话语分析完整版讲义

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话语分析-1

Context
• How to Kiss Hello in France
Despite the amorous reputation of the French, there’s nothing romantic implied. “Kissing means only that you are in a certain circumstance, it doesn’t mean you have a special relationship,” Toulouse native Eric Viala, 34, explains. • How to kiss: The French air kiss - ala “Mmmmwah, dahling” - is more of a stereotype than an actuality. Still, you’ll want to avoid planting your lips firmly on anyone’s cheeks unless you know the person quite well. • In general, gently touching your cheek to your recipient’s while pursing your lips and making a kissing sound does the trick. There’s no rule as to which cheek should get the initial kiss, but people often start the kissing to the right. The occasional embarrassing moment—when you’re forced to change your trajectory halfway through to avoid wayward lips—is inevitable.

话语分析完整版讲义共29页

55、为中华之崛起而读书。 ——周恩来
话语分析完整版讲义
1、纪律是管理关系的形式。——阿法纳西耶夫 2、改革如果不讲纪律，就难以成功。
3、道德行为训练，不是通过语言影响，而是让儿童练习良好道德行为，克服懒惰、轻率、不守纪律、颓废等不良行为。 4、学校没有纪律便如磨房里没有水。 ——夸美纽斯
5、教导儿童服从真理、服从集体，养成儿童自觉的纪律性，这是儿童道德教育最重要的部分。—— 事常成于困约，而败于奢靡。——陆游 52、生命不等于是呼吸，生命是活动。——卢梭
53、伟大的事业，需要决心，能力，组织和责任感。 ——易卜生 54、唯书籍不朽。——乔特

《话语分析》书评ppt课件

the difference between spoken discourse and the written one the difference between sentence and utterance
最新版整理ppt
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Chapter 1 基本概念 Chapter 2 话语分析中的语境 1理解语境的基本方法：reference, presupposition, implicature and inference. 2情境语境的特征： Hymes的分类： addressor and addressee, topic, setting, channel(如语言，击鼓，鸣号，摇旗), code（语码，如用了什么样的语言、方言或使用了什么样的语体风格, message-form，（交际形式，如聊天、辩论、布道、十四行诗情书等）and event（事件） 3可以帮助理解话语情境的两个原则：local interpretation principle（就近原则） analogy principle（类比原则） e.g. The baby cried. The mommy picked it up. Analogy principle: If the analyst has experienced a lot data of a particular kind, he will feel more confident in his interpretation because he can make a comparison.
2 the regularities of discourse structure outlined in Chapter 3 and 4,
3 the regular features of information structure organization detailed in Chapter5,

话语分析课程资料

1. What is Discourse?•Language does not normally consist of isolated, unrelated sentences, but instead of collocated, structured, coherent groups of sentences we can call a discourse.2. What is Discourse Analysis?•Discourse analysis (DA), or discourse studies, is a general term for a number of approaches to analyzing written, spoken, signed language use or any significant semiotic event.3. What is a Speech Act?i. A speech act is an utterance that serves a function in communication.–Austin’s Speech Ac t Theory (speech is itself a form of action: constative vs. performative)Austin is widely associated with the concept of the speech act theory and the idea that speech is itself aform of action.•Constative utterance is one that asserts or states something that can be judged as true or false.(e.g. He promised to give her ten dollars.)•The performative is uttered in the performance of an illocutionary act and is either felicitous or infelicitous.(e.g. I promise to give her ten dollars. )•Limitation(e.g. Jocelyn got a Cartier for her birthday. )Austin later modified his theory:•locutionary act 以言指事行为the actual utterance and its ostensible meaning, comprising phonetic, phatic and rhetic actscorresponding to the verbal, syntactic and semantic aspects of any meaningful utterance.•illocutionary Act 以言行事行为The semantic 'illocutionary force' of the utterance, thus its real, intended meaning•Prelocutionary Act 以语成事行为Its actual effect, whether intended or note.g.In uttering the locution "Is there any salt?" at the dinner table, one may thereby perform theillocutionary act of requesting salt, as well as the distinct locutionary act of uttering theinterrogatory sentence about the presence of salt, and the further perlocutionary act of causingsomebody to hand one the salt.ii.Searle’s Speech Act Theory–Searle’s Speech Act Theory (Assertives, Directives, Commissives, Expressives, Declarations) •Searle has set up the following classification of illocutionary speech acts:1)Assertives 断言类 E.G. Sam smokes habitually.2)Directives 指令类 E.G. Does Sam smoke habitually?3)Commissives 承诺类 E.G. Sam, smoke habitually!4)Expressives 表达类 E.G. Would that Sam smoke habitually!5)Declarations 宣告类(a statement, a question, a command, and an expression of desire,respectively)4. What is Context?•Malinowski-- Context “must burst the bonds of mere linguistics and be carried over into the analysis of the general conditions under which a language is spoken.”•Context includes: Firth--1) The Participants in the situation;2) The Action of the participants;3) Other Relevant Features of the situation;4) The Effects of the verbal action.✓THE FIELD OF DISCOURSE语场:Refers to what is happening, to the nature of the social action that is taking place.✓THE TENOR OF DISCOURSE 语旨:Refers to who is taking part, to the nature of the participants, their statuses and roles.✓THE MODE OF DISCOURSE语式:Refers to what part the language is playing, what is that the participants are expecting the language to dofor them in that situation.•Function of Context:1)制约功能2)解释功能5. What is Cohesion?•Cohesion is defined as a semantic concept.It is “a semantic relation between an element in the text and some other elements that is crucial to the interpretation of it”.•Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical relationship within a text or sentence. It can be defined as the links that holda text together and give it meaning.•Types of cohesion1. Referencing 照应✓Exophoric Reference 外指照应:It is used to describe generics or abstracts without ever identifying them✓Endophoric Reference内指照应•Anaphoric reference occurs when the writer refers back to someone or something that has been previouslyidentified, to avoid repetition.•Cataphoric reference is the opposite of anaphora: a reference forward as opposed to backward in thediscourse. Something is introduced in the abstract before it is identified.2. Ellipsis & substitution 省略与替代✓Ellipsis happens when, after a more specific mention, words are omitted when the phrase needs to be repeated.✓Substitution means that a word is not omitted, as in ellipsis, but is substituted for another, more general word.3. Conjunction 连词Conjunction sets up a relationship between two clauses.4. Grammatical cohesion 语法衔接5. Lexical cohesion 词汇衔接A.Repetition 重复B. Synonym/Antonym 同/反义词C. Hyponymy 上下义关系D. Collocation 组合，搭配5. What is Coherence?•(Four basic mechanical considerations in providing transitions between ideas: using transitional expressions, repeating key words and phrases, using pronoun reference, and using parallel form)•Cohesion refers to the linguistic features that relate sentences to one another and Coherence refers to the text that appropriately fits its situational context. When a text is consistent internally, it is cohesive; when it is consistent with its context, it is coherent.•Cohesion contributes only partially to textual coherence, while a coherent text does not necessarily require cohesion. •Beaugrande（1981）-- Coherence is defined as the procedures which ensure conceptual connectivity，including（1）logical relations，（2）organization of events，objects and situations，（3）continuity in human experience．It concerns “the way in which the components of the textual world which underlie the surface text are mutually accessible and relevant” .6. Thematic Structure–To convey given information and new information–To subject and predicate–To frame and insert•Theme and Rheme1)Theme is given information serving as “the point of departure” of a message.2)Rheme is the remainder of the message in a clause in which Theme is developed.3)Rheme typically contains unfamiliar or new information.Theme is the first element occurring in a clause;The remainder clause is Rheme.•Marked and Unmarked Theme1)Theme is not equated with the subject of a sentence; nor is Rheme equated with the predicate.2)If the Theme overlaps with the grammatical subjects of the sentences, we call it unmarked Theme.3)On the other hand, marked sentences often contain a Theme that is separate from the subject containingpre-posed adverbial groups or prepositional phrases.•Theme and Rheme1)Theme may be realized by a nominal group, verbal group, adverbial group, prepositional phrase or adependent clause. The characteristic of these elements is that they appear first in a clause and represent‘given’ information.2)All the rest of a clause is Rheme representing ‘new’ information.• 3 Thematic Progression Patterns主位推进模式–Simple Linear TP 延续型–TP with a Continuous Theme 主位同一型–TP with derived Themes 扩充型7. What is perspective？•Perspective in theory of cognition is the choice of a context or a reference (or the result of this choice) from which to sense, categorize, measure or codify experience, cohesively forming a coherent belief, typically for comparing with another. One may further recognize a number of subtly distinctive meanings, close to those of paradigm, point of view, reality tunnel, or weltanschauung.•Types of Perspective1)Third-person omniscient perspective 全面视角2)First person perspective 单向视角3)Multiple perspective 多向视角8. What is Conversation Analysis?•Conversation analysis(CA) is an approach to the study of social interaction, embracing both verbal and non-verbal conduct, in situations of everyday life.•Methods of CA:1)turn-taking2)constructing sequences of utterances across turns3)identifying and repairing problems, and4)employing gaze and movement9. Grice’s ‘Co-operative Principle’-- “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the acceptedpurpose and direction of the exchange in which you are engaged.”•Conversation works only with the co-operation of its participants.•Co-operation is built around a series of ‘Gricean maxims’:Quality Relation1)“Do not say what you believe to be false.”“Do not say that for which you lack evidence.”So… when someone speaks to us, we assume:that what they say is not knowingly untruthful;that the truthfulness of what they say does not need to be made stated.2)“Make your contribution as informative as is required.”“Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.”So… when someone speaks to us, we assume:they do not purposefully hold back anything that is important;they do not give more information than is asked.3)“Be perspicuous.”/“Avoid obscurity of expression.”/“Avoid ambiguity.”“Be brief.”/“Be orderly.”So… when someone speaks to us, we assume:that what they say is being said as straightforwardly as they can say it.4)“Be relevant.”So… when someone speaks to us , we assume:that what they say is relevant to the conversation.10. Geoffrey Leech: The ‘Politeness Principle’•Geoffrey Leech proposed the need for ‘politeness maxims’ as a prerequisite for conversational co-operation.1)The Tact maxim 得体准则，圆通准则2)The Generosity maxim 慷慨准则，大方准则3)The Approbation maxim 赞扬准则，赞许准则4)The Modesty maxim 谦虚准则，谦逊准则5)The Agreement maxim 赞同准则，一致准则6)The Sympathy maxim 同情准则•Leech’s Politeness Maxims1. T act'Minimize the expression of beliefs which imply cost to other; maximize the expression of beliefs whichimply benefit to other.‘2. Generosity'Minimize the expression of beliefs that express or imply benefit to self; maximize the expression of beliefsthat express or imply cost to self.'3. ApprobationMinimize the expression of beliefs which express dispraise of other; maximize the expression of beliefswhich express approval of other.4. ModestyMinimize the expression of praise of self; maximize the expression of dispraise of self.Minimize the expression of disagreement between self and other; maximize the expression of agreementbetween self and other.6. SympathyMinimise antipathy between self and others; maximise sympathy between self and otherCP V.S. PP•The CP does not tell us why people do not say directly what they mean, but PP does.•Politeness can satisfactorily explain exceptions to and apparent deviations from the CP.•Therefore, PP is a necessary complement needed for cases where the CP fails to offer a reasonable explanation.。

多模态话语分析讲稿

• 显著性是指图像中的元素吸引观看者注意力的不同程度可通过被放置的位置前景或背景相对尺寸色调值的对比( 或色彩) 鲜明度的不同程度等来实现 (李战子，中，人物的面部局部特写和一句电影台词(There are no clean getaways.)位于最上方，据克瑞斯和勒文的理论进行分析，此图中的脸部特写及台词象征着人们不愿意相信的社会的黑暗面。从整个海报图像来看，主人公在逃跑，以及电影片名（No Country for Old Man）海报图像的下方。显然，它给观众提供的信息值让人感觉真实，让人们深刻体会到随着时代变迁，在法律管制下的和谐社会早已变了模样，眼前的社会早就不适合那些生活在旧时代的人们。
编辑课件
取景与显著性
整幅海报的背景色彩对比鲜明，形成分割线条，形象地向观看者展示了截然不同的两个世界。海报的上下两端色调黑暗，象征着贫民窟的艰苦生活这样的生活是男女主人公想要逃脱的生活。海报的中间部分色彩斑斓，象征着光明而美好的生活这是男女主人公向往的生活。影片名Slumdog Millionaire 色彩渐变，形成了明显的分割线条，与明暗鲜明的背景相衬托，再现了影片的主题。男孩的侧面头像是整张海报的焦点，占据着海报的四分之一空间，整个头部被分为黑暗和光明两个对比鲜明的部分，象征着男孩心中的矛盾和挣扎，以及现实中两个完全不同的世界
• 态度主要通过视角来体现，表达对图像中参与者所持的态度。可以从水平视角和垂直视角来分析，正面视角给观看者或者图像制作者带来一种身临其境融入其中的感觉。从平视角度来看，则表示观看者和参与者相对平等的关系，仰视则表示参与者处于强势地位。
• 情态是指某种图画表达手段的使用程度，如色彩、色调、深度和再现细节等。 • 社会距离：图像参与者与图像观看者之间的亲疏关系。亲近距离: 只看得到脸部或头

话语分析教案3PPT课件

b> c 或a= b= c 则c, b 都可归并为a
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Pragmatic presupposition
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Pragmatic presupposition:
Pragmatic presupposition is ‘defined in terms of assumptions the speaker makes about what the hearer is likely to accept without challenge’(Givon,1979a:50).
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Pragmatic view of reference:
“Referring” is not something an expression does; it is something that someone can use an expression to do.
Reference is treated as an action on the part of the speaker/ writer.
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组合预设
(a)Do the readers make a list of the printing mistakes which appear in the local new spaper?
(b)Printingm istakes appear in the local new spaper. (c)There are printing mistakes. 句(b)句(c)合起来成为句(a)的预设。即 There areprinting mistakes.
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语用预设与语义预设的区别
2. 二个句子之间的预设关系属于语义范畴。二个话语之间的预设属于语用范畴。语用预设视为话语已知信息, 由它引出新信息, 是关于话语与语境之间的关系。而语义预设视为句子一形成, 预设就已寓于句义之中, 是关于句子结构与世界的关系

话语分析基础知识PDF

话语分析的语用学基础作者：冉永平1.两门交叉学科目前话语分析在研究超句现象、研究实际运用的自然语言等方面取得了较为一致的认识,但在话语生成、理解以及运用方面还未形成统一的理论格局和研究方法。

话语分析和语用学这两门语言学的分相学科都是本世纪六十年代末、七十年代初开始形成和发展起来的新兴交叉学科,在语言学研究领域中受到人们的普遍关注。

但它们在研究范围和研究方法方面仍然众说纷纭,而且各自的基本理论尚需充实、完善和发展。

二者之间的关系也难以定界,存在两种说法:(1)话语分析属于语用学;(2)话语分析包括语用学。

话语分析和语用学的一个主要特征就是它们的学科交叉性,与语义学、认知语言学、社会语言学、系统功能语言学、语体学等学科相互交叉,这就决定了该学科在理论和研究方法上的多样性,需要形成多元化的研究格局。

在有关话语分析的论著中,我们不难发现许多专家、学者进行的是交叉性研究,如话语和语法、话语和语义、话语和语用、话语和认知、话语和交际等。

然而在语言学领域中占有重要地位的语用学目前也正处于一个横向跨面、纵向深入、研究范围逐渐扩大的发展阶段,与话语分析一样都以实际运用中的语言为研究对象,它们有较多交叉重叠之处。

这为帮助我们了解语言现象本身提供了新的视角,补充纯语言形式研究的不足,但二者之间又可以相互借鉴和补充。

2.话语分析与语用学沟通的基础话语分析的研究课题之一就是探讨语篇结构上彼此独立的句子是如何连接在一起构成语篇的,以及它们之间的衔接关系与意义连贯问题,它注重语篇结构分析。

hatch(1992)指出,衔接指连句成篇的表面形式特征,它包括语用学家levinson(1983)提出的五种指示标记(人称指示、地点指示、时间指示、社交指示、话语指示)和halliday和hason(1976)提出的五种语法衔接关系(参照、替换、省略、连接、词汇搭配)等,而连贯指语篇内的潜在连接功能,通过交际制略因素、方案(script)理论、言语事件结构等表现出来。

话语分析12月9日课件

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• 9) Originating in the field of linguistics, the term discourse initially referred to whole units of speech and the speech community in which these units were communicated. (Michel Foucault transformed the concept of discourse from its linguistic formulation and applied it to the social sciences. He rigorously identified and typologized the structures of discourses, emphasizing how discourses affect everything in our society while remaining nearly unobservable. Sociologists and philosophers tend to use the term discourse to describe the conversations and the meaning behind them by a group of people who hold certain ideas in common.) According to Michel Foucault, discourse is the acceptable statements made by a certain type of disc is a stretch of language perceived to be meaningful, unified, and purposive language in use. • 7) Discourse is viewed as social practice determined by social structures. • 8) Discourse is an institutionalized way of speaking that determines not only what we say and how we say it, but also what we do not say. Discourses provide a unified set of words, symbols, and metaphors that allow us to construct and communicate a coherent interpretation of reality.

《话语分析方法》PPT课件

除此之外，关联理论和系统功能语法也常为话语分析学者们所运用。在这8 种方法中，言语行为理论、语用学、关联理论和系统功能语法对话语分析影响最大。下边对它们逐一作简单介绍。
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1.互动社会语言学
互动社会语言学研究的是会话策略、语境提示和语境规约、
会话释义和会话推断，即通过观察交际双方在会话过程中
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8.会话分析
会话分析侧重研究自然会话中的顺序结构,解释自然会话的连贯性及其构成规律。 60年代末、70年代初, Sacks、Schegloff 和Jefferso n三位美国社会学家提出了后来影响很大的“话轮转换” ( turn-taking )理论和“邻近配对” ( adjcencypair )理论。
言内行为：说出词、短语和分句的行为，它是通过
句法、词汇和音位来表达字面意义的行为。
言外行为：表达说话者的意图的行为，它是在说某
些话时所实施的行为。
言后行为：通过某些话所实施的行为，或讲某些话
所导致的行为，它是话语所产生的后果或所引起的变 6 化，它是通过讲某些话所完成的行为。
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5.关联理论
关联理论认为, 语言交际是一个认知过程, 关联是认知的基础。促成关联有两个因素: ① 是语境效果 ② 是为获取语境效果所付出的努力
邻近配对指两位说话人各说一次话所构成的对子,譬如,“问— 答”、“问候— 问候”
等。Scheg loff 等人把邻近配对作为会话的基本单位加以分析。他们认为邻近配
对有如下特征: ①每次交换涉及两个语段;②两个语段相互邻近;③ 两个语段由两
个说话人分别说出;④邻近配对的第一部分在第二部分之前出现;⑤邻近配对的
第一部分制约第二部分。
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h
That's all. 在会话过程中的某一时刻成为说话者的机会；二是指一个人作为讲话者时所说的话。

多模态话语分析ppt课件-精选文档

朱永生(2019)研究了多模态话语的理论基础和研究方法。
顾曰国（2019,2019）提出从内容层和媒介层两方面来分析多模态话语，并运用自己的构建的多模态分析框架分析了北外五十周年校庆的庆典礼；
张德禄（2009）提出一个多模态话语分析综合理论框架，模态选择的原则，并对多模态话语理论应用到外语教学的实践进行了探索。
2006年在意大利Pavia 召开的第三届多模态大会，涵盖了身体符号学、数字和因特网语类、多媒体翻译、多模态文化和教育、视觉艺术和电影等七个主题。
2009年我国国内第一本多模态话语专著《视觉环境下的多模态化与多模态话语研究》出版
本世纪初我国学者也开始关注多模态话语，发表论文内容涉及广告、教学、建筑、影视等诸多领域，
• 多模态选择的目的：补缺，强化，吸引注意力，帮助理解
• 三个角度： • （1）为外语教学提供情景和便利条件（2）为外语教学提供辅助条件 • （3）为多模态话语交际提供多通道话语意义表达方式，提高教学效率。
未来的发展趋势
如何把各个学科的研究成果融合起来是将是多模态话语分析今后必须面对的问题。跨学科交叉研究将是多模态话语分析未来的必然趋势。
多模态ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ语分析
内容提要
一、多模态话语分析及其历史发展二、主要研究成果三、未来的发展趋势四、参考文献
多模态话语相关概念界定
多模态话语：是一种融合了多种符号模态进行交际的话语。李战子（2019：5）指出多模态话语为除了文本之外，还带有图像、图表等的复合话语，或者说任何一种以上的符号编码实现意义的文本。
意识形态体裁话语范围、话语基调、话语方式概念意义人际意义谋篇意义形式关系语言、图觉、声觉、感觉互补非互补伴语言纯语言身体、非身体

话语分析句子话题

话语分析句子话题话语分析句子话题篇一:话语分析《话语分析》第七章评述《话语分析》(Discourse Analysis)由Gillian Brown和George Yule共同编写，Gillian Brown是剑桥大学英语教授，George Yule为路易斯安那州立大学语言学教授。

它与之前的话语分析类著作的不同之处在于它全面地介绍了话语分析的不同理论与方法，系统地论述了语言是如何在实际生活中得到应用的，语料涉及谈话录音、通知、书信、小说、报刊文摘等。

本书分为七个章节。

第一章引言部分着重探讨语言的形式与功能，继而讨论了句子与语句;第二章介绍了语境的作用，着重分析了情景语境;第三章作者讨论了话题与话语内容的表现;第四章探讨视角与话语结构的表现;第五章主要讨论信息结构，讲述了信息是如何通过短语和小句层次的小结构单位而得到包装的; 第六章的研究对象相对于上一章来说是大块语料的成构，讨论它们是怎样被解读而成为连贯的语篇的，重点仍然是话语的指称这一中心问题;第七章探讨了话语理解中的连贯。

本文主要对第七章进行讨论并作出简要评述。

第七章首先讨论了话语的连贯。

话语连贯是篇章语言学领域一个十分重要的概念。

多年来，众多学者就这一理论从不同角度展开一系列的探讨与研究，提出了多种修正意见与观点。

De Beaugrande和Dressler(1981)认为，连贯是篇章世界的组成部分，只有读者的先有世界知识与篇章所表现的概念关系结构相吻合时,篇章意994)认为，言语行为、合作原则等语用学知义或意义连续体才能实现;胡壮麟(1识有助于语篇连贯;张德禄认为语篇连贯的条件包括认知模式、情景模式、文化语境、心理思维语义联系等;而本书作者认为，人们在对语篇进行阐释时需要依赖一种假设，即，话语是连贯的。

在日常交际中，我们常常依靠句法结构和语言信息中的词项进行理解，但我们不能认为缺乏这些文字形式上的输入我们就达不到理解。

有时，我们可以从作家写出的语法十分规范的句子中得出其字面意义，但实际上我们并未全部理解它，因为我们还需要更多语言之外的信息。

第11讲话语分析

许家金中国外语教育研究中心语言研究的意义为什么要研究语言？飞、鸣、食、宿这一图案是四只芦雁和几根芦苇。

它所表达的意思是“飞鸣食宿”，四只芦雁分别表现四种形态。

第一是“飞”，技能。

飞是禽鸟生存的一个最基本的技能，人类生存也需要一个技能。

第二是“鸣”，情感的宣泄，信息的沟通。

今天为什么老打电话啊？就是情感也需要宣泄，信息也需要沟通。

第三是“食”，吃是维持生命的一个最基本的要求。

第四是“宿”，休息，只有休息好了才能更好地生存。

飞鸣食宿，古人寄托于芦雁身上的这种情感，实际上说的是人类的生存状态。

通过这个图案，反映出人的一种精神追求，这就是古代文物中很多特殊的地方，能够引起我们的共鸣。

--马未都飞、鸣、食、宿四只芦雁飞, 生存技能。

鸣, 情感的宣泄，信息的沟通。

食, 维持生命。

宿, 休息。

飞鸣食宿，古人寄托于芦雁身上的这种情感，实际上说的是人类的生存状态。

不知言无以知人也许家金中国外语教育研究中心两个问题y What is discourse?y How can we analyze discourse?两个问题y What is discourse?y什么是话语？y How can we analyze discourse? y如何进行话语分析？什么是话语？生活中的话语，他并不以为然。

话语他毕竟年少轻狂，那些伤人的7，让人至今难以忘怀。

话语那一句句互相鼓励的6而惊呆了。

话语它因为雪儿的5中竟透着几分凄凉。

话语他的4竟成了时下广州小学生的口头禅。

话语“活得好没意思啊”这样的3都没有写，只是颤抖着说道，“活着回来！”话语她一点含蓄的语言都没有露，一点深情的2，疯了似的，见路人就大喊大叫。

话语他说着激动的1话语：15次/百万词；的：36847次/百万词话语4都没有写，只是颤抖着说道她一点含蓄的语言都，疯了似的，见路人就大喊他说着激动的，他并不以为然。