英文合同中不可抗力条款的约定
英文合同中不可抗力条款的约定
对 于不可 抗力条 款 ， 定 的越详 细越好 ， 些合 同， 了省 约 有 为
事情发生 ， 而导 致 当事人 无法履 行合 同。 这种 由于 当事人所 不 能 事 ， 往只是 笼统地规 定“ ｈｓ ｏ ｔ ｃｉｓｂ ｃｔ ｒｅ ａ ｕｅ 往 Ｔ ｉｃｎｒ ｔｓｕｊ ｔｏ ｃ ｊ ｒ ａ ｅ ｏ ｆ ｍ ｅ ａ ｓ 。 控制 的事 故而 导致合 同不能履 行的 ， 即是 不可抗 力 （ｏｃ ｊ・ ｃ ｕｅ（ 同根据 不可 抗力 条款 订定）这是 相当粗 糙 的。因为 对 Ｆ ｒｅ Ｍａ ｌ ”合 ｅ ｕｅ ，合 同 中 关 于这 一事 项 的约 定 的条 款 就 是 不 可抗 力条 款 于什 么是 “ ｒ） 不可抗 力” 哪些 情况 属于 不可 抗力 ， ， 不同的人 理解 是
ｉｇｏｒｄ ｉ ｎ ｏｎｇｔ ａ ｏ ｗｈｃ ｈ ｓ ｂｌ ｅ ｒｈ ｏ ｈ ｔｔ ｉｈ ｅｈａ ｏ ｉ ｏ ａ ｄ ｎｅｗｈ ｔｈ ｇ ｓ ａ ｅＷ ａ ｓ ｄ ｂａｒｄ ｆｏ ｄ ｎｇ． ｅ ｒｅ ｒ ｍ ｏｉ 。
一
项 一项 的罗列 出来 。一 般而言 ， 下列 事项 可 以构成不 可抗力 ：
并非所 有 的意外 事故都 可 以视 为不 可抗 力而 免除 当事人 的 履行合 同 的义 务 ， 以对于 哪些事 故足 以构成不 可抗 力， 所 从而 免
同的责任 或 可以延期 履 行合 同， 另～ 方无权 要求损 害赔 偿 。
“ ｏ ｅ ｊｕｅ 一词来 自于 ‘ 国 民法 典》 １４ 条 ， 文 除 当事人 履行合 同 的义务 ， 自然 而然 地就 有 必要 加 以明确 的约 Ｆ ｒ ｅｒ” ｃ Ｍａ 法 第 １８ 英
ｏ ｔｉｅｔｅｐ ｒ ｅ ’ｃ ｎｔｏ ． ｃ ｖｅ ｔ ｅｎ ｒ ａｌ ｓｅ ｕ ｌｏ ｕｓｄ ａ ｔ ｓ ｏ ｒ １Ｓｕ ｈｅ ｎ ａ ｏ ｍ ｌｙｌ ｔｄｉ ｆ ｌ ｈ ｉ ｓｒ ｉ ｎ ｔ
国际贸易合同条款五个方面中英文
国际贸易合同条款五个方面中英文English:1. Price and payment terms: This section outlines the agreed-upon price for the goods or services being traded, as well as the payment terms, including the currency of payment, method of payment, and any applicable discounts or penalties for late payment.2. Delivery terms: This part specifies the agreed-upon delivery terms, including the place of delivery, the time of delivery, the party responsible for transportation costs, and any requirements for insurance or customs documentation.3. Quality control: Quality control terms detail the standards and specifications that the goods or services must meet, including any inspections or testing procedures, as well as procedures for handling defective or non-conforming goods.4. Dispute resolution: This section sets forth the procedures for resolving disputes that may arise under the contract, including whether the parties will use negotiation, arbitration, or litigation to settle disagreements.5. Force majeure clause: The force majeure clause outlines the circumstances under which a party may be excused from performingits obligations under the contract due to unforeseen events beyond its control, such as natural disasters, war, or government actions.中文翻译:1. 价格及支付条款: 本节概述了所交易商品或服务的约定价格，以及支付条款，包括支付货币、支付方式以及任何适用的延迟支付折扣或罚款。
英文规定合同经典条款
英文合同经典条款1.兹经买卖双方同意按照以下条款由买方购进，卖方售出以下商品：This contract is made by and between the Buyers and the Sellers, whereby the Buyers agree to buy and the Sellers agree to sell the goods referenced hereunder subject to the terms and conditions as stipulated hereinafter:2.索赔:在货到目地口岸45天内如发现货物品质、规格和数量与合同不符，除属保险公司或船方责任外，买方有权凭中国商检出具的检验证书或有关文件向卖方索赔。
Claims: within 45 days after the arrival of the goods at the destination, should the quality, specifications or quantity be found not in conformity with the stipulations of the contract except those claims for which the insurance company or the owners of the vessel are liable, the Buyers shall, have the right on the strength of the inspection certificate issued by the C.C.I.C and the relative documents to claim compensation from the Sellers.3.不可抗力：由于不可抗力的缘由发生在制造、装载或运输的过程中导致卖方延期交货或不能交货者，卖方可免除责任；在不可抗力发生后，卖方须立即电告买方及在14天内以空邮方式向买方提供事故发生的证明文件；在上述情况下，卖方仍须负责采取措施尽快发货。
购销合同不可抗力条款范本
购销合同不可抗力条款范本英文回答：A force majeure clause is an important provision in a purchase and sales contract that addresses unforeseeable circumstances that may prevent one or both parties from fulfilling their obligations under the contract. Thisclause essentially excuses a party from liability if performance becomes impossible or impracticable due to events beyond their control.Here is a sample force majeure clause for a purchaseand sales contract:Force Majeure: Neither party shall be liable for any failure or delay in performance under this Agreement whichis due to any event beyond the reasonable control of such party, including but not limited to acts of God, war, terrorism, natural disasters, labor disputes, government actions, and other events beyond the control of the parties.In the event of any such force majeure event, the non-performing party will be excused from any further performance of its obligations affected by the force majeure event for as long as the event continues and such party continues to use commercially reasonable efforts to resume performance.This clause provides a level of protection for both the buyer and the seller in the event that unforeseen circumstances make it impossible to fulfill the terms of the contract. It is important to carefully consider and negotiate the specific terms of the force majeure clause to ensure that it adequately addresses the potential risks and liabilities of both parties.中文回答：购销合同中的不可抗力条款是一项重要的规定，用于解决可能阻止一方或双方履行合同义务的不可预见情况。
国际贸易合同条款中英文
国际贸易合同条款中英文International Trade Contract Terms1. Definitions1.1 The terms and expressions used in this Contract shall have the meanings assigned to them in the Incoterms 2020, unless otherwise specified in this Contract.1.2 "Buyer" shall mean the party purchasing the goods under this Contract.1.3 "Seller" shall mean the party selling the goods under this Contract.1.4 "Goods" shall mean the products to be sold and purchased under this Contract.2. Price and Payment Terms2.1 The price of the Goods shall be [insert amount] per unit.2.2 Payment shall be made in [insert currency] within [insert number] days from the date of invoice.2.3 Any bank charges related to the payment shall be borne by the Buyer.3. Delivery Terms3.1 The delivery of the Goods shall be in accordance with the agreed Incoterm, which shall be [insert Incoterm].3.2 The delivery date shall be [insert date].3.3 Any delay in delivery shall entitle the Buyer to claim damages from the Seller.4. Inspection and Acceptance4.1 The Buyer shall have the right to inspect the Goods upon delivery.4.2 The Buyer shall notify the Seller of any defects or non-conformities within [insert number] days of delivery.4.3 If the Goods are found to be defective, the Seller shall replace them at no extra cost to the Buyer.5. Force Majeure5.1 Neither party shall be liable for any delay or failure to perform its obligations under this Contract due to events beyond its reasonable control.5.2 The affected party shall notify the other party of the force majeure event and its expected duration.6. Governing Law and Dispute Resolution6.1 This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of [insert governing law].6.2 Any disputes arising out of or in connection with this Contract shall be settled through arbitration in [insert place] in accordance with the rules of [insert arbitrationinstitution].中文翻译：国际贸易合同条款1. 定义1.1 本合同中使用的术语和表达应具有《2020年国际贸易术语解释通则》中赋予它们的含义，除非本合同另有规定。
英文合同2024年通用
20XX 专业合同封面COUNTRACT COVER甲方：XXX乙方：XXX英文合同2024年通用本合同目录一览1. 定义与术语1.1 合同各方1.2 合同日期与地点1.3 合同标的2. 合同条款2.1 产品或服务描述2.2 数量与质量2.3 价格与支付方式2.4 交货与交付3. 履行与责任3.1 合同的履行3.2 违约责任3.3 不可抗力4. 保密与知识产权4.1 保密义务4.2 知识产权保护5. 争议解决5.1 协商解决5.2 调解与仲裁5.3 法律适用与诉讼地点6. 合同的变更与终止6.1 合同变更6.2 合同终止7. 一般条款7.1 通知与通讯7.2 法律与适用7.3 合同的完整性与非弃权8. 合同的生效8.1 签字与盖章8.2 附加条款9. 附件与附录9.1 附件列表9.2 附录内容10. 保险10.1 保险责任10.2 保险证明11. 环境与健康安全11.1 环境与健康安全规定11.2 违规后果12. 税务12.1 税务责任12.2 税务文件13. 合同的翻译13.1 翻译版本13.2 翻译准确性14. 其他条款14.1 双方确认14.2 签署日期与地点第一部分：合同如下：1. 定义与术语1.1 合同各方1.2 合同日期与地点1.2.1 本合同于【签订日期】在【签订地点】签订。
1.3 合同标的2. 合同条款2.1 产品或服务描述2.1.1 产品：指代附件一所列明的【产品名称】，规格型号为【型号】。
2.1.2 服务：指代附件一所列明的【服务名称】。
2.2 数量与质量2.2.1 数量：标的的数量为附件一所列明的【数量】。
2.2.2 质量标准：标的的质量应满足附件一所列明的质量要求。
2.3 价格与支付方式2.3.1 价格：标的的总成交价格为【价格】。
2.3.2 支付方式：甲方应按照本合同规定的付款条款向乙方支付价款。
2.4 交货与交付2.4.1 交货：乙方应按照本合同规定的交货期限向甲方交付标的。
条款
信用证条款1、“This credit will become effective only after the applicant receives the requested import license released by the ministerial authorities.”2、“We shall pay the relevant proceed on the due date on receipt of the documents strict compliance with the terms of credit and accepted by the applicant.”3、“The Quality Certificate presented for negotiation should be issued prior to shipment and signed by authorized signature of applicant whose signature must be verified by L/C issuing bank.”4、“1/3 set clean on board ocean bill of lading must be mailede directly to applicant right after shipment.”支付条款1、Payment: The buyer shall remit 30% of the contract value in advance by T/T (or M/T or D/D) to the seller not later than Dec. 20,2001.2、Payment: The down payment up to 30% of the total contract amount will be remitted to the seller prior to Nov. 3,2003. The balance will be paid by T/T within 2 weeks after the goods arrival at HONGKONG.3、Payment: The buter shall pay against a documentary draft drawn by the seller on tne buyer at sight upon first presentation. The shipping documents are to be delivered against payment only.4、Payment: The buyer shall duly accept the documentary draft drawn by the seller on the buyer at 30 days ’sight upon first presentation and shall make payment on its maturity. The shipping documents are to be delivered against payment only.5、The buyer shall open an irrevocable Letter of Credit in favor of the seller, to be available by a draft at sight and to be valid for negotiation in China until the 15th day after shipment. The L/C must reach the seller 20days before shipment.不可抗力条款1、概括规定If the fulfillment of the contract is prevented due to force majeure, the Seller shall not be liable. However, the Seller shall notify the Buyer by cable and furnish the sufficient certificate attesting such event or events.2、具体规定If the shipment of the contracted goods is delayed by reason of war, flood, fire, earthquake, heavy snow and storm, the Seller can delay to fulfill, or revoke part or the whole contract.3、综合规定If the fulfillment of the contract is prevented by reason of war or other causes of force majeure, which exists for three months after the expiring the contract, the non-shipment of this contract is considered to be void, for which neither the Seller nor the Buyer shall be liable.保险条款:1、以EXW、FAS、FOB、FCA、CFR、CPT价格术语成交的合同，保险条款可定为：Insurance: To be covered by the buyers.2、以DAF、DEQ、DES、DDU、DDP价格术语成交的合同，保险条款可定为：Insurance: To be covered by the sellers.3、以CIF、CIP价格术语成交的合同，保险条款可定为：Insurance: To be covered by the sellers for 110% of total invoice value against all risks as per the relevant Ocean Marine Cargo Clause of the People’s Insurance Company of China dated Jan. 1, 1981.案例：合同中计价货币选择不当而受损2002年10月，中国某进出口公司A公司，与日本一家贸易公司B公司，签订一份货物买卖合同。
合同中的不可抗力、延期和仲裁条款
合同中的不可抗力、延期和仲裁条款今天我们讲商务合同中的不可抗力条款、延期交货和惩罚条款和仲裁条款，接下来，小编给大家准备了合同中的不可抗力、延期和仲裁条款,欢迎大家参考与借鉴。
合同中的不可抗力、延期和仲裁条款15. Force Majeure 不可抗力条款不可抗力条款 = 不可抗力时间 + (当事方)采取的行动在运输中，或许会遇到一些非人为因素的影响或者破坏，这个时候我们需要事先协商好如何解决以免发生不必要的争执。
例1：如果遭遇无法控制的时间或情况应视为不可抗力，但不限于火灾、风灾、水灾、地震、爆炸、叛乱、传染、检疫、隔离。
如要是不可抗力一方不能履行合同规定下义务，另一方应将履行合同的时间延长，所延长的时间应于不可抗力事件的时间相等。
Any event or circumstance beyond control shall be regarded as Force Majeure but not restricted to fire, wind, flood, earthquake, explosion, rebellion, epidemic1, quarantine and segregation2. In case either party that encounters Force Majeure fails to fulfill3 the obligation under the contract, the other party should extend the performance time by period equal to the time that Fore4 Majeure will last.例2：如果不可抗力持续6个月以上，合同双方应尽快通过友好协商的方式调整继续履行合同事宜。
如果双方不能达成协议，则根据合同中第12条款通过仲裁决定。
If the Force Majeure last over 6 months, the two parties of the contract should settle the case of continuing the contract by friendly negotiation5 as soon as possible. Should the two parties fail to reach an agreement will be settled by arbitration6 according to Clause 12 of the contract thereof.16. Late Delivery and Penalty 延期交货和惩罚条款合同中，如果有一方未能完全履行合同，或者按照合同规定交货，应该受到惩罚。
英文合同中不可抗力条款的约定
英文合同中不可抗力条款的约定一、什么是不可抗力条款（Force Majeure Clause）合同一经制定，合约双方都希望能够按照合同规定顺利履行合同。
但是有时因情势变更，往往会出现一些出乎当事人意料的事情发生，而导致当事人无法履行合同。
这种由于当事人所不能控制的事故而导致合同不能履行的，即是不可抗力（Force Majeure），合同中关于这一事项的约定的条款就是不可抗力条款（Force Majeure Clause）[①]。
该条款实际上也是一项免责条款。
在合同签订后，不是由于当事人的过失或疏忽，而是由于发生了当事人所不能预见的、无法避免和无法预防的意外事故，以致不能履行或不能如期履行合同，遭受意外事故的一方可以免除履行合同的责任或可以延期履行合同，另一方无权要求损害赔偿。
“Force Majeure”一词来自于《法国民法典》第1148条，英文译为：“There is no occasion for damages where, in consequence of force majure or accident the debtor has been prevented from conveying or doing that to which he has obliged or has done what he was debarred from doing.”[②]《牛津法律词典》是这样解释的：“Irresistible compulsion or coercion. The phrase is used particularly in commercial contracts to describe events possibly affecting the contract and that are completely outside the parties’ control. Such events are normally listed in full to ensure their enforceability; their may be include *acts of God, fires, failure of suppliers or subcontractors to supply the suppliers under the agreement, and strikes and other labour disputes that interfere with the suppliers’ performance of an agreement. An express clause would normally excuse both delay and a total failure to perform the agreement.”[③]二、不可抗力条款的基本内容一般来说，不可抗力条款中应当包括以下几个方面的内容：1. 不可抗力发生的原因（种类）；2. 不可抗力发生后通知对方的期限、通知的方法以及应当提交的证明文件；3. 不可抗力发生的免责事项及善后处理事项。
商务英语合同翻译,不可抗力
商务英语合同翻译,不可抗力合同保证、不可抗力、其他条款等英文翻译,仅供参考Article 13 WarrantiesThe Seller hereby guarantee that unless the contract stipulates otherwise, the product shall fully conform to product specifications within the 12-month quality assurance date from the installation debugging acceptance of the machines (hereafter referred to as ‘quality guarantee period’),but the premise is that the Buyer uses the machines under normal operations in accordance with guidance of the Seller or instructions provided for the Buyer by the Seller and maintains the machines well.Article 14 The Seller’s liabilitiesIn allusion to claims incurred by the contract, tort, intellectual property rights or other torts of related goods in this contract or otherwise of the contract, the Seller and any affiliated companies or officers, principals, employees, agents, sub-contractors, successors or assignees thereof shall be fully liable for damages or claimed damages borne by agents, officers, principals, representatives or employers of the Buyer. If administration authorities or judicial authorities identify the equipment as infringing goods, the Seller shall be liable for corresponding torts. Besides, the Seller shall pay back the contract price of the infringing goods, and afford the directand indirect losses which caused by the delay of production and sales due to the stopping of contract machines and by liabilities of breaching the Buyer’s contract with its buyers on this kind of goods. Article 15 Force MajeureThe party affected by incidents shall telex the other party as soon as possible after force majeure incidents and airmail certificate documents issued by related departments within 15 workdays after the incidents to the other party. If force majeure incidents last for more than 30 workdays, both parties shall reach an agreement for further performance of the contract in reasonable time or terminate the performance of the contract through friendly negotiation, and all money or goods already paid or delivered shall be returned. Force majeure only includes earthquakes of higher than magnitude 6, wind of higher than magnitude 9, tsunami and the failure to delivery on schedule caused by specific administrative acts performed by the government according to administrative laws and regulations and other normative documents.Article 16 ArbitrationAll disputes in connection with this Contract or the execution thereof shall be settled through friendly negotiations. If no settlement can be reached, the case shall then be submitted to the arbitrary institution in the place where the party proposingarbitration resides in accordance with China laws and legal procedures. The award rendered by arbitrary institution shall be final and binding on both parties. Arbitration expenses comprise expenses paid to arbitrators shall be assumed by the unsuccessful party. The arbitration expenses shall be borne by the losing party, including arbitrators fee.Article 17 TransferWithout prior written approval and permission, neither Party under this Contract shall not transfer the contract or any relevant interests.Article 18 TerminationAny Party shall have the right to terminate the contract unconditionally by issuing written noticesto the other Party in case of following conditions:a. The other party of the contract is insolvent or bankrupt, compulsive or voluntary;b. The other party of the contract transfers all or most part of his assets or stops businesses;c. The other party of the contract is subjected to bankruptcy liquidation, organizational structure change or mergers and acquisitions by other companies (except mergers and acquisitions or integration by parent companies, subsidiary companies or affiliatedcompanies).Article 19 NoticeReferred to any notice of this Contract from either Party, the notifier shall send it in written form, while the recipient shall conform the notice in written form and send it to the specific address. Article 20 Non-disclosure AgreementThe Recipient shall treat all information provided from the Discloser as Confidential Information to keep secret. For the purpose, the Recipient shall execute the confidentiality contract through any forms or contents accepted by the Discloser.Article 21 Validity21.1 The contract shall come into force upon the signature and stamp by the authorized representatives of both parties. The effective date mentions the final signature date.The date of delivery refers to the date when the advance payment is delivered to the seller account.21.2 During the execution of the contract, all documents (including bidding documents, minutes of meetings, supplemental agreements, correspondences, E-mails and faxes) confirmed through signatures of the Buyer and the Seller become effective components of the contract and have the same legal force with the contract.篇二：英文合同中不可抗力条款的约定英文合同中不可抗力条款的约定一、什么是不可抗力条款（Force Majeure Clause）合同一经制定，合约双方都希望能够按照合同规定顺利履行合同。
英文合同专业术语
英文合同专业术语解析1. Agreement：合同，指双方或多方达成的一致意见，具有法律约束力。
2. Party：当事人，指参与合同的一方，可以是个人或法人。
3. Terms and Conditions：条款和条件，指合同中规定的双方应遵守的具体规则。
4. Offer：要约，指一方向另一方提出的合同内容，包括承诺和条件。
5. Acceptance：承诺，指受要约方完全同意要约内容的行为。
6. Consideration：对价，指合同各方为履行合同所承担的义务和付出的代价。
7. Breach of Contract：违约，指合同当事人未履行合同规定的行为。
8. Damages：损害赔偿，指违约方因违约行为给守约方造成的损失。
9. Termination：终止，指合同提前结束，双方不再履行合同义务。
10. Arbitration：仲裁，指双方因合同争议无法协商解决时，提交第三方进行裁决的方式。
11. Jurisdiction：管辖权，指法院对某一合同争议进行审理的权利。
12. Warranty：保证，指一方对某一事实或行为的真实性、合法性所作的承诺。
13. Indemnity：赔偿，指一方承诺在特定情况下对另一方承担的经济损失进行补偿。
14. Force Majeure：不可抗力，指无法预见、无法避免且无法克服的客观情况，导致合同无法履行。
15. Governing Law：适用法律，指合同争议应适用的法律体系。
当然，让我们继续深入探讨英文合同中的其他专业术语：16. Liquidated Damages：预定损害赔偿，指合同中预先约定的，若一方违约，则应支付给对方的固定金额作为赔偿。
17. Confidentiality Clause：保密条款，合同中规定当事人对于合同内容以及对方商业秘密保密的条款。
18. Expiration Date：到期日，指合同规定的有效期结束的日期。
19. Assignment：转让，指合同一方将其在合同中的权利和义务转让给第三方的行为。
合同中英文标准对照
Terms of payment: 支付条款支付条款D/A: (documents against acceptance)商业单据是凭承兑交单交付款人,是指出口人的交单以进口人在汇票上的承兑为条件。
D/P: (documents against payment) 商业单据是凭付款交单交付款人,是指出口人的交单是以进口人的付款为条件。
Down Payment: 首期付款Irrevocable Letter of Guarantee: 不可撤销保证函Pro forma invoice: 形式发票形式发票Documentary L/C: 跟单信用证，是开证行凭跟单汇票或仅凭单据付款的信用证。
Clean L/C: 光票信用证，是开证行凭不附单据的汇票付款的信用证。
Bills of Lading(B/L): 提单提单Compensation: 赔偿金Process unit: 工艺设备Delivery and terms of delivery: 交货及交货条款General provisions: 一般规定Components: 组件Implementation: 履行，落实Container vessel: 集装箱船Incorporated parts: 配套件DDP: 完税后交货Packing and marking: 包装与标记包装与标记Design liaison and design review: 设计联络与设计总览Standards and inspection: 标准与检验标准与检验Erection, commissioning, and acceptance: 安装，调试与验收Liquidated damages and claims: 损失和赔偿金Force majeure clauses: 不可抗力条款不可抗力条款Demurrage: 滞留费，滞留滞留费，滞留Arbitration: 仲裁Patent infringement, secrecy, licence: 专利侵权，保密，执照Termination for default: 违约终止违约终止Coming into force: 合同生效合同生效Miscellaneous: 其他事项Contract amendments: 合同修订Assignment and subcontract: 分配与分包分配与分包Termination for insolvency: 破产终止破产终止Performance bond: 履约保证金Change orders: 变更通知书Governing language and unit of measurement: 合同语言与测量单位Correspondence: 信件Limitation of liability: 责任限制责任限制Confidentiality-use of contract documents and information: 保密-合约单据与信息的使用Spare parts: 零备件Specimen: 样票。
FIDIC合同中“indemnity条款”的英国法解读
搞要：净U 英tD 立泫和先倒浍係搞，对合间中与；”心■心相矣的為容进行了详细斛该，并给出了在(D 际工程合间该判中灵活运闲 该条款的实务建议和例孑。
理论| 探讨_b前言补偿条款是国际工程合同中的 一个重要条款。
FID IC 合同条件既有 总体性的补偿条款，也有针对特定事 件的补偿条款。
考虑到FID IC 合同是 以英国法为背景起草的，所以本文的 分析也以英国法为依据，以风险分配 更具均衡性的201 7版FID IC 生产设 备和设计-施工合同条件的相关条款 (俗称“黄皮书”）为基础。
一、补偿概述Indemnity ( X ^ ^ indem nification , 云力词为indemnify ) 是英美法下的一个重要法律概念。
按照 元照英美法词典的定义，indemnity 意为补偿、损失补偿，是指以货币或 财产弥补损失。
补偿义务既可以根据 法律的规定产生，称为法定的补偿 义务（statutory indem nity )。
例 如，代理人因履行职务而对第三人产 生的责任，委托人就依法对代理人负 有补偿义务；补偿义务也可以通过 合同的约定产生，称为约定的补偿 义务（contractual indem nity )。
后者就是本文所称的“补偿条款(indem nity clause ) ”。
负有补偿义务的一方称为补偿方（in d e m nifying p a rty ) , 享有被补偿权利的一方称为被补偿方（indem nified总第2S 1期丨47p a rty);从补偿款支付的角度 来看，前者称为支付方（paying p a rty),后者称为收款方(receiving p a rty)。
另夕卜，补偿也具有担保（secuiity)的属性，与母公司担保同属人的 担保范畴。
但母公司担保具有 附属性，从属于主合同或交易；而补偿不具有从属性，本身就 是原合同。
包括FID IC合同在内的大 多数英文合同，通常都将“hold harmless”与“indem nify”连用，写为 “indem nify and hold harmless”；有的还将“d e fe n d”加入进去，写为 “in d e m n ify,d e fe n d a n d hold harmless”。
第十四讲：英文合同违约条款(2)
第十四讲：英文合同违约条款（2）In February this year,the International Criminal Court(ICC)headquartered in the Hague announced a"preliminary probe"into human rights abuse in President Duterte's campaign against drug-related crimes,which the Philippines is unhappy about. Recently,the Philippine government officially notified the UN Secretary General of its decision to pull out of the ICC.今年2月，总部设在海牙的国际刑事法院就菲律宾总统杜特尔特领导的打击毒品犯罪行动中是否有违反人权行为展开“初步调查”，菲律宾对此表示不满。
日前，菲律宾政府正式向联合国秘书长通报，菲政府申请退出国际刑事法院。
英文合同的违约条款(Default Clauses/Breach of contract)，也就是对于合同履行过程中，违约方(Defaulting Party)对受害方(Damaged Party)的救济。
通常分为如下几种:相关链接:《中华人民共和国合同法》第107条:当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的，应当承担继续履行、采取补救措施或者赔偿损失等违约责任。
(Either party that fails to perform its obligations under the contract or fails to perform them as contracted shall be bear the liability for the breach of contract by continuing to perform the obligations,taking remedial measures,compensating for losses)1.赔偿损失(Compensation for damages)Damages:With the exception of late delivery or non-delivery due to"Force Majeure"causes, if the Seller fails to make delivery of the goods in accordance with the terms and conditions,jointly or severally,of this Contract,the Seller shall be liable to the Buyer and indemnify the Buyer for all losses,damages,including but not limited to,purchase price and/or purchase price differentials,deadfreight,demurrage,andall consequential direct or indirect losses.The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer's right to claim compensations.损害赔偿:除非因不可抗力导致的交付迟延或交付不能，如果卖方未能根据本合同的条款交付货物，卖方应对买方承担责任并保证赔偿买方因此造成的损失、损害赔偿，包括但不限于购买价格或购买差价、空仓费、延滞费以及所有因此产生的直接或间接的损失。
英文合同范本 违约责任
英文合同范本违约责任违约责任（Liability for Breach of Contract）1. If either Party fls to perform any of its obligations under this Contract, such Party shall be liable for the breach of contract and shall pensate the other Party for all losses and damages suffered there.（如果任何一方未能履行本合同项下的任何义务，该方应承担违约责任，并应赔偿另一方因此遭受的所有损失和损害。
）2. In the event of a breach the Buyer of its payment obligations, the Buyer shall pay interest on the overdue amount at a rate of [X]% per annum from the due date until the date of actual payment.（如果买方违反其付款义务，买方应就逾期金额按年利率[X]%支付利息，从到期日起至实际付款日止。
）3. If the Seller fls to deliver the goods in accordance with the terms of this Contract, the Seller shall be obligated to rectify the situation within a reasonable time. If the Seller fls to do so, the Buyer shall have the right to clm damages equivalent to the loss suffered.（如果卖方未能按照本合同的条款交付货物，卖方有义务在合理时间内纠正该情况。
服务合同Service Contract - 中英文
维护服务合同The maintenance service contract根据《中华人民共和国合同法》等相关的法律和法规，委托方和受托方本着平等互利，等价有偿，诚实信用的原则,在协商一致的基础上签订本合同,就委托方的服务事宜，达成以下协议.This contract was made, with the principal of mutual benefit and good faith，in accordance with the “Contract Law of the PRC" and related law, regulation and/or interpretations，by and between the entrusting party and trustee，subject to the services that provided hereunder.一、服务范围和服务时间、服务条款、合同金额Ⅰ，Scope of services, Business Hours，Service Items and Contract Value 1、受托方负责对附件一的服务产品清单,按合同约定在服务期间内完成技术服务。
The trustee shall，within the agreed service period hereof, be responsible for complete the technical services that exhibit in Appendix 12、受托方将按照合同附件一约定的服务条款标准在合同约定期限内，提供合同所列的服务.The trustee shall, in accordance with service standard of the Appendix 1 of this contract and within the agreed contract period，provide the listed service.3、合同附件一：服务产品清单及服务条款，是本合同不可分割的一部分。
（完整）FIDIC国际合同条款中英文对照.doc
（完整）FIDIC国际合同条款中英文对照.docCONTENTS目录1General Provisions一般规定 (5)1.1Definitions定义 (5)1.2Interpretation解释 (10)1.3Communications通信交流 (11)1.4Law and Language法律和语言 (12)1.5Priority of Document文件优先次序 (12)1.6Contract Agreement合同协议书 (12)1.7Assignment权益转让 (13)1.8Care and Supply of Document文件的照管和提供 (13)1.9Confidentiality保密性 (14)1.10Employer’s Use of Contractor’s Documents雇主使用承包商文件 (14)1.11Contractor’s Use of Employer’s Documents承包商使用雇主文件 (15)1.12Confidential Details保密事项 (15)1.13Compliance with Laws遵守法律 (15)1.14Joint and Several Liability共同的和各自的责任 (16)2The Employer雇主 (16)2.1Right of Access to the Site现场进入权 (16)2.2Permits, Licences or Approves许可、执照或批准 (17)2.3Employer’s personnel雇主人员 (18)2.4Employer’s Financial Arrangements雇主的资金安排 (18)2.5Employer’s Claims雇主的索赔 (18)3The Employer’s Administration雇主的管理 (19)3.1The Employer’s Representative雇主代表 (19)3.2The Employer’s personnel其他雇主人员 (20)3.3Delegated Persons受托人员 (20)3.4Instructions指示 (21)3.5Determinations确定 (21)4The Contractor承包商 (21)4.1The Contractor’s General Obligations承包商的一般义务(22)4.2Performance security履约担保 (22)4.3Contractor’s Representative承包商代表 (23)4.4Subcontractors分包商 (24)4.5Nominated Subcontractors指定的分包商 (25)4.6Co-operation合作 (25)4.7Setting out放线 (26)4.8Safety procedures安全程序 (26)4.9Quality Assurance质量保证 (27)4.10Site Data现场数据 (27)4.11Sufficiency of the Contract Price合同价格 (28)4.12Unforeseeable Difficulties不可预见的困难 (28)4.13Rights of way and Facilities道路通行权于设施 (28)4.14Avoidance of Interference避免干扰 (29)4.15Access Route进场通路 (29)4.16Transport of Goods货物运输 (30)4.17Contractor’s Equipment承包商设备 (30)4.18Protection of the Environment环境保护 (30)4.19Electricity, Water and Gas电、水和燃气 (31)4.20Employer’s Equipment and Free-Issue Material雇主设备和免费供应的材料 (31)4.21Progress Reports进度报告 (32)4.22Security of the Site现场保安 (33)4.23Contractor’s Operations on Site承包商的现场作业 (34)4.24Fossils化石 (34)5Design设计 (35)5.1General Design Obligations设计义务一般要求 (35)5.2Contractor’s Documents承包商文件 (36)5.3Contractor’s Undertaking承包商的承诺 (37)5.4Technical Standards and Regulations技术标准和法规 (37)5.5Training培训 (38)5.6As-Built Documents竣工文件 (38)5.7Operation and Maintenance Manuals操作和维修手册 (39)5.8Design Error设计错误 (39)6Staff and Labour员工 (39)6.1Engagement of Staff and Labour员工的雇用 (40)6.2Rates of Wages and Conditions of Labour工资标准和劳动条件 (40)6.3Persons in the Service of Employer为雇主服务的人员 (40)6.4Labour Laws劳动法 (40)6.5Working Hours工作时间 (41)6.6Facilities for Staff and Labour为员工提供设施 (41)6.7Health and Safety健康和安全 (41)6.8Contractor’s Superintendence承包商的监督 (42)6.9Contractor’s Personnel承包商人员 (42)6.10Records of contractor’s Personnel and Equipment承包商人员和设备的记录 (43)6.11Disorderly Conduct无序行为 (43)7Plant, Materials and Workmanship生产设备、材料和工艺 (43)7.1Manner of Execution实施方法 (43)7.2Samples样品 (44)7.3Inspection检验 (44)7.4Testing试验 (45)7.5Rejection拒收 (46)7.6Remedial Work修补工作 (46)7.7Ownership of Plant and Materials生产设备和材料的所有权(47)7.8Royalties土地(矿区)使用费 (47)8Commencement,Delays and Suspension开工、延误和暂停(48)8.1Commencement of Works工程的开工 (48)8.2Time for Completion竣工时间 (48)8.3Programme进度计划 (49)8.4Extension of Time for Completion竣工时间延长 (50)8.5Delays Caused by Authorities当局造成的延误 (50)8.6Rate of Progress工程进度 (51)8.7Delay Damages误期损害赔偿费 (51)8.8Suspension of Work暂时停工 (52)8.9Consequences of Suspension暂停的后果 (52)8.10Payment for Plant and Materials in Event of Suspension 暂停时对生产设备和材料的付款 (53)8.11Prolonged Suspension托长的暂停 (53)8.12Resumption of Work复工 (53)9Tests on Completion竣工试验 (54)9.1Contractor’s Obligations承包商的义务 (54)9.2Delayed Tests延误的试验 (55)9.3Retesting重新试验 (55)9.4Failure to Pass Tests on Completion未能通过竣工试验 (56)10Employer’s Taking Over雇主的接收 (56)10.1Taking Over of the Works and Sections工程和分项工程的接收 (56)10.2Taking Over of Parts of the Works部分工程的接收 (57)10.3Interference with Tests on Completion对竣工试验的干扰(57)11Defects Liability缺陷责任 (58)11.1Completion of Outstanding Work and Remedying Defects完成扫尾工作和修补缺陷 (58)11.2Cost of Remedying Defects修补缺陷的费用 (59)11.3Extension of Defects Notification Period缺陷通知期的延长 (59)11.4Failure to Remedy Defects未能修补的缺陷 (60)11.5Removal of Defective Work移出有缺陷的工程 (60)11.6Further Tests进一步试验 (61)11.7Right of Access进入权 (61)11.8Contractor to Search承包商调查 (61)11.9Performance Certificate履约证书 (62)11.10Unfulfilled Obligations未履行的义务 (62)11.11Clearance of Site现场清理 (62)12Tests after Completion竣工后试验 (63)12.1Procedure for Tests after Completion竣工后试验的程序(63)12.2Delayed Tests延误的试验 (64)12.3Retesting重新试验 (64)12.4Failure to Pass Tests after Completion未能通过的竣工后试验 (65)13Variations and Adjustments变更和调整 (66)13.1Right to Vary变更权 (66)13.2Value Engineering价值工程 (66)13.3Variation Procedure变更程序 (66)13.4Payment in Applicable Currencies以适用货币支付 (67)13.5Provisional Sums暂列金额 (67)13.6Daywork计日工作 (68)13.7Adjustments for Changes in Legislation因法律改变的调整(69)13.8Adjustments for Changes in Cost因成本改变的调整 (70)14Contract price and Payment合同价格和支付 (70)14.1The Contract Price合同价格 (70)14.2Advance payment预付款 (70)14.3Application for Interim Payments期中付款的申请 (72)14.4Schedule of Payments付款价格表 (73)14.5Plant and Materials intended for the Works拟用于工程的生产设备和材料 (73)14.6Interim Payments期中付款 (74)14.7Timing of Payments付款的时间安排 (74)14.8Delayed Payment延误的付款 (75)14.9Payment of Retention Money保留金支付 (75)14.10Statement at Completion施工报表 (76)14.11Application for Final Payment最终付款的申请 (76)14.12Discharge结清证明 (77)14.13Final Payment最终付款 (77)14.14Cessation of Employer’s Liability雇主责任的中止 (78)14.15Currencies of Payment支付的货币 (78)15Termination by Employer由雇主终止 (79)15.1Notice to Correct通知改正 (79)15.2Termination by Employer由雇主终止 (79)15.3Valuation at Date of Termination终止日期时的估价 (81)15.4Payment after Termination终止后的付款 (81)15.5Employer’s Entitlement to Termination雇主终止的权利(82)16Suspension and termination by Contractor承包商暂停和终止 (82)16.1Contractor’s Entitlement to Suspend Work承包商暂停工作的权利 (82)16.2Termination by Contractor由承包商终止 (83)16.3Cessation of Work and Removal of Contractor’sEquipment停止工作和承包商设备的撤离 (84)16.4Payment on Termination终止时的付款 (84)17Risk and Responsibility风险和职责 (85)17.1Indemnities保障 (85)17.2Contractor’s Care of the Works承包商对工程的照管 (86)17.3Employer’s Risks雇主的风险 (87)17.4Consequence of Employer’s Risks雇主风险的后果 (87)17.5Intellectual and Industrial Property Rights知识产权和工业产权 (88)17.6Limitation of Liability责任限度 (89)18Insurance保险 (89)18.1General Requirements for Insurances有关保险的一般要求(89)18.2Insurance for Works and Contractor’s Equipment工程和承包商设备的保险 (91)18.3Insurance against Injury to Persons and Damage to Property人身伤害和财产损害险 (93)18.4Insurance for Contractor’s Personnel承包商人员的保险(94)19Force Majeure不可抗力 (94)19.1Definition of Force Majeure不可抗力的定义 (95)19.2Notice of Force Majeure不可抗力的通知 (96)19.3Duty to Minimise Delay将延误减至最小的义务 (96)19.4Consequences of Force Majeure不可抗力的后果 (96)19.5Force Majeure Affecting Subcontractor不可抗力影响分包商 (97)19.6Optional Termination, Payment and Release自主选择终止、支付和解除 (97)19.7Release from Performance under the Law根据法律解除履约 (98)20Claims, Disputes and Arbitration索赔、争端和仲裁 (98)20.1Contractor’s Claims承包商的索赔 (99)20.2Appointment of the Dispute Adjudication Board争端裁决委员会的任命 (100)20.3Failure to Agreement Dispute Adjudication Board对争端裁决委员会未能取得一致时 (102)20.4Obtaining Dispute Adjudication Board’s Decision取得争端裁决委员会的决定 (102)20.5Amicable Settlement友好解决 (103)20.6Arbitration仲裁 (104)20.7Failure to Comply with Dispute Adjudication Board’s Decision未能遵守争端裁决委员会的决定 (105)20.8Expiry of Dispute Adjudication Board’s Appointment争端裁决委员会任命期满 (105)1General Provisions一般规定1.1Definitions定义In the Conditions of Contract (“these Conditions”), which include Particular Conditions and these General Conditions, the following words and expressions shall have the meaning stated. Words indicating persons or parties includecorporation and other legal entities, except where the context requires otherwise.在合同条件（“本条件”），包括专用条件和通用条件中，下列词语和措辞应具有以下所述的含义.除上下文另有要求外，文中人员或当事各方等词语包括公司和其他合法实体.1.1.1The Contract合同1.1.1.1“Contract” means the Contract Agreement, theseConditions, the Employer’s Requirement, the Tender, and further document (if any) which are listed in the Contract Agreement.“合同”系指合同协议书、本条件、雇主要求、投标书和合同协议书列出的其他文件（如果有）.1.1.1.2“Contract Agreement” means the contract agreement referred to in Sub-Clause 1.6 [Contract Agreement], including any annexed memoranda.“合同协议书”系指第1.6款[合同协议书]中所述的合同协议书及所附各项备忘录.1.1.1.3“Employer’s requirements” means the document entitled employer’s requirements, as inclu ded in the Contract, and any additions and modifications to such document in accordance with the Contract. Such document specifies the purpose, scope, and/or design and/or other technical criteria, for the Works.“雇主要求”系指合同中包括的，题为雇主要求的文件，其中列明工程的目标、范围、和（或）设计和（或）其他技术标准，以及按合同对此项文件所作的任何补充和修改.1.1.1.4“Tender” means the Contractor’s signed offer for the Works and all other documents which the Contractor submitted therewith (other than these Conditions and Employer’s Requiremen ts, if so submitted), as included in the Contract.“投标书”系指包含在合同中的由承包商提交的为完成工程签署的报价，以及随同提交的所有其他文件（本条件和雇主要求除外，如同时提交）.1.1.1.5“Performance Guarantees” and “Schedule of payments” mean the documents so named (if any), as included in the Contract.“履约保证”和“付款计划表”系指合同中包括的具有上述名称的文件（如果有）.1.1.2Parties and Persons各方和人员1.1.2.1“Party” means the Employer or the Contractor, as the context requires.“当事方（或一方）”根据上下文需要，或指雇主，或指承包商。
FIDIC合同条款1999(中英文对照)
FIDIC合同条款1999(中英文对照)Fédération Internationale Des Ingénieurs-Conseils通用条件General Conditions1.一般规定1.1 定义在包括专用条件和本通用条件的合同条件（“本合同条件”）中，以下措辞和用语的含义如下所述。
除非上下文中另有要求，指当事人和当事各方的词包括公司和其它法律实体。
1.1.1 合同1.1.1.1“合同(Contract)”指合同协议书、中标函、投标函、本合同条件、规范、图纸、资料表、以及在合同协议书或中标函中列明的其它进一步的文件(如有时)。
1.1.1.2“合同协议书(Contract Agreement)”指第1.6款【合同协议】中所说明的合同协议(如有时)。
1.1.1.3“中标函(Letter of Acceptance)”指雇主对投标文件签署的正式接受函，包括其后所附的备忘录(由合同各方达成并签定的协议构成)。
在没有此中标函的情况下，“中标函”一词就指合同协议书，颁发或接收中标函的日期就指双方签订合同协议书的日期。
1.1.1.4“投标函(Letter of Tender)”指名称为投标函的文件，由承包商填写，包括已签字的对雇主的工程报价。
1.1.1.5“规范(Specification)”指合同中名称为规范的文件，及根据合同规定对规范的增加和修改。
此文件具体描述了工程。
1.1.1.6“图纸(Drawings)”指合同中规定的工程图纸，及由雇主(或代表)根据合同颁发的对图纸的增加和修改。
1.1.1.7“资料表(Schedules)”指合同中名称为资料表的文件，由承包商填写并随投标函提交。
此文件可能包括工程量表、数据、列表、及费率和/或单价表。
1.1.1.8“投标文件(Tender)”指投标函和合同中规定的承包商应随投标函提交的其它所有文件。
1.1.1.9“投标函附录(Appendix to Tender)”指名称为投标函附录并已填写完毕的文件，附于投标函之后并构成投标函的一部分。
常见的合同通用条款-中英文对照
常见的合同通用条款GENERAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF CONTRACTDATED日期CONTRACT NAME合同名称by and between合同双方PARTY A NAMEPARTY A甲方名称and与PARTY B NAMEPARTY B乙方名称TABLE OF CONTENTPRELIMINARY STATEMENT前言1. DEFINITIONS定义2. [OPERATIVE CLAUSES] 具体操作条款3. CONDITIONS PRECEDENT如有必要，根据交易具体情况设定相应先决条件4. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES 陈述和担保［保证］5. TERM合同期限6. TERMINATION合同终止7. CONFIDENTIALITY保密义务8. BREACH OF CONTRACT违约9. FORCE MAJEURE不可抗力10. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES争议的解决11. APPLICABLE LAW 适用法律12. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS其他规定THIS CONTRACT(“Contract”)is made in [city and province], China on this day of ,200 by and between [Party A name],[Party A entity form] established and existing under the laws of China, with its legal address at [address] (hereinafter referred to as “Party A”), and [Party B name], [Party B entity form] organized and existing under the laws of [Party Bjurisdiction of incoporation] with its legal address at [address] (hereinafter referred to as “Party B”). Party A and Party B shall hereinafter be referred to individually as a “Party ” and collectively as the “Parties”.本合同于年月日由以下两方在［地点］签订：［甲方名称］，一家根据中华人民共和国法律组建及存续的［甲方组织形式］，法定地址为［甲方法定地址］（以下简称“甲方”）：［乙方名称］，一家根据［乙方所在国］法律组建及存续的［乙方组织形式］，法定地址为［乙方法定地址］（以下简称“乙方”）。
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英文合同中不可抗力条款的约定一、什么是不可抗力条款（Force Majeure Clause）合同一经制定，合约双方都希望能够按照合同规定顺利履行合同。
但是有时因情势变更，往往会出现一些出乎当事人意料的事情发生，而导致当事人无法履行合同。
这种由于当事人所不能控制的事故而导致合同不能履行的，即是不可抗力（Force Majeure），合同中关于这一事项的约定的条款就是不可抗力条款（Force Majeure Clause）[①]。
该条款实际上也是一项免责条款。
在合同签订后，不是由于当事人的过失或疏忽，而是由于发生了当事人所不能预见的、无法避免和无法预防的意外事故，以致不能履行或不能如期履行合同，遭受意外事故的一方可以免除履行合同的责任或可以延期履行合同，另一方无权要求损害赔偿。
“Force Majeure”一词来自于《法国民法典》第1148条，英文译为：“There is no occasion for damages where, in consequence of force majure or accident the debtor has been prevented from conveying or doing that to which he has obliged or has done what he was debarred from doing.”[②]《牛津法律词典》是这样解释的：“Irresistible compulsion or coercion. The phrase is used particularly in commercial contracts to describe events possibly affecting the contract and that are completely outside the parties’ control. Such events are normally listed in full to ensure their enforceability; their may be include *acts of God, fires, failure of suppliers or subcontractors to supply the suppliers under the agreement, and strikes and other labour disputes that interfere with the suppliers’ performance of an agreement. An express clause would normally excuse both delay and a total failure to perform the agreement.”[③]二、不可抗力条款的基本内容一般来说，不可抗力条款中应当包括以下几个方面的内容：1. 不可抗力发生的原因（种类）；2. 不可抗力发生后通知对方的期限、通知的方法以及应当提交的证明文件；3. 不可抗力发生的免责事项及善后处理事项。
（一）不可抗力发生的原因（种类）对于不可抗力条款，约定的越详细越好，有些合同，为了省事，往往只是笼统地规定“This contract is subject to force majeure clause”(合同根据不可抗力条款订定)，这是相当粗糙的。
因为对于什么是“不可抗力”，哪些情况属于不可抗力，不同的人理解是不一样的，有些情况对于处于不同法律地位的当事人来说，并不认为是不可抗力，所以不可抗力发生后，一旦有纠纷就会无所适从。
并非所有的意外事故都可以视为不可抗力而免除当事人的履行合同的义务，所以对于哪些事故足以构成不可抗力，从而免除当事人履行合同的义务，自然而然地就有必要加以明确的约定，以免发生纷歧争执；那么在不可抗力条款中，应当不厌其烦地一项一项的罗列出来。
一般而言，下列事项可以构成不可抗力：⑴ strikes(罢工)；⑵ lockouts(停工);⑶ Acts of God, such as floods, lightning, cyclone, hurricane, and other storms （天灾如水灾、闪电、飓风及风暴）;⑷ threat or existence of war, blockade, embargoes or regulations of any governmental authority（战争或者战争的威胁、封港、禁运、政府管制）;⑸ other events beyond the control of the parties（其他非人力所能控制的事件）;⑹ plague, pestilence, disease, epidemics（疫情、瘟疫、传染病）;⑺ civil commotions, governmental interference（骚乱、政府干涉）;⑻ shortage of raw materials or other supplies（原料短缺）;⑼ fires, explosions, destruction or damage to seller’s plant or machinery（卖方工厂或生产设备遭受火灾、爆炸、破坏或者损坏）;⑽ shortage of transportation or inability to obtain freight space（无运输工具或者舱位）;⑾ other labor troubles or disturbances（其他工人骚扰）;其中有些事项是要有约定，才可以做为不可抗力，比如⑻--⑾，还有机器停顿故障、财政来源不足、成本上高涨、第三者的不履行导致的；另外如果是国有企业做为合同的一方，还应当注意一些事项，比如政府干预、无法获得出口证、进口证书或者其他涉及到政府的事项，因为中国是公有制国家，外方一般不将国有企业无法获得相当政府文件作为不可抗力。
（二）不可抗力的通知“Force Majeure”条文要规定由于发生不可抗力而无法履行合同义务的一方在特定的期限内向对方通知。
因为不可抗力事件一旦发生，导致一方当事人无法履行合同时，应当尽快通知对方当事人，如果不及时通知对方，置之不理，导致对方遭受更大损失时，仍然不能完全免除其责任。
如这样约定：In the event of any such causes arising, the party affected shall give prompt notice to the other party of the cause……因为不可抗力事件的发生，而导致合同不能按约履行时，当事人应当迅速通知对方当事人外，必要时还得向对方提供证明文件。
这些证明文件通常有以下几种：（1）当地商会或者工会出具的证明；（2）对方国家驻当事人所在地领事馆出具的证明；（3）关于该不可抗力事件新闻报道；（4）其他有证明力的证明。
如这样约定：In the event of any such cause arising, documents proving their occurrence or existence shall be submitted by the party to the other party without delay.（三）不可抗力发生后的处理因为不可抗力发生后，导致合同不能顺利履行时，是否就即免除当事人的违约责任呢？或者是推迟合同的履行期限呢？能否替代履行呢？这些都与当事人双方的利益密切相关，所以在签订合同时，应当充分考虑，比如在国际货物买卖中可以做如下的约定：The contract is automatically cancelled as to any unshipped portion in the event that force majeure clause becomes operative.这样规定，如果发生了不可抗力事件，对于未装船的货卖方不能也没有责任再去装船，同时买方也无权要求卖方承担损害赔偿。
在这种条款下，如果卖方还没有生产、备货，解除合同，对他就不会有什么影响，但是如果货物已经准备好了，只是因一时的不可抗力，就解除合同，就难免要遭受损失。
所以有些买卖合同中的不可抗力条款进一步规定：“如果因为意外事件影响，不能按期装运时，买方同意将装运期限顺延一百天；期满后，如还是不能装运时，买方有权解除合同。
”当然顺延的期限不能漫无限制，否则买方将会处于被动之情境。
一般情况下，为了顾及公平合理，一方面赋予一方当事人合理的延长期限，以便其有履行合同的机会，延长期满后，另外一方当事人可以解除合同，以免处于久悬未决的状态。
对此，《华沙—牛津规则》有这样的规定：The seller shall not be responsible for delay or failure to ship the goods contracted to be sold or any part thereof or to deliver such goods, or any part thereof into the custody of the carrier, as the case may be, arising from force majeure, or from any extraordinary causes, accidents or hindrances of what kind soever or wheresoever or the consequences thereof which it was impossible in the circumstances for the seller to have foreseen or averted. In the event of any of the said causes, accidents or hindrances preventing, hindering or impeding the production, the manufacture, the delivery to the seller, or the shipment of the goods contracted to be sold or any part thereof or the chartering of any vessel or part of vessel, notice thereof shall be given to the buyer by the seller, and on such notice being given the timefor shipment or delivery into the custody of the carrier, as the case may be, shall be extended until the operation of the cause, accident or hindrance preventing, hindering or impeding the production, the manufacture, the delivery to the seller or the shipment of the said goods or any part thereof or the chartering of any vessel or part of vessel has ceased. But if any of these causes, accidents or hindrances continues for more than fourteen days from the time or from the expiration of the period if any, specified in the contract of sale for the shipment of the goods or their delivery into the custody of the carrier, as the case may be, or if no such time or period has been specified in the contract then from the expiration of the reasonable time contemplated in Rule 3, the whole contract of sale or such part thereof as shall remain to be fulfilled by the seller may, at the option of either party, be determined, such option shall be exercised and notice to that effect shall be given by either party to the other party at any time during the seven days next succeeding the period of fourteen days hereinbefore mentioned but not thereafter. And on such notice being given neither party shall have any claim against the other party in respect of such determination.（由于不可抗力、任何特殊原因、事故，或者由于不论何种或何处发生的阻碍，或由此而产生的结果，为当时卖方所不能预见或避免，以致卖方延迟或未能装运全部或部分订售货物或者延迟或未能将全部或部分订售货物，交给承运人保管，卖方对此将不负责任。