敦煌莫高窟(英文ppt介绍)资料讲解共50页
《敦煌莫高窟》课件
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社会参与的重要性
传承和弘扬莫高窟的文化遗产不仅需要政府和专家的努力，也需要社会
各界的广泛参与和支持。
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敦煌莫高窟的旅游资源
BIG DATA EMPOWERS TO CREATE A NEW
ERA
旅游资源的特色与价值
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艺术价值
敦煌莫高窟是世界文化遗 产，拥有丰富的壁画和雕 塑，展现了古代艺术的卓 越成就。
敦煌莫高窟的艺术特色主要表现 为壁画和雕塑。
壁画内容丰富，包括佛像、菩萨 像、罗汉像、天神像、佛传故事 、佛教史迹等，以及建筑、山水
、花鸟等。
壁画的风格和技法也多种多样， 包括线描、平涂、晕染、沥粉堆 金等，以及工笔重彩、写意等。
敦煌莫高窟的文化价值
敦煌莫高窟是中国古代艺术的 宝库，也是世界文化遗产的瑰 宝。
《敦煌莫高窟》ppt课件
BIG DATA EMPOWERS TO CREATE A NEW
ERA
• 敦煌莫高窟简介 • 敦煌莫高窟的壁画艺术 • 敦煌莫高窟的建筑风格 • 敦煌莫高窟的保护与传承 • 敦煌莫高窟的旅游资源
目录
CONTENTS
01
敦煌莫高窟简介
BIG DATA EMPOWERS TO CREATE A NEW
壁画色彩丰富，以红、黄、蓝、绿等 色为主，形成鲜明而热烈的视觉效果 。
壁画的制作工艺与材料
壁画的制作工艺主要包括打稿、上色、勾线和渲染等步骤。
制作材料包括天然矿石粉、植物颜料和动物胶等，这些材料的选择和使用对壁画的色彩和保 存具有重要影响。
壁画的制作工艺和材料体现了古代人们对自然材料的认识和利用，以及对艺术的追求和传承 。
壁画起源于史前时期，作为人类 表达情感和记录生活的一种方式
Mogao caves敦煌莫高窟英文介绍
fee. Concerned that the remaining manuscripts might be lost, others 费用 persuaded the Ministry of Education to recover the rest of the
officials，but no one cares about him.
Loot
Words of Wang's discovery drew the attention of a joint British/Indian group led by Hungarian archaeologist Aurel
匈牙利 [ˌɑrkɪˈɑlədʒɪst] 考古学家 Stein who was on an archaeological expedition in the area in 1907 [ˌɛkspɪˈdɪʃən] 考察队
Aurel Stein 斯坦因
Loot
Stein negotiated with Wang to allow him to remove a significant 谈判
Discovery
Some of the cБайду номын сангаасves had by then been blocked by sand, and Wang set
about clearing away the sand and made an attempt at repairing the site.
In one such cave, on 25 June 1900, Wang discovered a walled up area
莫高窟(英文ppt介绍)
The significance of world cultural heritage
The Mogao Grottoes are recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as a World Heritage site This design is not only a recognition of the cultural value of the caves, but also an acknowledgement of their significance in world history and culture
VS
The caves are located in the Dangtu desert, which is a unique ecosystem and a protected area, providing a backlog of sand Dunes and mountains
The Historical Background of Mogao Grottoes
The Inheritance of Chinese Culture
The Mogao Grottoes are not only a repository of Buddhist culture, but also an important part of traditional Chinese culture The caves contain a wealth of images and texts that reflect the traditional values and beliefs of the Chinese people, including Filial Piety, respect for Elders, Loyalty, righteousness and Benevolence
关于莫高窟介绍的英语展示duty report精品PPT课件
Murals About Ancient Music Concert
Fan-Tan-Pipa Play pipa on theusical Instruments
Murals Ancient Musical Instruments
Ruan
Pipa
Kong-Hou
Inside Cangjingdong
Wang Yuanlu
Cultural robbery in Mogao Caves
Pelliot A Fance archeologist In 1908, he obtained more than 10 thousand Duanhuang scripts at the cost of 600 tael
Most of Pelliot’s purchase in Mogao
Caves are in BibliothéqueNationale
and MuséeduLouvre
Thousand-Hand and Thousand-Eye
Buddha
Cultural robbery in Mogao Caves
Brief introduction
Brief introduction
The Small Arch
Brief introduction
Symbol Construction of Mogao Caves
South Area
South Area
South Area
North Area
British Museum
The Guide Buddha Monk
A Letter by YuTian King
写在最后
经常不断地学习,你就什么都知道。你知道得越多,你就越有力量 Study Constantly, And You Will Know Everything. The More
敦煌莫高窟英语ppt课件
Significance
Located in the Gobi Desert in northwestern China, the Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang are a cluster of over 500 caves and temples.
The site is situated on the Silk Road, a key trade route connecting China with Central Asia and Europe.
In the development of murals, different regions and cultures have created their unique styles and techniques.
The murals of the Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang are one of the most representative and valuable cultural relics in China, which have a history of more than 1,000 years.
In addition, the murals also use a variety of materials, including gold, silver, lapis lazuli, malachite, ivory, and other precious materials, to create a luxurious and exquisite artistic effect.
The murals are painted with a variety of techniques, including painting, carving, and stucco, and are very realistic and vivid in expression.
敦煌莫高窟英文介绍
Mogao Caves are the nation key cultural relic preservation organ, is named Thousand Buddhas Cave, is situated west the Gansu Corridor end Dunhuang, is world famous by the fine mural and the cast. Its beginning constructs at 16 countries' formMogao Caves are the nation key cultural relic preservation organ, isnamed Thousand Buddhas Cave, is situated west the Gansu Corridor end Dunhuang, is world famous by the fine mural and the cast. Its beginning constructs at 16 countries' former Qin times, has been through repeatedly 16 countries, the Northern Dynasty, Sui, Tang, fivegenerations, Tangut , the Y uan and so on all previous dynasties constructing, forms the huge scale, existing cavern 735, the mural45,000 square meter, argillaceous painted sculpture 2,415, are in theworld the extant scale is biggest, the content richest Buddhism art place. Since the modern times had discovered the Buddhist scripture shole, in had 50,000 ancient times cultural relics, and grew specially to study the Buddhist scriptures hole ancient book and Dunhuang artdiscipline - Dunhuang studies. But since Mogao Caves receive many people in the modern times for the damage, the cultural relic massively drain, its integrity was seriously destroyed. In 1961, Mogao Caves are announced by the People's Republic of China State Council one of for first batch of national key cultural relic preservation organs. In 1987, Mogao Cavesare listed as the world culture inheritance.Mogao Caves are located southeast the Chinese Gansu Province Dunhuang east 25 kilometer place Mt. Mingsha on the foothill cliff, first near dawdle Quan River, face east, north and south length 1680 meters, height 50 meters.Cavern distribution height scattered about, row after row, about most has five. Its beginning constructs at 16 country times, "the Li Obliging Repairs Mogao Caves Niche for a statue of Buddha Tablet" according to Tang the record.Former Qin establishes a reign title for two years （366 years）, the Buddhist priest happy goes via this mountain, sees the golden light sparkle suddenly, if presently ten thousand Buddha, therefore then opened cutting on the dike the first cavern.Hereafter the law good Zen master and so on continues in this to construct the hole to repair the imperial sacrifices, is called the desert high hole, Italy is the desert high place.Because later generation desert and not general, then renames as Mogao Caves.When Northern Wei Dynasty, Western Wei Dynasty and Northern Zhou Dynasty, the ruler respects and believes in Buddhism, the rock cave construction has the nobility support, the development is quick.The Sui and Tang dynasties time, along with Silk Road prosperity, Mogao Caves is prosperous, when Wu Zetian has cavern thousand.After the Anlushan Rebellion, Dunhuang successively and turns over to the troops fighting in a good cause by Turfan to seize, but the statuary activity too greatly has not been affected.The Northern Song Dynasty, the tangut and the Y uan Dynasty, Mogao Caves gradually hasten the decline, only repaired the previous dynasty hole room primarily, newly built extremely few.After Y uan Dynasty, along with Silk Road abandoning, Mogao Caves also stopped constructing and is neglected gradually in common people's field of vision.After clear Kanghsi 40 years （in 1701）, here only then again manner attention.The modern times, people usual name it “Thousand Buddhas Cave.The Mogao Caves extant Northern Wei Dynasty to Y uan cavern 735, divides into the north and south two areas.South the area is Mogao Caves' main body, is engaged in the religious activities for the clergy the place, some 487 caverns, have the mural or make an idol.North the area has 248 caverns, in which only then 5 existence murals or makes an idol,But after other all is the clergy leads a pious life the place which, the housing and the death buries, has life facilities and so on the adobe bed, stove kang, flue, niche, desk lamp.Two area total 492 cavern existence mural and makes an idol, has the mural 45,000 square meter, the argillaceous painted sculpture 2415, Tang Songmu constructs cliff eave 5, as well as several thousand lotus flower pillars, spread out on the floor the decorative brick and so on.。
莫高窟英文介绍
莫高窟英文介绍The Mogao Caves, located near the city of Dunhuang in northwest China's Gansu Province, are an outstanding cultural heritage site and a treasure trove of Buddhist art. These caves, dug into the cliffs along the Silk Road, were once a bustling center of religious and cultural exchange between China and the wider world.莫高窟位于中国西北部甘肃省的敦煌市附近，是一处杰出的文化遗产，也是佛教艺术的宝库。
这些洞窟沿着丝绸之路在悬崖上挖掘而成，曾经是中国与世界之间宗教和文化交流的繁华中心。
The Mogao Caves are believed to have been first established in the 4th century, and over the centuries, they were expanded and embellished by generations of artists and monks. Today, there are more than 700 caves,containing thousands of intricate murals and statues that depict Buddhist legends, historical events, and daily life in ancient China.莫高窟始建于公元4世纪，几个世纪以来，经过一代又一代艺术家和僧侣的不断扩建和装饰。
如今，这里拥有700多个洞窟，内有数千幅错综复杂的壁画和雕像，描绘了佛教传说、历史事件和古代中国的日常生活。
敦煌英文PPT介绍
Mogao Caves is the oldest, largest, richest galleries in the world„ “，”It is the greatest treasure house of the Buddhist art in the world.“ Now I will be introduced the Mogao Caves。The Mogao Caves, located 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang City, chiselling(凿) in The Echoing-Sand Mountain cliff. North and South over 1600 meters long, one above the five level of patchwork. It is China's largest existing and best preserved, most content-rich classical cultural treasure house of art, and the world famous center of Buddhist art. Since the
modern times had discovered the Buddhist scriptures hole, in had 50,000 ancient times cultural relics, and grew specially to study the Buddhist scriptures hole ancient book and Dunhuang art discipline Dunhuang studies.
provincedunhuangancientchineseroadsleadingwesterncentralasiasilkroadfamouscityancientsilkroadgreenpearlinlaidcitylandmark标志性建筑attractivestatuewhichcomesfrommogaocavesdunhuangmogaocaves莫高窟culturalexchangeeasternlouvremuseum东方卢浮dunhuangcaves敦煌莫高窟isonemostimportantculturalrelicschinadunhuangcavesalsofamousitsbeautifulpaintedmurals壁画clayeysculptures泥质彩塑inworldnowhasbocomelargestmostplentifulbuddhist佛教artholyland圣地overworldmogaocavesoldestlargestrichestgalleriesgreatesttreasurehousebuddhistartworld
敦煌莫高窟英文介绍资料讲解
敦煌石窟
敦煌石窟中国甘肃敦煌 一带的石窟总称。包括 敦煌莫高窟、西千佛洞、 榆林窟、东千佛洞及肃 北蒙古族自治县五个庙 石窟等
? The first caves were dug out 366 AD as places of Buddhist meditation and worship.
? The Mogao Caves are the best known of the Chinese Buddhist grottoes and, along with Longmen Grottoes （龙门石窟） and Yungang Grottoes（云冈石窟） , are one of the three famous ancient Buddhist sculptural sites of China
Mogao Grottoes
中国三大石窟
Longmen Grottoes
Yungang Grottoes
敦煌莫高窟
History
Dunhuang was established as a frontier（边界） garrison(要塞）outpost by the Han Dynasty Emperor Wudi to protect against the Xiongnu in 111 BC. It also became an important gateway to the West, a centre of commerce （商业） along the Silk Road （丝绸之 路）, as well as a meeting place of various people and religions such as Buddhism （佛教）
敦煌莫高窟解析课件.ppt
————供养人画像
——莫高窟第285窟、西魏的《伎乐飞天》这些伎乐飞天， 均朝洞窟正壁方向飞翔，各持乐器奏乐散花供养，飞天们 身材修长，姿态舒展，衣带临风飘举，富有韵律感，可谓 典型的中原式“秀骨清像”式飞天。天空中点缀以流云、 花朵，恰似的莲花飞天藻井
• 神态各异 威风凛凛 • 惟妙惟肖 啧啧赞叹 • 精妙绝伦 宏伟瑰丽 • 丰富多彩 漫天遨游 • 断崖绝壁 腐败无能 • 慈眉善目 强壮勇猛
郭煌莫高窟 卧佛 一尊 记录 描摹 银弦 刺绣 腐败无能 帝国主义
● 概况： 莫高窟又名“千佛洞”，位于中国西部甘肃省敦煌市东
南25公里处鸣沙山的崖壁上。这里全年日照充足、干燥少雨、 四季分明，昼夜温差较大。石窟南北长1600余米，上下共五 层，最高处达50米。现存洞窟492个，壁画45000余平方米， 彩塑2415身，飞天塑像4000余身。莫高窟规模宏大，内容丰 富，历史悠久，与山西云岗石窟、河南龙门石窟并称为中国 “三大石窟艺术宝库”。
敦煌莫高窟
莫高窟（英文名称：Mogao Caves） 于1987年12月入选《世界遗产名录》。
世界遗产委员会评价：莫高窟地处 丝绸之路的一个战略要点。它不仅是东 西方贸易的中转站，同时也是宗教、文 化和知识的交汇处。莫高窟的492个小石 窟和洞穴庙宇，以其雕像和壁画闻名于 世，展示了延续千年的佛教艺术。
井心用14个卷曲莲瓣和14朵卷云纹环绕莲心绘成一朵大莲花，在 方井的四角与中心相对应又各画出莲花的一角，莲花的外缘具有 石榴纹样，这些巧妙的组合使造形简单的莲花变得无比华丽丰富。 中心莲花的周围，在深蓝色的底色中，画出4身衣袂飘飘、手持 鲜花的飞天，她们在蓝天中轻飞漫舞，身边浮云流动
——莫高窟第320窟、盛唐的《四飞天》
——
敦煌莫高窟英语介绍
敦煌莫高窟英语介绍The Mogao Caves, also known as the Thousand Buddha Grottoes, are located at the foot of Mingsha Mountain, 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang City in Gansu Province. They are the largest and most richly endowed Buddhist art site in the world that still exists today. The construction of the Mogao Caves began during the Qin Dynasty of the Sixteen Kingdoms period and continued through the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, Western Xia, and Yuan dynasties, resulting in a massive scale with 735 caves, 45,000 square meters of murals, and 2,415 clay sculptures. It is a treasure house of grotto art.The Mogao Caves are an artistic palace that combines ancient architecture, sculpture, and painting, with its colorful murals being particularly renowned worldwide. The scale and content of Dunhuang murals are unparalleled in any religious art in the world today. Looking around the caves' walls and ceilings, one can find images of Buddha, Apsarases (heavenly dancers), musicians, and fairy maidens.The Mogao Caves are a large grotto temple that integrates painting, sculpture, and architectural art. Its main grotto types include meditation caves, central tower caves, hall caves, central Buddha altar caves, three-alcove caves with four walls, giant statue caves, and Nirvana caves. The sizes of the various caves vary greatly; the largest, Cave 16, covers an area of 268 square meters, while the smallest, Cave 37, is only a few inches high. There used to be wooden halls outside the caves connected by corridors and plank roads, but most have now disappeared.In conclusion, the Mogao Caves are a place worth visiting for their long history and profound cultural heritage. They are well-preserved and allow visitors to experience the charm of ancient civilization up close.翻译：敦煌莫高窟，又称千佛洞，位于甘肃省敦煌市东南25公里处的鸣沙山麓脚下，是世界上现存规模最大、内容最丰富的佛教艺术地。
英语演讲PPT之敦煌莫高窟
Murals
Mura。 ls
• As for reflecting social life, they can be seen everywhere. • In the murals of Dunhuang Grottoes, there are all aspects of
social life, such as weddings and funerals, life and death, clothing, food, housing and transportation. Also, even many details of life, such as brushing teeth, washing face, going to the toilet, fighting and so on, are fully reflected in the murals.
Present situation
Pre。sent situation——destraction
• Mogao Grottoes have been little known since the Yuan Dynasty, and they have been preserved for hundreds of years. However, since the discovery of the Sutra cave, it has attracted many explorers. They have obtained a large number of precious ancient books and murals at a very low price, and transported them out of China or scattered among the people. It seriously damaged the integrity of the Mogao Grottoes and Dunhuang art.
莫高窟 英文介绍(图文)
“You must come to the Mogao Grottoes once in your life.”
Let’s enjoy some of the corners
Mogao Grottoes is located in Dunhuang(敦煌) at the western end of the Hexi Corridor(河西走廊)，
2,415 painted clay sculptures（泥质彩塑）. It is the largest and richest Buddhist art site in
the world.
NO.61
NO.251
Who was the first person to build the grotto?
was the Buddha's will, so he opened the first grotto on the cliff of SanWei mountain.
Every cave in the Mogao Grottoes is also alive
we can know the social style of that time, at the same time, Buddhism seems to lay out in
Value--Influence
Historical Value: Understand the situation of ancient economic life, the buddhist thought and belief and the process of The Chineseization of Buddhism, etc.
用英文介绍敦煌莫高窟
用英文介绍敦煌莫高窟The Mogao Caves, also known as the Dunhuang Caves, are a network of Buddhist cave temples located near the oasis town of Dunhuang in Gansu Province, China. The caves are renowned for their exquisite murals and sculptures, which date back to the 4th century AD. The site is one of the most important cultural heritage sites in China and has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.The Mogao Caves were first constructed in the 4th century AD and continued to be expanded and embellished over the following centuries. The caves were created as places of worship and meditation for Buddhist monks and pilgrims, and many of the murals and sculptures depict scenes from Buddhist scriptures and teachings. The caves also served as repositories for Buddhist scriptures and artifacts, with thousands of manuscripts and paintings found within the caves.One of the most remarkable features of the Mogao Cavesis the diversity of artistic styles and influences found in the murals and sculptures. The artwork in the cavesreflects a blend of Chinese, Indian, and Central Asian artistic traditions, showcasing the cultural exchange and religious syncretism that characterized the Silk Road region during this period. The caves also contain some of the earliest known examples of Chinese landscape painting, with detailed depictions of mountains, rivers, and forests.In addition to their artistic significance, the Mogao Caves are also important for their historical and archaeological value. The caves provide valuable insights into the religious beliefs, social practices, and artistic achievements of the various cultures that inhabited the region over the centuries. The discovery of the Dunhuang Manuscripts in the early 20th century further enhanced the site's importance, shedding light on the intellectual and cultural life of medieval China.Today, the Mogao Caves are a popular tourist destination, attracting visitors from around the world who come to marvel at the beauty and historical significance ofthe site. The caves have been carefully preserved and restored, with ongoing efforts to protect the fragile murals and sculptures from damage due to environmental factors and tourism. The Mogao Caves continue to inspire awe and wonder, serving as a testament to the rich cultural heritage of China and the enduring legacy of Buddhism in the region.。
敦煌莫高窟(英文ppt介绍)资料共52页PPT
43、重复别人所说的话，只需要教育； 而要挑战别人所说的话，则需要头脑。—— 玛丽·佩蒂博恩·普尔
44、卓越的人一大优点是：在不Leabharlann 与艰 难的遭遇里百折不饶。——贝多芬
45、自己的饭量自己知道。——苏联
敦煌莫高窟(英文ppt介绍)资料
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26、我们像鹰一样，生来就是自由的 ，但是 为了生 存，我 们不得 不为自 己编织 一个笼 子，然 后把自 己关在 里面。 ——博 莱索
•
27、法律如果不讲道理，即使延续时 间再长 ，也还 是没有 制约力 的。— —爱·科 克
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28、好法律是由坏风俗创造出来的。 ——马 克罗维 乌斯
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29、在一切能够接受法律支配的人类 的状态 中，哪 里没有 法律， 那里就 没有自 由。— —洛克
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30、风俗可以造就法律，也可以废除 法律。 ——塞·约翰逊
41、学问是异常珍贵的东西，从任何源泉吸 收都不可耻。——阿卜·日·法拉兹
敦煌莫高窟及中国画英文资料
敦煌莫高窟列入《世界遗产名录》时间:1987年12月，是一处由建筑、绘画、雕塑组成的博大精深的综合艺术殿堂，是世界上现存规模最宏大、保存最完好的佛教艺术宝库，被誉为“东方艺术明珠”，为研究4～14世纪的中国古代社会提供了宝贵的资料。
（尽量口语化，演讲用）Mo Kao Grotto at Dunhuang lists in "world inheritance directory " time: Be the comprehensive arts broad and profound palace hall being composed of building , drawing , sculpture one place in December , 1987, be that in the world extant scale is the grandest , preserve the most intact Buddhism art treasure-house, be "an east art bright pearl " , be been to study 4 ~ 14 centuries Chinese ancient society has provided the precious data by the reputation. Dunhuang fresco is the composing part of Dunhuang grotto art. The grotto art of Dunhuang is great and profound. Represented by Mogao Grottoes, the grotto art of Dunhuang is rich and colorful, and exist in large quantities, including frescos, painted sculptures, scriptures, scrolls and a lot of other artistic forms. Among the artistic forms, the relics of the frescos in the Mogao Grottoes are the most attractive. In the Tang Dynasty, the Mogao Grottoes had boasted more than a thousand stone grottoes. Now, 492 grottoes have been left, together with 45000 square meters of frescos in them.The portrayed social life scenes and appearances of various people of different dynasties before the Tang Dynasty among the frescos of Dunhuang are the precious materials for researching on the clothes and customs of the people of all the ethnics in different dynasties. The frescos can be divided into Buddha statue paintings, Buddhist sutra paintings, narrative paintings, alimentation paintings, animal paintings, landscape paintings, decoration paintings and so on. The Buddha statue paintings include the portraits of various Buddha statues and Bodhisattvas while Buddhist sutra paintings, which are also called "sutra converted painting", uses the means of painting to express the contents of Buddhist sutras. The narrative paintings, however, are characterized by rich contents, vivid plots and strong traces of life, so, they are embedded with great attractiveness. Alimentation paintings are the portraits of the people who believed in Buddhism and donated funds to build grottoes, together with their relatives and servants. The beautiful natural sceneries in some of the landscape paintings are painted according to the landscapes in sutra, while some others are independent pictures that take landscapes as the main parts. There are also colorful decoration paintings, which were used to decorate the grotto buildings.Dunhuang frescos have abundant contents, varied forms and vivid time characteristics. They reflect that the craftsmen at that time had advanced painting skills and abundant imagination power. They provide a large amount of objective materials for researching on the Chinese art history.Chinese Painting and CalligraphyThough Chinese painting has much in common with western painting from an aesthetic point of view, it still possesses its unique character. Chinese traditional painting seldom follows the convention of central focus perspective or realistic portrayal, but gives the painter freedom on artistic conception, structural composition and method of expression so as to better express his subjective feelings. Chinese painting has absorbed the best of many forms of art, like poetry, calligraphy, and seal engraving. Take Mr. Qi Baishi (1863-1957), a great painter for example. Mr. Qi was a skillful poet, calligrapher and seal-cutter. Qi, a native of Hunan Province, injected his ink painting with typical Chinese farmers' tastes -- simple, pure, and humorous. All this made him an artistic giant of the 20th Century.Chinese often consider a good painting a good poem, and vice versa. Hence we often say there is painting in poetry and poetry in painting. In the past, many great artists were also great poets and the calligraphers. The inscriptions and seal on the paintings not only can help us to understand the painter's ideas and emotions, but also provide decorative beauty to the painting.Pines, bamboo and plum blossoms are 'bosom friends in winter.' The three plants are upright and show rectitude. They become favorite objects for Chinese painters. Chinese painting is a combination in the same picture of the arts of poetry, calligraphy, painting and seal engraving. They were indispensable elements, which supplement and enrich each other in contributing to the beauty of the whole picture.Chinese paintings can be divided into four categories according to its format: murals, screens, scrolls, and albums and fans. In addition, they are frequently mounted against exquisite backgrounds to enhance their aesthetic effect.In terms of technique, Chinese painting can be divided into two broad categories: paintings minutely executed in a realistic style and those that employ freehand brushwork.Classified according to subject matter, they can be divided into paintings of figures, landscapes, buildings, flowers, birds, animals, insects and fish. The brush techniques so much emphasized in Chinese painting include line and texture (cunfa), the dotting method (dianfa) and the application of color (ranfa).It is very difficult, if not impossible, to appreciate Chinese paintings without a profound knowledge about different styles characteristic of the different historical periods.During the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD), the culture flourished with the economic development. Painting was elegant in style, reflecting the general prosperity of the golden age of Chinese feudal society. The paintings of Song Dynasty (960-1279AD), however, favored abstract, implied meanings rather than direct expressions, painting skills matured considerably, and the realistic style was in fullblossom. The Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368 AD) witnessed the flourish of theexpressionist school and many painters indulged in painting solely for personal pleasure. The painters of Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) took painting as a vehicle to express their interests and feelings. They painted with a vigorous boldness, caring little for meticulous refinement. Gradually, Chinese painting became artistically 'perfect' during the Qing Dynasty.However, 'perfection' sometimes causes stagnation or even retrogression in art creation. That was why vigorous Chinese painting almost became stereotyped for a long period in the 19th century.At the beginning of the 20th century, some painters from Shanghai, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Guangzhou and Beijing started to challenge the old tradition of Chinese painting by introducing new art concepts from the West and establishing art school to train artists. The joint efforts were paid off. Most of these pioneer painters laterbecame the backbone of New China's Art after 1949. And some are still active even today.The ink painting has conducted certain reforms earlier this century, which may fall into two types. One reform was to get rid of the morbid psychology of self-admiration that some scholar painters in feudal China harbored, and establishes a healthy style. In this respect, Qi Baishi, whose name we mentioned previously, stood high above his contemporaries.Qi's favorite subjects included flowers, insects, birds, landscapes and human figures. He not only studied the skills of these forerunners such as Xu Wei, Zhu Da, Yuan Ji and Wu Changshuo but also carefully observed the objects that he sketched. Outwardly he seemed to be very casual, but the flowers and birds that blossomed and flew from his brush all possessed the kind of characteristics they should have. With fluent lines and bright colors, he created a world full of life and rhythm.The second type of reform was to accept Western art concepts and techniques and combine them with good tradition of Chinese painting. The pioneers tried to create a brand new national painting form on the basis of the existing form. One of the representatives in this boldexperiment was Xu Beihong (1895-1953), who served in his lifetime as president of the Central Fine Arts Institute and chairman of the Chinese Artists Association.Xu was most famous for his painting of horses. With a solid foundation in Chinese painting, he borrowed the best techniques from Western painting. In his paintings of human figures or animals, he was most accurate in the depiction of both spirit and form. Xu's works demonstrated not only his strong personality and creative spirit but also his patriotism, his sympathy with the working class, and his deep hatred for all evils.Good paintings require good materials. The materials used in Chinese painting are writing brushes, ink sticks and slabs, andpaper and silk, you can find all these materials in most of the souvenir shops.Chinese BoxingChinese Boxing is rooted in an ancient tradition born out of the instinct to survive in the midst of military conflict. With its origins in the famed Shaolin Temple, Chinese Boxing has endured for thousands of years and is not only the foundation for Chinese kung fu, but most martial arts that developed in the Eastern part of the world. These classical kung fu movements are part of The Calasanz System for the purpose of improving grounding and balancing skills. Chinese Boxing may be practiced as a pattern of various movements simulating a real fight for the student to achieve an aerobic workout. It may also be practiced as a fighting method.Chinese painting is a form of Chinese art.In imperial times, painting and calligraphy were the most highly appreciated arts in court circles and were produced almost exclusively by amateurs--aristocrats and scholar-officials--who alone had the leisure to perfect the technique and sensibilitynecessary for great brushwork. Calligraphy was thought to be the highest and purest form of painting. The implements were the brush pen, made of animal hair, and black inks made from pine soot and animal glue. In ancient times, writing, as well as painting, was done on silk. But after the invention of paper in the 1st century C.E., silk was gradually replaced by the new and cheaper material. Original writings by famous calligraphers have been greatly valued throughout China's history and are mounted on scrolls and hung on walls in the same way that paintings are.Painting in the traditional style involves essentially the same techniques as calligraphy and is done with a brush dipped in black or colored ink; oils are not used. As with calligraphy, the most popular materials on which paintings are made are paper and silk. The finished work is then mounted on scrolls, which can be hung or rolled up. Traditional painting also is done in albums and on walls, lacquerwork, and other media.The earliest examples of Chinese painting that we have come from the second century B.C.E. Common Western histories of Chinese painting hold that before this time period, there was no Chinese painting. But it is more likely that there are simply no survivingpieces from before this time period. Artistic mediums such as painting, sculpture, pottery, etc. tend to show similar trends in certain time periods. This means that by looking at archaeological finds from before the 2nd century B.C.E. (eg. observing the development of lacquer design on pottery), we can infer that Chinese paintings followed the same trends as the examples we do have from other mediums.Beginning in the Tang dynasty (618-907 C.E.), the primary subject matter of painting was the landscape, known as shanshui (mountain-water) painting. In these landscapes, usually monochromatic and sparse, the purpose was not to reproduce exactly the appearance of nature but rather to grasp an emotion or atmosphere so as to catch the "rhythm" of nature. In Song dynasty (960-1279) times, landscapes of more subtle expression appeared; immeasurable distances were conveyed through the use of blurred outlines, mountain contours disappearing into the mist, and impressionistic treatment of natural phenomena. Emphasis was placed on the spiritual qualities of the painting and on the ability of the artist to reveal the inner harmony of man and nature, as perceived according to Taoist and Buddhist concepts.Beginning in the 13th century, there developed a tradition of painting simple subjects--a branch with fruit, a few flowers, or one or two horses. Narrative painting, with a wider color range and a much busier composition than the Song painting, was immensely popular at the time of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644).During the Ming period, the first books illustrated with colored woodcuts appeared. As the techniques of color printing were perfected, illustrated manuals on the art of painting began to be published. Jieziyuan Huazhuan (Manual of the Mustard Seed Garden), a five-volume work first published in 1679, has been in use as a technical textbook for artists and students ever since.Beginning with the New Culture Movement, Chinese artists started to adopt Western techniques. It also was during this time that oil painting was introduced to China.In the early years of the People's Republic of China, artists were encouraged to employ socialist realism. Some Soviet Union socialist realism was imported without modification, and painters were assigned subjects and expected to mass-produce paintings. This regimen was considerably relaxed in 1953, and after theHundred Flowers Campaign of 1956-57, traditional Chinese painting experienced a significant revival. Along with these developments in professional art circles, there was a proliferation of peasant art depicting everyday life in the rural areas on wall murals and in open-air painting exhibitions.During the Cultural Revolution, art schools were closed, and publication of art journals and major art exhibitions ceased. Nevertheless, amateur art continued to flourish throughout this period.Following the Cultural Revolution, art schools and professional organizations were reinstated. Exchanges were set up with groups of foreign artists, and Chinese artists began to experiment with new subjects and techniques.。