人 文 地 理(3轮)2

The Structure of Culture
The anthropologist Leslie White suggested that for analytical purposes, a culture could be viewed as a three-part structure composed of subsystems that he termed ideological, technological, and sociological. In a similar classification, the biologist Julian Huxley identified three components of culture:mentifacts, artifacts, and sociofacts. But they are integrated; each reacts on the others and is affected by them in turn.
Possibilism is the viewpoint that people, not environments, are the dynamic forces of cultural development.
四 文化整合----文化各特质之间的协调 （Cultural Integration） 五 文化景观 （Cultural landscape）
2.生物特性的遗传是纵向的，而文化的继承是横向的。
3.新的生物特性取代旧的生物特性，往往是一新物种 取代旧物种实现的，而新的文化取代旧的文化，只 需 原文化群体接受新的文化即可实现。 4.生物与自然环境的关系和人与社会环境的关系是不 同的。
第三节 人文地理学研究的主题 Theme
一.人文的空间现象——文化区（culture region) 1.文化区：是指某种文化特征或具有文化特 征的人的群体在空间上的分布。 （culture region:a portion of the earth’s surface occupied by populations sharing recognizable and distinctive cultural characteristics.)
The visible and invisible evidences of culture buildings and farming patterns, language, political organization, and ways of earning a living, for example-are all parts of the spatial diversity human geographers study .
Expansion diffusion involves the spread of an item or idea from one place to others. In the process the thing diffused also remains—and is frequently intensified—in the origin area.
二.文化的时间现象----文化的扩散 (Spatial Diffusion) (一) 扩展扩散(Expansion diffusion): 接触扩散、等级扩散、刺激扩散 （二）迁移扩散(Relocation diffusion)
Spatial diffusion is the process by which an idea or innovation is transmitted from one individual or group to another across space. Basically, two processes are involved:
从生物适应与文化适应的比较看文化的特点 （一）相同之处： 1.在其发展过程中，既随环境变化而发生，又保 持其特性的稳定性。 2.两者都在演化中，都是通过对新的性状和新的 文化的产生而实现其变化以增强适应性。 3.在新的取代旧的过程中，都是通过竞争与选择。 4.在竞争或选择中，环境起着关键作用。
（二）不同之处： 1.人的生物特性与文化传统的传递与继承方式不同。
The sociological subsystem of a culture is the sum of those expected and accepted patterns of interpersonal relations that find their outlet in economic,political, military, religious, kinship, and other associations. These sociofacts define the social organization of a culture.
The technological subsystem is composed of the material objects, together with the techniques of their use, by means of which people are able to live. The objects are the tools and other instruments that enable us to feed,clothe,house, defend, transport,and amuse ourselves.
第二节文化的形成与特点
一.人类的出现与其对环境的适应 人类历史发展分四个阶段 1）南方古猿阶段 2）直立人阶段 3）早期智人阶段 4）晚期智人阶段
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人类脱离动物界独立发展，有两个主要特征 1）直立行走，脑量增加。 （生物适应） 2 ）人类对工具和火的使用。（文化适应） 1. 生物适应：具有遗传特性 问：人类以直立姿势行走的原因？ 2. 文化适应：
Relocation diffusion, the innovation or idea is physically carried to new areas by migrating individuals or populations that possess it.
三 文化生态学----文化与环境的关系 Culture ecology （一）环境决定论 （二）可能论
Culture ecology—the study of the relationship between a culture group and the natural environment it occupies.
Environmental determinism, the belief that the physical environment exclusively shapes humans, their actions, and their thought. Levels of technology, systems of organization, and ideas about what is true and right have no obvious relationship to environment circumstances.
The interlocking nature of all aspects of a culture is termed cultural integration.
Cultural landscape：the earth’s surface as modified by human action，is the tangible physical record of a given culture. House types, transportation networks, parks and cemeteries ,and the size and distribution of settlements are among the indicators of the use that humans have made of the land.
The ideological subsystem consists of ideas,beliefs,and knowledge of a culture and of the ways in which these things are expressed in speech or other forms of communication. eg. Mythologies and theologies, legend, literature, philosophy, and folk wisdom make up this category.
1. 泰勒（E.B.Tylor)对文化的定义 2. 克罗伯 和 克鲁克洪 （A.Kroebter) (C.K.M.Kluckhohn)
Culture
To writers in newspapers and the popular press, “culture” means the arts( literature, painting, music, and the like). To a social scientist, culture is the specialized behavioral patterns, understandings, adaptations, and social systems that summarize a group of people’s learned way of life. (In this broader sense, culture is an ever-present part of the regional differences that are the essence of human geography.)