计算机文化基础双语课件-Chapter2 computer hardware

– integrated circuit is an superthin slice of semiconducting material packed with microscopic circuit elements, such as wires, transistors, capacitors, logic gates, and resistors.(p28 )
Digital processing
• A machine code instruction has two parts: the op code and the operand.
• Eg: instruction: add 1
Op code
Operand
P31 f1-36 00000100
00000001
RAM
Address M1 Address M2 Address M3
Control Unit Instruction pointer
M12
Instruction Register AMDUDL two number
CPU Performance Factors
- Moore law
- “A chain is only as strong as its weakest link”.
Hardware System
输入设备
存储器
输出设备
运算器
控制器
数据流 控制流
• Information processing cycle
§ 2.2: Microprocessors
What is a microprocessor?
is an integrated circuit designed to process instructions
Control unit
ALU
ALU performs: arithmetic operations – addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division; logical operations — AND, OR, Exclusive-OR, NOT.
CPU
for example, perform arithmetic, sort list, format
document.
2)Retrieves instructions and data from RAM, after processing instructions, places the results back into RAM.
P27 of E
Circuits and chips
• What’s a computer chip?
the terms computer chip, microchip, and chip originated as technical jargon for integrated circuit.
Megahertz (MHz) ---- a million cycles per second Gigahertz (GHz) ---- a billion cycles per second
-Instruction cycle (the time to complete an instruction cycle) is measured in megahertz (million of cycles per second or MIPS)(CPU 的主频）;
2.1 An Overview of the Computer Hardware
What’s a personal computer system?
What are the components of a typical PC?
电源开关
主机/System unit
光盘驱动器
显示器
软盘驱动器
键盘
鼠标
• “语言”是人机交流的工具
• 程序是用“语言”写成的计算机可以识别的“文章”
• 用于编写计算机可以执行的程序的语言称为程序设计语 言
机器语言 汇编语言 高级语言
机器指令 0 或 1 代码
与语言习惯差别很大难以学 习和记忆依赖机器的类型
用助记符代替机器代 码；用变量代替各类 地址
克服记忆的难点其他与假期 语言类似
类似数学语言、接近自然语言、具有通用性和可移植 性、不依赖具体的计算机类型
高级程序的编译运行方式
编译程序
Compiler
高级语言程序
编译
连接
目标程序
可执行程序
连接程序
高级程序的解释运行方式
– An interpreter converts and executes one statement at a time while the program is running.
Specifications for these factors allow you to compare different CPUs.
Microprocessor Clock
microprocessor clock---- a timing device that sets the pace for executing instructions
高级语言程序
解释程序 解释
Interpreter 执行
Digital processing
• What does the conversion process produce?
– Instruction set: collection of preprogrammed activities
is designed to be general purpose so that programmers can use it in creative ways for the wide variety of tasks performed by all kinds of digital devices.
CPU Performance Factors
- CPU speed is influenced by clock speed, bus speed, word size, cache size, instruction set, number of cores, and processing techniques.
Contents
• §2.1: An Overview • §2.2 : Microprocessors • §2.3 : Memory • §2.4 : Storage Devices • §2.5 : Input and Output Devices
KM chart of Chapter Two
CPU interconnection （CPU内部总线）
-Provides communication among them.
The Control Unit’s function ( p.32)
-Retrieves an instruction from RAM and puts it in the instruction register. -The RAM address of the instruction is kept in the instruction pointer. -When the instruction has been executed, the address in the instruction pointer changes to the RAM address of the next instruction to be executed.
– Instruction: each instruction has a corresponding
sequence of 0s and 1s. E.g add----00000100
– Machine language: can be directly executed by the
processor’s circuitry
Program control unit（程序控制单元）
-Control the operation of CPU;
Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) （运算 器）
-Perform data processing; Registers (寄存器组）
-Internal storage;
A high-performance processor with a slow hard disk, no disk cache, and a small amount of RAM is likely to be slow at tasks such as starting programs, loading large amount of data, printing and scrolling through long document.
– A compiler converts all the statements in a program in a single batch, and the resulting collection of instructions, called object code, is placed in a new file.(p30 f1-34)
Processor logic
Components:
Central Processing Unit Program Control
Arithmetic –Logic Unit (ALU)
Main memory
I/O Equipment
register
Processor logic
• What happens when a computer executes an instruction?(p30)