2012 REO consumption projection - page 6

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2012年中国投入产出直接消耗系数表

渔产品 0.02936 0.00070 0.00086 0.04096 0.02754 0.00013 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00003 0.00000 0.01138 0.16166 0.00213 0.00000 0.00000 0.00434 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00012 0.00003 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00003 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00049 0.00058 0.00013 0.00048 0.00002 0.01866 0.00000 0.00000 0.00008 0.00010 0.00000 0.00006 0.00001 0.00002 0.00215 0.00289 0.00020
0.01390 0.00001 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00014 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000 0.00000 0.00878 0.00000 0.00000 0.00025 0.00000 0.00000 0.00003 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00002 0.00000 0.00000 0.01576 0.00000 0.00000 0.00005 0.00002 0.00000 0.00000 0.00979 0.00121

m2012

M2012IntroductionM2012 is an advanced software system that provides a wide range of tools and features for businesses and individuals. This document will provide an overview of the capabilities and benefits of M2012, explaining how it can be used to simplify everyday tasks and improve overall efficiency.FeaturesM2012 offers a comprehensive set of features that cater to various needs. Some of the key features include:1. Task ManagementM2012 provides a powerful task management system that enables users to create, assign, and track tasks. With customizable priority levels and due dates, users can easily manage their workload and ensure timely completion of tasks. The intuitive user interface allows for seamless navigation and quick access to task details, making the overall process more efficient.2. Customer Relationship Management (CRM)M2012 includes a robust CRM module that helps businesses maintain and nurture their customer relationships. The CRM module allows users to store customer information, track interactions, manage sales leads, and generate reports. By centralizing customer data and providing valuable insights, M2012 enhances customer engagement and helps in driving business growth.3. Document ManagementM2012 offers a comprehensive document management system that enables users to securely store, organize, and share files. With version control and permissions management, users can collaborate effectively and have full control over access to sensitive documents. The search functionality allows for quick retrieval of documents, eliminating the need for manual searching and saving valuable time.4. Project CollaborationM2012 facilitates seamless collaboration on projects through its dedicated project management module. Users can create and assign tasks, track progress, and communicate with team members all within the system. The real-time notification feature ensures that everyone stays updated on project developments, enhancing coordination and improving overall project efficiency.5. Reporting and AnalyticsM2012 includes a robust reporting and analytics module that provides valuable insights into business performance. Users can generate customized reports, visualize data through charts and graphs, and analyze trends. By leveraging these features, businesses can make data-driven decisions and optimize their operations for better results.BenefitsImplementing M2012 into your business workflow can result in several key benefits, including:1. Increased ProductivityBy streamlining various processes and providing a centralized platform, M2012 eliminates the need for multiple tools and systems. This consolidation allows users to save time and focus on their core responsibilities, ultimately driving productivity improvements.2. Enhanced CollaborationM2012’s collaborati on features enable team members to easily communicate, share files, and collaborate on projects in real-time. This eliminates delays caused by the exchange of emails or the use of separate collaboration tools, fostering a more seamless and efficient work environment.3. Improved Customer EngagementThe CRM module in M2012 helps businesses deliver personalized experiences to their customers. By storing crucial customer information and tracking interactions, businesses can better understand customer needs and preferences, leading to improved customer engagement and loyalty.4. Data-Driven Decision MakingThe reporting and analytics module in M2012 provides valuable insights into business performance. By analyzing trends and visualizing data, businesses can make informed decisions and optimize their strategies for better results.5. Time and Cost SavingsM2012 eliminates the need for manual and repetitive tasks, saving users valuable time. By reducing administrative overhead and improving process efficiency, businesses can achieve cost savings and allocate resources more effectively.ConclusionM2012 is a powerful software system that offers a wide range of features to streamline workflows and enhance productivity. With its task management, CRM, document management, project collaboration, and reporting capabilities, businesses can simplify everyday tasks, improve customer engagement, and make data-driven decisions. By implementing M2012, businesses can unlock new levels of efficiency and achieve better results in less time.。

上海2012年投入产出表

513 2835671 232159 666033 192422 3740 3969 180417 233722 15035 20681 402135 12292 308624 17242 227 12694 1712 0 1644 2771 19049731 601213 581851 578648 1172724 2934436 21984167
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
247 0 264080 209473 55982 15331 17990 767706 358526 78074 58387 197533 5706 965304 68950 644 137936 8289 0 4176 459 9892841 2013326 5023648 560656 1688352 9285981 19178822
1353 29697 203788 389056 54046 20271 10866 414771 248741 41853 121476 135124 26631 171160 17643 693 70830 7110 0 3895 658 8249362 1100858 471256 309467 850605 2732185 10981548
化学产品
12 326940 250536 1110344 1 20695 312582 306237 42160 123485 561476 6651019 19036627 560630 256728 147983 195985 16441 2165 20117 7360 4546

65 2012 EC

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 65/2012of 24 January 2012implementing Regulation (EC) No 661/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council asregards gear shift indicators and amending Directive 2007/46/EC of the European Parliament andof the Council(Text with EEA relevance)THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,Having regard to Regulation (EC) No 661/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning type- approval requirements for the general safety of motor vehicles, their trailers and systems, components and separate technical units intended therefor ( 1 ) and in particular Article 14(1)(a) thereof,Whereas:(1) Regulation(EC) No 661/2009 requires the installation of gear shift indicators (GSI) on all vehicles, which are fittedwith a manual gearbox, of category M 1 with a reference mass not exceeding 2 610 kg and vehicles to which type- approval is extended in accordance with Article 2(2) of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2007 on type-approval of motor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information ( 2 ).(2) Regulation(EC) No 661/2009 requires the technical details of its provisions on GSI to be defined by imple menting legislation. It is now necessary to set out the specific procedures, tests and requirements for such type- approval of GSI.(3) Directive2007/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 September 2007 establishing aframework for the approval of motor vehicles and their trailers, and of systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles (Framework Directive) ( 3 ) should therefore be amended accordingly.(4) The measures provided for in this Regulation are in accordance with the opinion of the Technical Committee — Motor Vehicles,HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:Article 1 ScopeThis Regulation applies to vehicles of category M 1 which comply with the following requirements:— they are fitted with a manual gearbox,— they have a reference mass not exceeding 2 610 kg or type- approval is extended to them in accordance with Article 2(2) of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007. This Regulation does not apply to ‘vehicles designed to fulfil specific social needs’ as defined in Article 3(2)(c) of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007.Article 2 DefinitionsFor the purposes of this Regulation, the following definitions shall apply in addition to the definitions set out in Regulation (EC) No 661/2009:(1) ‘vehicle type with regard to the GSI’ means a group ofvehicles, which do not differ with respect to functional characteristics of the GSI and the logic used by the GSI to determine when to indicate a gearshift point. Examples of different logics include, but are not limited to:(i) upshifts indicated at specified engine speeds;(ii) upshifts indicated when specific fuel consumptionengine maps show that a specified minimum fuel consumption improvement will be delivered in the higher gear; (iii) upshifts indicated when torque demand can be met inthe higher gear;(2) ‘functional characteristics of the GSI’ means the set of inputparameters, such as engine speed, power demand, torque and their variation in time, determining the GSI indicationand the functional dependence of the GSI indications on these parameters; (3) ‘operational mode of the vehicle’ means a state of thevehicle, in which shifts between at least two forward gears may occur;( 1 ) OJ L 200, 31.7.2009, p. 1. ( 2 ) OJ L 171, 29.6.2007, p. 1. ( 3 ) OJ L 263, 9.10.2007, p. 1.(4) ‘manual mode’ means an operational mode of the vehicle,where the shift between all or some of the gears is always an immediate consequence of an action of the driver;(5) ‘tailpipe emissions’ means tailpipe emissions as defined inArticle 3(6) of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007.Article 3Assessment of manual gearboxFor the purpose of assessing whether a gearbox meets the definition according to Article 3(16) of Regulation (EC) No 661/2009, a gearbox having at least one manual mode according to Article 2(4) of this Regulation shall be considered as a ‘manual gearbox’. For this assessment, automatic changes between gears, which are performed not to optimise the operation of the vehicle but only under extreme conditions for reasons such as protecting or avoiding the stalling of the engine, are not considered.Article 4EC type-approval1. Manufacturers shall ensure that vehicles placed on the market, which are covered by Article 11 of Regulation (EC) No 661/2009, are equipped with GSI in accordance with the requirements of Annex I to this Regulation.2. To obtain an EC type-approvalfor the vehiclescoveredby Article 11 of Regulation (EC) No 661/2009, the manufacturer shall fulfil the following obligations:(a) draw up and submit to the type-approval authority aninformation document in accordance with the model set out in Part 1 of Annex II to this Regulation;(b) submit to the type-approval authority a declaration layingdown that, according to the manufacturer’s assessment, the vehicle complies with the requirements set out in this Regulation;(c) present to the type-approval authority a certificate established in accordance with the model set out in Part 2 of Annex II to this Regulation; (d) either(i) submit to the type-approval authority the GSI gear shiftpoints determined analytically as provided for in the lastparagraph of point 4.1 to Annex I; or(ii) submit to the technical service responsible for conducting the type-approval tests a vehicle which isrepresentative of the vehicle type to be approved toenable the test described in point 4 of Annex I to becarried out.3. Based on the elements provided by the manufacturer under points (a), (b) and (c) of paragraph 2 and the results of the type-approval test referred to in point (d) of paragraph 2, the type-approval authority shall assess compliance with the requirements of Annex I.It shall issue an EC type-approval certificate according to the model set out in Part 3 of Annex II to this Regulation for the vehicles covered by Article 11 of Regulation (EC) No 661/2009 only if such compliance is established.Article 5Monitoring the effects of legislationFor the purpose of monitoring the effects of this Regulation and evaluating the need for further developments, manufacturers and type-approval authorities shall make available to the Commission, upon request, the information set out in Annex II. This information shall be treated in a confidential manner by the Commission and its delegates.Article 6Amendments to Directive 2007/46/EC Annexes I, III, IV, VI and XI to Directive 2007/46/EC are amended in accordance with Annex III to this Regulation.Article 7Entry into forceThis Regulation shall enter into force on the 20th day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States. Done at Brussels, 24 January 2012.For the CommissionThe PresidentJosé Manuel BARROSOANNEX ISPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH GEAR SHIFT INDICATORS (GSI)GSItheappearanceof1. Characteristic1.1. The shift recommendation shall be provided by means of a distinct visual indication, for example a clear indicationto shift up or up/down or a symbol that identifies the gear into which the driver should shift. The visible indication may be complemented by other indications, including audible ones, provided that these do not compromise safety.1.2. The GSI must not interfere with or mask the identification of any tell-tale, control or indicator, which is mandatedor supports the safe operation of the vehicle. Notwithstanding point 1.3, the signal shall be designed so that it does not distract the driver’s attention and to avoid interfering with proper and safe vehicle operation.1.3. The GSI shall be located in compliance with paragraph 5.1.2 of UNECE Regulation No 121. It shall be designedsuch that it can not be confused with any other tell-tale, control or indicator the vehicle is equipped with.1.4. An information display device may be used to display GSI indications provided that they are sufficiently differentfrom other indications so as to be clearly visible and identifiable by the driver.1.5. Temporarily, the GSI indication may be automatically overridden or deactivated in exceptional situations. Suchcircumstances are those that may compromise the safe operation or integrity of the vehicle, including activation of traction or stability control systems, temporary displays from driver assistance systems or events relating to vehicle malfunctioning. The GSI shall resume normal operation after the exceptional situations ceased to exist, and withina delay of 10 seconds or longer, if justified by specific technical or behavioural reasons.toallmodes)(applicablemanualGSIrequirements2. Functionalfor2.1. The GSI shall suggest changing the gear when the fuel consumption with the suggested gear is estimated to belower than the current one giving consideration to the requirements laid down in points 2.2 and 2.3.2.2. The GSI shall be designed to encourage an optimised fuel efficient driving style under reasonably foreseeabledriving conditions. Its main purpose is to minimise the fuel consumption of the vehicle when the driver follows its indications. However, regulated tailpipe emissions shall not be disproportionately increased with respect to the initial state when following the indication of the GSI. In addition, following the GSI strategy should not have any negative effect on the timely functioning of pollution control devices, such as catalysts, after a cold start. For this purpose vehicle manufacturers should provide technical documentation to the type-approval authority, which describes the impact of the GSI strategy on the vehicle’s regulated tailpipe emissions, under at least steady vehicle speed.2.3. Following the indication of the GSI must not compromise the safe operation of the vehicle, e.g. to prevent stallingof the engine, insufficient engine braking or insufficient engine torque in the case of high power demand.providedbe3. Informationto3.1. The manufacturer shall provide the following information to the type-approval authority. The information shall bemade available in the following two parts:(a) the ‘formal documentation package’ that may be made available to interested parties upon request;(b) the ‘extended documentation package’ that shall remain strictly confidential.3.1.1. The formal documentation package shall contain:(a) a description of the complete set of appearances of the GSIs which are fitted on vehicles being part of thevehicle type with regard to GSI, and evidence of their compliance with the requirements of point 1;(b) evidence in the form of data or engineering evaluations, for example modelling data, emission or fuelconsumption maps, emission tests, which adequately demonstrate that the GSI is effective in providing timely and meaningful shift recommendations to the driver in order to comply with the requirements ofpoint 2;(c) an explanation of the purpose, use and functions of the GSI in a ‘GSI section’ of the user manual accompanying the vehicle.3.1.2. The extended documentation package shall contain the design strategy of the GSI, in particular its functionalcharacteristics.3.1.3. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 5, the extended documentation package shall remain strictly confidentialbetween the type-approval authority and the manufacturer. It may be kept by the type-approval authority, or, at the discretion of the type-approval authority, may be retained by the manufacturer. In the case the manufacturer retains the documentation package, that package shall be identified and dated by the type-approval authority once reviewed and approved. It shall be made available for inspection by the approval authority at the time of approval or at any time during the validity of the approval.3.2. The manufacturer shall provide an explanation of the purpose, use and functions of the GSI in a ‘GSI section’ ofthe user manual accompanying the vehicle.beshallpointsshiftdeterminedthetoaccordingoffuel4. ThegeareconomyimpactrecommendedGSIfollowing procedure:4.1.Determination of vehicle speeds at which GSI recommends shifting up gearsThis test is to be performed on a warmed up vehicle on a chassis dynamometer according to the speed profile described in Appendix 1 to this Annex. The advice of the GSI is followed for shifting up gears and the vehicle speeds, for which the GSI recommends shifting, are recorded. The test is repeated 3 times.V n GSI shall denote the average speed at which the GSI recommends shifting up from gear n (n = 1, 2, …, #g) into gear n + 1, determined from the 3 tests, where #g shall denote the vehicle’s number of forward gears. For this purpose only GSI shift instructions in the phase before the maximum speed is reached are taken into account and any GSI instruction during the deceleration is ignored.For the purposes of the following calculations V0 GSI is set to 0 km/h and V#g GSI is set to 140 km/h or the maximum vehicle speed, whichever is smaller. Where the vehicle cannot attain 140 km/h, the vehicle shall be driven at its maximum speed until it rejoins the speed profile in Figure I.1.Alternatively, the recommended GSI shift speeds may be analytically determined by the manufacturer based on the GSI algorithm contained in the extended documentation package provided according to point 3.1.4.2. Standard gear shift pointsV n std shall denote the speed at which a typical driver is assumed to shift up from gear n into gear n + 1 without GSI recommendation. Based on the gear shift points defined in the type 1 emission test (1) the following standard gear shift speeds are defined:V0 std= 0 km/h;V1 std= 15 km/h;V2 std= 35 km/h;V3 std= 50 km/h;V4 std= 70 km/h;V5 std= 90 km/h;V6 std= 110 km/h;V7 std= 130 km/h;V8 std= V#g GSI;V n min shall denote the minimum vehicle speed the vehicle can be driven in the gear n without stalling of the engine and V n max the maximum vehicle speed the vehicle can be driven in the gear n without creating damage to the engine.If V n std derived from this list is smaller than V n + 1 min, then V n std is set to be V n + 1 min. If V n std derived from this list is greater than V n max, then V n std is set to be V n max(n = 1, 2, …, #g – 1).If V#g std determined by this procedure is smaller than V#g GSI, it shall be set to V#g GSI.(1) Defined in Annex 4a of UNECE Regulation No 83, 05 series of amendments.4.3. Fuel consumption speed curvesThe manufacturer shall supply the type-approval authority with the functional dependence of the vehicle’s fuel consumption on the steady vehicle speed when driving with gear n according to the following rules.FC n i shall denote the fuel consumption in terms of kg/h (kilograms per hour) when the vehicle is driven with the constant vehicle speed v i= i × 5 km/h – 2,5 km/h (where i is a positive integer number) in the gear n. These data shall be provided by the manufacturer for each gear n (n = 1, 2, …, #g) and v n min≤v i≤v n max. These fuel consumption values shall be determined under identical ambient conditions corresponding to a realistic driving situation that may be defined by the vehicle manufacturer, either by a physical test or by an appropriate calculation model agreed between the approval authority and the manufacturer.4.4. Vehicle speed distributionThe following distribution should be used for the probability P i that the vehicle drives with a speed v, where v i– 2,5 km/h < v ≤v i+ 2,5 km/h (i = 1, …, 28):Where the maximum speed of the vehicle corresponds to step i and i < 28, the values of P i + 1to P28shall be added to P i.4.5. Determination of the model fuel consumptionFC GSI shall denote the fuel consumption of the vehicle when the driver follows the advice of the GSI:FC GSI i= FC n i, where V n – 1 GSI≤v i< V n GSI(for n = 1, …, #g) and FC GSI i= 0 if v i≥V#g GSIFC GSI¼Σ28 i¼1P iÜ FC GSI i=100FC std shall denote the fuel consumption of the vehicle when standard gear shift points are used:FC std i= FC n i, where V n – 1 std≤v i< V n std(for n = 1, …, #g) and FC std i= 0 if v i≥V#g GSIFC std¼Σ28 i¼1P iÜ FC std i=100The relative saving of fuel consumption by following the advice of the GSI of the model is calculated as:FC rel. Save= (1 – FC GSI/FC std) × 100 %4.6. Data recordsThe following information shall be recorded:— the values of V n GSI as determined according to point 4.1,— the values FC n i of the fuel consumption speed curve as communicated by the manufacturer according to point 4.3,— the values FC GSI, FC std and FC rel. Save as calculated according to point 4.5.Description of vehicle speed profile referred to in point 4.1The tolerances for deviation from this speed profile are defined in point 6.1.3.4 of Annex 4a of UNECE Regulation No83, 05 series of amendments.Graphical representation of the speed profile referred to in point 4.1; solid line: speed profile; dashed lines:tolerances for deviation from this speed profileThe following table provides a second by second description of the speed profile. Where the vehicle is unable to attain 140 km/h, it shall be driven at its maximum speed until it rejoins the above speed profile.ANNEX IIPART 1Information documentMODELInformation document No … relating to EC type-approval of a vehicle with regard to gear shift indicators.The following information, if applicable, must be supplied in triplicate and include a list of contents. Any drawings must be supplied in appropriate scale and in sufficient detail on size A4 or on a folder of A4 format. Photographs, if any, must show sufficient detail.If the systems, components or separate technical units have electronic controls, information concerning their performance shall be supplied.Information set out in points 0, 3 and 4 of Appendix 3 to Annex I of Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 (1):4.11. Gear shift indicator (GSI)4.11.1. Acoustic indication available yes/no (2). If yes, description of sound and sound level at the driver’s ear in dB(A).(Acoustic indication always switchable on/off): ...........................................................................................................................4.11.2. Information according to point 4.6 of Annex I (manufacturer’s declared value): ...........................................................4.11.3. Information according to point 3.1.1 of Annex I: ....................................................................................................................4.11.4. Information according to point 3.1.2 of Annex I: ....................................................................................................................4.11.5. Photographs and/or drawings of the gear shift indicator instrument and brief description of the systemcomponents and operation: ...............................................................................................................................................................4.11.6. Information on the GSI in the vehicle’s user manual: .............................................................................................................(1) OJ L 199, 28.7.2008, p. 1.(2) Delete where not applicableMODELEC type-approval certificateMODEL(maximum format: A4 (210 × 297 mm))EC TYPE-APPROVAL CERTIFICATEStamp of EC type-approval authority Communication concerning the— EC type-approval (1)— extension of EC type-approval (1)— refusal of EC type-approval (1)— withdrawal of EC type-approval (1)of a type of a vehicle with regard to gear shift indicatorwith regard to Regulation (EU) No 65/2012 as last amended by Regulation (EU) No …/2012 (1)EC type-approval number: ................................................................................................................................................................................. Reason for extension: ..........................................................................................................................................................................................SECTION I0.1. Make (trade name of manufacturer): .................................................................................................................................................0.2. Type: ............................................................................................................................................................................................................0.2.1. Commercial name(s), (if available): .....................................................................................................................................................0.3. Means of identification of type, if marked on the vehicle ........................................................................................................0.3.1. Location of that marking: .....................................................................................................................................................................0.4. Category of vehicle: .................................................................................................................................................................................0.5. Name and address of manufacturer: ..................................................................................................................................................0.8. Name(s) and address(es) of assembly plant(s) .................................................................................................................................0.9. Name and address of the manufacturer’s representative (if any) .............................................................................................(1) Delete where not applicable1. Additional information (where applicable): see addendum2. Technical service responsible for carrying out the test and evaluations:3. Date of test report:4. Number of test report:5. Information according to point 4.6 of Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 65/2012 (determined at type-approval):6. Remarks (if any): see addendum7. Place:8. Date:9. Signature:Attachments: Information packageTest reportAdditional information: …Addendum to EC type-approval certificate No … concerning …AMENDMENTS TO FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE 2007/46/ECDirective 2007/46/EC is amended as follows:1. In Annex I the following points are inserted:‘4.11. Gear shift indicator (GSI)4.11.1. Acoustic indication available yes/no (1). If yes, description of sound and sound level at the driver’s ear in dB(A).(Acoustic indication always switchable on/off)4.11.2. Information according to point 4.6 of Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 65/2012 (manufacturer’s declared value)4.11.3. Photographs and/or drawings of the gear shift indicator instrument and brief description of the systemcomponents and operation:’2. In Annex III the following points are inserted:‘4.11. Gear shift indicator (GSI)4.11.1. Acoustic indication available yes/no (1). If yes, description of sound and sound level at the driver’s ear in dB(A).(Acoustic indication always switchable on/off)4.11.2. Information according to point 4.6 of Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 65/2012 (determined at type-approval)’3. Part I of Annex IV is amended as follows:(a) in the table, the following point 63.1 is inserted:(b) in the Appendix, in the table, the following point 63.1 is inserted:4. In the Appendix to Annex VI, in the table, the following point 63.1 is inserted:5. Annex XI is amended as follows:(a) In Appendix 1, in the table, the following point 63.1 is inserted:(b) In Appendix 2, in the table, the following point 63.1 is inserted:(c) In Appendix 3, in the table, the following point 63.1 is inserted:(d) In Appendix 4, in the table, between the columns headed ‘Regulatory act reference’ and ‘M2’ a column ‘M1’ isadded and the following point 63.1 is inserted:。

美国2012年EPA

2012 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories2012 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health AdvisoriesEPA 822-S-12-001Office of WaterU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyWashington, DCSpring 2012Date of update: April, 2012Recycled/RecyclablePrinted on paper that containsat least 50% recycled fiber.Spring 2012 Page iii of vi The Health Advisory (HA) Program, sponsored by the EPA’s Office of Water (OW), publishes concentrations of drinking water contaminants at Drinking Water Specific Risk Level Concentration for cancer (10-4 Cancer Risk) and concentrations of drinking water contaminants at which noncancer adverse health effects are not anticipated to occur over specific exposure durations - One-day, Ten-day, and Lifetime - in the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories (DWSHA) tables. The One-day and Ten-day HAs are for a 10 kg child and the Lifetime HA is for a 70 kg adult. The daily drinking water consumption for the 10 kg child and 70 kg adult are assumed to be 1 L/day and 2 L/day, respectively. The Lifetime HA for the drinking water contaminant is calculated from its associated Drinking Water Equivalent Level (DWEL), obtained from its RfD, and incorporates a drinking water Relative Source Contribution (RSC) factor of contaminant-specific data or a default of 20% of total exposure from all sources. Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs) for some regulated drinking water contaminants are also published.HAs serve as the informal technical guidance for unregulated drinking water contaminants to assist Federal, State and local officials, and managers of public or community water systems in protecting public health as needed. They are not to be construed as legally enforceable Federal standards. EPA’s OW has provided MCL, MCLGs, RfDs, One-Day HAs, Ten-day HAs, DWELs, and Lifetime HAs. Drinking Water Specific Risk Level Concentration for cancer (10-4 Cancer Risk), and Cancer Descriptors in the DWSHA tables. HAs are intended to protect against noncancer effects. The 10-4 Cancer Risk level provides information concerning cancer effects. The MCL values for specific drinking water contaminants must be used for regulated contaminants in public drinking water systems.The DWSHA tables are revised periodically by the OW so that the benchmark values are consistent with the most current Agency assessments. Reference dose (RfD) values are updated to reflect the values in the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) and the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) Reregistration Eligibility Decisions (REDs) documents. The associated DWEL is recalculated accordingly.A Lifetime noncancer benchmark is made available to risk assessment managers for comparison to the cancer risk level drinking water concentration (10-4 Cancer Risk) and to determine whether the noncancer Lifetime HA or the cancer risk level drinking water concentration provides a more meaningful scenario-specific risk reduction. In this regard, the Office of Water defines the Lifetime HA as the concentration in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse noncarcinogenic effects for a lifetime of exposure, whereas the 10-4 Cancer Risk is the concentration of the chemical contaminant in drinking water that is associated with a specific probability of cancer. The Office of Water also advises consideration of the more conservative cancer risk levels (10-5, 10-6), found in the IRIS or OPP RED source documents, if it is considered more appropriate for exposure-specific risk assessment.iiiSpring 2012 Page iv of vi Many of the values on the DWSHA tables have been revised since the original HAs were published. Revised RfDs, 10-4 Cancer Risk values, and cancer designations or descriptors obtained from Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), and One-day and Ten-dayHealth Advisories are presented in BOLD type. Revised RfDs, 10-4 Cancer Risk values, and cancer designations or descriptors obtained from Office of Pesticide Program’sRegistration Eligibility Decision (OPP RED) are presented in BOLD ITALICS type.The summaries of IRIS Toxicological Reviews from which the RfDs and cancerbenchmarks, as well as the associated narratives and references can be accessed at:/IRIS. Those from OPP REDs can be accessed at:/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm.In some cases, there is an HA value for a contaminant but there is no reference to an HA document. Such HA values can be found in the Drinking Water Criteria Document forthe contaminant.With a few exceptions, the RfDs, Health Advisories, and Cancer Risk values have beenrounded to one significant figure following the convention adopted by IRIS.For unregulated chemicals with current IRIS or OPP REDs RfDs, the Lifetime HealthAdvisories are calculated from the associated DWELs, using the RSC values published in the HA documents for the contaminants.The DWSHA tables may be reached from the Water Science home page at:/waterscience/. The DWSHA tables are accessed under the Drinking Water icon.Copies the Tables may be ordered free of charge fromSAFE DRINKING WATER HOTLINE1-800-426-4791Monday thru Friday, 9:00 AM to 5:30 PM ESTivSpring 2012 Page v of vi DEFINITIONSThe following definitions for terms used in the DWSHA tables are not all-encompassing, and should not be construed to be “official” definitions. They are intended to assist the user in understanding terms used in the DWSHA tables.Action Level: The concentration of a contaminant which, if exceeded, triggers treatment or other requirements which a water system must follow. For example, it is the level of lead or copper which, if exceeded in over 10% of the homes tested, triggers treatment for corrosion control. Cancer Classification: A descriptive weight-of-evidence judgment as to the likelihood that an agent is a human carcinogen and the conditions under which the carcinogenic effects may be expressed. Under the 2005 EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, Cancer Descriptors replace the earlier alpha numeric Cancer Group designations (US EPA 1986 guidelines). The Cancer Descriptors in the 2005 EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment are as follows: •“carcinogenic to humans” (H)•“likely to be carcinogenic to humans” (L)•“likely to be carcinogenic above a specified dose but not likely to be carcinogenic below that dose because a key event in tumor formation does not occur below that dose” (L/N) •“suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential” (S)•“inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential” (I)•“not likely to be carcinogenic to humans” (N)The letter abbreviations provided parenthetically above are now used in the DWSHA tables in place of the prior alpha numeric identifiers for chemicals that have been evaluated under the new guidelines (the 2005 guidelines or the 1996 and 1999 draft guidelines) or whose records in the DWSHA tables have been revised.Cancer Group: A qualitative weight-of-evidence judgment as to the likelihood that a chemical may be a carcinogen for humans. Each chemical was placed into one of the following five categories (US EPA 1986 guidelines). The Cancer Group designations are given in the Tables for chemicals that have not yet been evaluated under the new guidelines or whose records in the DWSHA tables have been revised.Group CategoryA Human carcinogenB Probable human carcinogen:B1 indicates limited human evidencevSpring 2012 Page vi of vi B2 indicates sufficient evidence in animals and inadequate or no evidence in humansC Possible human carcinogenD Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicityE Evidence of noncarcinogenicity for humans10-4 Cancer Risk: The concentration of a chemical in drinking water corresponding to an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 10,000.Drinking Water Advisory: A nonregulatory concentration of a contaminant in water that is likely to be without adverse effects on health and aesthetics for the period it is derived.DWEL: Drinking Water Equivalent Level. A DWEL is a drinking water lifetime exposure level, assuming 100% exposure from that medium, at which adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects would not be expected to occur.HA: Health Advisory. An estimate of acceptable drinking water levels for a chemical substance based on health effects information; an HA is not a legally enforceable Federal standard, but serves as technical guidance to assist Federal, State, and local officials.One-Day HA: The concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse noncarcinogenic effects for up to one day of exposure. The One-Day HA is intended o protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day.Ten-Day HA: The concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse noncarcinogenic effects for up to ten days of exposure. The Ten-Day HA is also intended to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day.Lifetime HA: The concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected tocause any adverse noncarcinogenic effects for a lifetime of exposure, incorporating adrinking water RSC factor of contaminant-specific data or a default of 20% of totalexposure from all sources. The Lifetime HA is based on exposure of a 70-kg adultconsuming 2 liters of water per day. For Lifetime HAs developed for drinking watercontaminants before the Lifetime HA policy change to develop Lifetime HAs for alldrinking water contaminants regardless of carcinogenicity status in this DWSHA update, the Lifetime HA for Group C carcinogens, as indicated by the 1986 Cancer Guidelines,includes an uncertainty adjustment factor of 10 for possible carcinogenicity.MCLG: Maximum Contaminant Level Goal. A non-enforceable health benchmark goal which is set at a level at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons is expected to occur and which allows an adequate margin of safety.viSpring 2012 Page vii of vi MCL: Maximum Contaminant Level. The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to the MCLG as feasible using the best available analytical and treatment technologies and taking cost into consideration. MCLs are enforceable standards. Oral cancer slope factor: The slope factor is the result of application of a low-dose extrapolation procedure and is presented as the risk per (mg/kg)/day.RfD: Reference Dose. An estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily oral exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime.Risk Specific Level Concentration: The concentration of the chemical contaminant in drinking water or air providing cancer risks of 1 in 10,000, 1 in 100,000, or 1 in 100,000,000.SDWR: Secondary Drinking Water Regulations. Non-enforceable Federal guidelines regarding cosmetic effects (such as tooth or skin discoloration) or aesthetic effects (such as taste, odor, or color) of drinking water.TT: Treatment Technique. A required process intended to reduce the level of a contaminant in drinking water.Unit Risk: The unit risk is the quantitative estimate in terms of either risk per µg/L drinking water or risk per µg/m3 air breathed.viiSpring 2012 Page viii of vi ABBREVIATIONSD DraftDWEL Drinking Water Equivalent LevelDWSHA Drinking Water Standards and Health AdvisoriesF FinalHA Health AdvisoryI InterimIRIS Integrated Risk Information SystemMCL Maximum Contaminant LevelMCLG Maximum Contaminant Level GoalNA Not ApplicableNOAEL No-Observed-Adverse-Effect LevelOPP Office of Pesticide ProgramsOW Office of WaterP ProposedPv ProvisionalRED Registration Eligibility DecisionReg RegulationRfD Reference DoseTT Treatment Techniqueviii。

微软Volume Licensing 消费化IT指南说明书

B r i e fMICROSOFT LICENSING FOR THE CONSUMERIZATION OF IT May 2012All Volume License ProgramsContents Summary (1)Introduction (1)Key Questions to Ask in Any Scenario (1)Common Scenarios (2)Scenario 1: Bringing a Tablet Device Not Running Windows to Work (2)Scenario 2: Working Remotely (3)Scenario 3: Bring Your Own PC (4)Scenario 4: The Road Warrior (6)Coming Enhancements with Windows 8 (7)Additional Resources (7)SummaryThe purpose of this brief is to guide users on Microsoft Volume Licensing requirements for common scenarios related to their using various personal devices at work. This brief applies to Windows 7 and prior versions. IntroductionWhether you refer to it as the “Consumerization of IT (CoIT)” or “Bring Your Own Device (BYOD),” one thing is certain: The proliferation of personal devices and users expecting that they can use them for work-related purposes presents new opportunities—and new challenges. The anytime, anywhere access to information and people opens up new avenues for user collaboration and productivity. However, this has left many IT departments scrambling to accommodate user expectations and determine how they will support new technologies while maintaining control over their IT data and network. One challenge is ensuring that users and devices are properly licensed. Microsoft licensing is continually evolving to meet this challenge. The keys to determining proper licensing are to ask the right questions and understand the scenario and requirements. The following information will guide you on what questions to ask and some common scenarios to help you determine your licensing needs.Key Questions to Ask in Any ScenarioWhen determining the licensing requirements for a given scenario, consider some key questions about the user, the device, and the location that will inform your decision.User Device LocationCommon ScenariosThe following hypothetical scenarios are designed to illustrate the licensing requirements for five common CoIT scenarios.Scenario 1: Bringing a Tablet Device Not Running Windows to Worksituationkey questionsrequired licensesrecommended approachScenario 2: Working Remotelysituationkey questionsrequired licensesrecommended approach Scenario 3: Bring Your Own PCsituationkey questionsrequired licensesrecommended approachScenario 4: The Road Warriorsituationkey questionsrequired licensesrecommended approachComing Enhancements with Windows 8Windows 8 licensing will offer even more flexibility for addressing the consumerization of IT. For a preview, refer to this Windows Team Blog post.Additional ResourcesFor more information, please refer to the following Microsoft Volume Licensing briefs:∙Licensing Windows 7 for Use in Virtual Environments∙Licensing the Core CAL Suite and Enterprise CAL Suite∙Licensing Windows Server 2008 R2 Remote Desktop Services and Terminal Services∙Licensing Microsoft Desktop Application Software for Use with Windows Server Remote Desktop Services© 2012 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.This document is for informational purposes only. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, IN THIS DOCUMENT. This information is provided to help guide your authorized use of products you license; it is not your agreement. Your use of products licensed under your volume license agreement is governed by the terms and conditions of that agreement. In the case of any conflict between this information and your agreement, the terms and conditions of your agreement control. Prices for licenses acquired through Microsoft resellers are determined by the reseller.。

Product-design and pricingstrategies with remanufacturing

Production,Manufacturing and LogisticsProduct-design and pricing strategies with remanufacturingCheng-Han Wu ⇑Department of Industrial Engineering and Management,National Yunlin University of Science and Technology,Yunlin 64002,Taiwan,ROCa r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 20April 2011Accepted 24April 2012Available online 5May 2012Keywords:Supply chain management Product design PricingRemanufacturing Game theorya b s t r a c tIn this paper,we consider a supply chain that consists of an original equipment manufacturer (OEM)pro-ducing new products and a remanufacturer recovering the used items.The OEM often faces a strategic dilemma when determining the degree of disassemblability of its product design,as high disassemblabil-ity decreases the OEM’s production costs as well as the remanufacturer’s recovery costs.However,high disassemblability may be harmful to the OEM in a market in which the remanufacturer is encouraged to intensify price competition with the OEM because design for high disassemblability leads to larger cost savings in remanufacturing.We ﬁrst formulate a two-period model to investigate the OEM’s product-design strategy and the remanufacturer’s pricing strategy in an extensive-form game,in which the equilibrium decisions of the resulting scenarios are derived.Next,we show the thresholds that determine whether remanufacturing is constrained by collection,the thresholds for the remanufacturer’s choice of a proﬁtable pricing strategy,and the thresholds for determining the OEM’s product-design strategy.Finally,we expand the model for a multiple-period problem to show that the main insights obtained from the two-period model can be applied.Ó2012Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionRemanufacturing is important for consumers who desire lower-priced but environmentally friendly products.The prevalence of environmental awareness has encouraged remanufacturers to col-lect and recover end-of-life products produced by original equip-ment manufacturers (OEMs)through the remanufacturing process,which includes disassembly,cleaning,inspection,recondi-tioning,and reassembly.Because of the decrements in raw materials demanded and production processes,remanufacturing systems reduce not only the burdens on the environment but also produc-tion costs.Moreover,the supervision of non-governmental organi-zations and legislative pressure has also accelerated the growth of the remanufacturing industry.For example,according to a recent report conducted by Global Industry Analysts (2010),the global automotive remanufacturing industry is rapidly growing and is forecasted to reach US$104.8billion in 2015.Even if remanufactur-ing proves to be proﬁtable,the other critical issue is the market po-sition of the remanufactured product.Some surveys have indicated that green consumers are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products.The remanufacturer may choose to either sell their product at a high price to obtain high margins from the green market segment or penetrate the whole market at a low price.As deﬁned by Mok et al.(1997),we consider disassemblability as to be the degree to which the product can be disassembled without force.Designing product with high disassemblability is a contributing factor in the success of remanufacturing because of the decrease of the difﬁculty in recovery.As shown in various sur-veys,the proﬁtability of remanufacturing is related to product de-sign (Kerr and Ryan,2001),and it is difﬁcult and costly to recover used items from assemblies or equipment not designed for reman-ufacturing (Graedel and Allenby,1996).Design for disassembly may also be beneﬁcial for OEMs,as it allows for ease of repair,inspection,handling,and cleaning.Thus,the design for disassembly appears to be a ‘‘win–win’’strategy if the OEM and remanufacturer are not in direct competition with each other.When this is not the case,some OEMs may adjust their design strategies by decreasing the degree of disassemblability to hinder remanufacturers (Shu and Flowers,1993).For example,in the printer-cartridge industry,a Gartner report (Tripathi et al.,2009)indicates that printer OEMs are losing revenue,which may exceed $13billion in 2010,because of competition from low-cost remanufactured products.In the face of such a great threat of remanufacturing,Hewlett–Packard (HP)Inc.still insists on producing only single-use cartridges and not offering remanufactured cartridges (HP Inc.,2009).However,some reports,e.g.,(Gell,2008;Gray and Charter,2007),indicate that printer OEMs try to deter remanufacturers by using the sonic weld-ing technique or adhesive tape in assembly process,which de-creases the disassemblability of components,in order to prevent remanufacturing their products.From the OEM’s perspective,the entry of remanufacturers into the market results in a competition between new and remanufactured products.To respond to the threat of competition from remanufactured products,the OEM0377-2217/$-see front matter Ó2012Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved./10.1016/j.ejor.2012.04.031Tel.:+88655342601;fax:+88655312073.E-mail address:wuchan@.twmay or may not utilize a product design with a low degree of dis-assemblability to increase the remanufacturer’s costs,and thus, prevent penetration by the remanufactured products.As a result, investigation of the interaction between the OEM’s product design strategy and the remanufacturer’s pricing strategy is interesting and insightful.In this study,we discuss the strategic interaction between an OEM and a remanufacturer,and provide the conditions for their strategies that lead to higher proﬁts.Weﬁrst develop a two-period problem,and derive the conditions that bring about the remanu-facturer’s pricing regime.Then,we develop thresholds of the pro-portion of green consumers in the market that render focusing on the green segment with a high price more proﬁtable for the remanufacturer than penetrating the whole market with a low price.Secondly,we obtain the thresholds of the market scale for the OEM’s equilibrium strategy(i.e.,above a level of the market scale,the high degree of disassemblability is economic for the OEM because the market is sufﬁciently large to achieve economies of scale).Some insights associated with the equilibrium choices of product design and pricing strategy are discovered from the numerical analysis.We further extend the model with a multi-ple-period planning horizon,in which the equilibrium prices of the OEM and the remanufacturer are characterized.We show that the OEM and the remanufacturer behave similarly within the two-period and multiple-period planning horizons.For instance,even if the high degree of disassemblability is proﬁtable,the OEM may adopt low disassemblability due to concern about competition from the remanufacturer.However,when recovery costs increase, the OEM will proﬁt by choosing the design with high disassembla-bility.Moreover,in some cases,the OEM can use a high degree of disassemblability to avoid competition with the remanufacturer that is encouraged to focus on green consumers,e.g.,when con-sumers highly value the remanufactured product(except at the ex-treme)and when the cost savings from disassemblability are signiﬁcant.The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.Section2 surveys the related literature while comparing with our work.In Section3,we derive the market demand of the new and remanu-factured products from the utilities of the customers,and formu-late theﬁrms’proﬁt functions of the considered scenarios in a two-period problem.Section4obtains the equilibrium operational decisions and proﬁts under the two-period model.Based on these equilibrium results,the thresholds for determining theﬁrms’stra-tegic choices are derived,and some examples are provided for illustration.Section5conducts numerical studies under the two-period model,and discusses the effects of market and cost param-eters on the thresholds of remanufacturing and on theﬁrms’stra-tegic choices.In Section6,we extend the model to a multiple-period problem,and show that the chain members behave analo-gously in the two-period and multiple-period models.Theﬁnal section concludes the study with a brief summary,and points to potential research directions.2.Literature reviewThere are two streams of literature related to this study:one examines market segmentation in the face of competition between OEMs and remanufacturers,and the other examines product de-sign for remanufacturing/disassembly.The studies in theﬁrst stream argued that the market is differentiated based on new and remanufactured products when the consumers are heteroge-neous and have distinct valuations for new and remanufactured products(Atasu et al.,2008;Debo et al.,2005;Ferrer and Swaminathan,2006;Ferrer and Swaminathan,2010;Ferguson and Toktay,2006;Ray et al.,2005;Majumder and Groenevelt,2001).Majumder and Groenevelt(2001)investigated the competi-tion between an OEM and a local remanufacturer while consider-ing that remanufacturing in the second period was constrained by the availability of used cores from the OEM’s products,which were sold during theﬁrst period.Majumder and Groenevelt (2001)also outlined the impacts of costs and availability of returns on the chain members’equilibrium decisions and proﬁts consider-ing various reverse logistics conﬁgurations.Such relationships be-tween new and remanufactured products are commonly adopted in the later studies.For example,Debo et al.(2005)examined the conditions that enable the OEM to determine product technology, which,in turn,inﬂuences the level of remanufacturability and then determined the joint pricing decisions in an inﬁnite-horizon setting.Ferrer and Swaminathan(2006)studied monopoly and duopoly competitions in two-period,multiple-period,and inﬁ-nite-horizon models,in which a fraction of the used items were collected by the OEM for free,and the rest were available to the remanufacturer;their work analyzed and characterized the equi-librium prices and quantities under such conditions.Ferguson and Toktay(2006)considered situations in which remanufacturing and preemptive collection strategies could be treated as entry (remanufacturer)deterrent strategies for the OEM;afterwards, they identiﬁed the cost conditions under which the preemptive collection strategy is proﬁtable to the OEM and mathematically incorporated the unit costs,which are varied by volume and the ﬁxed costs of the strategies.In this paper,we examine the concept that the OEM may more aggressively hinder the remanufacturer before the selling season by changing its disassemblability in prod-uct design.Furthermore,Atasu et al.(2008)expended theﬁndings of previous studies by considering a market composed of primary and green segments,in which the green consumers always prefer to buy the remanufactured product and give it the same value as the new product.They also considered market growth in the sec-ond period,which allows demand to expand or shrink based on the state of the product life cycle,and further speciﬁed the impacts of the market growth and the green segment on the remanufac-turer’s proﬁtability.However,Atasu et al.(2008)focused on pricing competition between the chain members,regardless of the strate-gic interaction between them.Our study is distinct from the afore-mentioned studies,as it is in accordance with(Atasu et al.,2008)in its consideration of different market structure and Ferguson and Toktay(2006)in its examination of the strategic interaction be-tween the chain members,and moreover,we investigate the equi-librium behavior of the chain members’strategies and pricing decisions.Therefore,our model enables the investigation of how the OEM’s product-design strategy affects a remanufacturer’s pric-ing strategy in different market structures.We also show that mar-ket structure has signiﬁcant impacts on the OEM’s product-design strategy as well as the remanufacturer’s pricing strategy.The second stream of literature primarily examined product design,especially the success principles of product design for remanufacturing(Chen,2001;Chung and Wee,2008;Gray and Charter,2007;Hoetker et al.,2007;Kim and Chhajed,2000; Maukhopadhyay and Setoputro,2005;Sundin,2004;Shu and Flowers,1993;Ulrich,1995).Sundin(2004)identiﬁed the goal of remanufacturing as the creation of value from end-of-life products, but found that some products may not be designed for this pur-pose,which increased the barriers and costs for remanufacturers during their rebuilding processes(e.g.,disassembly,replacement, and reassembly).Sundin also argued that design for disassembly is a key factor in achieving success in remanufacturing. Maukhopadhyay and Setoputro(2005)proposed the use of modu-lar product design as a solution for retaining the large salvageable value of returned products that were built for speciﬁc orders,i.e., returned products are easily dismantled and reused,so the products experience smaller value reduction.Kim and ChhajedC.-H.Wu/European Journal of Operational Research222(2012)204–215205(2000)indicated that the interchangeability of product design also creates cost savings during production because of lowered assem-bly costs and more easily achieved economies of scale.However, these studies considered product design as a given and focused on other purposes(e.g.,quality improvement,production cost sav-ings,and the reuse of return items);moreover,they did not con-sider the impact of product design on pricing decisions.Shu and Flowers(1993)noted that OEMs may discourage remanufacturing of their products by not sharing product speciﬁcations and manu-facturing processes or,more aggressively,by changing product de-sign to hinder remanufacturing.Gray and Charter(2007)surveyed the empirical data related to recent developments in remanufac-turing,and concluded that product design enablesﬁrms to resolve inefﬁciencies in remanufacturing and increase their own proﬁt margins.Thus,products designed for the environment are impor-tant for the success of remanufacturing.Several studies(Graedel and Allenby,1996;Gray and Charter,2007;Kerr and Ryan,2001; Sundin,2004)showed the importance of product design to reman-ufacturing through qualitative data analysis.This study explicitly models the interaction between the OEM’s disassemblability in product design and the remanufacturer’s pricing strategy in a com-petitive environment.In contrast to the works of previous studies,the model of this paper shows that an OEM can design a product with low or high disassemblability to deter direct competition from the remanufac-turer in the sequent period.Furthermore,previous works on remanufacturing focused exclusively on operational decisions or the OEM’s strategic choices(Ferguson and Toktay,2006).In this study,we consider both the OEM’s and the remanufacturer’s stra-tegic choices and operational decisions(i.e.,sales prices)in a sequential game,and explore their behavior according to the stra-tegic choices presented to them.3.The modelWe consider a supply chain with two chain members:an OEM produces and sells a new product to the market during two periods (we extend the model to multiple periods in§6),and a remanufac-turer recovers the used products sold in theﬁrst period and sells them as remanufactured products during the second period.Thus, remanufacturing is constrained by the collected quantity of the items used in theﬁrst period.The price competition between the OEM and the remanufacturer arises in the second period.More-over,due to growing environmental awareness,a high-priced remanufactured product is usually accepted by green consumers. Therefore,the remanufacturer must make a strategic choice with regard to price:a high-pricing strategy that focuses only on the green market segment or a low-pricing strategy that penetrates the whole market.In theﬁrst period,the OEM usually must make a strategic choice in product design:high or low disassemblability.A product designed with high disassemblability will be easier to both assemble as a new product and disassemble for recovery than a product with low disassemblability,which leads to lower recov-ery costs.In accordance with the literature on remanufacturing (Atasu et al.,2008;Ferrer and Swaminathan,2006;Ferguson and Toktay,2006;Ray et al.,2005;Majumder and Groenevelt,2001), weﬁrst consider a two-period model for analyzingﬁrms’strategic and operational interactions with the consideration of remanufac-turing.Moreover,we extend the model with aﬁnite multiple-per-iod planning horizon to examine the statics of the chain members’equilibrium behavior.Let r and n denote the remanufactured and new products, respectively.The OEM and the remanufacturer compete on both the strategic level and operational level.On the strategic level, the OEM chooses its product design’s disassemblability in theﬁrst period,and the remanufacturer chooses its pricing strategy in the subsequent period.High disassemblability is represented as Strat-egy H,low disassemblability as Strategy L,the remanufacturer’s high-pricing strategy as Strategy G,and the remanufacturer’s low-pricing strategy as Strategy S.As a result,four possible sub-games emerge based on theﬁrms’strategic choices.Each subgame is an operational level game in which the OEM determines its unit sales prices p1of theﬁrst period,and chooses p n for the subsequent period,while the remanufacture determines the unit sales price p r. Theﬁrms’pricing decisions of each selling period must be made prior to the start of sales.Therefore,the chain members’strategic choices are determined in consideration of their own proﬁts ob-tained from the equilibrium decisions of the possible operational games.Throughout the paper,we focus on the cases in which the unit sales price of the remanufactured product is lower than the new product’s sales price(i.e.,p r<p n).Such scenarios have oc-curred in reality;for example,Dell sold refurbished PCs at10–30%less than the prices of new PCs on average(Kandra,2002). Due to energy and material cost savings,remanufactured products could be(and sometimes were)sold at30–70%of the prices of new products(Gray and Charter,2007).Based on the common assumptions of two-period models (Atasu et al.,2008;Ferguson and Toktay,2006;Majumder and Groenevelt,2001),we assume that the new product bought in theﬁrst period cannot provide positive utility for customers in the second period;therefore,without remanufacturing,the product has a useful lifetime of only one sales period.This assumption allows us to claim that consumers’purchase behaviors across the periods are independent(i.e.,a consumer does not determine the purchase decision in consideration of the utility of the product that was previously purchased).Furthermore,we assume that in the ﬁrst period,the OEM behaves as a monopolist,and after theﬁrst period,the twoﬁrms engage in duopolistic competition.Other products in the dedicated market and other markets have no effect on the demand of the products under consideration.Such an assumption allows us to shed light on the competition between the remanufactured and new products.We also consider theﬁrms to be risk-neutral and proﬁt maximizing and to have complete information in the games.3.1.Consumer preference and market demandIn accordance with Atasu et al.(2008),we consider the market in theﬁrst period to consist of A consumers and the market size of the second period to be dependent on the product’s position in its life cycle.We use D A to represent the market size of the second period,where D is a scale parameter.When the product is in the growth(decline)phase of its life cycle,the market size of the sec-ond period expands(shrinks),so that D>1(<1).The market is composed of two types of consumers:primary consumers and green consumers.The primary consumers give the remanufactured products a lower value than the new products(Atasu et al.,2008; Debo et al.,2005;Ferguson and Toktay,2006).However,the green consumers focus more on recycling and prefer to purchase prod-ucts less harmful to the environment.Thus,these consumers equally value the remanufactured and new products.Please refer to Atasu et al.(2008)for more details on the discussion of the green segment of the market.Although in theﬁrst period,the pri-mary and green consumers cannot be differentiated due to the ab-sence of a remanufactured product in the market,when the remanufactured product becomes available,the green consumers’proportion of the market becomes b<1(i.e.,the green segment in-cludes b D A consumers,and the primary segment has(1Àb)D A consumers).Consumers are heterogenous in their willingness to pay for the products.We denote each consumer’s willingness to pay by h,and206 C.-H.Wu/European Journal of Operational Research222(2012)204–215capture the heterogeneity of h by assuming that h is uniformly distributed between 0and 1,i.e.,f (h )$Uniform[0,1](Atasu et al.,2008;Cattani et al.,2006;Ferguson and Toktay,2006;Ray et al.,2005).Because the consumer’s utility is sensitive to the prices,the utility of the consumers in Period 1is formulated as U 1=h Àp 1.It is easy to derive the demand quantity of Period 1as q 1=A (1Àp 1).In Period 2,the market can be divided into pri-mary and green segments,as (Atasu et al.,2008).In the primary segment,the consumers have lower valuations for the remanufac-tured products than the new ones by setting the primary consumer’s willingness to pay for a remanufactured product as a fraction q (0<q <1)of his or her willingness to pay for a new product.Hence,the primary consumer receives the utility U n =h Àp n from the new product and the utility U r =q h Àp r from the remanufactured product.Each primary consumer buys a prod-uct if and only if he or she receives a nonnegative utility,and each primary customer chooses which product to buy by comparing the utilities between the two products.More speciﬁcally,Let H n and H r be the sets of primary customer types who buy a new and remanufactured product,respectively.Then,H n ={h :U n P max{U r ,0}}and H r ={h :U r P max{U n ,0}}.The OEM’s market shareof the primary segment is m n ¼Rh 2H n f ðh Þd h and the remanufac-turer’s market share of the primary segment is m r ¼Rh 2H r f ðh Þd h .We assume q 61À(p n Àp r )such that q n >0(see Ferrer and Swaminathan (2006)),indicating that the OEM would not exit the market.When p r 6q p n ,the demand quantity of the remanufac-tured and new products from the primary consumers can be calculated as follows:q r ¼A m r ¼ð1Àb ÞD A q p n Àp rq ð1Àq Þ ;if p r 6q p n ;q n ¼A m n ¼ð1Àb ÞD A1Àq Àp n þp r1Àq:When p r >q p n ,the primary consumers do not purchase the reman-ufactured product,and the OEM grabs all the primary consumers:^q r ¼0;and ^q n ¼ð1Àb ÞD A ð1Àp n Þ;if p r >q p n :The utilities that green (environmentally conscious)consumersreceive from new and remanufactured products are U n =h Àp n and U r =h Àp r ,respectively.Because p r <p n ,the green consumer only purchases the remanufactured product,and the demand quan-tities are calculated as qr ¼b D A ð1Àp r Þand q n ¼0.In summary,there are two demand scenarios based on the remanufacturer’s pricing strategy (i.e.,low-pricing p r 6q p n or high pricing strategy p r >q p n ).Under the low-pricing strategy,the demand quantities of the new and remanufactured products in Period 2are q S n ¼q nand q S r ¼q r þ q r ,respectively;whereas,under the high pricingstrategy,q G n ¼^q n and q G r ¼ q r ,respectively.3.2.Problem formulationEach ﬁrm is endowed with two strategies:The OEM uses thenotation i and takes the two strategies L and H ,while the remanu-facturer takes the notation j and takes the two strategies S and G .Four subgames emerge as follows:HS ,LS ,HG ,and LG ,where the ﬁrst and second letters signify the OEM’s and remanufacturer’s strategic choices,respectively.In each subgame,the ﬁrms compete with each other’s prices.We use P ij y to denote ﬁrm y ’s proﬁt in Sub-game ij .As is typical of the strategic form game,the equilibrium strategy is obtained by examining the ﬁrms’equilibrium proﬁts in the subgames.In each subgame,the ﬁrms play in a two-period noncooperative game (with no collusion);the OEM acts as the ﬁrst mover and the remanufacturer as the second mover (i.e.,a Stackel-berg game).The OEM will decide its prices,p 1and p n ,while consid-ering the remanufacturer’s best response,p r .We now formulate the ﬁrms’proﬁt functions.In our model,the OEM needs to carry the production costs and the ﬁxed costs asso-ciated with disassemblability.The difﬁculty in assembly and disas-sembly of cores and parts is critical for determining the ease of recycling,replacing,and remanufacturing.Design for disassembly beneﬁts the OEM by increasing production ﬂexibility,saving pro-duction energy,and decreasing processing time and cost;however,it is also accompanied by greater ﬁxed costs,such as the invest-ment costs of purchasing new equipment or updating facilities.Let c L and c H be the OEM’s unit production cost with low and high disassemblability,respectively.Note that c i must satisfy c i <1be-cause the consumer’s maximum willingness to pay equals 1.Low disassemblability may incur additional costs for the OEM (such as unnecessary adhesive tape (Gell,2008),difﬁculty of repair)and contrarily,high degree of disassemblability may cause the products to be produced efﬁciently,so that c L >c H .However,man-ufacturing a product with higher disassemblability incurs a higher ﬁxed cost,which is represented by T i ,so that T L <T H .(Note that for simplicity,we let T L =0and T H =T in the following analysis.)More-over,the ﬁxed cost is considered a one-time investment,which means that the ﬁxed cost is only incurred in the ﬁrst period,be-cause it is reasonable to assume that the equipment or facilities can be used during the planning periods.Following (Debo et al.,2005,Ferrer and Swaminathan,2006,Ferrer and Swaminathan,2010),we let d (06d 61)denote the value-discount factor over the periods,which means that a value decreases (1Àd )in compar-ison with that in the previous period.The OEM’s objective can be written as follows:max p 1;p n P 0P ij n ¼½ðp 1Àc i Þq 1ÀT i þd ðp n Àc i Þq jn ÂÃ;ð1Þwhere i ={L ,H }and j 2{S ,G }.The ﬁrst term of Eq.(1)is the proﬁt obtained in Period 1,and the second term is the proﬁt obtained in Period 2.In the second period,the remanufacturer’s cost of remanufac-turing is associated with the OEM’s product design.Let w i repre-sent the remanufacturer’s recovery cost associated with the OEM’s Strategy i (i ={L ,H }).The high degree of disassemblability al-lows the remanufacturer to easily disassemble,clean,test,and re-place parts,thus reducing recovery costs,so that w L >w H .We consider that remanufacturing leads to cost savings in production,i.e.,w i <c i ,which drives the remanufacturer to enter the market.Without loss of generality,we do not explicitly formulate the cost structure with respect to the degree of disassemblability until Sec-tion 5.3,in which the relationship between cost and disassembla-bility is provided for illustration.The remanufacturer collects the used products at the end of Period 1for remanufacturing.In gen-eral,not all products can be remanufactured,or can be collected at the end of their life cycle.We conjecture that c q 1can be col-lected at the beginning of Period 2,where c is the collection rate with the acknowledgment that only a proportion of the used prod-ucts are obtained or available to be remanufactured.The remanu-facturing problem is constrained by the collected units,given bymax p r P 0P ij r ¼d ðp r Àw i Þq jr ;s :t :q j r <c q 1;ð2Þwhere i ={L ,H }and j 2{S ,G }.4.The equilibrium decisions and strategiesWe proceed to determine the subgame-perfect Nash equilibrium (SPE)decisions and proﬁts of the four subgames.Throughout the pa-per,the proofs of the propositions are included in the electroniccompanion,and for the sake of simplicity, q1Àq ; b 1Àb ,and v b= q .Proposition 1characterizes the ﬁrms’proﬁt functions and is essential for deriving the ﬁrms’unique decisions.C.-H.Wu /European Journal of Operational Research 222(2012)204–215207。

2012年美国消费物价指数概况(CPI)

Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until USDL-13-0057 8:30 a.m. (EST) Wednesday, January 16, 2013Technical information: (202) 691-7000 • Reed.Steve@ • /cpiMedia Contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@C ONSUMER P RICE I NDEX –D ECEMBER 2012The Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) was unchanged in December on a seasonally adjusted basis, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the last 12 months, the all items index increased 1.7 percent before seasonal adjustment.The gasoline index declined again in December, but other indexes, notably food and shelter, increased, resulting in the seasonally adjusted all items index being unchanged. Gasoline was the only major energy index to decline; the indexes for natural gas and electricity both increased. Within the food category, five of the six major grocery store food groups increased as the food at home index rose for the third consecutive month.The index for all items less food and energy increased 0.1 percent in December, the same increase as in November. Besides shelter, the indexes for airline fares, tobacco, and medical care also increased. The indexes for recreation, household furnishings and operations, and used cars and trucks all declined in December.The all items index increased 1.7 percent over the last 12 months, compared to a 1.8 percent figure in November. The index for all items less food and energy rose 1.9 percent over the last 12 months, the same figure as last month. The food index has risen 1.8 percent over the last 12 months, and the energy index has risen 0.5 percent.Year in ReviewThe CPI rose 1.7 percent in 2012 after a 3.0 percent increase in 2011. This was the third smallest December-December increase of the past ten years and compares to a 2.4 percent average annual increase over the span.The energy index increased 0.5 percent in 2012, a sharp deceleration from its 6.6 percent increase in 2011. The gasoline index rose 1.7 percent in 2012 after increasing 13.8 percent in 2010 and 9.9 percent in 2011. The household energy index declined in 2012, falling 1.1 percent after increasing 1.8 percent in 2011. The fuel oil index rose 3.6 percent in 2012, but the electricity index decreased 0.5 percent and the index for natural gas fell 2.9 percent, the fourth straight year it has declined.The index for food rose 1.8 percent in 2012, a deceleration from its 4.7 percent increase in 2011. The index for food at home rose 1.3 percent in 2012 compared to 6.0 percent in 2011. Five of the six major grocery store food group indexes rose in 2012, with increases ranging from 0.5 percent (dairy and related products) to 2.0 percent (other food at home). The nonalcoholic beverages group was the only index to decline, falling 0.2 percent. The index for food away from home rose 2.5 percent in 2012 after increasing 2.9 percent in 2011.The index for all items less food and energy decelerated slightly in 2012, rising 1.9 percent after a 2.2 percent increase in 2011. This matches the average annual increase of 1.9 percent over the past ten years. Several indexes decelerated in 2012. The apparel index, which rose 4.6 percent in 2011, increased 1.8 percent in 2012. The index for new vehicles increased 1.6 percent in 2012 after rising 3.2 percent in 2011, and the medical care index rose 3.2 percent in 2012 after a 3.5 percent increase the prior year. The index for airline fares rose 2.1 percent, the tobacco index increased 1.9 percent, and the recreation index rose 0.8 percent; all of these increases were smaller than in 2011. The index for household furnishings and operations was unchanged in 2012 after rising in 2011, and the index for used cars and trucks turned down in 2012, falling 2.0 percent after increasing 4.0 percent in 2011. In contrast, the shelter index accelerated in 2012, rising 2.2 percent after a 1.9 percent increase in 2011. The index for rent rose 2.7 percent and the index for owners’ equivalent rent increased 2.1 percent.Consumer Price Index Data for December 2012FoodThe food index rose 0.2 percent in December for the third month in a row. The index for food at home increased 0.2 percent after rising 0.3 percent in each of the two previous months. The index for meat, poultry, fish, and eggs was unchanged in December, while the remaining major grocery store food group indexes all increased. The fruits and vegetables index posted the largest increase, rising 0.6 percent; this was its seventh increase in the last nine months. The indexes for cereals and bakery products, dairy and related products, and nonalcoholic beverages, which all rose in November, each increased 0.2 percent in December. The index for other food at home increased 0.1 percent in December after rising 0.4 percent in November. The index for food away from home rose 0.1 percent in December, the same increase as in October and November.EnergyThe energy index declined 1.2 percent in December after declining 4.1 percent in November. Thegasoline index, which fell 7.4 percent in November, declined 2.3 percent. It has decreased 10.1 percentsince its recent peak in September. (Before seasonal adjustment, gasoline prices decreased 4.2 percent inDecember.) The index for fuel oil was unchanged in December, while other major energy componentsincreased. The natural gas index rose 1.3 percent in December, the same increase as in November. Theindex for electricity rose 0.2 percent, its fifth consecutive increase.All items less food and energyThe index for all items less food and energy increased 0.1 percent in December, the same increase as inNovember. The shelter index rose 0.1 percent in December after increasing 0.2 percent in November.The rent index rose 0.2 percent and the index for owners’ equiv alent rent increased 0.1 percent, while the lodging away from home index declined 0.9 percent. The index for airline fares continued to rise,increasing 1.2 percent in December. This was its fourth consecutive increase and it has risen 6.5 percentsince August. The index for medical care increased 0.1 percent as the medical care services index rosebut the index for medical care commodities declined. The tobacco index rose 0.5 percent in December,its first increase since September. In contrast to these increases, the recreation index declined inDecember, falling 0.2 percent. The index for household furnishings and operations also fell 0.2 percent,while the index for used cars and trucks declined 0.4 percent, its sixth consecutive decrease. The indexesfor apparel and personal care both declined 0.1 percent in December. The index for new vehicles, whichrose 0.2 percent in November, was unchanged in December.Not seasonally adjusted CPI measuresThe Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) increased 1.7 percent over the last 12months to an index level of 229.601 (1982-84=100). For the month, the index declined 0.3 percent priorto seasonal adjustment.The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) increased 1.7percent over the last 12 months to an index level of 225.889 (1982-84=100). For the month, the indexdecreased 0.3 percent prior to seasonal adjustment.The Chained Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (C-CPI-U) increased 1.6 percent over thelast 12 months. For the month, the index decreased 0.2 percent on a not seasonally adjusted basis. Pleasenote that the indexes for the post-2010 period are subject to revision.The Consumer Price Index for January 2013 is scheduled to be released on Thursday, February21, 2013, at 8:30 a.m. (EST).Discontinuation of Department Store Inventory IndexesThe Bureau of Labor Statistics will discontinue publication of its Department Store Inventory indexes after the release of the December 2013 CPI in mid-January 2014, and these values will no longer be uploaded to the Labstat database. For further information please contact Sharon Gibson at 202-691-6968 or gibson.sharon@.Publication Changes for Average Price SeriesThe Bureau of Labor Statistics will discontinue publication of three average price series after the release of the June 2013 CPI in mid-July 2013. They are:-utility (piped) gas, 40 therms;-utility (piped) gas, 100 therms; and-electricity, 500 kilowatt hours.The Bureau will, however, continue to publish average prices for utility (piped) gas on a per therm basis, and will continue to publish electricity prices on a per kilowatt hour basis. As such, users will be able to convert these data to any consumption amount. CPI Detailed Report table P1. Average residential prices for utility (piped) gas, electricity, and fuel oil, U.S. city average and selected areas will no longer be published. Data for fuel oil #2, per gallon (3.785 liters) will continue to be available in the CPI Average Price Data public database.Facilities for Sensory ImpairedInformation from this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200, Federal Relay Services: 1-800-877-8339.Brief Explanation of the CPIThe Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of the average change in prices over time of goods and services purchased by households. The Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes CPIs for two population groups: (1) the CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W), which covers households of wage earners and clerical workers that comprise approximately 29 percent of the total population and (2) the CPI for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) and the Chained CPI for All Urban Consumers (C-CPI-U), which cover approximately 88 percent of the total population and include in addition to wage earners and clerical worker households, groups such as professional, managerial, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the unemployed, and retirees and others not in the labor force.The CPIs are based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, and fuels, transportation fares, charges for doctors’ and dentists’ services, drugs, and other goods and services that people buy for day-to-day living. Prices are collected each month in 87 urban areas across the country from about 4,000 housing units and approximately 26,000 retail establishments-department stores, supermarkets, hospitals, filling stations, and other types of stores and service establishments. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are included in the index. Prices of fuels and a few other items are obtained every month in all 87 locations. Prices of most other commodities and services are collected every month in the three largest geographic areas and every other month in other areas. Prices of most goodsIn calculating the index, price changes for the various items in each location are averaged together with weights, which represent their importance in the spending of the appropriate population group. Local data are then combined to obtain a U.S. city average. For the CPI-U and CPI-W separate indexes are also published by size of city, by region of the country, for cross-classifications of regions and population-size classes, and for 27 local areas. Area indexes do not measure differences in the level of prices among cities; they only measure the average change in prices for each area since the base period. For the C-CPI-U data are issued only at the national level. It is important to note that the CPI-U and CPI-W are considered final when released, but the C-CPI-U is issued in preliminary form and subject to two annual revisions.The index measures price change from a designed reference date. For the CPI-U and the CPI-W the reference base is 1982-84 equals 100. The reference base for the C-CPI-U is December 1999 equals 100. An increase of 16.5 percent from the reference base, for example, is shown as 116.500. This change can also be expressed in dollars as follows: the price of a base period market basket of goods and services in the CPI has risen from $10 in 1982-84 to $11.65.For further details visit the CPI home page on the Internet at /cpi/ or contact our CPI Information and Analysis Section on (202) 691-7000.Note on Sampling Error in the Consumer Price IndexThe CPI is a statistical estimate that is subject to sampling error because it is based upon a sample of retail prices and not the complete universe of all prices. BLS calculates and publishes estimates of the1-month, 2-month, 6-month and 12-month percent change standard errors annually, for the CPI-U. These standard error estimates can be used to construct confidence intervals for hypothesis testing. For example, the estimated standard error of the 1 month percent change is 0.03 percent for the U.S. All Items Consumer Price Index. This means that if we repeatedly sample from the universe of all retail prices using the same methodology, and estimate a percentage change for each sample, then 95% of these estimates would be within 0.06 percent of the 1 month percentage change based on all retail prices. For example, for a 1-month change of 0.2 percent in the All Items CPI for All Urban Consumers, we are 95 percent confident that the actual percent change based on all retail prices would fall between 0.14 and 0.26 percent. For the latest data, including information on how to use the estimates of standard error, see “Variance Estimates for Price Changes in the Consumer Price Index, January-December 2011”. These data are available on the CPI home page (/cpi), or by using the following link /cpi/cpivar2011.pdfCalculating Index ChangesMovements of the indexes from one month to another are usually expressed as percent changes rather than changes in index points, because index point changes are affected by the level of the index in relation to its base period while percent changes are not. The example below illustrates the computation of index point and percent changes.Percent changes for 3-month and 6-month periods are expressed as annual rates and are computed according to the standard formula for compound growth rates. These data indicate what the percentIndex Point ChangeCPI 202.416Less previous index 201.800Equals index point change .616Percent ChangeIndex point difference .616Divided by the previous index 201.800Equals 0.003Results multiplied by one hundred 0.003x100Equals percent change 0.3A Note on Seasonally Adjusted and Unadjusted DataBecause price data are used for different purposes by different groups, the Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes seasonally adjusted as well as unadjusted changes each month.For analyzing general price trends in the economy, seasonally adjusted changes are usually preferred since they eliminate the effect of changes that normally occur at the same time and in about the same magnitude every year--such as price movements resulting from changing climatic conditions, production cycles, model changeovers, holidays, and sales.The unadjusted data are of primary interest to consumers concerned about the prices they actually pay. Unadjusted data also are used extensively for escalation purposes. Many collective bargaining contract agreements and pension plans, for example, tie compensation changes to the Consumer Price Index before adjustment for seasonal variation.Seasonal factors used in computing the seasonally adjusted indexes are derived by the X-12-ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Method. Seasonally adjusted indexes and seasonal factors are computed annually. Each year, the last 5 years of seasonally adjusted data are revised. Data from January 2007 through December 2011 were replaced in January 2012. Exceptions to the usual revision schedule were: the updated seasonal data at the end of 1977 replaced data from 1967 through 1977; and, in January 2002, dependently seasonally adjusted series were revised for January 1987-December 2001 as a result of a change in the aggregation weights for dependently adjusted series. For further information, please see “Aggregation of Dependently Adjusted Seasonally Adjusted Series,” in the October 2001 issue of the CPI Detailed Report.Effective with the publication of data from January 2006 through December 2010 in January 2011, the Video and audio series and the Information technology, hardware and services series were changed from independently adjusted to dependently adjusted. This resulted in an increase in the number of seasonal components used in deriving seasonal movement of the All items and 54 other lower level aggregations, from 73 for the publication of January 1998 through December 2005 data to 82 for the publication of seasonally adjusted data for January 2006 and later. Each year the seasonal status of every series isadjustment status from seasonally adjusted to not seasonally adjusted, not seasonally adjusted data will be used in the aggregation of the dependent series for the last 5 years, but the seasonally adjusted indexes before that period will not be changed. Note: 38 of the 82 components are not seasonally adjusted for 2012.Seasonally adjusted data, including the all items index levels, are subject to revision for up to five years after their original release. For this reason, BLS advises against the use of these data in escalation agreements.Effective with the calculation of the seasonal factors for 1990, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has used an enhanced seasonal adjustment procedure called Intervention Analysis Seasonal Adjustment for some CPI series. Intervention Analysis Seasonal Adjustment allows for better estimates of seasonally adjusted data. Extreme values and/or sharp movements which might distort the seasonal pattern are estimated and removed from the data prior to calculation of seasonal factors. Beginning with the calculation of seasonal factors for 1996, X-12-ARIMA software was used for Intervention Analysis Seasonal Adjustment.For the seasonal factors introduced in January 2012, BLS adjusted 31 series using Intervention Analysis Seasonal Adjustment, including selected food and beverage items, motor fuels, electricity and vehicles. For example, this procedure was used for the Motor fuel series to offset the effects of events such as damage to oil refineries from Hurricane Katrina.For a complete list of Intervention Analysis Seasonal Adjustment series and explanations, please refer to the article “Intervention Analysis Seasonal Adjustment”, located on our website at/cpi/cpisapage.htm.For additional information on seasonal adjustment in the CPI, please write to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Consumer Prices and Price Indexes, Washington, DC 20212 or contact Christopher Graci by electronic mail at Graci.Christopher@ or by telephone at (202) 691-5826, or Carlyle Jackson by electronic mail at Jackson.Carlyle@ or by telephone at (202) 691-6984. If you have general questions about the CPI, please call our information staff at (202) 691-7000. Recalculated Seasonally Adjusted Indexes to be Available on February 19, 2013Each year with the release of the January CPI, seasonal adjustment factors are recalculated to reflect price movements from the just-completed calendar year. This routine annual recalculation may result in revisions to seasonally adjusted indexes for the previous 5 years. BLS will make available recalculated seasonally adjusted indexes, as well as recalculated seasonal adjustment factors, for the period January 2008 through December 2012, on Tuesday, February 19, 2013. This date is two working days before the scheduled release of the January 2013 CPI on Thursday, February 21, 2013.The revised indexes and seasonal factors will be available on the internet. The address is/cpi/cpisapage.htm. Look under Seasonal Adjustment in the CPI and select Revised Seasonally Adjusted Indexes and Factors, 2008-2012.For further information please contact Christopher Graci by electronic mail atGraci.Christopher@ or by telephone at (202) 691-5826, or Carlyle Jackson by electronic mail atDecember2012[1982-84=100,unless otherwise noted]Expenditure category Relativeimpor-tanceNov.2012Unadjusted indexesUnadjusted percentchangeSeasonally adjusted percentchangeDec.2011Nov.2012Dec.2012Dec.2011-Dec.2012Nov.2012-Dec.2012Sep.2012-Oct.2012Oct.2012-Nov.2012Nov.2012-Dec.2012All items............................................100.000225.672230.221229.601 1.7-0.30.1-0.30.0 Food.............................................14.243231.301234.896235.390 1.80.20.20.20.2 Food at home................................8.553229.982232.295232.901 1.30.30.30.30.2 Cereals and bakery products............ 1.226265.997267.817268.0570.80.10.40.30.2 Meats,poultry,ﬁsh,and eggs........... 1.950228.853232.303232.262 1.50.00.8-0.10.0 Dairy and related products1............0.900218.458218.921219.4430.50.20.80.80.2 Fruits and vegetables.................... 1.265283.550284.367288.516 1.8 1.50.60.20.6 Nonalcoholic beverages and beveragematerials.................................0.941168.520168.222168.204-0.20.0-0.30.50.2 Other food at home....................... 2.271200.566204.531204.626 2.00.0-0.10.40.1 Food away from home1.................... 5.690234.435240.038240.359 2.50.10.10.10.1 Energy...........................................9.759232.300238.946233.4730.5-2.3-0.2-4.1-1.2 Energy commodities........................ 6.013287.363303.627291.815 1.5-3.9-0.5-6.9-2.2 Fuel oil1...................................0.233369.085382.355382.532 3.60.0 1.1-0.20.0 Motor fuel.................................. 5.682282.501299.777287.408 1.7-4.1-0.6-7.3-2.3 Gasoline(all types).................... 5.490280.713298.131285.606 1.7-4.2-0.6-7.4-2.3 Energy services2............................ 3.746189.891187.359187.880-1.10.30.30.90.4 Electricity2................................. 2.842192.777191.837191.879-0.50.00.50.70.2 Utility(piped)gas service2..............0.904178.193171.243173.098-2.9 1.1-0.2 1.3 1.3 All items less food and energy...............75.998226.740231.263231.033 1.9-0.10.20.10.1 Commodities less food and energycommodities...............................19.668145.929147.487146.3870.3-0.7-0.1-0.1-0.2 Apparel..................................... 3.665123.470129.573125.656 1.8-3.00.7-0.6-0.1 New vehicles.............................. 3.171142.953144.762145.181 1.60.3-0.10.20.0 Used cars and trucks..................... 1.847148.140145.862145.234-2.0-0.4-0.9-0.5-0.4 Medical care commodities1............. 1.718327.254334.285332.684 1.7-0.50.0-0.4-0.5 Alcoholic beverages......................0.945227.335231.178231.572 1.90.2-0.10.20.4 Tobacco and smoking products1.......0.799847.063858.504862.945 1.90.5-0.10.00.5 Services less energy services.............56.330275.643282.044282.400 2.50.10.30.20.2 Shelter......................................31.559253.716258.999259.298 2.20.10.30.20.1 Rent of primary residence2.......... 6.509257.189263.365264.098 2.70.30.40.20.2 Owners’equivalent rent ofresidences2,3......................23.942261.982267.099267.480 2.10.10.20.20.1 Medical care services.................... 5.426430.005445.278445.955 3.70.20.00.30.3 Physicians’services2................. 1.613342.966350.277349.910 2.0-0.10.00.10.0 Hospital services2,4.................. 1.547246.377257.537258.486 4.90.40.10.50.9 Transportation services.................. 5.812269.858276.008276.982 2.60.40.70.20.5 Motor vehicle maintenance andrepair1................................ 1.147255.644258.943258.845 1.30.00.20.10.0 Motor vehicle insurance............... 2.479396.193412.890414.773 4.70.50.90.10.5 Airline fare...............................0.768299.315305.354305.733 2.10.1 2.4 1.4 1.21Not seasonally adjusted.2This index series was calculated using a Laspeyres estimator.All other item stratum index series were calculated using a geometric means estimator. 3Indexes on a December1982=100base.4Indexes on a December1996=100base.NOTE:Index applies to a month as a whole,not to any speciﬁc date.category,December2012[1982-84=100,unless otherwise noted]Expenditure categoryRelativeimportanceNov.2012Unadjusted percentchangeSeasonally adjusted percent change Dec.2011-Dec.2012Nov.2012-Dec.2012Sep.2012-Oct.2012Oct.2012-Nov.2012Nov.2012-Dec.2012All items..................................................................100.000 1.7-0.30.1-0.30.0 Food....................................................................14.243 1.80.20.20.20.2 Food at home......................................................8.553 1.30.30.30.30.2 Cereals and bakery products.................................. 1.2260.80.10.40.30.2 Cereals and cereal products................................0.469-0.70.00.60.50.0 Flour and preparedﬂour mixes..........................0.051 2.3 1.60.9-0.5 1.9 Breakfast cereal1..........................................0.290-0.8-0.70.9 1.2-0.7 Rice,pasta,cornmeal1...................................0.128-1.50.8-1.5 1.30.8 Rice1,2,3..............................................0.00.1-0.6 1.70.1 Bakery products............................................0.757 1.70.20.40.00.4 Bread2...................................................0.222 1.50.80.4-0.9 1.0White bread1,3...................................... 2.3 1.2 1.8-0.7 1.2Bread other than white1,3.........................-0.20.7 1.1-1.30.7 Fresh biscuits,rolls,muffins1,2......................0.113 1.30.9-1.00.40.8 Cakes,cupcakes,and cookies........................0.186 1.3-0.8 1.3-0.4-0.6Cookies1,3........................................... 1.8-1.20.00.9-1.4Fresh cakes and cupcakes1,3.................... 1.5-0.5 2.6-0.5-0.5 Other bakery products..................................0.236 2.30.00.30.70.3Fresh sweetrolls,coffeecakes,doughnuts1,3... 5.40.8 1.20.20.8Crackers,bread,and cracker products3.......... 1.40.70.5-0.1 1.2Frozen and refrigerated bakery products,pies,tarts,turnovers3...................................0.3-2.1-1.1 2.4-2.7 Meats,poultry,ﬁsh,and eggs................................. 1.950 1.50.00.8-0.10.0 Meats,poultry,andﬁsh...................................... 1.838 1.5-0.10.70.10.2 Meats........................................................ 1.1890.8-0.20.60.00.2 Beef and veal1..........................................0.560 4.60.30.50.10.3Uncooked ground beef1............................0.220 5.6-0.10.10.2-0.1Uncooked beef roasts1,2..........................0.082 3.2-0.2 2.40.4-0.2Uncooked beef steaks1,2..........................0.207 4.10.60.1-0.20.6Uncooked other beef and veal1,2................0.052 4.2 2.1 1.20.0 2.1 Pork.......................................................0.365-3.3-1.5 1.0-0.1-0.1Bacon,breakfast sausage,and related products2 ............................................................................0.138-2.4-0.7-0.6-0.20.1 Bacon and related products3....................-1.80.0-0.8-0.1 1.1Breakfast sausage and related products1,2,3 ............................................................................-4.1-2.0-1.0-2.1-2.0 Ham....................................................0.078-2.3-2.4-1.0-0.50.1Ham,excluding canned3.........................-2.8-2.6-1.1-0.80.3Pork chops............................................0.061-3.7-2.1 2.3 1.0-1.9Other pork including roasts and picnics2.........0.088-5.4-1.4 4.60.40.3 Other meats..............................................0.263-1.20.4-0.10.10.5Frankfurters3.........................................-1.20.9-2.00.70.7Lunchmeats1,2,3..................................-0.50.60.80.20.6Lamb and organ meats1,3........................-7.8-2.0 5.0-1.2-2.0Lamb and mutton1,2,3............................-16.5-1.8 4.3-3.3-1.8 Poultry....................................................0.346 5.70.7 1.50.20.7Chicken2..............................................0.272 6.00.6 1.70.40.8Fresh whole chicken1,3......................... 3.6-0.6 2.0 2.1-0.6Fresh and frozen chicken parts1,3............7.1 1.6 1.90.1 1.6Other poultry including turkey2.....................0.074 4.6 1.10.30.90.1 Fish and seafood1......................................0.304-0.1-0.50.00.2-0.4Freshﬁsh and seafood1,2.........................0.155-1.5-1.0-0.3-0.5-1.0Processedﬁsh and seafood2......................0.149 1.40.00.00.6-0.1Shelf stableﬁsh and seafood1,3............... 6.9 1.5-0.1 1.1 1.5。

谷歌2012年第二季度财务报告

谷歌2012年第二季度财务报告北京时间2012年7月20日凌晨消息，谷歌今天发布了截至6月30日的2012财年第二季度财报。

报告显示，谷歌第二季度营收为122.1亿美元，同比增长35%；按照美国通用会计准则，谷歌第二季度净利润为27.9亿美元，比去年同期的25.1亿美元增长11%。

主要业绩：-谷歌第二季度总营收为122.1亿美元，比去年同期增长35%。

谷歌第二季度流量获取支出(TAC)，也就是同合作伙伴共享的营收为26.0亿美元，在广告营收中所占比例为25%；-按照美国通用会计准则，谷歌第二季度运营利润为32.0亿美元，在营收中所占比例为26%。

按照美国通用会计准则，谷歌去年同期运营利润为28.8亿美元，在营收中所占比例为32%。

不按照美国通用会计准则，谷歌第二季度运营利润为39.5亿美元，在营收中所占比例为32%。

不按照美国通用会计准则，谷歌去年同期运营利润为33.2亿美元，在营收中所占比例为37%；-按照美国通用会计准则，谷歌第二季度净利润为27.9亿美元，去年同期为25.1亿美元。

不按照美国通用会计准则，谷歌第二季度净利润为33.5亿美元，去年同期为28.5亿美元；-按照美国通用会计准则，谷歌第二季度每股收益为8.42美元，去年同期每股收益为7.68美元。

不按照美国通用会计准则，谷歌第二季度每股收益为10.12美元，去年同期每股收益为8.74美元；-不按照美国通用会计准则，谷歌的运营利润、净利润和每股收益中未计入股权奖励支出。

谷歌第二季度股权奖励相关支出为5.65亿美元，去年同期为4.35亿美元。

不按照美国通用会计准则，谷歌的运营利润、净利润和每股收益中未计入股权奖励相关税费收益。

谷歌第二季度股权奖励相关税费收益为1.35亿美元，去年同期为9100万美元。

财务分析：谷歌第二季度总营收为122.1亿美元，比去年同期的90.3亿美元增长35%。

谷歌第二季度营收(广告营收及其他营收)为109.6亿美元，在总营收中所占比例为90%，比去年同期的90.3亿美元增长21%。

2012 年国民经济主要指标

2012 年国民经济主要指标
计量1-11月1-12月比上年同期增减%
单位1-11月1-12月
一、地区生产总值（GDP）亿元4456.6 12
其中：第一产业增加值亿元317.5 4.3
第二产业增加值亿元2291.5 13.1
第三产业增加值亿元1847.6 11.8
二、工业
规模以上工业总产值亿元7566.0 8262.6 17.4 17.4
三、固定资产投资总额亿元3018.6 3172.9 30.5 30.4
其中：房地产开发投资亿元606.9 649.7 -8.2 -2.5
四、社会消费品零售总额亿元1739.6 15.0
五、进出口总额（一）亿美元180.6 196.8 11.7 13.5
其中：1.进口商品总额亿美元156.2 167.8 11.2 11.3
2.出口商品总额亿美元24.4 29.0 14.7 27.9
六、实际利用外资额亿美元33.6 36.8 18.7 19.6
七、财政、金融
全口径财政收入亿元870.0 927.7 15.7 15.5
地方财政收入亿元318.8 340.8 17.0 18.1
地方财政支出亿元445.9 555.5 6.2 7.1
金融机构本外币存款余额（比年初）亿元6799.7 6643.3 21.0
18.2
其中：居民储蓄余额亿元2722.7 2790.5 15.4 18.3 金融机构本外币贷款余额（比年初）亿元5824.8 5828.3 10.9
11.0
八、物价
居民消费价格总指数% 102.3 102.3
九、人民生活
城市居民人均可支配收入元22969.7 12.1
城市居民人均消费性支出元17863.0 9.4。

微软ERP AX2012 项目管理 - 第二章项目类型

当创建新项目时，你只能选择某种特性类型项目组。打开“项目管理>设置>过账>项目组” 打开“项目管理>设置>过账>项目组”
如前所述，可以为不同的项目组选择分类账原则。分类账过账原则包括：日记账分录发票时间与材料
日记账分录原则指定是否小时成本、其他成本以及物料成本将被过账到：无分类账余额损益不使用分类账注：无分类账与不使用分类账选项只能用于小时日记账。当你在各自日记账更新交易时，系统确保一个分类账账户是可用的而且与账户的型是一致的。如果不是这种情况，系统将在日记账中发出一个错误，例如，一个错误提示解释系统将试图将一个需要过账到余额的过账到了一个损益账户。
过账成本 - 小时
借：成本贷：工时分配哪些项目类型必选这个项目：。固定价格。投资。成本当选择这个项目时收入可以发生在小时交易。借：WIP - 成本价值贷：工时分配哪些项目类型必选这个项目：。内部。时间和材料
过账成本 - 费用
借：成本贷:日记账对方科目（不在项目上设置）哪些项目类型必选这个项目：。固定价格。投资。成本
成本项目用来跟踪一个短期的项目。下表列示在分类账的实际过账交易类型小时消耗一般成本物料消耗分类账账户成本成本价格 2000（A） 800（B） 1000（C）借方 2000（A） 800（B） 1000（C）销售价格
贷方
工资分配费用库存 – 发出
2000（A） 800（B） 1000（C）
内部项目被典型用于一个长期的内部项目，这些项目的成本需要被资本化。一个长期的研发项目，其发生的成本将被资本化到一个固定资产投资项目使用高级项目功能例如评估项目。
项目组定义在处理不同的项目类型时系统如何处理分类账过账的，每个项目均需属于一个的项目组。项目组用来控制：分类账过账模板项目WIP 项目WIP 过账交易的规则将根据项目或类别类型设置。这些成本将被过账到损益或余额账户。至少一个项目管理和账户组必须设置因为在创建一个项目时项目组是必须的。创建一个项目组时，需马上决定这个项目是哪个项目组。然后指派特定类型的特性的条件：发票过账日记账成本价格销售价格

ISOIEC_17065_2012

ISO/IEC 17065:2012Conformity assessment –Requirements for bodies certifying products, processes and servicesPresentation on the new standardPage 1IntroductionThis presentation has been developed by the Drafting Group of ISO CASCO WG 29.The aim is to support all interested parties concerned by the implementation of this new standard, e.g. conformity assessment bodies, accreditation bodies, industries with general information and contribute to an harmonized transition.This is an open presentation without any copyrights and can be used by anyone.We welcome any information about product certification in your region, country, e. g. number of schemes, number of accredited certification bodies, number of certificates under ISO/IEC Guide 65 / ISO/IEC 17065, if you have any please send it tocharlet@ISO CASCO Secretary ISO CASCO Convenor WG 29 Sean MacCurtain Christian PrillerPage 2Table of content•Importance / Impact of product certification for global trade4•Product, Process and Service Certification5•Timeline of Revision ISO/IEC Guide 65 to ISO/IEC 170657•Purpose of Revision ISO/IEC Guide 65 to ISO/IEC 1706510•Content of ISO/IEC Guide 65 to ISO/IEC 1706511•Changes of revision ISO/IEC Guide 65 to ISO/IEC 1706513•ISO/IEC 17065:201222•Cross reference ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996 to ISO/IEC 17065:201237•Cross reference ISO/IEC 17065:2012 to ISO/IEC Guide 65:199646•Back-up slides: examples55Page 3Page 4Examples -Importance and Impact of product certification for global tradeAn unknown number of sectors, regulators, schemes and CB‘s run their operation under this requirements with an unknown number of certificates and products, this shows the great importance.Europe:New Legilation Framework (NLF) over 20 European Directives, Trade volume 1500 mrd €, about 2000 Notified Bodies974 accredited certification bodies in Europe(source: European Co-operation Accreditation)International levelIEC CB Scheme:74 National Certification Bodies 382 CB Testing Laboratories 45 Satellite Laboratories2800 Manufacturer's Testing Laboratories 70'000 CB Test Certificates issues in 2011AsiaJapanJIS-mark : 25 certification bodies JAS-mark: 142 certification bodies PSE-mark: 10 certification bodies PSC-mark : 9 certification bodies PAL : 13 certification bodies China:35 accredited Certification Bodies10 Certification Bodies response for China Compulsory Certification (CCC)50,728 companies with 280,000 certificates for CCCNew Zealand/Australia36 certification bodies for product certification 70 product certification schemes delivered by 36 accredited bodiesBrasil70 accredited Certification BodiesUSA120 Accredited Certification BodiesGermany :GS-mark 91 bodiesProduct, Process and Service Certification (1)The overall aim of certifying products, processes or services is to give confidence to all interested parties that a product, process or service fulfills specified requirements.The value of certification is the degree of confidence and trust that is established by an impartial and competent demonstration of fulfillment of specified requirements by a third-party.Page 5Page 6Product, Process and Service Certification (2)Parties that have an interest in certification include, but are not limited to:the clients of the certification bodies;the customersof the organizations whose products, processes or services are certified;governmental authorities ;non-governmental organizations;andconsumers and other members of the public.ISO/IEC 17065date activity output Participants Results ballot2007-041st WG 29 meeting –definition ofscope and structure of revision WD1302007-091st DG meeting WD22008-042nd DG meeting WD32008-042nd WG 29 meeting WD4352008-103rd DG meeting WD52009-034th DG meeting WD62009-063rd WG 29 meeting CD1372009-07CD out for ballot 78% approval 1040 comments submitted2010-03Change of Convenor MarioWittner > Christian Priller2010-044th WG 29 meeting43Page 7ISO/IEC 17065date activity output Participation Results ballot 2010-065th DG WG 29 meeting CD22010-08CD2 out for ballot for two months 91% approval 570 comments submitted2011-016th DG meeting2011-025th WG 29 meeting in conjunction with WG32DIS352011-05DIS out for ballot 88% approval 440 comments submitted2012-017th DG meeting (Geneva)2012-026th WG 29 meeting (Munich)FDIS302012-04FDIS out for vote2012-07FDIS approved95% approval in ISOand 100% in IEC 2012-09Publication ISPage 8Page 9ISO/IEC 17067Status of ISO/IEC 17067DateActivity WG 32OutputParticipationResults (comments/voting)2010-021st WG 32 meeting –definition of scope and structure of revision WD0122010-092nd WG meeting WD1102011-023rd WG meeting WD2152011-104th WG meeting CD122011-11CD out for ballot 88% approval2012-045th WG meeting DIS 152012-06DIS out for ballot 2013-026th WG meeting FDISQ2 2013FDIS out for ballotQ3 2013IS outISO/IEC 17065ISO IEC Guide 65ISO IEC 17065Maintain the provenparts of Guide 65Improve wherenecessaryPage 1017065 (1)The content is aligned with the new structural requirements decided by ISO CASCO (8 chapters instead of 15 in ISO/IEC Guide 65)1.Scope2.Normative references3.Terms and definitions4.General requirements5.Structural requirements6.Resource requirements7.Process requirements8.Management system requirementsPage 1117065 (2)The obligatory requirements of the ISO/PAS are included in ISO/IEC170651. ISO/PAS 17001 on Impartiality included in clause 4.22. ISO/PAS 17002 on Confidentiality included in clause 4.53. ISO/PAS 17003 on Complaints and appeals included in clause 7.134. ISO/PAS 17004 on Disclosure of information included in clause 4.65. ISO/PAS 17005 on Use of management systems included in clause 8*The PAS requirements may also be addressed in other parts of the standards than the ones listed abovePage 12ISO/IEC 17065 (1)The scope in ISO/IEC17065 specifies as in ISO/IEC Guide 65 three objects of conformity assessment: product, process and service. New are the definitions of these three terms based on the definitions in ISO 9000 but as service certification is increasingly used there is a stand alone definition of “service”The scope together with Annex B gives information on the application of the standard for processes and servicesThe scope clarifies that certification of products, processes and services is a third-party activity. The scope is to be read in connection with the definition of “certification body” in clause 3.12: third-party conformity assessment body operating certification schemesPage 13ISO/IEC 17065 (2)Certification schemes are mandatory part of product certification(ISO/IEC17065). The requirement to operate one or more certification schemes is contained in clause 7.1.1. The term “scheme” replaces the term “system” used in ISO/IEC Guide 65ISO/IEC 17065 does not contain detailed requirements on certification schemes. Guidelines for understanding, developing, establishing, maintaining or comparing certification schemes for products, processes and services will be provided in the future ISO/IEC 17067 “Fundamentals of product certification and product certification schemes”Page 14ISO/IEC 17065 (3)The definition chapter is considerably improved by definitions on consultancyevaluationproduct, process, servicecertification requirement, product requirementcertification scheme, certification scheme ownerscope of certificationcertification bodyimpartialityPage 15ISO/IEC 17065 (4)The requirements on impartiality in clause 4.2 have significantly been improved compared with the requirements in clause 4.2 o) of ISO/IEC Guide 65. The obligatory requirements of PAS 17001 are incorporated in clause 4.2. Clause 4.2 clarifies in detail what activities can be performed by the certification body and any part of the legal entity it belongs to and what activities can be performed by organizations with which the certification body has relationshipsSupplementing the impartiality requirements, a mechanism for safeguarding impartiality is specified in clause 5.2. This mechanism is based on the recommended requirements in PAS 17001. It clarifies and details the provisions in clause 4.2 e) of ISO/IEC Guide 65 to enable the participation of parties significantly concerned. According to ISO/IEC17065 a possible mechanism can be a committee established by one or more certification bodies, a committee implemented by a scheme owner, a governmental authority or an equivalent partyPage 16ISO/IEC 17065 (5)The clause 6.2 on resources for evaluation is separated in internal resources and external resources (outsourcing). According to the definition in clause 3.3 of ISO/IEC17065, evaluation is a combination of selection and determination functions of a conformity assessment activity. Determination functions are normally testing, inspection and auditing.Internal and external resources shall meet the applicable requirements of the relevant International Standards and other documents as specified by the certification scheme. The relevant International Standards include for testing ISO/IEC 17025, for inspection ISO/IEC 17020 and for management system auditing ISO/IEC 17021Page 17Page 18Changes of revision ISO/IEC Guide 65 to ISO/IEC 17065 (6)The process chapter 7 follows the functional approach provided in ISO/IEC 17000 which consists of–selection–determination –review–attestation –surveillanceThe functions “selection” and “determination” are in 17065 combined as function “evaluation”evaluationDecision and insuance of certificate if relevantChanges of revision ISO Guide 65 toISO/IEC 17065 (7)The four-eyes principle contained in clause 4.2 f of ISO Guide 65 is kept inISO/IEC17065 by clarifying that the review and decision has to be performed by person(s) different from those who carried out the evaluation whereas review and decision can be done by the same person(s)As in ISO/IEC Guide 65 the certification decision shall be made by person(s) employed by or under contract with the certification body meaning that subcontracting or otherwise delegating the certification decision is not allowed. The possibility to use person(s) for the decision who are under the organizational control (clause 7.6.4) of the certification body is new. Organizational control is for example whole or majority ownership regarding the legal entity that employs or contracts the person(s) who make the certification decisionPage 19Changes of revision ISO/IEC Guide 65 to ISO/IEC 17065 (8)The management system requirements are concentrated in chapter 8. According to PAS 17005 the certification body has two options to establish and maintain a management system that is capable of achieving the consistent fulfillment of the requirements of ISO/IEC 17065. The requirements of option A are provided in detail in chapter 8. Option B gives the possibility to use ISO 9001 as an alternative to fulfill the requirements contained in chapter 8An informative Annex A contains principles for certification bodies and their certification activities which are not requirements. The listed principles are those inspiring confidence in the certification activities. Key words are impartiality, competence, confidentiality and openness, responsiveness to complaints and appeals and responsibilityPage 20Page 21Changes of revision ISO/IEC Guide 65 to ISO/IEC 17065 (9)Chapter 3Chapter 4Chapter 5Chapter 6 (detailed)Chapter 7 (detailed)Chapter 8Detailed presentation of the most important clauses of the new ISO/IEC17065:2012Clause 3. Terms and definitionsISO/IEC 17065 and relation to ISO/IEC Guide 65The definition chapter is considerably improved by definitions based on ISO/IEC 17000•Client•Consultancy•Evaluation•product, process, service•certification requirement, product requirement •certification scheme, certification scheme owner•scope of certification•certification body•ImpartialityPage 22Clause 4.1 Legal and contractual mattersISO/IEC 17065 and relation to ISO/IEC Guide 65No essential changes related to ISO/IEC Guide 65 but more detailed description in:•legal responsibility (4.1.1)•certification agreement and use of licenses certificates (4.1.2)•marks of conformity (4.1.3)4. General requirementsPage 23Clause 4.2 ImpartialityISO/IEC 17065 and relation to ISO/IEC Guide 65Significant improvements related to ISO/IEC Guide 65:•Identification of the risks to impartiality•Impartiality in relation to other parts of the same legal entity and entities under organizational control •Impartiality in relation to separate legal entities •Firewalls to organizations or personnel providing consultancy4. General requirementsPage 24Page 25Clause 4.3Liability andfinancingISO/IEC 17065 and relation to ISO/IEC Guide 65No essential changes related to ISO/IEC Guide 65 but partially more detailed descriptionClause 4.4Non-discrimi-natory conditionsClause 4.5ConfidentialityClause 4.6Publiclyavailableinformations4. General requirementsPage 26Clause 5.1Organization ISO/IEC 17065 and relation to ISO/IEC Guide 65No essential changes related to ISO/IEC Guide 65 but partially more detailed description Clause 5.2SafeguardingImpartiality 5. Structural requirementsSignificant changes related to ISO/IEC Guide 65 by introducing a mechanism for safeguarding impartiality which can be a committee established by one or more CB’sa committee implemented by a scheme ownera governmental authority or an equivalent party.Page 276.1 Personnel ISO/IEC 17065 and relation to ISO/IEC Guide 65No essential changes related to ISO/IEC Guide 65 but partially more detailed description.6.2 Evaluationresources 6. Resource requirementsSignificant changes related to ISO/IEC Guide 65 by introducing a more detailed description of internal and external resources. In ISO/IEC Guide 65, external resources is called subcontracting. Internal resources can also be resources under the direct control of the CB.Page 28Clause 7.1Scheme ISO/IEC 17065 and relation to ISO/IEC Guide 65Replacement of the term “system” by the term “scheme”.Guidance on the development of schemes will be given in future by ISO/IEC 17067.Clause 7.2/7.3Application 7. Process RequirementsApplication clause in ISO/IEC Guide 65 (8.2) is replaced in ISO/IEC 17065 by clauses 7.2 “application” and 7.3 “application review” which provides a more detailed information.Clause 7.4 EvaluationISO/IEC 17065 and relation to ISO/IEC Guide 65The functions “selection” and “determination” are combined to the function “evaluation”.Apart from that no essential changes related to ISO/IEC Guide 65 but partially more detailed description7. Process RequirementsPage 29Page 30ISO/IEC 17065 and relation to ISO/IEC Guide 65Clause 7.5Review 7. Process RequirementsIntroducing the function …review“ based on the functional approach provided in ISO/IEC 17000. A certification body must have all information and results related to the evaluation to complete the reviewClause 7.6 DecisionISO/IEC 17065 and relation to ISO/IEC Guide 65No essential changes related to ISO/IEC Guide 65.New is the possibility to use persons for the decision who are under the organizational control of the CB.The function “decision” is based on the four-eyes-principal and can not be outsourced (subcontracted).7. Process RequirementsPage 31Clause 7.7 DocumentationISO/IEC 17065 and relation to ISO/IEC Guide 65No essential changes related to ISO Guide 65 but partially more detailed descriptionClause 7.8Directory7. Process RequirementsPage 32Clause 7.9 SurveillanceISO/IEC 17065 and relation to ISO/IEC Guide 65No essential changes related to ISO Guide 65 but partially more detailed description.Clause 7.10Changes7. Process RequirementsClause 7.11 Status Improvement related to ISO Guide 65 by more detailed description of termination, reduction, suspension or withdrawal of certification.Improvement related to ISO Guide 65 by introducing a more detailed description of changes affecting certification (introduced by the scheme or initiated by the client).Page 33Page 347.12 Records ISO/IEC 17065 and relation to ISO/IEC Guide 65No essential changes related to ISO/IEC Guide 657.13 Complaints /Appeals 7. Process RequirementsAlignment with ISO PAS 17003Clause 8. Management-systemISO/IEC 17065 and relation to ISO/IEC Guide 65Alignment with ISO PAS 17005, introducing two alternative options.The requirements for option A are contained in 8.2 to 8.8.Option B is based on ISO 9001.Page 35Principles (Annex A)ISO/IEC 17065 and relation to ISO/IEC Guide 65The informative Annex A contains the principles (no requirements) for product certification bodies and their activities.Process and services (Annex B)The informative Annex B provides explanations for application of this standard for certification of processes and services.Page 36Cross reference ISO/IEC Guide65:1996 to ISO/IEC 17065:2012 (1)To properly compare ISO/IEC Guide 65 and ISO/IEC 17065 and before going through the cross reference tables that follows, we recommend reading the document «contextual changes in Product certification since publication of ISO/IEC Guide 65» that is next to this presentation on ISO Online.As noted in this document, the underlying concepts of conformity assessment, and product certification in particular, advanced significantly between 1996 (the publication of ISO/IEC Guide 65) and 2009 (the initial drafting of ISO/IEC DIS 17065).In some cases the requirement from ISO/IEC Guide 65 has been CHANGED(not simply restated or reworded) and the cross reference is intended to highlight the changePage 37ISO/IEC 17065:2012 (2)ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996ISO/IEC 17065:2012Remarks1.1/1st paragraph/competent 11.1/1st paragraph/third-party 1 3rd sentence/3.121.1/1st paragraph/certification3.9/7.1.1System → scheme system1 1st sen./3.4/3.5/3.6/Annex B1.1/2nd paragraph/product,process, service1.27.1.1 Note 1 and 23.1 3.1Supplier → client4.1.1 4.4.14.1.2 4.4.2/4.4.34.1.3/1st and 2nd sentence7.1.24.1.3/3rd sentence7.1.34.1.4 4.4.44.2 a) 4.2Page 38ISO/IEC 17065:2012 (3)ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996ISO/IEC 17065:2012Remarks 4.2 b)7.6.14.2 c)5.1.34.2 d) 4.1.14.2 e) 1st sentence5.1.14.2 e) 2nd sentence 4.2.4/5.24.2 f)7.6.24.2 g) 4.1.2.14.2 h) 4.3.14.2 i) 4.3.24.2 j) 6.1.1.14.2 k)84.2 l)8.2.4 ,5.1.2Page 39ISO/IEC 17065:2012 (4)ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996ISO/IEC 17065:2012Remarks 4.2 m) 4.2.2, 4.2.54.2 n)5.1.44.2 o)/related bodies 4.2.7/4.2.84.2 o) 1) 4.2.6 a) –c)4.2 o) 2) 4.2.6 d) and e)4.2 o) 3) 4.2.34.2 p)7.134.3/1st paragraph/1st sentence7.4.44.3/1st paragraph/2nd sentence7.1.24.3/2nd paragraph 6.2.14.4 6.2.24.4 Note 27.4.5Page 40ISO/IEC 17065:2012 (5)ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996ISO/IEC 17065:2012Remarks4.4 Note 37.4.5 Note4.584.5.3 a)8.2.14.5.3 c) 6.1.2.2ISO/IEC17065 requirementapplies only to individuals in thecertification process4.5.3 d) 5.1.24.5.3 e) 5.1.2ISO/IEC17065 requirementmore focused4.5.3 f)8.54.5.3 g)8.34.5.3 h)8.2.54.5.3 i) 6.1.2.14.5.3 j) 6.2.2.4 d)Page 41ISO/IEC 17065:2012 (6)ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996ISO/IEC 17065:2012Remarks 4.5.3 l)74.5.3 l) 1)7.11, 7.7.34.5.3 l) 2)8.34.5.3 m)7.134.5.3 n)8.64.6.1170005.1; 17000 5.2; 7.6.2;7.9.2; 7.114.6.2 a) and b)170005.1; 17000 5.2; 7.6.2;7.9.2; 7.114.6.2 c)7.104.7.18.64.7.28.54.8.1 b) 4.6 a)4.8.1 c) 4.6 a)Page 42ISO/IEC 17065:2012 (7)ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996ISO/IEC 17065:2012Remarks 4.8.1 d) 4.6 b)4.8.1 e) 4.6 c)4.8.1 f) 4.6 d)4.8.1 g)7.84.8.28.2/8.34.97.12/8.44.10 4.54.10.1 6.1.1.35.1.16.1.1.25.1.26.1.2.1 d)/8.2.55.2.16.1.2.15.2.26.1.3Page 43ISO/IEC 17065:2012 (8)ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996ISO/IEC 17065:2012Remarks 5.2.3 6.1.2.267.1077.138.1.1 4.6 a), 4.6 c8.1.2 4.1.2.28.1.3 4.6 a)/7.1.38.27.2, 7.38.2.1/application form7.2 Note 29.17.3.1 –7.3.49.27.4.19.37.4.2Page 44ISO/IEC 17065:2012 (9)ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996ISO/IEC 17065:2012Remarks 9.47.4.3107.4.4117.4.911 b)/nonconformities7.4.612.1 7.6.212.27.6.112.37.712.47.10137.913.2 4.1.2.2 k)/7.1014 4.1.315 4.1.2.2 j)Page 45ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996 (1)ISO/IEC 17065:2012ISO/IEC Guide 65:19961 1.1/1st paragraph/competent1 1st sen./3.4/3.5/3.6/Annex B 1.1/2nd paragraph/product, process, service 1 3rd sentence/3.12 1.1/1st paragraph/third-party3.1 3.13.4 1.1/2nd paragraph/product, process, service 3.5 1.1/2nd paragraph/product, process, service 3.6 1.1/2nd paragraph/product, process, service3.9/7.1.1 1.1/1st paragraph/certification system4.1.1 4.2 d)4.1.2.1 4.2 g4.1.2.28.1.2, 8.2.1Page 46ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996 (2)ISO/IEC 17065:2012ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996 4.1.3144.2 4.2 a; 4.2 e; 4.2 m; 4.2 o 4.3.1 4.2 h4.3.2 4.2 i)4.4.1 4.1.14.4.2/4.4.3 4.1.24.4.3 4.1.24.4.4 4.1.44.5 4.104.6 a) 4.8.1 b)4.6 a) 4.8.1 c)4.6 a)8.1.1Page 47ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996 (3)ISO/IEC 17065:2012ISO/IEC Guide 65:19964.6 a)/7.1.38.1.34.6 b) 4.8.1 d)4.6 c) 4.8.1 e)4.6 d) 4.8.1 f)5.1.1 4.2 e) 1st sentence5.1.2 4.2 l)5.1.2 4.5.3 d)5.1.2 4.5.3 e) 17065 requirement more focused 5.1.3 4.2 c)5.1.4 4.2 n)Page 48ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996 (4)ISO/IEC 17065:2012ISO/IEC Guide 65:19965.2 4.2 e) 2nd sentence6.1.1.1/6.1.1.2 4.2 j)6.1.1.2 5.1.16.1.1.3 4.10.16.1.2.1 4.5.3 i)6.1.2.1 5.2.16.1.2.1 d)/8.2.5 5.1.26.1.2.2 4.5.3 c) 17065 requirement applies only toindividuals in the certification process6.1.2.2 5.2.36.1.3 5.2.26.2.1 4.3/2nd paragraph6.2.2 4.4Page 49ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996 (5)ISO/IEC 17065:2012ISO/IEC Guide 65:19966.2.2.4 d) 4.5.3 j)7.1.1 1.1/1st paragraph/certification system 7.1.1 Note 1 and 2 1.27.1.2 4.1.3/1st and 2nd sentence7.1.2 4.3/1st paragraph/2nd sentence7.1.3 4.1.3/3rd sentence7.1.38.1.3Page 50。

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Energy consumption and CO2 emissionsin

Energy consumption and CO2emissions in China’s cementindustry:A perspective from LMDI decomposition analysisJin-Hua Xu a,Tobias Fleiter b,Wolfgang Eichhammer b,Ying Fan a,na Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research,Institute of Policy and Management,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing100190,Chinab Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research,Karlsruhe76139,GermanyH I G H L I G H T Sc We analyze the energy consumption and CO2emissions in China’s cement industry.c The growth of cement output is the most important driving factor.c The efﬁciency policies and industrial standards signiﬁcantly narrowed the gap.c Efﬁciency gains cannot compensate for the huge increase in cement production.c The potentials of energy-saving of26%and CO2mitigation of33%exist based on BAT.a r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received14February2012Accepted16August2012Available online7September2012Keywords:Chinese cement industryEnergy efﬁciencyCO2emissiona b s t r a c tWe analyze the change of energy consumption and CO2emissions in China’s cement industry and itsdriving factors over the period1990–2009by applying a log-mean Divisia index(LMDI)method.It isbased on the typical production process for clinker manufacturing and differentiates among fourdetermining factors:cement output,clinker share,process structure and speciﬁc energy consumptionper kiln type.The results show that the growth of cement output is the most important factor drivingenergy consumption up,while clinker share decline,structural shifts mainly drive energy consumptiondown(similar for CO2emissions).These efﬁciency improvements result from a number of policieswhich are transforming the entire cement industry towards international best practice includingshutting down many older plants and raising the efﬁciency standards of cement plants.Still,theefﬁciency gains cannot compensate for the huge increase in cement production resulting fromeconomic growth particularly in the infrastructure and construction sectors.Finally,scenario analysisshows that applying best available technology would result in an additional energy saving potential of26%and a CO2mitigation potential of33%compared to2009.&2012Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionCurrently,China is the largest cement-producing andconsuming country in the world.Cement production in Chinawas 1.87billion metric tonnes in2010(CMIIT,2011),whichaccounts for about57%of global cement production(USGS,2011).The average annual growth from1990to2010was11.6%,resulting in a total growth of790%over this period along withthe rapid growth of the Chinese economy characterized by theinvestment in the construction area(Fig.1).The cement industryis a highly energy-and CO2-intensive industry,and the totalenergy use of the Chinese cement industry amounted to4542PJ(155Mtce)in2009,1which accounts for about7.1%of Chinesetotalﬁnal energy consumption and10.1%of theﬁnal energyconsumption of the industrial sector(NBS,2011).Cement produc-tion also results in huge amount of CO2emissions from calcina-tions of limestone and fossil fuel combustion.In2009,CO2emissions from cement production amounted to1073Mt,whichcorresponds to15%of China’s total greenhouse gas emissions(IEA,2011).More than80%of CO2emissions from the construc-tion of buildings stem from cement production(Habert et al.,2010).Further,the cement industry is considered the largestemission source for particulate matter(PM),accounting for30%ofContents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirectjournal homepage:/locate/enpolEnergy Policy0301-4215/$-see front matter&2012Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved./10.1016/j.enpol.2012.08.038n Corresponding author.Tel./fax:þ861062542627.E-mail addresses:yfan@,ying_fan@(Y.Fan).1One tonne of coal equivalent(tce)equals29.3GJ.Throughout this report wewill use the units GJ or PJ.Energy Policy50(2012)821–832total industrial particulate matter emissions in 2009in China (CMIIT,2010).Given the high importance of the cement industry with respect to energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions in China,cement production is increasingly the focus of energy efﬁciency and climate policies.In order to design efﬁcient policies,knowledge about the inﬂuencing factors and their impacts on energy consumption and GHG emissions over time is required.Energy efﬁciency in the Chinese cement sector has been inten-sively discussed in literature.Some studies focused either on the comparison of energy-efﬁciency policies (Price et al.,2001)or the cost of new technology and barriers to technical renovation (Liu et al.,1995)from an economic perspective,while other literature focused on retroﬁt measures,estimated conservation supply curves and energy-saving potentials from an engineering point of view (Li,2004;Lei et al.,2011;Worrell et al.,2008;Zeng,2006,2008).Hasanbeigi et al.(2010)compared the energy use of Chinese companies with international best practice and measured the average technical energy-saving potentials and costs for 16cement plants in China.The increase of energy use observed in this study results in an important increase in CO 2emissions.By estimating the CO 2emissions from the cement industry in China,Lei et al.(2011)showed that replacing old shaft kilns by pre-calciner kilns and improving energy efﬁciency can effectively reduce CO 2emissions.Cui and Liu (2008)found a huge CO 2mitigation potential in China’s cement industry resulting from calcinations of limestone,coal combustion and electricity consumption,respectively.Most studies discussing energy use or CO 2emissions in China’s cement industry either focus on a speciﬁc year or on the overall industry level.Thus,they are not able to draw conclusions on the impact of different factors on the development of energy demandand CO 2emissions over time.Furthermore,the industry-wide studies hardly take the particular structure of a sector like the cement industry into consideration.In this paper,we analyze the determinants of energy consumption and consequent CO 2emissions in China’s cement industry over the period from 1990to 2009,based on a log-mean Divisia index (LMDI)method.Furthermore,the role of technical energy-efﬁciency standards in China since 2007is discussed,and an outlook of future energy consumption and CO 2emissions under different scenarios is performed according to best available technology (BAT).Finally,we discuss the observed developments in the light of energy-efﬁciency policies introduced in China in the considered time period.Such a decomposition analysis can improve the foundation for energy-efﬁciency and CO 2mitigation policies as it reveals the contributions of different factors to the development of energy demand and CO 2emissions.The estimation of future potentials for energy conservation and CO 2mitigation further helps to identify areas of interest for such policies.This paper is organized as follows.Section 2gives a brief overview of cement technologies used in China;Section 3describes the LMDI method used in the analysis and the data;Section 4contains the results and the discussion of the ﬁndings;Section 5extends the results by an outlook on remaining energy and CO 2saving potentials,and Section 6concludes our analysis.2.Cement production technology in China 2.1.Cement kiln typesThe cement industry production chain can be divided into four stages,from original clinker manufacturing via cement and concrete production to end use of concrete (see Fig.2).-80%-60%-40%-20%0%20%40%60%80%100%120%0200400600800100012001400160018002000195019531956195919621965196819711974197719801983198619891992199519982001200420072010Growth Rate (%)C e m e n t O u t p u t (M i l l i o n m e t r i c t o n n e s )YearFig.1.Cement output and growth rate in China.Sources :Chinese Cement Almanac (2009)and National Bureau of Statistics of China (2011).Fig.2.Production chain in the cement industry.200400600800100012001400160018002000 C e m e n t p r o d u c t i o n (M i l l i o n m e t r i c t o n n e s )YearFig.3.Cement production in China from different types of kilns,1990–2010.Sources :see Table 2.J.-H.Xu et al./Energy Policy 50(2012)821–832822We focus on the ﬁrst two stages in Fig.2and distinguish between three types of key kilns for clinker manufacturing:i.e.,dry rotary kilns that have new suspension pre-heaters or pre-calciners (NSP kilns),shaft kilns and other rotary kilns (including wet kilns,lepol kilns,hollow kilns)which have different speciﬁc energy consumption (SEC).Two groups of clinker kilns are most dominant in China (the ﬁrst stage in Fig.2):shaft (vertical)kilns and rotary kilns.2In the period before 2000,shaft kilns dominated and accounted for more than half of clinker production in the cement industry.After 2000,the advanced NSP kilns as a modern rotary kiln process developed quickly and started to dominate the cement industry in China,as shown in Fig.3.The Chinese government policy aims to phase out the obsolete shaft kilns and to replace them with modern rotary kilns by the end of 12th Five Year Plan.Therefore in recent years NSP kilns have been widely used (Fig.3).The proportion of cement production from NSP kilns rose from 12%in 2000to 80%in 2010(Sui,2009;CMIIT,2011).There are 241new NSP cement lines with a capacity greater than 4000t per day in China in 2008(Lei,2009).In addition,the SEC of NSP kilns are 20%lower than that of shaft kilns in China (CBMN,2010).2.2.Clinker additivesFor a given strength of cement type,replacing energy-intensive clinker with additives (ﬂy-ash,plaster,clay,etc.)can effectively reduce energy use and CO 2emissions in cement production.Typically,a lower clinker share also reduces cement quality,imposing a minimum need for clinker.The increased use of NSP kilns raised clinker quality,so that less clinker was required to manufacture a given strength of cement.Therefore NSP kilns allow a lower clinker to cement ratio (clinker share)than shaft kilns.The clinker share in China has declined con-stantly from 75%in 1990to 62%in 2010(see Fig.4).2.3.The use of waste for clinker productionThe use of waste –as a substitute for coal –also plays an important role in reducing the use of fossil fuels and CO 2emissions.Currently,the use of waste as an alternative fuel (AF)for clinker calcinations is increasing in the global cement industry.The share ofindustrial waste for clinker calcinations has reached more than 30%in Germany,Switzerland and France (Zeng,2006).In China,although currently a few cement plants have begun to use solid waste as a fuel in kilns,the use of waste is mainly focused in plants close to large cities and still very limited.The wastes mainly used in China are coal gangue 3and industrial waste.In 2006,about 2.36million tonnes of coal gangue and 3.81PJ of industrial waste were burned as fuel in China’s cement industry.This produced total energy savings of 16.12PJ and just accounted for 0.42%of the total energy consumption of the cement industry (Zhou,2007).For this reason,this factor is neglected in the historic analysis,whereas it is included in the analysis of future CO 2mitigation potentials in Section 5.3.3.Methodology and data sources 3.1.MethodologyIn order to analyze the relative contribution of factors inﬂuen-cing energy consumption and related CO 2emissions in the cement industry,we use an index decomposition analysis.Since the 1980s,index decomposition analysis has been developed and applied widely,and many different decomposition methods were proposed (Ang et al.,2000).In the past decade,the arithmetic mean Divisia index and the Laspeyres methods were the two most often used methods.Ang (2004)compared various decom-position methods and argued that the log-mean Divisia index (LMDI)analysis was the preferred method due to its theoretical foundation,adaptability,ease of use and transparency in the interpretation of results.These results are conﬁrmed by Cahill andGallacho´ir (2010),who evaluated ﬁve decomposition methods and also found support for LMDI.It was applied in several energy and environmental studies,such as industrial CO 2emissions in China (Liu et al.,2007),CO 2emissions in Greece (Hatzigeorgiou,2008),US manufacturing energy consumption (Ang and Liu,2007)and energy consumption and CO 2emissions in Mexico’s iron and steel industry (Sheinbaum et al.,2010).We also use the LMDI approach for our analysis.Cement is produced by mixing ground clinker with additives.Energy consumption in cement production mainly consists of three parts:(i)the thermal energy consumed in the calcination process of clinker manufacturing;(ii)the electricity consumption in the process of clinker manufacturing;(iii)the thermal energy consumed for drying additives (slag powder)as well as the electricity consumption in the cement manufacturing process.Therefore,we distinguish the total ﬁnal energy consumption according to the clinker manufacturing process and ancillary processes for cement manufacturing (stages 1and 2in Fig.2).4E t ¼X iE clin ker ,i ,t þE anc ,t ¼X iðSEC thermal ,i ,t þ0:0036ÂSEC ele Àclin ker ,i ,t ÞÂQ clin ker ,i ,t þE anc ,tð1ÞNote:the factor 0.0036assures the conversion from kW h/t clinker to GJ/t clinker.The deﬁnition of variables can be found in Table 1.0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%C l i n k e r s h a r e (%)YearFig.4.Clinker share in cement industry from 1990to 2010.Sources :China Cement Association (2010);National Bureau of Statistics of China (2011).2There are many variations of both types of kilns in China.3Coal gangue is the associated industrial solid residues which are discharged when coal is excavated and washed in the production process of coal mines,it contains 20–30%carbon,and is one of the most plentiful industrial solid castoffs in China.4Here,the calculation of clinker output includes the exported clinker,which could lead to under-or overestimation of the clinker share effect .However,as the share of exported clinker ranged between 0.27%in 1995and 1.31%in 2008(China Cement Association,2010),the error is negligible.J.-H.Xu et al./Energy Policy 50(2012)821–832823For the decomposition,we explicitly consider the following four factors.1)The activity effect :total cement production (abbreviation:act ).2)The structural shift effect :share of different kiln types with different SEC in the entire stock of kilns (abbreviation:str ).3)The clinker share effect :substituting cement clinker by (less energy-and CO 2-intensive)additives (ﬂy-ash,plaster,clay,etc.)reduces the demand for clinker and consequently the total energy demand for cement production (abbreviation:sha ).4)The kiln efﬁciency effect :the thermal SEC per kiln type (abbreviation:eff ).To consider the entire energy demand in the cement industry,we add the thermal energy consumed for drying additives as well as the electricity consumption for the grinding of clinker in the cement manufacturing stage (ancillary process,abbreviation —anc ).The resulting decomposition formula can be written as fol-lows:E t ¼XiE clin ker ,i ,t þE anc ,t ¼XiQ cement ,tQ clin ker ,t cement ,t Q clin ker ,i ,t clin ker ,t E clin ker ,i ,tclin ker ,i ,tþE anc ,tð2ÞWe use the LMDI additive decomposition method for the analysis.We brieﬂy describe the LMDI approach but refer to Ang et al.(2003)for a more detailed description.The equation D E tot ¼E t ÀE 0is used to calculate the total change of energy consumption for the year t compared to the base year 0.We apply the ‘‘non-changing’’decomposition analysis by using the data of the base year and the end year of the study period.L (x ,y )is the logarithmic mean of two positive numbers L (x ,y )¼(y Àx )/ln(y /x )and is a weighting coefﬁcient.Let w i ,0¼E clin ker ,i ,0=E clin ker ,0,w i ,t ¼E clin ker ,i ,t =E clin ker ,t ,w 0i ,0¼E anc ,i ,0=E anc ,0,w 0i ,t ¼E anc ,i ,t =E anc ,t .The equation can be further expressed as the contributions of differ-ent factors using LMDI:D E tot ¼D E act þD E sha þD E str þD E ef f þD E ancð3ÞwhereD E act ¼P i L ðw i ,0,w i ,t ÞP j j ,0j ,t L ðE clin ker ,0,E clin ker ,t Þln Q cement ,tQ cement,0D E sha ¼X iL ðw i ,0,w i ,t ÞP j L ðw j ,0,w j ,t ÞL ðE clin ker ,0,E clin ker ,t Þln Q clin ker ,t =Q cement ,tQ clin ker ,0=Q cement ,0 D E str ¼X iL ðw i ,0,w i ,t ÞP j j ,0j ,t L ðE clin ker ,0,E clin ker ,t Þln Q clin ker ,i ,t =Q clin ker ,tclin ker ,i ,0clin ker ,0 D E ef f ¼X iL ðw i ,0,w i ,t ÞP j L ðw j ,0,w j ,t ÞL ðE clin ker ,0,E clin ker ,t Þln E clin ker ,i ,t =Q clin ker ,i ,tE clin ker ,i ,0=Q clin ker ,i ,0 D E anc ¼X L ðw 0i ,0,w 0i ,t ÞP j L ðw 0j ,0,w 0j ,t ÞL ðE anc ,0,E anc ,t Þln ðE anc ,t =E anc ,0ÞIn the following,the method used for CO 2emissions is described.Total CO 2emissions of cement production are mainly due to the use of fossil fuels in clinker calcinations,the calcina-tions of limestone and electricity consumption in the cement production,which could be summarized as the fuel-related CO 2emissions,process-related CO 2emissions and electricity-related CO 2emissions,and are estimated using the IPCC methodology (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,2006).C t ¼XiðCEF f uel ÂSEC thermal ,i ,t ÂClin ker ratio ,i ,t ÞÂQ cement ,i ,t þXi ðCEF pro ÂClin ker ratio ,i ,t ÞÂQ cement ,i ,tþX iQ cement ,i ,t ÂSEC ele Àcement ,i ,t ÂCEF ele ,t¼XiC F ,i ,t þXiC P ,i ,t þXiC E ,i ,tð4ÞThe deﬁnition of variables can be found in Table 1.Currently in China the main fuel used in kilns is coal,and other fuels such as gas and petrol coke are rarely used,so for fuel combustion we only consider the CO 2emissions from coal combustion (Cui and Liu,2008).For the CO 2emission factors CEF fuel and CEF pro ,we adopted the method recommended by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2006).Their esti-mates were 92.8kg CO 2/GJ from coal combustion,andTable 1Deﬁnition of variables.Variable DeﬁnitionUnitii ¼1,2,3refer to the three kiln types:(1)NSP kilns,(2)other rotary kilns (including wet kilns,lepol kilns,hollow kilns),(3)shaft kilns NoneSEC thermal ,i ,t Thermal SEC of kiln type i in year tGJ/t clinker SEC ele -clin ker ,i ,t Average electricity intensity of kiln type i for clinker production in year t ,which is calculated by a conversion factor of electricity intensity per tonne of cement shown in Table 3(Zhou,2007)kW h/t clinker SEC ele -cement ,i ,t Average electricity intensity of kiln type i for cement production in year t kW h/t cement Clin ker ratio ,i ,t Clinker share of kiln type i in year tt clinker/t cement CEF fuel CO 2emission factor from fuel burning process.As coal is exclusively used,no distinction between fuel types is necessary.The impact of waste fuels is still very limited (see the discussion in Section 2.3)t CO 2/GJ CEF pro CO 2emission factor for the calcinations of limestone (process emissions)t CO 2/t clinker CEF ele ,t Carbon emission factor for electricity in year t t CO2/kW h Q cement ,t Total cement output in year tMt Q cement ,i ,t Cement output of kiln type i in year t Mt Q clin ker ,t Total clinker output in year tMt Q clin ker ,i ,t Clinker output of kiln type i in year tMt E tTotal ﬁnal energy consumption in China’s cement industry in year tGJ E clin ker ,i ,t Total ﬁnal energy consumption of kiln type i for clinker manufacturing in year tGJ E anc ,t Total ﬁnal energy consumption of ancillary process for cement manufacturing in year t ,including thermal consumption for drying additives and electricity consumption for the grinding of clinker in the cement manufacturing stage GJ C t Total carbon emissions from the clinker manufacturing processMt CO 2C F ,i ,t Carbon emissions from the fuel burning during clinker manufacturing (fuel-related emissions:carbon-based fuels for heating)Mt CO 2C P ,i ,t Carbon emissions from the chemical reaction during clinker manufacturing (process emissions:calcinations of limestone)Mt CO 2C E ,i ,tCarbon emissions from electricity consumptionMt CO 2Note :GJ ¼Giga Joule;Mt ¼Million metric tonnes.J.-H.Xu et al./Energy Policy 50(2012)821–832824550kg CO 2/t clinker from the calcinations of limestone.The values for other variables are shown in Tables 2and 3.Similar to energy consumption,the decomposition of CO 2emissions can be expressed as:C t ¼X iQ cement ,t Q clin ker ,t cement ,t Q clin ker ,i ,t clin ker ,t CEF f uel E clin ker ,i ,tclin ker ,i ,t þX iQ cement ,t Q clin ker ,t Q cement ,t CEF pro ,i Q clin ker ,i ,tQ clin ker ,tþXiQ cement ,tQ cement ,i ,tcement ,tSEC ele Àcement ,i ,t CEF ele ,tð5Þwhere in addition to the energy components shown in Eq.(2),CEF f uel ðE clin ker ,i ,t =Q clin ker ,i ,t Þrepresents the energy efﬁciency of kiln i .and CEF pro ,i ðQ clin ker ,i ,t =Q clin ker ,t Þrepresents the clinker structure factor.As to CO 2emission changes,they are composed of the sum of changes in fuel-related CO 2emissions (C F )comprising the sum ofactivity effect ,clinker share effect ,structure effect ,kiln efﬁciency effect ,plus the changes in calcining process-related CO 2emissions (C P ),comprising the sum of activity effect (act_pro ),clinker share effect (sha_pro ),and kiln structure effect (str_pro ),and plus the changes in CO 2emissions related to electricity consumption in cement production (C E ),comprising the sum of activity effect (act_ele ),cement structure effect (str_ele ),electricity intensity effect (int_ele ),and electricity carbon emission factor effect (CEF_ele ).Let v i ¼C F ,i /C F ,v 0i ¼C P ,i =C P ,v 00i ¼C E ,i =C E ,and the equation is expressed as follows:D C ¼D C F þD C P þD C E¼ðD C act þD C sha þD C str þD C ef f ÞþðD C act _pro þD C sha _pro þD C str _pro ÞþðD C act _ele þD C str _ele þD C int_ele þD C CEF _ele Þð6ÞwhereD C act ¼X iL ðv i ,0,v i ,t ÞP j j ,0j ,t L ðC F ,0,C F ,t Þln Qcement ,tcement ,0D C sha ¼X iL ðv i ,0,v i ,t ÞP j L ðv j ,0,v j ,t ÞL ðC F ,0,C F ,t Þln Q clin ker ,t =Q cement ,tQ clin ker ,0=Q cement ,0 D C str ¼X iL ðv i ,0,v i ,t ÞP j L ðv j ,0,v j ,t ÞL ðC F ,0,C F ,t Þln Q clin ker ,i ,t =Q clin ker ,tQ clin ker ,i ,0=Q clin ker ,0 D C ef f ¼X iL ðv i ,0,v i ,t ÞP j j ,0j ,t L ðC F ,0,C F ,t Þln CEF f uel ðE clin ker ,i ,t =Q clin ker ,i ,t Þf uel clin ker ,i ,0clin ker ,i ,0 D C act _pro ¼X iL ðv 0i ,0,v 0i ,t ÞP j L ðv 0j ,0,v 0j ,t ÞL ðC P ,0,C P ,t Þln Q cement ,tQ cement ,0 D C sha _pro ¼X iL ðv 0i ,0,v 0i ,t ÞP j L ðv 0j ,0,v 0j ,t ÞL ðC P ,0,C P ,t Þln Q clin ker ,t =Q cement ,tQ clin ker ,0=Q cement ,0 D C str _pro ¼X iL ðv 0i ,0,v 0i ,t ÞP j L ðv 0j ,0,v 0j ,t ÞL ðC P ,0,C P ,t Þln CEF i ðQ clin ker ,i ,t =Q clin ker ,t ÞCEF i ðQ clin ker ,i ,0=Q clin ker ,0Þ D C act _ele ¼X iL ðv 00i ,0,v 00i ,t ÞP j L ðv 00j ,0,v 00j ,t ÞL ðC E ,0,C E ,t Þln Q cement ,t Q cement ,0D C str _ele ¼X i L ðv 00i ,0,v 00i ,t ÞP j 00j ,000j ,t L ðC E ,0,C E ,t Þln Q cement ,i ,t =Q cement ,t cement ,i ,0cement ,0 D C int_ele ¼X iL ðv 00i ,0,v 00i ,t ÞP j L ðv j ,0,v j ,t ÞL ðC E ,0,C E ,t Þln SEC ele Àcement ,i ,t SEC ele Àcement ,i ,0D C CEF _ele ¼X iL ðv 00i ,0,v 00i ,t ÞP j L ðv 00j ,0,v 00j ,t ÞL ðC E ,0,C E ,t ÞlnCEF ele ,tCEF ele ,03.2.Data sourcesAs no single available source provides all time-series data needed,we rely on several statistical sources.The total cement production as time series from 1990to 2010is available from the China Cement Association (2010)and CMIIT (2011).The data of total clinker production stems from the China Cement Associa-tion 5and relevant literature survey (Kong,2005;Li,2004;Lei,2009;Wu,2009;Xiong et al.,2004;Zeng,2006etc.),as shown in Table 2and Fig.3.We estimate energy consumption based on the historical production and energy efﬁciency data of typical kilns.In China,energy efﬁciency in the cement industry has improved signiﬁ-cantly in the last two decades.The thermal SEC for cement fell from 5.74GJ/t in 1990to 4.75GJ/t in 2000(Xiong et al.,2004),and reached 2.78GJ/t in 2009(Lei,2010).SEC for electricity perTable 3Energy consumption in China’s cement industry,1990–2010.YearSEC for fuels (GJ/t clinker)aSEC for electricity(kW h/t cement)bOverall SEC (GJ/t cement)cTotal energy consumption (PJ)dNSP kilns Shaft kilnsOR kilns NSP kilns Shaft kilns OR kilns 1990 3.66 4.72 5.86114105120 5.7412011995 3.60 4.54 5.6511498118 5.1324322000 3.57 4.40 5.4211295116 4.7528422005 3.55 4.22 5.229993110 3.7239852008 3.34 4.07 5.079591108 3.0543072009 3.31 4.04 4.959590105 2.78454220103.284.014.8993901022.705040aSEC for fuels by kiln —in1990and 2000(Xiong et al.,2004),in 1995(Lei et al.,2011),in 2005–2010(Zhou,2007;NDRC,2011;Zeng,2006;Sui,2009;Lei et al.,2011).bSEC for electricity —in 1995(Zeng,2006),2000(Soule et al.,2002;Li,2004),in 2005(Zhou,2007),in 2005and 2010(NDRC,2011),in other years (authors’estimate).cTotal SEC (including fuels and electricity consumption of stages 1and 2in Fig.2)—in 1990and 2000(Xiong et al.,2004),in 1995(Zeng,2006),in 2005(Zeng,2008),in 2008–2009(Lei,2010),in 2010(authors’estimate according to reduction ratio of 2009).dTotal energy consumption (including fuels and electricity consumption)are calculated by comprehensive energy intensity and cement production,which are consistent with government’s report (Sui,2010;CMIIT,2010;etc.).Table 2Cement and clinker production in China’s cement industry,1990–2010.YearClinker production (Mt)cCement production (Mt)dNSP kilns a Shaft kilnsOR kilns b Total NSP kilns Shaftkilns OR kilns Total199071113915710149512101995192715334329385624762000553366345472458675972005298417507654745346110692008618312479778954368914202009717286391043112941586163020108202943811521494318561868aNSP kilns:new rotary suspension preheater,precalciner kilns.bOR kilns:other rotary kilns.cSource :Clinker production —in 1990and 2000(Xiong et al.,2004),in 1995(authors’estimate according to clinker capacity (Zeng,2006)),in 2000(Xiong et al.,2004),in 2005–2010(Digital Cement Net;CMIIT,2011;Chinese Cement Almanac (2009)).dSource :Cement production —in 1990(Liu et al.,1995),in 1995and in 2000(Li,2004;Lei and Zhang,2009;NDRC,2006),in 2005(Zeng,2006;Wu,2009),in 2008(Lei and Zhang,2009),in 2009–2010(CMIIT,2010,2011).5Digital Cement Net is the ofﬁcial website of China Cement Association.URL:/.J.-H.Xu et al./Energy Policy 50(2012)821–832825。

蓝汛2012年第二季度财务报告

蓝汛2012年第二季度财务报告蓝汛2012年第二季度未经审计的简明合并财务报告。

蓝汛ChinaCache第二季度净营业收入较去年同期增加36.3%蓝汛ChinaCache第二季度净营业收入达到1.975亿元人民币（约合3110万美元），比上一季度增加8.6%，比去年同期增加36.3%。

毛利润第二季度达6210万元人民币（约合980万美元），比上一季度增加10.3%，比去年同期增加44.4%。

净营收的增长主要是受到企业客户、电子商务、以及移动互联网业务单元的拉动。

蓝汛ChinaCache第二季度毛利率增涨至31.4%蓝汛ChinaCache上一季度毛利率为30.9%，去年同期为29.7%，第二季度毛利率增涨至31.4%，调整后毛利率（Non-GAAP）第二季度达到39.1%。

主要得益于对资源利用率的进一步提升。

蓝汛ChinaCache第二季度净利润较上季度增加70.8%蓝汛ChinaCache 在2012年连续两个季度保持赢利，第二季度净利润为430万元人民币（约合70万美元），比上一季度增加70.8%。

上一季度净利润为250万元人民币，去年同期净亏损为570万元人民币。

尽管公司迁址计划使得管理费用增加，但蓝汛ChinaCache第二季度净利润仍保持增长趋势，主要得益于毛利率的提升和销售、市场费用的控制。

蓝汛ChinaCache第二季度业绩表现出众管理层对未来充满信心蓝汛ChinaCache的创始人、董事长兼首席执行官王松先生表示：我们非常高兴本季度的表现依然强劲，这得益于ChinaCache制定了明确的战略并严格执行。

未来，我们将继续受益于中国和亚洲其他地区互联网行业的长期发展，抓住前方的,尤其是移动互联网方面的巨大机遇。

我们将持续专注于创新，发展内容感知网络服务，为不同的客户提供差异化的服务。

蓝汛ChinaCache首席财务官Jackie女士表示：公司第二季度表现突出，营收增长强劲，毛利率和净利润都继续提高。

BP世界能源统计年鉴2012年版

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《BP世界能源统计年鉴》简介
在长达61年的岁月里，《BP世界能源统计年鉴》提供了关于世界能源市场的优质、客观且全球标准化的数据。本年鉴是能源经济学领域内最广受推崇且最具权威性的出版物之一，是媒体、学术界、各国政府和能源企业的必备参考年鉴。BP公司在每年6月份定期发布新一年的年鉴报告。
2011年对全球能源行业而言可谓不同寻常，跌宕起伏。“阿拉伯之春”的动荡撼动了能源市场，并突显了通过维持剩余产能和战略储备来应对供应中断的重要性。日本地震和海啸是人道主义灾难，并迅速对日本和世界各地的核能和其它燃料供需造成了影响。石油价格创下了历史新高。然而，页岩气生产的革命性变化拉低了美国的天然气价格，并创下油气价差纪录。
方面的其他数据。 • 一个能源制图工具，您可以按能源类型、地域和年份
来查看预置报告或根据特定数据制图。 • 一个石油、天然气与液化天然气的换算计算器。 • PDF格式和PPT格式的图表、地图和图解，以及Excel
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在线查阅更多信息您可以在线阅览《BP世界能源统计年鉴（2012年6月）》，网址为：/statisticalreview。该网站收录了最新印刷版年鉴中所有表格和图表，此外还提供了额外的资源，其中包括：
• 自1965年以来诸多领域的历史数据。 • 关于天然气、煤炭、水电、核能、电力及可再生能源等

盛大游戏2012年第四季度财务报告

盛大游戏2012年第四季度财务报告盛大游戏(6.66, -0.02, -0.30%)(Nasdaq:GAME)公布了截至2012年12月31日的第四季度兼全年未经审计财报。

财报显示，盛大游戏第四季度净营业收入为10.82亿元人民币(1.72亿美元)，与上季环比持平达到预期，较去年同期的13.56亿元下滑25.9%；净利润为2.14亿元(3410万美元)，较去年同期为3.04亿元下滑29.6%。

盛大游戏2012年全年净营业收入为46.82亿元(7.45亿美元)，较去年的52.82亿元下滑11.4%；净利润为11.13亿元(1.77亿美元)，较去年的12.65亿元下滑12%。

2012年第四季度非美国通用会计准则(non-GAAP)财务要点净营业收入为10.82亿元人民币(1.72亿美元)，去年同期为13.56亿元人民币，上季度为10.81亿元人民币。

毛利润为7.28亿元人民币(1.16亿美元)，去年同期为8.64亿元人民币，上季度为7.05亿元人民币；毛利率为67.3%，去年同期为63.7%，上季度为65.3%。

运营利润为3.51亿元人民币(5580万美元)，去年同期为4.43亿元人民币，上季度为3.24亿元人民币；运营利润率为32.4%，去年同期为32.7%，上季度为30.0%。

归属股东的净利润为2.49亿元人民币(3970万美元)，去年同期为3.36亿元人民币，上季度为2.90亿元人民币。

每股(美国存托凭证)摊薄净收益为0.92元人民币(15美分)，去年同期为1.20元人民币，上季度为1.04元人民币。

2012年第四季度美国通用会计准则(GAAP)财务要点净营业收入为10.82亿元人民币(1.72亿美元)，去年同期为13.56亿元人民币，上季度为10.81亿元人民币。

中国地区网络游戏净营业收入为9.76亿元人民币(1.55亿美元)，去年同期为12.62亿元人民币，上季度为10.15亿元人民币。

其他收入为1.06亿元人民币(1680万美元)，去年同期为9400万元人民币，上季度为6540万元人民币。

2012版fpl标准格式时

2012版fpl标准格式时English Answer：The Financial Planning Language (FPL) is a global standard for financial planning developed by the Financial Planning Standards Board (FPSB). The FPL standard is designed to provide a consistent and comprehensive framework for financial planners to use in the delivery of their services.The 2012 edition of the FPL standard includes a numberof important updates and revisions. These updates reflect the changing landscape of the financial planning profession, as well as the evolving needs of clients.One of the most significant changes in the 2012 edition of the FPL standard is the inclusion of a new section on retirement planning. This section provides guidance on how financial planners can help clients develop and implement retirement plans that meet their individual needs.Another important change in the 2012 edition of the FPL standard is the addition of a new focus on behavioral finance. Behavioral finance is the study of how psychological factors influence financial decision-making. The inclusion of behavioral finance in the FPL standard reflects the growing recognition of the importance of understanding how clients' emotions and biases can impact their financial planning decisions.The 2012 edition of the FPL standard also includes a number of other updates and revisions, such as:A new section on financial planning for women.A new section on financial planning for individuals with disabilities.A new section on the use of technology in financial planning.A new section on the ethical responsibilities offinancial planners.The 2012 edition of the FPL standard is a comprehensive and up-to-date resource for financial planners. The standard provides guidance on all aspects of financial planning, from retirement planning to behavioral finance. Financial planners who use the FPL standard can be confident that they are providing their clients with the highest quality of financial planning services.Chinese Answer：财务规划语言（FPL）是金融规划标准委员会（FPSB）制定的一项全球财务规划标准。

Revised 2012 C-TPAT questionnaire_Nov 2012

海關 - 商貿反恐貿易夥伴公司名稱Company name:日期:Date:公司地址:Origin location(s):工廠地址Onsite:海關與贸易伙伴反恐佈主義計劃問卷填報人:CTPAT questionairre completed by: 陳生提供填報人職位: Title:請把填妥的問卷交回 jwells@ 或wbeames@Please complete and return to jwells@ and wbeames@Yes or NoIf yes, you may describe your methods. If no or does not apply, please provide explanation or the steps you are taking to meet criteria. Attach another page if needed.若答覆是"是", 請你可以描述你的方法.若答覆是"否"或不適用,請作出解釋或列出你現行的步驟以能達到要求If eligible, are you C-TPAT certified? If yes, no need to go further, please just provide your SVI number. You may email it to the address(es) above. If you have answered no to this question please complete the questionnaire.貴公司是否已有CT-PAT 証書?若貴公司已有CT-PAT 証書, 請出示SVI 號碼. 電郵到以下電郵, 另以下的問卷亦不用填寫.若答覆是"否"或不適用, 請填寫以下問卷.沒有-karman回覆Or, do you participate in an equivalent World Customs Organization (WCO)accredited security program administered by a Customs Authority? If yes,please provide name of program and status of participation.貴公司是否有參與由海關組職,(等同World Customs Organization)營運的安全保障体系及取得驗証? 若有, 請提供資料陳生負責回覆Business Partner Requirements 商業合作夥伴的要求Does your company intend to participate in the US CTPAT or other WCO accredited security program in the future ?貴公司是否打算參加在美國CTPAT 或其他世界海關組織認可的安全計劃在未來嗎？沒有-karman回覆Does your company have written and verifiable processes for the screening and selection of business partners including contractors, and vendors. Do they complete a questionnaire like this ?貴公司是否有書面的和可核查的業務合作夥伴，包括承包商和供應商的篩選和選擇的過程。

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GWMG Projects-Potential Production
REO Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Erbium Yttrium Ho-Tm-Yb-Lu REO Production (t) Hoidas Deep Sands Total 988 2,289 289 1,095 144 30 65 7 18 11 64 3 5,000 2,230 4,173 434 1,428 244 30 206 28 141 76 890 120 10,000 3,218 6,462 723 2,523 388 60 271 35 159 87 954 123 15,000 Other 3,206 6,282 1,072 3,656 582 32 499 68 343 149 1,844 207 17,939 Total 6,423 12,743 1,795 6,178 969 91 770 103 502 236 2,798 330 32,939 vs Projected Shortfall
Wind Power Hybrid Vehicles Efficient Lighting Fuel Additives Pollution Control Batteries
IMCOA
5
REO Consumption By Value and Volume
Rare Earth Metals Mine to Market
Estimates for 2012-214
REO
Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Erbium Yttrium Ho-Tm-Yb-Lu
China 39,000 63,000 7,500 24,000 3,000 600 2,400 300 1,350 600 8,250 0 150,000
7,485 63 320 898 135 5,622
GWMG as an Integrated RE Producer Shifting the Balance Towards HREO
Advanced Projects Hoidas Lake (Canada) Deep Sands (USA) Rareco (South Africa) Grassroots Projects Benjamin River (Canada) Douglas River (Canada) Misty (Canada) By-Product Projects
Rare Earth Metals Mine to Market
Extrapolated Quantities of Rare Earth Metals from Separated Ores Produced in 2008 (est 140,000 tonnes total RE oxide)
REO Production (tonnes) Mtn. Pass Mt. Weld Nolan's Bore Thor Lake Total Supply 8,300 12,275 1,085 3,000 200 25 50 0 0 0 25 0 24,960 5,376 9,605 1,138 3,910 512 116 204 19 34 0 78 0 20,992 4,000 9,640 1,196 4,300 480 82 200 16 68 10 90 22 20,104 405 850 170 780 1,085 40 355 45 250 105 735 180 5,000 57,081 95,370 11,089 35,990 5,277 863 3,209 380 1,702 715 9,178 202 221,056
11th September 2009 Rare Earth Metals: Mine to Market
Advanced Rare Earth Projects
Advanced Rare Earth Projects
Steenkampskraal (Rareco), South Africa
REE Environmental Uses
Rare Earth Permanen Nhomakorabea Magnet Raw Materials Supply
Commodity Pricing. General: Price is derived from the balance between Supply and Demand. “Discovery” of the price in the Marketplace. “Resolution” of a price between Buyer and Seller. Scale of Business: London Metal Exchange (LME) example Nickel “Open Outcry” Nickel annual production is approximately 1.5Mt. “Minor Metals” example Cobalt, one of the larger specialty metals. Production approximately 60,000t per year. Rare Earths. Fifteen metals occurring together. Totalling approximately 140,000t of contained oxides.
Estimated Worldwide Production of RE Magnets
NdFeB Sintered Magnet Production 2008*: - China: 49,880t - Japan: 12,600t - EU: 1,100t - USA: Nil Total: 63,580t
Rare Earth Metal Supply in 2008: Neodymium: Praseodymium : Dysprosium: Terbium : Samarium : 17,000t 4,600t 1,200t 170t 2,400t
Estimated at 97% minimum of Chinese Origin.
* Yang Luo, REPM 2008
NdFeB powders for Polymer Bonding. Chinese Origin, Estimated Total: 5,000t
Rare Earths: Mine to Market
Examples of Permanent Magnet Growth Opportunities - NdFeB and SmCo have no potential threats from substitute materials. - The motor/generator in a hybrid vehicle contains 2kg of NdFeB. This application is set to grow to between 10million and 20million vehicles by 2018. - The new designs of wind generators use NdFeB magnets at a rate of 0.5t per mega-watt. This application alone has potential to increase RE demand by 25% per year above current production. - Hard disc drives cannot function without RE permanent magnets. Formerly 70% of the NdFeB market this is now diluted by the other major applications.
Permanent Magnet Demand Underestimated?
WIND POWER PROJECTIONS Per the US Department of Energy: 300,000 MW of wind power by 2030 Per the UK Crown Estate: 25,000 MW of wind power by 2020 Assume 1/3 generated by permanent magnet generators: 325,000 MW = 185,000 t NdFeB = 57,000 t Nd X 1/3 = 20,000 t Nd (= 125,000 t TREO) China has proclaimed that they will lead the World in wind power.
Demand 53,000 66,000 9,250 43,475 2,775 925 2,775 700 2,600 850 14,800 2,850 200,000
Surplus/Shortfall 4,081 29,370 1,839 -7,485 2,502 -63 434 -320 -898 -135 -5,622 -2,648 21,056
LREO (%) 96 85 92
HREO + Y (%) 4 15 8
70 0 97
30 100 3
Overview of Rare Earth Alloy Production
Rare earth ore – e.g. Rare earth ore – e.g. Bastnaesite // Monazite/Ion Absorption Clay Bastnaesite Monazite/Ion Absorption Clay Contains all rare earth elements Contains all rare earth elements Production of a mixed rare earth Production of a mixed rare earth concentrate concentrate Separation into individual rare earth oxides // Separation into individual rare earth oxides fluorides // chlorides etc.. fluorides chlorides etc Converted to metals Converted to metals Electrolysis // Vacuum reduction Electrolysis Vacuum reduction Production of alloys by direct coProduction of alloys by direct coreduction reduction Production of alloys by melting Production of alloys by melting and casting and casting