通过裂缝pass though the crackssuffer from this kind of attack火山灰材料与碱的化合用combine with以一个持续下降的速率at a continuously decreasing rate延长的水中沉浸prolonged immersion in water对……产生影响…exerts(a restraining)influence on…被……所遮盖be overshadowed by顾名思议as the name implies即namelyStructure独立主格结构In such a case workability drops,the extent of the reduction being dependent on the aggregate content and its absorption capacity.省略句The water added in the mixture must be adjusted to take account of this if the free water content is to be kept constant and the required workability and strength of concrete maintained.分词修饰It is apparent that cements containing a relatively high percentage of C3S gain strength much more rapidly than those rich in C2S用从句表示荷载的持续时间the duration of time for which the load acts※Deterioration of concrete by weathering is usually brought about by the disruptive action of alternate freezing and thawing of free water in concrete and expansion and contraction of the concrete,under restraint, result from variation in temperature and alternate wetting and drying.※This arise from the use of water in excess of that required for the purpose of hydration in order to make the mix sufficiently workable and the difficulty of completely removing all the air entrained in the concrete during compaction.。

相关文档
最新文档