Three main social problems in China
雅思写作范文100篇
雅思作文范文大全（含小作文）v105some people claim that the disadvantages of the car are more than the advantages,do yo u agree or disagree?范文1the birth of cars have made an enormous change to our life.in the past,we travel from on e place to another only by foot,nowaday,cars can do it .its goes withour saying that the in vention of cars bring great benefit to all of us.but as proverb goes:no garden without wee ds.car is not exception.owing a car has a lot of advantages.for one thing,car provide us the most convient way o f transportation.we can get around freely without spenting a lot of time.emotionally,i alway s found driving is so exciting.for another,its the comfortable to drive a car.In winter.driver s always can stay warm and dry even in rainy whether,in addition,drivers are usually saf e in their cars when they are out at night.Cars bring the human merits,their side-effects graudually come to the surface.firstly,to ru n a car need a lot of oil,which is getting less and less.the increasing number of cars contri bute the lacking of energy.secondlly,as more and more cars are used,the traffic ecpeciall y in big cities is getting heaver and heavier,which lead to the serious social problem--traffi c jam.in addition,the inceasing numbers of cars ,which excaust sent a huge quantities o f carbon monoxide into atmosphere.it make the air of cities unbreathabe,it strip people co ntact with frensh air.therefore,the new energy should be explored to replace the oil so that our envionmental p ollution can be avioded .and the strick law should be issued to keep the numbers of car s under control.thus,our heavier traffic can be solluted!范文2Private cars vs Public trafficAs traffic problems become more and more serious in many cities of developed and deve loping countries, their governments have to try hard and loads of money and energy hav e been spent to deal with them.Firstly, it is not efficient for the commuters to use their private cars to and back from thei r workplaces. Occasionally we can see they have to sit on the wheels wasting time and fu el in a heavy traffic jam. At the same time, through burning the fossil fuels, green house g as CO2, CO1, acid rain gas SO2, fumes and dusts are being released into the atmosphere, all of which heavily overload the environment. Thirdly, with the increase of private car s, the road traffic accidents are also rise dramatically. For example, in a city with 5000 ca rs, there will be at least 250 accidents happening everyday, which also burden the publi c healthy services.On the contrary, expected public traffic may be an ideal solution to these problems. For e xample city buses and railways are widely used or being constructed by many cities. Peo ple can take buses easily, which can be found every 10 minutes or less in the peak tim e. Actually, Nottingham Transport Company is building its own light railway in the city, wh ich is announced by the speak man of the company, “It will be completed in the next yea r, the tickets will be very competitive and at the same time the travel will be very safe an d comfortable.”On the other hand, public traffic had its own disadvantages. Usually it cannot provide doo r-to-door service. It is inconvenient to go shopping by public vehicles. Sometimes you mu st wait a long time for the train. And quite a lot of people prefer to enjoy driving.In conclusion, developing the public traffic is a useful approach to deal with these difficulti es. One possible way, if not the best, is to taxi private cars heavily and use these revenu es to provide citizens cheaper public traffic services.范文3With the development of science and technology, the cars have already become the imp ortant component in our daily life gradually. Cars make our life convenient and swift. How ever, too many cars have caused very serious social problems. Some people claim that t he disadvantages of car are more than the advantages. I doubt whether the argument ca n bear much analysis.Since one century [ago], the auto industry has [been] developed at full speed worldwid e, and has brought the enormous progresses to our life. For example, the car is the mos t convenient tool of transportation. We can [be] on and off duty by car every day, we ca n go to travel by car on the vacation, we can utilize the cars to deal with some emergenc y too. The car [is] playing an important role in our daily life. They make our rhythm of life f aster and faster, make our business become more and more efficient.On the other hand, the development of the automobile has brought a lot of infant industr y to people, Give people countless employment opportunities too. Such as, manufacturin g industry, repairing industry and maintaining industry. We are enjoying the convenienc e that the cars bring to us; at the same time we can utilize the auto industry to support ou rselves.However, we can not ignore that too many cars cause enormous social problem s, for example, traffic jam, air pollution, traffic accident, to which we have to find a solutio n.In a word, the cars have brought enormous change to our life; the advantages are far mo re than the disadvantages. We should recognize the merit of the cars, and do our best t o solve the problems. If so, our life will be brighter.Version 00106范文1Nowhere in the world has the issue of tobacco been so much debated as inour society. Nowadays, tobacco is more harmful than drug to people’shealth, therefore many people think that smoking is legal that is a direct andprimary reason to induce this kind of problem. The above point is certainlytrue; this essay will outline three reasons.The main reason is that tobacco is a silent killer to smokers. Tobacco isknown to be the probable cause of some 25 different diseases, and for some,such as lung cancer, bronchitis and emphysema, it is the main cause.According to a WHO report four million people die yearly from tobacco-related diseases, that is one death every eight seconds. Tobacco is significantlybecoming a greater cause of death and disability than any other single cause.Another reason is that more and more young people are under 18 years old who smoke c igarette have been blinded by the deceit of tobacconists. Tobacco among adolescents re mains stubbornly persistent. Smoking among adolescents rose in the 1990s in several de veloped countries， such as China,Vietnam and Thailand . While new markets are being o pened by the tobacco industry actions, old markets have not been closed. Tobacco is a g lobal threat.Last but not the least reason is the increase in cigarette smuggling. Becauseof tobacco smuggling, the legal retailing and distribution systems are badlyaffected, and faced with increased lawlessness and heavy tax losses. This behavior severely affects the economy.In conclusion, the tobacco should be considered illegal. Perhaps a pack ofcigarettes is less harmful than another drug, but tobacco is actually thebiggest killer of all the drugs.=================================================范文2Advertisements of tobacco and those of “smoking is harmful”are often seentogether. But there has been an on-going argument about whether or nottobacco should be forbidden and made illegal. I have always believed thatsmoking should be illegal for the following reasons.First, smoking does great harm to human health and causes many diseases.It is reported that more than 70% of lung cancer sufferers are smokers, andthe average life-span of smokers is seven years less than that of non-smokers. Moreover, it hurts not only smokers, but also the ones around thesmokers. Many researchers claim that breathing “second-hand smoke” maybe even more harmful than smoking.Second, many social problems and disasters can be attributed to smoking.For instance, many wives cannot bear their husbands’ smoking all the time,which causes many quarrels, or even divorces. Furthermore, the biggest firedisaster in China, the Daxinganling fire disaster, was caused by a burningcigarette end, and the cost of the resulting loss was unimaginable.Last, smoking tobaccos is a main source of air pollution.A magazine said thatfor every cigarette smoked each day,a whole tree is needed to clean the air.In other words, smoking one less cigar every day equals planting a tree. Itis a brilliant contribution to the earth we are living on.In a word, all the above demonstrate that smoking harms yourselves as wellas your neighbors, pollutes the air we ourselves are breathing, and evenagitates the social peace. So, in my opinion, tobacco should be strictlyforbidden, and smoking should be made illegal.范文3there has long been controversy over the legality and apparent acceptance of tobacco i n society .some hold that cigarettes and other tobacco containing products should be ban ned, that is, treated as narcotics.personally,i agree with this point of view for the followin g reasons:although cigarettes do not offer as intense an effect as drugs like heroin and cocaine,the y rank higher in the level of dependence it creates in the user.thousands of smokers try t o rid themselves of cigarettes but cannot,because of the physiological dependence they developed,chiefly imputable to its chemical nicotine.this explains why smokers continu e their habit despite the numerous health warnings. furthermore,medical science has no w proved beyond a doubt that smoking kills.with all the other causes of preventable death s such as alcohol,illegal drugs,aids,suicide,road accidents,fire,and guns,cigarettes still ac count for more preventable deaths than all of those combined.more disturbingly,whilst the use of heroin is dangerous solely to the users,the use of toba cco endangers those who are in their vicinity as well. this phenomenon, known as passiv e smoking, nulls the counter-argument that putting one's own health at risk through smoki ng should be up to one's own individual choice.reports have shown that the amount of se cond-hand smoke inhaled by a typical nonsmoker is equivalent to one cigarette smoked per day,and what is more,passive smoking can increase a nonsmoker's chance of getti ng cancer by ten to thirty two per cent.there are those who will say that the black market created by outlawing tobacco will prod uce deadlier cigarettes because the product standards of the bootleggers are not as high. however,we should all bear in mind that legal cigarettes cause roughly four hundred thou sand deaths a year.it is hard to imagine the limited distribution provided by the criminal u nderworld could compete with this tragic figure.to sum up, the harm visited upon our society by tobacco usage is substantial.there will b e no solution other than to control tobacco much in the same way that the government no w controls drugs which could allow people to remain attentive to the seriousness of the ef fects of these substances,and hopefully to prohibit their usage.范文4Apparently, it would seem that tobacco is totally different substance from drugs, and it ca n be used freedom by public. In fact, however, our authority should make tobacco illega l as well as drugs, and using of tobacco should be controlled strictly.Tobacco only can be used for research and medical purpose. As far as I am concerne d, as a kind of dope, tobacco has been widely used to help patients alleviate their pain i n surgery. At the same time, ordinary people should not be allowed to access it legally fo r two main reasons.Among countless factors which influence my inclination, there is a most conspicuous on e: it is harmful that smokers addict to tobacco. Many decades ago, scientists have alread y found that there is a definite link between smoking and bronchial troubles, cardiac disea se and lung cancer. More seriously, it not only has negative influence for smokers, but ot hers living or working in same surrounding, even the next generation of a smoking pregn ant women may be harmed by so-called “second hand smoking”. Research shows that s ometimes “second hand smoking” is more dangerous than smoking directly, because, at l east smokers can get the protection from filter tips to some extent. Thus, compared to th e hazard of drugs, tobacco can involve more other innocent people and harm their healt h unknowingly.The second aspect relates to the problem that our natural resources and money are wast ed senselessly during the course of planting, transporting and manufacturing tobacco. In l ight of a statistics, China consumes nearly 1,000 tons of wood fibers to produce cigarette s annually. Besides, the investment absorbed by tobacco manufacturers every year, is en ough to solve all financial troubles that higher education have to face. Obviously, if tobac co is banned by our governments, it means that considerable money will be saved.In summary, judging from all the evidence offered, we may safely arrive at the conclusio n that tobacco should be forbidden as well as drugs except for a few special purposes, su ch as research and medicine.补充With the development of society, our life and working pressure are greater and greater. I n this way, a lot of people have become smokers. Tobacco, as a kind of drugs, prevails i n the society. Some people hold the opinion that tobacco should be given freedom be us e, but others, in contrast, deem it should be made illegal as the same way as other drug s and that is also my point.Medical science proves that smoking can cause the heart diseases, lung cancer, and th e immune system diseases. These diseases are all mankind's healthy enemies. The stati stics have showed that people who die of the lung cancer, over 90% are smokers. In thes e smokers, 85% are chain smoker. So, obviously, there is enormous danger to the huma n health in smoking.In addition, smoking not only dangerous to smoker, but also do harm to people at smoker 's side. The tobacco contains a large number of noxious substances, such as nicotine. Ju st as a famous physician says, smoking is equivalent to commit suicide chronically.However, the cigarette can really relax our nervous nerve, within short time. People, espe cially, who have heavy working pressure, are prone to produce sense of relying on to cig arette. Moreover, as everyone knows, a lot of countries impose the heavy taxation to tob acco manufacturer and seller, thus, if the tobacco business is considered as the illegal ac tivities, the revenues of the country will be reduced correspondingly.In a word, the danger to people of cigarette is obvious. Though it can help us flee away fr om pressure, this to use health as cost. Our government should forbid the production of t he tobacco, make our world fresh and nonpoisonous.With the development of society, our life and working pressure are [getting] greater and g reater.In this way, a lot of people have become smokers. Tobacco, as a kind of drugs, prevails i n the society. Some people hold the opinion that tobacco should be given freedom [to] b e [used, but others, in contrast, deem [that] it should be made [as] illegal as the same wa y as other drugs and that is also my point.Medical science proves that smoking can cause the heart diseases, lung cancer, and th e immune system diseases. [all of these diseases are enemies of mankind's healthy] . Th e statistics have showed that people who die of the lung cancer, over 90%, are smoker s. [Among] these smokers, 85% are chain smokers. So, obviously, there is enormous da nger to the human health in smoking.In addition, smoking not only dangerous to smokers, but also [does] harm to people at s moker's side. The tobacco contains a large number of noxious substances, such as nicoti ne. Just as a famous physician says, smoking is equivalent to commit suicide chronicall y.However, the cigarette can really relax our nervous nerve, within short time. People, espe cially, who have heavy working pressure, are prone to produce sense of relying on to cig arette. Moreover, as everyone knows, a lot of countries impose the heavy taxation to tob acco manufacturer and seller, thus, if the tobacco business is considered as the illegal ac tivities, the revenues of the country will be reduced correspondingly.To sum up, the danger to people of cigarette is obvious. Though it can help us flee awa y from pressure, this to use health as cost. Our government should forbid the production of the tobacco, make our world fresh and nonpoisonous.Although it is a freedom to use tobacco{烟草} while some people think it should be mad e illegal as the same way as other drugs. To what extent do you agree or disagree？ Wh at’s your opinion?A:Tobacco should be made illegal, I agree with this idea personally. I hope most drugs ca n be made illegal, because, as far as I know, they are bad to our health. However, curren tly most countries still keep it free to use tobacco, and this situation seems to be very har d to change in a short time.From my own experience, using tobacco is not a good thing, especially using is for a lon g time. It will lead to many kinds of diseases, more importantly, many of them are fatal e. One of my friends died from using too much tobacco, and it is believed there are man y more people like this. The other thing that I am concerned of is, if a country doesn’t ma ke using tobacco illegal, many young people will have a chance to use it, i.e. students. It i s very dangerous, because if someone gets addicted to this when he is very young, he wi ll then almost surely have a big health problem when he is old.I am happy to see that, although it is free to use tobacco in many countries, most of thos e countries still somehow try not to encourage people using it. For example, tobacco adv ertisement is banned in many countries, and for many countries, smoking is banned in pu blic places. Overall, most countries are trying to stop the use of tobacco, though it will tak e sometime. In my opinion, it is essential to limit the use of tobacco, and I hope everyon e doesn’t use.Version 00108Some people said the government shouldn't put money on building theatersand sports stadiums; they should spend more money on medical care and education. Agree or not agree?=================================================范文1Nowadays, the gap between the city and the countryside becomes more and more over t, which arouses colossal concerns. To understand the solution, let’s take a closer look a t the causes of the gap at first.The main reason of the gap is the unequal investment between city and rural area. Chin a is a typical example. While more and more money is being invested to the coastal area s and big cities, such as Beijing and Shanghai, the lack of investment barriers greatly th e society development of rural area and western regionsThe low education level partly sharps the gap. There is no doubt that the prime force of p roductivity is education. However, because of poverty, thousands of people go to work wi thout graduating from primary school. The poorer, the few children go to school. This ba d cycle finally leads to the dream of rich becoming a dream that is hard to realize.Moreover, the rural area is short of people with high quality. A survey proved that most o f university students, whether they come from city or countryside, choose big cities instea d of poor areas to work. The rural area can neither adept talent man nor attract talent ma n. No wonder the gap is increasing largely.Hence, The government ought to knock itself out to decrease the gap as soon as possibl e. First, balance the investment between city and rural area. In addition, the education lev el should be improved, especially pay attention on raising high quality people. Besides, le t more people realize the latent capacity of rural area in order to attract talent and invest ment. The set up of CCTV channel12-western region channel is a good example.Only when the ways mentioned above are realized step by step, can the gap between th e cities and the countryside be bridged.范文2Nowadays, many people argue against the government putting money onbuilding theaters and sports stadiums. They have claimed that medical careand education would benefit the citizens and the country much more.However, I believe it is worth building more theaters and arenas.First, stadiums and arenas provide ideal places for people to have physicalexercises and entertainment. After a whole week’s hardworking, people canenjoy a wonderful football game in the weekend, and refresh themselveswith a good relaxation there. Moreover, the physical exercises are good forpeople’s health, which will ease the pressure of medical care.Second, theaters and museums can be used as base areas of culture and history education. The British Museum, which is the largest one in the world,provides visitors with knowledge about the world culture and the arts. Thevisitors to the museum are all overwhelmed by the magnificence of thecultural and historical displays featuring mankind’s achievements. In addition, the performances shown in the theaters will also greatly enrich the lives of citizens. People can enjoy ballet, symphony, and Peking Opera in a theater,which contain the soul of Chinese and western cultures.Third, running theaters and stadiums can earn much money.And this amountof money can do great contribution in other fields, including medical care,and education. After winning the Olympic 2008,Beijing made a plan to spend160 billion RMB building an Olympic Village. This will surely attract manysports fans to China, which would be much rewarded, not only in economybut the whole society.You can tell form my commentary above,since building theaters and stadiumsbenefit not only individuals but also the state, it is very worthy of theseexpenses.And the government should speed up the pace of the constructions.范文3An argument often heard these days is that whether or not the government should put m oney on building theaters and stadiums. Some believe that instead of spending money o n this area, Medical care and education, both of which are basic developing factors of one country should be spent more money on. After weighting the pros and cons, I disagre e with this opinion.Firstly, theaters and stadiums are best choice for people relaxing. Most of workers, espec ially white collar who often feel nervous after one day’s hard work, need to relax both me ntally and physically. Compared with staying at home, it is much better way to stay in co mfortable theater and listen to a wonderful concert.In addition, going to theaters and stadiums affect the same effect as education and medi cal care. Having more chances to go to theaters can help them mold character. There is no better way to keep healthy than doing proper sports in the daily. In this way, the cult ure and health will be improved greatly, which plays the same role of education and medi cal care.Moreover, theaters and stadiums are basis essential facilities to a developed city. Take h olding an Olympic games as an example, it is no doubt it will take millions of money to bu ild stadiums. Why the winner country is proud of that. Because this is a confirmation give n by whole world.Of course I don’t mean that the more theaters and stadiums, the better society will be, aft er all, nothing can take the important place of medical care and education.In summary, the key point is to keep both of this two part developing. Only in this way, ca n all people live better in future.V108Some people said the government shouldn't put money on building theaters and sports st adiums; they should spend more money on medical care and education. Agree or not agr ee?Recently, a criticism often heard is that the government tends to put too much money on building theaters and sports stadiums. They maintain that medical care and education would benefit the citizens and the country much more. However, I advocate building mo re theaters and arenas. Numerous circumstances lead to the worth of building theaters a nd arenas, but here are two main reasons:What strikes me most of all is that theaters and sports stadiums provide ideal places for p eople to build up a world of relaxation. After five days of hardworking, people can refres h themselves by taking physical exercises and enjoining a football game there. Meanwhil e, exercises is to health what water is to fish. The physical exercises can benefit people’s health, which will surely ease the pressure of medical care. Moreover, it provides peopl e a good opportunity to enter into communion with each other, which will benefit people’s mental health.Beyond this, it is also of paramount importance to use theaters and museums as the “soc ial classroom” of culture and history education. The Sydney Opera House, which is the m other and father of all modern landmark buildings, has come to define not only a city, bu t also an entire nation and continent. The opera house shows the concept of modernism and the never properly finished inside provides visitors with a story of its creator Jorn U tzon. In addition, the performances which contain the soul of human civilization shown i n the theaters will also greatly enrich the lives of people from all over the world.Certainly, medical care and education both play dominant roles, but building theaters an d sports stadiums will benefit not only the individual both mentally and physically, but a n ation and continent permanentlyV108Some people said the government shouldn't put money on building theaters and sports st adiums; they should spend more money on medical care and education. Agree or not agr ee?Recently, a criticism often heard is that the government tends to put too much money on building theaters and sports stadiums. They maintain that medical care and education would benefit the citizens and the country much more. However, I advocate building mo re theaters and arenas. Numerous circumstances lead to the worth of building theaters a nd arenas, but here are two main reasons:What strikes me most of all is that theaters and sports stadiums provide ideal places for p eople to build up a world of relaxation. After five days of hardworking, people can refres h themselves by taking physical exercises and enjoining a football game there. Meanwhil e, exercises is to health what water is to fish. The physical exercises can benefit people’s health, which will surely ease the pressure of medical care. Moreover, it provides peopl e a good opportunity to enter into communion with each other, which will benefit people’s mental health.Beyond this, it is also of paramount importance to use theaters and museums as the “soc ial classroom” of culture and history education. The Sydney Opera House, which is the m other and father of all modern landmark buildings, has come to define not only a city, bu t also an entire nation and continent. The opera house shows the concept of modernism and the never properly finished inside provides visitors with a story of its creator Jorn U tzon. In addition, the performances which contain the soul of human civilization shown i n the theaters will also greatly enrich the lives of people from all over the world.Certainly, medical care and education both play dominant roles, but building theaters an d sports stadiums will benefit not only the individual both mentally and physically, but a n ation and continent permanentlyV108Some people said the government shouldn't put money on building theatres and sports st adiums, they should spend more money on medical care and education. Agree or not agr ee?Government, as the controller of the macroeconomy, usually put large amount of money on building theatres and sports stadiums to stimulate the consumption. Especially whe n globle economy is in recession, stimulation is one of the methods for government to cat ch the economy’s fall. However, to my opinion, government should spend more money o n medical care and education.。
我国社会主要矛盾英译
我国社会主要矛盾英译The Main Contradiction in Chinese SocietyIn Chinese society, the main contradiction refers to the primary conflict that exists between the people's increasing material and cultural needs and the inadequate development of the country's productive forces. This contradiction reflects the fact that while the Chinese people's living standards have significantly improved over the years, there are still many challenges and disparities that need to be addressed.One of the key aspects of this contradiction is the gap between urban and rural areas. Urbanization has brought about rapid economic growth and modernization in cities, leading to improved living standards for urban residents. However, in rural areas, there is a lack of infrastructure, limited access to education and healthcare, and a lower standard of living. This disparity has resulted in a significant urban-rural wealth gap and a constant flow of rural migrants seeking better opportunities in cities.Another aspect of this contradiction is the unequal distribution of wealth and resources. While China has achieved remarkable economic growth, there is still a significant wealth disparity between different social groups. The rich-poor gap has widened, and manypeople struggle to meet their basic needs. This has led to social tensions and discontent among the less privileged, as they feel marginalized and excluded from the benefits of economic development.Furthermore, the contradiction between economic development and environmental protection is another pressing issue. China's rapid industrialization has resulted in severe pollution and ecological degradation. The pursuit of economic growth has often come at the expense of environmental sustainability, leading to air and water pollution, deforestation, and habitat destruction. This has not only affected people's quality of life but also poses significant challenges for future generations.In addition, there is a contradiction between traditional values and modernization. China's rapid modernization has brought significant social and cultural changes. While many embrace these changes, others feel a sense of loss and disorientation as traditional values and customs are gradually eroded. The clash between traditional and modern values often leads to generational conflicts and societal tensions.To address these contradictions, the Chinese government has implemented various policies and initiatives. Efforts have been madeto bridge the urban-rural divide by promoting rural development and improving social welfare in rural areas. Measures have also been taken to reduce income inequality and alleviate poverty. Additionally, the government has implemented stricter environmental regulations and promoted sustainable development practices.However, addressing these contradictions requires continuous efforts and a comprehensive approach. It is crucial to prioritize inclusive development, promote social justice, and protect the environment. By addressing the main contradiction in Chinese society, the country can strive for harmonious and sustainable development, ensuring a better future for all its citizens.。
英语作文social problems
英语作文social problemsHere is an essay on the topic of "Social Problems" with more than 1,000 words, written in English without any additional titles or unnecessary punctuation marks.Social problems are complex issues that affect a significant number of people within a society. These problems can have far-reaching consequences and can be challenging to address effectively. One of the most pressing social problems today is the issue of inequality. Inequality can manifest in various forms, such as economic inequality, social inequality, and political inequality. Economic inequality refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, income, and resources within a society. This can lead to a widening gap between the rich and the poor, with the wealthy accumulating more resources and the poor struggling to meet their basic needs. Social inequality, on the other hand, refers to the unequal access to social opportunities and resources, such as education, healthcare, and social mobility. This can result in a lack of social cohesion and a sense of marginalization among certain groups within society. Political inequality is the unequal distribution of power and influence in the political process, which can lead to the disenfranchisement of certain groups and the concentration of power in the hands of a few.Another significant social problem is the issue of discrimination. Discrimination can take many forms, such as racial discrimination, gender discrimination, and discrimination based on sexual orientation, religion, or disability. Discrimination can have a profound impact on individuals and communities, leading to social exclusion, limited access to opportunities, and a sense of marginalization. Racial discrimination, for example, can manifest in the form of racial profiling, employment discrimination, and unequal access to housing and education. Gender discrimination can lead to the perpetuation of gender-based stereotypes, pay gaps, and limited opportunities for women in the workplace and in leadership roles.The issue of climate change and environmental degradation is also a pressing social problem. Climate change can have far-reaching consequences, such as rising sea levels, more frequent and severe natural disasters, and the displacement of populations. Environmental degradation, such as pollution, deforestation, and the depletion of natural resources, can also have a significant impact on human health and well-being. These issues disproportionately affect marginalized communities, who often have limited resources and access to support systems.Another social problem that has gained significant attention in recent years is the issue of mental health. Mental health issues, suchas depression, anxiety, and substance abuse, can have a profound impact on individuals, families, and communities. These issues can be exacerbated by social factors, such as poverty, discrimination, and social isolation. Stigma and lack of access to mental health resources can also be significant barriers to addressing these issues.The issue of education inequality is another social problem that has far-reaching consequences. Access to quality education is a fundamental human right, yet many individuals and communities around the world face significant barriers to accessing high-quality educational opportunities. This can lead to a perpetuation of social and economic inequalities, as individuals with limited access to education may have fewer opportunities for social mobility and economic advancement.Finally, the issue of healthcare inequality is a significant social problem that affects millions of people around the world. Access to affordable, high-quality healthcare is a basic human need, yet many individuals and communities face significant barriers to accessing healthcare services. This can lead to poorer health outcomes, increased mortality rates, and a widening of health disparities between different socioeconomic and demographic groups.In conclusion, social problems are complex and multifaceted issues that require a comprehensive and collaborative approach to address.Addressing these issues will require a combination of policy reforms, community-based initiatives, and individual action. It is essential that we work together to create a more just, equitable, and sustainable society for all.。
汉译英单句翻译
汉译英单句翻译1.根据它的叫声特点，人们把蝉又称作知了Another name for the cicada is Zhiliao, or know all, for that’s how sounds to the Chinese.2.纪晓岚是乾隆的宠臣，曾三次任礼部尚书Jixiaolan enjoyed great favor in Emperor Qianlong’s court and was times the Ministry of Rites.3.中国人又在正月十五晚上吃元宵，赏花灯的习俗。
The Chinese have the custom of eating yuanxiao sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour and watching festive lanterns on the fifteenth evening of the first lunar month.4.他的不合作态度是这个项目进展十分缓慢。
The project is making slow progress because of his uncooperativeness.5.你们谁想参加春游就在星期五之前报名并交费。
Whoever wants to join the spring out ing should sign up and pay the expenses before Friday.6.我觉得这个店里的衣服即使打折也还是太贵。
I think the clothes in the shop are still too expensive even if we could get a 40 percent discount.7.就目前情况看，工程造价将会超出预算百分之三十。
8.万一你想取消这次旅行，请至少提前一个月书面通知我们If you should want to cancel the trip, please notify us in writing at least one month in advance.9.想让他答应如此要求恐怕不大可能I’mafraid it is unlikely for him to agree to such a request10.在董事会年会上，他请大家注意一个被普遍忽视的问题At the annual meet ing of the board of directors, he called everyone’s attention to a commonly ignored problem.11.听到这个消息，她心里一沉，但还是勉强挤出一点微笑。
Social peoblems in China
Social Problems in ChinaThere are three severe and obvious social problems in the rising China.First of all, most people have the idea that profits can beyond everything. It is obviously dangerous idea. In Das Kapital，Karl Heinrich Marx said the capitalists’actions and motivations would be influenced by profits. When there comes 20% profit, they become active; when profit comes to 50%, they are willing to change something in danger; when it comes to 100%, they dare breaking the law; when it comes to 300%, they can ignore any principles in the world. As the country rising, our people are heading toward the capitalists who are described like evils in Das Kapital. During 2014, when the new leader comes to power, thousands of corrupt officials are arrested. Thoseare who act typically like the evil capitalists. They gain powers and chances to accumulate wealth by all means and become so greedy that they ignore everything that stop them from gaining wealth, such as morality, principles and law. The most horrible situation our society facing is that many teenagers with poor family conditions consider becoming such an evil as their bright road to becoming successful. The twisted concept that profits can beyond everything is now greatly endangering Chinese and probably infects the next generation.The second one is food safety. All the Chinese have the agreementthat a large amount of food we eat is unsafe and we can do everything except stop eating, which means every time we eat we are actually gambling. Why the food safety problem so severe? On one hand, we all know that the producing unqualified food cost less so it will bring the producers more profits. These producers, whose principle and morality was completely ruined, put those unqualified foodinto market ignoring the customers’ safety. On another hand, government’s careless supervisions also “encourage” the cruel producers. Government should strengthen their supervision and put those manufacturers in prison determinedly.The third one is the scaring housing price. Alike the food safety problem, the housing price problem is common and concerning most of the Chinese. It is called a reflection of Matthew Effect, which can be easily explained as people who own more is capable of gaining more while the poor people is probably poorer and poorer. In China, most people own more than one house, one for living in and the other for profits. As a result, the housing price will be pushed higher and higher. So those housing owners are encouraged to continue this business and a vicious circle is created. People living in underclass badly suffer from this phenomenon. For them the scaring housing price is too high to afford. They work hard every day for the dream of owning a house, which is actually impossible to be achieved. Their life is a kind of gamble, waitingfor someday a miracle would come up and give them a great fortune. These people are indispensable and deserve settlements or even a hope. We need to give them a chance, motivating them to continuing fighting at their position.。
最主要的社会问题英语作文
最主要的社会问题英语作文In today's world, a myriad of social issues clamor for our attention. However, some issues stand out for their urgency and the profound impact they have on society. This essay will delve into what I consider to be the most pressing social issues of our time: climate change, income inequality, and access to quality education.Climate ChangeClimate change is a global crisis that affects every cornerof the Earth. The increasing global temperatures, melting ice caps, and erratic weather patterns are not just environmental concerns but also social ones. They disproportionately affect the poor and vulnerable populations, leading to food scarcity, displacement, and increased health risks. The social cost of inaction is immense, as it threatens the very fabric of our global community.Income InequalityThe gap between the rich and the poor continues to widen, creating a divide that is not just economic but also social. Income inequality breeds resentment, reduces social mobility, and can lead to political instability. It is a complex issue with roots in economic policies, educational disparities, and systemic biases that perpetuate cycles of poverty.Access to Quality EducationEducation is often seen as the great equalizer, offering individuals the opportunity to rise above their circumstances. However, access to quality education remains a challenge in many parts of the world. The lack of educational resourcesand opportunities perpetuates cycles of poverty and limitsthe potential of millions. Investing in education is not just about improving individual lives but also about empowering communities and fostering social and economic growth.In conclusion, while there are numerous social issues that demand our attention, climate change, income inequality, and access to quality education are among the most critical. Addressing these issues requires a collective effort from governments, communities, and individuals alike. It isthrough understanding the interconnectedness of theseproblems and working towards holistic solutions that we can hope to create a more equitable and sustainable future forall.。
新编大学英语3--第三单元课后练习答案---第三版
Unit 3 Social ProblemsIn-class Reading Passage课内阅读练习答案Part One Preparation1. Describing the PicturesPicture A：A couple is dining at a restaurant. Both of them are smoking. But they call and complain to the waiter, saying that those sitting at the other tables are coughing too much andthat bothers them. However, they have not realized that actually it is their smokingthat has caused those people to cough. I have seen many people who behave like thiscouple. They never take other people’s interest into consideration. They are selfish andalways ready to find fault with others. They never see their own wrong doings butalways make a false counter-charge. They are despised by most other people. Picture B: In this picture I see a strange beggar. While most beggars beg for food or drinks, this guy begs for money in order to buy wines. He wants to try all the 596,704 winesexisting in this world. He said he already tasted 38,279 wines out of that number.Suppose he tries one kind of wine one day, it would have taken him more than 100years to come so far. He is really an ambitious man. However, if he has the ambitionto try all the existing wines, he should work hard and make money himself instead ofbegging for other people’s money to enjoy what life can offer. There are some peoplelike this beggar these days. They want to enjoy life, but not based on their own hardwork or effort. They want a free lunch and many of them live on borrowed money. Idon’t think this is a good attitude towards life. Everyone should work hard to make agood living.Picture C: I see a court with a judge, a defendant and probably a lawyer in the picture. What is strange about this picture is that I find a tip pot, which is usually placed in a restaurantfor waiters or waitress. They get tips for their excellent services to their customers.Waiters or waitresses who get generous tips will provide even better service tocustomers. However, a court is a place for people to seek justice and fairness. Itpunishes the guilty and releases the innocent. If judges start to take tips, I doubt thatthere will be any more justice. People will no longer be treated equally and truth willnot be valued. Judgment will not be made based on facts, but on how big the tip is.What an evil place!Picture D: In this picture I see two men behind bars. One is telling his fellow prisoner that he did not commit the crimes that he had been accused of committing. His mistake was thathe stole the identity of a guy who had committed those crimes. The police took himfor that guy and put him in jail. They actually got the wrong person. And he wasinnocent. Was he really innocent? I don’t think so. He was a thief, and he was notinnocent at all. However, he received a heavier punishment than he deserved. So thatwas an irony. The guy stole another person’s identity and in a sense he inherited hiscrimes as well. So never take other people’s stuff, whatever it is. No one can escapepunishment.2. Interview time—the most intolerable behavior(s) in public places--I have interviewed 5 classmates, two girls and three boys. I asked each of them to list three intolerable behaviors in public places. Three of them said speaking loudly in the library was the most intolerable behavior. Library is a quiet place for students to read and do their homework. If someone speaks loudly, most of them feel interrupted and disturbed. It is hard for them to concentrate on their studies any longer. Other intolerable behaviors include knocks at a dormitory door at midnight asking about homework due the next day, someone not taking bath for a long time, letting pets pee everywhere, smoking, wearing clothes that cover very little of the body, being late for classes, banging doors, and making big noises while eating.--I asked 6 students what they thought were the most intolerable behaviors in public places. It seems that public display of love (kissing in public places and video talk with boyfriends in dorm) ranks the first. It makes those who have no boyfriend or girlfriend feel pathetic about themselves and it also makes roommates unable to concentrate on studies. Other intolerable behaviors are playing computer games in the dormitory, riding bicycles in the wrong direction, spitting, taking off one’s shoes, picking flowers from a park, shaking legs, pretending to understand others, leaving dirty clothes in the bathroom for days, doing morning exercises before 6 o’clock, jumping the queue, and letting young children pee or poo on street3. Conference on Social ProblemsChinese delegate: I think the biggest social problem in China is its large population. Many other problems arise from this, such as high housing price and the decline of natural resources. These days, food safety seems to be the biggest concern of ordinary people. Some food producers who look for big profits are using unnecessary chemicals in food production to improve the appearance and taste while reducing the cost of their products. These chemicals may be poisonous or even fatal to their consumers. At the same time, the environment is being seriously polluted in some areas. Japanese delegate: The unstable political system and frequent change of prime ministers is one of the most serious social problems in Japan. Natural disasters like earthquakes and tsunamis have also caused serious loss of people’s lives and great damage to properties as well as the country’s economic development. Being an island country, Japan lacks natural resources and is heavily dependent on imports.Russian delegate: Russia is facing many social problems, terrorism being the most serious of all. This can be traced back to the breakup of the former Soviet Union. When it was broken up, different nationalities experienced pain and conflicts. Since the privatization of the previously state-owned properties, a big gap has been created between the rich and the poor. Some people don’t trust the government any longer. Due to the extreme cold weather in winter, many Russian men are addicted to alcohol and some of them die young, leaving a larger female population. The total population of our country is, as a result, decreasing.Indian delegate: In India the biggest social problems are overpopulation, talent loss and poor infrastructure. India has a second largest population in the world next only to China, but unlike China, we don’t have a family planning policy, so the population is continuously increasing. A large part of the population lives in poverty and is unable to receive proper education. What’s more, weuse too much of the natural resources and environment pollution is getting even worse. In India, we worship certain animals like cows. They are allowed to wander on the streets, leading to frequent traffic jam and cow waste on the streets.USA delegate: We are currently experiencing the most severe economic recession in our history. It is partly caused by the international weakened financial system, but even more by the careless policies of many of our largest banks and commercial companies, and by irresponsible handling of financial matters by individuals and families. The unemployment rate in the US remains high, but is slowly improving. We have a high crime rate, including several campus shootings, and many of our metropolitan areas are unsafe much of the time. Our health care system is undergoing a reform but there is so much disagreement between the two main political parties that little progress has been made to date. Ordinary people have difficulty paying for the high cost of medical coverage, and economically deprived people have very limited medical coverage. We have overused and poorly handled many of our natural resources. The worst of all, we claim to have the best medical care in the world, but in reality it adequately covers only the higher and middle income portions of our population. All of the above have contributed to rather pessimistic feeling by many of our citizens. We also have disagreement on the global warming and other programs related to energy use, including the fact that we have been very dependent upon petroleum purchase from some Middle East countries with whom we have serious political differences, including the role of atomic energy and related atomic bombs and missiles.Part Two Reading-Centered ActivitiesPre-ReadingCase study: What would you do?To the teacher:You may:1) Prompt (if necessary) the students to think about practical issues like child-care, location of theschool, location of the apartment, work place, etc.2) Encourage the students to justify why both parents (or just one) accept the jobs.Samples1) It depends. If I were the wife, I would persuade my husband to accept the job. As for me, beforemaking a final decision, I would take into consideration such factors as child-care facilities, location of the school, location of the apartment, etc.2) Both of us will accept the jobs. On the one hand, the jobs are challenging, which is good for ourpersonal fulfillment. On the other hand, with the money we get, we could find a babysitter for our child or send him to a private school, where he may receive better education.3) Neither of us will take the job. I think parents should spend more time with their children. Achallenging, high-salary job means less time with your child. If we move to a city where we don’t have any relatives, it would be even wors e. A child who grows up with little care from parents or family is very likely to become a problem kid.Post- ReadingReading Comprehension1. What the Text Discusses1) financial 2) career 3) later 4) guilty 5) hurt 6) resentful7) productive 8) independence 9) responsibility 10) trusted11) frightening 12) resentment 13) abandoned 14) factors 15) quality2. Understanding Specific Information1) T 2) F 3) T 4) F 5) T 6) F 7) T 8) F3. Comparing ExperiencesSamples1)In our group, two of us were latchkey children, two were taken care of by their grandparents,and one was taken care of by his mother because his mother did not work. The two who were once latchkey children had felt very much the same as the children mentioned in the passage.They felt lonely and watched TV a lot. But compared with the other students in our group, they are more independent. So in a way, it is good to leave children alone at home for some time every day.2)In our group, only one person was once a latchkey child. Both her parents were working faraway from home and she had to be on her own at home for most of the time on weekdays. The rest of us were taken care of either by our grandparents or by our parents. Every day when we came home after school, there was always somebody there waiting for us and taking care of us.We could also go out and play with other children after we had finished our homework. But sometimes we did wish to be left alone so that we could spend the time as we wished.3)I was once a latchkey child. Both my parents had to work night shifts when I was in elementaryschool. Every evening I did homework all by myself and then went to bed. I played computer games for a while if I finished my homework early. Sometimes I went to school before my parents came home. My parents knew that I could take good care of myself. They felt proud of me since I was so independent and did a good job at school. Sometimes they called me to make sure I was okay. I never felt lonely and was aware that my parents loved and cared for me.Weekends were precious time for all of us.Vocabulary1. 1) c 2) h 3) g 4) a 5) e 6) k 7) i 8) d 9) l 10) b 11) j 12) f2. 1) constantly 2) impact 3) burden 4) Candidly 5) fulfillment 6) salaried 7) resentment 8)assistance9) perfect 10) suppress3. 1) successfully 2) resentment 3) security 4) necessity 5) advisable6) access/accessibility 7) athletic 8) maturity 9) emotional 10) effectively4. Sentence-Making GameTips for teachers:Step 1: Write on the blackboard about 20 words or phrases that appear in the text. An even number is desirable since the students will be divided into 2 groups.A possible list:rise decade expense financial affect on the other hand priorityengage range forbid isolate stimulate express claim widespreadgiven work out take into consideration in case of secure arisecope with demand provideStep 2: Divide the students into two groups.Step 3: The students make sentences using the words on the blackboard. Each sentence can include more than one word and must be meaningful and grammatically correct. One point is awarded for each correctly used word. The teacher crosses out the word which has been correctly used. If the word is crossed out, it cannot be used again.Step 4: Students are encouraged to work quickly and raise their hands as soon as they come up with a sentence. The teacher works as a judge; the group that gets higher points wins.TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the expressions in brackets.1) Because of an emergency, the doctor will not be available for several hours.2) How will taxes affect people with low incomes?3) My mother always told me that in the long run I would be glad I didn’t give up practicing thepiano.4) The books range in price from $10 to $20.5) It seems to me that you don’t have much choice.6) Given their inexperience, they have done quite a good job.7) For such a big house the price is fairly cheap/low, but you’ve got to take into consideration themoney you will spend on repairs.8) Can we begin by discussing questions/problems arising from the last meeting?Part Three Further Development1. Enriching Your Word PowerStep One1) A 2) B 3) A 4) A 5) A 6) C 7) C 8) A 9) C 10) BStep TwoDirections: Work out the Criminal Crossword in groups(请参照第二版教师用书第三册第三课第56页上的图)Step ThreeDirections: Complete the following text with the appropriate word.1) creates 2) individuals 3) makes 4) combination 5) however 6) fall7) responsible 8) which 9) difference 10) that 11) tempted 12) used13) lowest 14) died 15) reducing 16) quick 17) reason 18) principle19) minor 20) message2. Putting the Paragraphs in OrderStep OneDirections: Read the following paragraphs carefully and put them in the right order.The right order should be: E—B—F—C—A—G—D3. Graffiti -- Is it good or bad?STEP OneAnswers for reference:Political :We want work.End violence to women now.Tourists yes troops no.Make love not war.Funny:PatOnce I could never finish anything, but now I…Mickey Mouse is a rat. (This could also be political –a criticism of thewhole Disney Empire.)Poetic:Roses are red, violets are blue, why can’t black be beautiful too?Geography is everywhere. (This could be silly.)(These are only for your reference, there are no definite answers.)STEP TWOReasons for reference:--- show “innocent” hearts and signs of love;--- desire to express anger against someone or something;--- express a political or social message;--- desire to be destructive;--- manifest boredom, frustration, or delinquency.--- sh ow one’s talent as a graffiti artist4. For or AgainstSamplesFor:-- The originals and goods of high quality are too expensive, especially for low-income people or students;-- Pirated products and fake/inferior goods are good for promotional purposes because books,CDs, movies, tapes and famous brands will be available or known to more people. When they can afford them in their original state they’ll surely buy them.-- Pirated products and famous brands help to make the authors of the books, CDs, movies, or tapes, and the manufacturers better known or more popular. Nobody would even know who were the producers of the pirated or fake/inferior goods.-- More people will have jobs to make these products or goods. Sure the unemployment rate will be lowered.Against:-- Pirated products and fake goods are against the Copyright Law or violate the intellectual property rights;-- The authors, publishers and manufacturer are likely to suffer big financial losses;-- Piracy and counterfeiting encourage cheating and show no respect for other people’s work;-- Piracy and counterfeiting give rise to a large quantity of low-quality products and goods, and therefore result in a waste of resources and human labor;-- Piracy and counterfeiting damage our country’s image and put our country in a disadvantageous position in some international negotiations;-- The common value system has been distorted where piracy and counterfeiting dominate.Creativity and originality will diminish or decline.5.Working together to Solve the Social ProblemsFor teachers: To facilitate the activity, teachers can refer to Activity 3, Part I, of this unit for social problems presented by each delegate. Show your students these problems.SamplesChinese delegate: The population in China, though large, has shown signs of decreasing in the growth rate. Thanks to the family-planning policy, fewer babies have been born in the last thirty years. The demand on natural resources decreases gradually in different branches of industry. The policy met great opposition at the very beginning because it was against our old concept, more children greater happiness. Now the great majority of people are aware of the advantages the policy has brought to our country as well as to individual families. The Chinese government should continue to implement this policy, especially in rural areas. Also, China should develop green economy and reduce its heavy dependence on fossil fuels. The Chinese government should invest in the research and development of green energy, such as solar energy, wind energy and etc. And, the government should make stricter laws and regulations on food safety. Dishonest food producers should be harshly punished and fined so that the rest of them will be warned. Finally, the moral awareness and sense of social responsibility should be raised among citizens. People should care more about others and be ready to help each other when needed.The US delegate: The U.S. has been rather slow in working with cooperative programs to solve social problems. Initially our government felt we should plan and execute its own programs, but this approach appears to be changing. The problems of unemployment, a declining economy,agricultural production and trade, and social unrest have increased our attendance and participation in international meetings, including some of those which the United Nations has initiated. It is clear that only if the problems related to the economy, unemployment, food for the world population, and social unrest, become international in scope can there be international stability. And resolution of political and military conflicts have interfered with our U.S. efforts in the past, but appear to be improving. Exchanges between government officials from other countries and the U.S. have been held, and these appear to be mutually beneficial to the U.S. and to its trade partners as well. Hopefully, there will be greater support for international attention to global warming, overpopulation in Africa and Asia, and reduction of military warfare which has only interfered with efforts to solve social problems.Part Four Translation and Writing2. Translation Practice1) 孩子最好离开毒品一个电话报警者打来三个电话，报告毒品交易。
中国社会关系英语作文
中国社会关系英语作文China is a country with rich and diverse social relationships. People in China value their relationshipswith others and often prioritize them over individual needs. Social interactions in China are characterized by respect, hierarchy, and the concept of "guanxi."In Chinese society, respect for elders and authority figures is deeply ingrained. Younger generations are expected to show deference and obedience to their parents, teachers, and superiors. This respect is not only shown through words but also through actions and gestures. For example, it is common to bow or nod when greeting someone older or of higher status.Hierarchy is another important aspect of Chinese social relationships. People in China are aware of their social status and the status of others. This awareness influences how they interact with each other. For instance, whendining with a group of people, it is customary for the mostsenior person to be seated at the head of the table. Others will follow the seating arrangement according to their status.The concept of "guanxi" plays a significant role in Chinese social relationships. Guanxi refers to the network of personal relationships that individuals cultivate and rely on for various purposes, such as finding a job, doing business, or seeking help. Building and maintaining guanxi requires mutual trust, reciprocity, and favors. It is not uncommon for people to exchange gifts or invite each other for meals as a way to strengthen their guanxi.Friendship is highly valued in Chinese society. Friends are seen as an extension of one's family and are expected to provide support and help when needed. Chinese people often form close-knit social circles and spend asignificant amount of time socializing with friends. Activities such as karaoke, playing mahjong, or going out for meals are common ways for friends to bond and strengthen their relationships.In recent years, social relationships in China have been influenced by technological advancements. Social media platforms and messaging apps have become popular tools for maintaining and expanding social networks. People in China use these platforms to stay connected with friends, share updates, and organize social gatherings. However, it is important to note that despite the rise of online interactions, face-to-face interactions and personal connections still hold great importance in Chinese society.In conclusion, social relationships in China are characterized by respect for elders and authority figures, a hierarchical structure, the concept of "guanxi," and the value placed on friendship. These relationships are constantly evolving and adapting to societal changes, while still maintaining traditional values and customs.。
中国面临的最突出的问题(中英文对照)
中国新闻网2014China News Service目前，中国已经步入老龄化社会At present, China has entered into the aging society.据了解，中国1999年开始进入人口老龄化社会，统计数据显示，截至2014年底，中国60岁以上老年人口已达2.12亿，占总人口的15.5%，预计到2025年将突破3亿，2033年突破4亿，2050年前后达到峰值4.87亿，占总人口的34.8%。
It is understood that China began in 1999 entered the ageing society, statistics show that by the end of 2014, China's aging population has reached 212 million, 60 and older accounted for 15.5% of the total population, in 2025 is expected to exceed 2025, 2033, 400 million, a peak around 2050, 487 million, accounting for 34.8% of the total population.与许多国家养老社会化进程相比，中国的老龄化还呈现高龄老人、失能老人、空巢老人、贫困老人比例高等特点。
Compared with many countries endowment socialization process, China's aging population is also advanced age, disability, old man, high proportion of empty nest elderly, the poor old man, etc.自从20世纪七八十年代我国实施计划生育政策以来，我国人口增长过快的现象得到了控制。
人口老龄化问题（Populationagingproblem）
人口老龄化问题（Population aging problem）Director of Beijing in April 28, the National Bureau of statistics Ma Jiantang today introduced Chinese 31 provinces are facing the rapidly aging problem, the problem in the area of coastal areas, less people and more prominent contradictions become more prominent.This morning, the State Administration of new affairs held a news conference, and Ma Jiantang, director of the National Bureau of statistics, introduced the main data of the sixth national census. Statistics show that in November 1, 2010, China's total population of 1 billion 340 million people, between 2000 and 2010 ten years, China's net population growth of 73 million 900 thousand people.For the media attention to the problem of population aging, Ma Jiantang said, ten years, China's 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions of the total population is increasing, are also facing the problem of accelerated aging. This problem may be more prominent in the coastal developed areas, where there are more people and less land, and the contradiction is prominent.He said that the coastal developed areas in some times and regions appeared partial lack of labor phenomenon, this may also be another manifestation of this problem. The new problems of population development and change are confronted by all provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China, and these problems may be more prominent in the eastern coastal areas."Not long ago, a report on "silver haired China" attracted great attention of the author. The report said: "35 years ago, China's child population and the elderly population ratio is 6:1, and in the next 35 years, this ratio will be reversed, the elderly population will be 2 times the population of children.". Life expectancy has been extended from 41 years in 1949 to 70 years. On the other hand, the number of workers also fell sharply, to around 2050, the total labor force will be reduced 18%35% than the current China. The birth rate decline and life extension are the two basic forces that promote China's aging and the relative decline in the number of working population." And it says seriously: "China is going through an amazing demographic shift, and a young country is about to become old."."The aging of the population, refers to the relative proportion of elderly in the total population increase, according to the international standard, the proportion of elderly population over the age of 60 or over the age of 65 Elderly Population in the total population of more than 10% and 7%, can be reached in the aging population. In 2003, the proportion of the population aged over 60 in the total population of China has reached 11%, and the aging problem of the population will soon become an unprecedented new challenge for china.The Chinese government attaches great importance to and solve the problem of population aging, and actively develops the cause of aging. It has formed a working pattern of leading the government, participating in society and caring for the whole people. The state has established the National Committee on aging work, and has determined the objectives, tasks and basic policies for the work of aging, and explicitly integrated thecause of aging into the overall plan for economic and social development and the strategy of sustainable development. Security has been the basic livelihood of the elderly, the city established the endowment insurance system and including the elderly medical insurance system, and the minimum living security system; rural land security is to implement the "family oriented" combining with the support of the social old-age security system.In many places, special measures have been taken to help the poor, the elderly and the elderly. The elderly service has developed rapidly.First, the development trend of China's population aging, showing the following five characteristics.1., the absolute value of the aging population is the highest in the worldDue to our large population, plus 20 years of reform and opening up, increasing people's standard of living, medical and health conditions have been significantly improved, life expectancy is prolonged, the elderly population increases year by year, has been close to 141 million, China has become the world's most populous country in the elderly, the elderly accounted for the total number of the world's 1/5. The proportion of Asian elderly population 1/2.2. the development of population aging fast, fierceAging may be caused by slower growth of children's populationat the bottom of Pyramid, and may be caused by accelerated growth of the elderly population at the top. Demography is called "bottom aging" and "top aging". Developed countries have experienced a long process from bottom ageing to top ageing. But in China, due to the extension of the family planning policy and the life expectancy of the population aging, the bottom and top ageing and the "attack", the speed of population aging fast development, China's population age structure from the adult type into old age only 18 years, compared with the developed countries, astonishing speed.3., the population is not rich before the old, a lot of pressure on the economyWith the urbanization and industrialization, the population aging in developed countries is taking a gradual step. When their population above 60 years old reaches 10%, per capita GDP is above $10 thousand. The population of developed countries is rich and old. Our country is not rich before it grows old.4., the elderly population is unevenly distributed in the regionIn the eastern developed areas and large and medium-sized cities, the population has entered an aging stage. Such as Shanghai, Beijing and other cities are much more than the current population aging in developed countries. In the central and western regions, the aging population is below the eastern level.5., the aging population trend is very obviousAccording to demography, 60-69 years old is a young old population, 70-79 years old is middle aged old population, 80 years old or above is old age population. The old saying "people live 70 rare ancient times", said "now live to 70 is not surprising". The elderly population in our country is increasing at an annual rate of 5.4%.Two, the impact of population aging on the economy and societyWe must take precautions against the problem of aging of the population.1., the aging of the population has reduced the proportion of the working age population and raised the support for the elderly2., the aging of the population has a bearing on investment, consumption, savings and taxes3., the aging of the population makes the government spend more money on the elderly and increase the financial burden.4., the aging of the population, aging affect family structure and support function5., the aging of the population makes the task of poverty alleviation even more arduousThree, facing the challenge of population aging, we should take countermeasuresThe aging of population is the product of the development of economy, society and science and technology. Most of the developed countries as early as 50 years ago has entered the ranks of the old country, so we don't have to be scared". Because of the aging of the population is an important trend in many affected areas, so to meet the challenge of population aging must also be in more fields considering coordination operation, take it as a big problem of strategic comprehensive planning, early deployment.1, do the "personal accounts", gradually increase the pension fund's ability to payThe old-age insurance system for urban employees is changed from pay as you go system to the partial accumulation system of "combination of accounts and institutions", in order to meet the pension payment crisis in the peak of the next century. The accumulated pension fund has many advantages, it can help the aging of the Chinese is to maintain adequate savings rate and improve the investment and quality of life of good, it can let the workers share the fruits of success of economic reform, and the widening and extension of Chinese capital market.2, establish an elderly medical health insurance system, and gradually achieve a healthy agingFirst we need to establish and improve Medicare system to provide basic medical insurance for the elderly, to meet the basic medical needs of the elderly and their families, not because the disease causes personal and family economic crisis;carry out the aging society for education, medical education must take account of the population aging has its special requirements for medical health care, increase the relevant content in medical colleges, nursing school curriculum, so that medical workers to master the physical and mental health of the elderly and disease characteristics; to cultivate a group for primary health care work of community health workers, providing primary health care services for elderly people, including members of the community. On the other hand, attention should be paid to the health education for the community, families and the elderly, including health knowledge, nursing knowledge, emergency measures in case of emergency, to improve people's understanding of the physical and psychological characteristics of the elderly and the general health care knowledge.Secondly, we should gradually realize healthy aging. Provide appropriate assistance in time. In gradually and properly solve the elderly living at the same time, emphasizing the importance of the elderly pension culture, improve the quality of life of the elderly, the elderly, elderly welfare education, culture, health, the elderly elderly elderly sports has certain development, create the conditions for the majority of the elderly.3, implement the flexible retirement age system, give full play to the advantages of the elderly human resourcesFor the flexible retirement age system, the benefits of at least four: one is the worthiness of wholesome, longevity is an important symbol of social progress and development. Two is theeffective and rational use of human resources. According to the needs of society and the principle of voluntary force, encourage and guide the elderly people engaged in education and teaching, social welfare, community service and self service activities. As for senior senior technical and professional personnel engaged in education, scientific research, medical treatment and other special specialties, the retirement age shall be appropriately extended according to the provisions and needs, so as to create conditions for them to continue to play their roles.Qualified elderly institutions can help organize retired experts, scholars and entrepreneurs so that they can act as consultants and consultancy services to the business community. Three is the dominant recessive employment employment is not increasing employment pressure, but also can objectively reflect the structure and employment status of employees in China, improve the working age population to improve the employment rate of the target population transition employment goals, to promote the overall national strength and improving the level of social welfare increase. Four is to improve the labor market, according to the principle of rational allocation and effective use of human resources, to open up new channels of employment, explore new sources of fees, and realize the potential income level of premiums.4, in the rural areas, the family pension system should be combined with social supportThe future of China's pension problems, the difficulties in rural areas, the focus is also in rural areas. The vast ruralareas, due to the gradual decline in family size, the number of children continued to decline, a large number of young and middle-aged labor force into the city, the rural population aging dynamic speed is also accelerating. Since the number of rural elderly is very large, and the farmers themselves have the right to use the land, the rural elderly should be dominated by the family and supplemented by society, so as to promote the old people's self support and establish a sense of self care for the aged.For the rural elderly "three noes" (no income, no ability to work, no children rely on) continue to implement the "Five" system. For the only child (female) households and double female households who are in conformity with the national fertility policy, the family planning endowment insurance shall be continued.5, actively promote the community pension construction, play the community pension functionCommunity endowment service including housework, family health care, elderly care, care, also included in the old dining room, teahouse, establishment of community daycare center, the elderly disease prevention station, legal advisory service station, and various old style facilities etc.. For the elderly to provide all-round, multi-functional, multi form series of services, and strive to do the elderly little things out of the house, it is difficult to get out of the neighborhood committees, some major events are not out of the street.6, actively develop the aging industry, and explore the elderlyconsumer marketAging population calls for old age industry. The so-called aging industry, refers to the growth of the consumer market demand driven by the formation of the industry, which includes all the relevant needs of the elderly to meet the special needs of production, management, services and other facilities and economic activities. Market experts point out that 10 billion of the annual purchasing power of older consumers in the country has not been realized; in other words, the aging industry is now unable to meet the needs of the elderly. We lack of specialized services for the elderly and professional medical service personnel; lack of adequate pension institutions; the lack of health care institutions on-site service, and the service industry and jobs will create many new jobs, to ease the employment pressure. Look at the old consumer market: it's hard for old people to buy suitable clothing shoes and hats, old food is rarely the research and development of drugs, health care for the elderly, the elderly and other activities are in lack of old goods.Two aspects: first, refers to the relative increase in the elderly population, the proportion of the total population in the process of rising; two, refers to the social structure of the population, showing the state of aging, into the aging society.The usual view is, when the elderly population in a country or region over the age of 60 accounted for 10% of the total population, or 65 years old population accounted for 7% of the total population, which means the country or region of thepopulation in the aging society. The aging problems including the problems of the elderly and the problem of aging, and aging problems and problems of the elderly linked, but not exactly the same, the social security and the protection of the rights and interests of the elderly as "the problems of the elderly, the elderly increasing influence on social and economic development is called" the aging problem "this is, to understand the aging problem in the development of human society and economy category.。
英语国家概况问答
英语国家概况1. "British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture ?2. What are some general characteristics of Scotland ?3. Describe Wales' unification with Great Britain.4. Are there any differences between England and Wales in terms of cultural tradition ?5. Why is Northern Ireland, according to the author, so significant in the United Kingdom? What is the political problem there?6. What are some of the factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today?7. Different parties and groups in the United Kingdom have different solutions to the political problem in Northern Ireland. Please sum up their different attitudes.8. Has the author offered a solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland?9. What is the oldest institution of government?10. What is the name of the charter of liberty and political rights granted by King John in 1215?11. Do you think Elizabethan Drama occupies a significant position in British literature? Who is the most important figure in Elizabethan Drama? What are some of his major works?12. What do we call the group of important Parliamentarians?13. Which party forms the government and who becomes Prime Minister?14. What are some of the changes that have take place recently in the Chinese attitude towards sports? How do you account for these changes?15. For how many years is a general election held once in the UK?16. Who can stand for election as an MP?17. What are the three major parties? Which party is the party that spent most time in power?18. Which party does Tony Blair belong to?19. When was the British economy dominant in the world?20. By what time was the UK overtaken by other countries, such as the US and Germany?21. Which country does it refer to as "the Jewel in the Crown"? When did it gain its independence?22. What are some of the positive and negative effects of non-white immigrants on British society according to the author?23. What is the general situation of racial relations in the UK?24. Why is Geoffrey Chaucer, who wrote in Middle English, still read and studied today?25. When was the term "parliament" first used officially?26. The author says that "the media are central to British leisure culture", why does the author say so?27. What are some of the characteristics of British newspaper culture? In what way is it different from the United States?28. Is the British press free from the government control and censorship? What is the relationship between the British press and politics or business?29. How does the BBC operate? How is it different from American broadcasting systems?30. What are some of the features of Romantic Literature?31. What is Modernism? Can you illustrate your points with specific books as examples?32. What is Postmodernism? Can you illustrate your points with specific books as examples?33. How has the Christian church influenced British sports? Please pick up some examples from the text.34. What is the origin of football?35. How is the violence of "football hooligans" related to the British history of football?36. Why is cricket very English? Why does the author believe that cricket was associated with a set of English moral values?37. Christmas is the biggest and best-loved British holiday? How do the British celebrate thisholiday?38. How do the British celebrate the Queen's Birthday? What is the origin of this holiday?39. Bonfire Night is one truly English holiday. How and why do the English celebrate this holiday?40. How do the Protestants and Catholics celebrate their own holidays in Northern Ireland? What traditions are behind their celebrations?41. How is Hogmanay celebrated in Scotland? What other festivals are celebrated in Scotland?42. Which are the two most important and famous universities in Britain?43. What is the goal of education in the U.K.?44. Is the British education system run by the state or the private sector?45. Where do British universities receive their funds besides students tuition?46. Why does the author say that "the way the living arrangements of a society as a whole are organized tells us something about that society"?47. What are the four main types of home in Britain? How do they reflect the cost and status of homes? What are some of the major types of home in China?48. How are people in the UK divided into different classes?49. Is the class system similar with the United States?50. What and how did the British empire end? How did the British react to this reality?51. What are the foundations of Britain's foreign policy?52. How is Britain's foreign policy made? Does the government's foreign policy represent the desires of British citizens?53. Why does the author say that the decision to join the EC was and remains controversial in Britain?54. Why does the author think that Britain has the "special relationship" with the United States? Does this relationship still exist?55. What are some of the general characteristics of Australia in terms of land, people and culture?56. Discuss the climate in Australia. What are some of the major differences between Australia and China in terms of the climate?57. What are the six states of Australia? What are some of the major similarities or differences in terms of population, early settlement and economy in the six states?58. Can you point out some main differences between the Australian government system and the British government system?59. Discuss the Australian education system. What are some of the features in the system that are specifically Australian?60. What are some of the distinct features of New Zealand's geography? Find out similarities and differences in terms of geography between New Zealand and Australia.61. What are some of the similarities between New Zealand and Britain in the government system?62. How did modern development in Europe influence the settlement of North American colonies?63. What was the unique American phenomenon ? How did it come into being? Do you think it still exists in today's American society?64. In what way did Puritanism influence American culture?65. What are the two political parties in the United States? Do you think they are fundamentally different?66. What is the Bill of Rights? Do you think that it was necessary to write the Bill of Rights explicitly into the U.S. Constitution?67. Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? Was it necessary to change the Articles of Confederation and write a new constitution for the new nation of the United States at the time?68. What is a federal system? What are some of the major differences between a federal system and a confederation?69. What are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the U.S. government? How are the three branches supposed to check and balance each other?70. It is known to all that buying and selling stocks is a risky business. Why do you think there are still so many people involved in it?71. What promotes the diversity in American religion?72. In what way do you think that religious freedom was a historical necessity in the United States?73. What is the relationship between government and religion in America?74. What are some of the features in religion that are particularly American? What are some of the major differences between American religion and religion in Europe?75. What is the main theme in American literature according to the author? How does the author illustrate his point?76. Why did Mark Twain win so many readers both at home and abroad?77. What are the major characteristics of education in America?78. What are some of the major themes in novels written by the "Lost Generation"?79. What is the goal of education in the United States? Discuss the similarities and differences in Great Britain, the United States and China concerning the goals of education.80. What does an American student learn?81. What were the major social movements of the 1960s? And what was the historical background of the social movements of that decade?82. The black political movement that began as a force for integration changed course in the mid-1960s and began to emphasize black uniqueness and even black separatism. What caused this transformation?83. Draw analogies between the black revolution and the women's movement. What common assumptions do they share?84. The author says that the United States was founded on the principle of human equality, but in practice the nation has fallen far short of that ideal. Illustrate this point with what you have learned from this book.85. What does poverty mean in the United States ? Why is poverty a social problem in America?86. Why does the author emphasize that the invention of one technology has to be supported by a number of related technologies which form a supporting system? Give examples.87. When are the American football matches held?88. Why did a musical form of black origin gain acceptance in all classes in America and spread throughout the country?89. What are the contributions made by Louis Armstrong to the early jazz music?90. Why Canada is regularly rated as having the best standard of living in the world?91.What is the distinct feature in Canadian modern literature?92. Discuss the similarities and differences in the government systems between the U.K. and Canada.93. What are some of the characteristics of the Canadian party system?94. What are some of the things that make Canada a unique and interesting country?95. How do you understand "multiculturalism"?96. Why do you think the author says that Canada has avoided the worst excesses of intolerance and prejudice?97. What is the Canada's Place in the World Economy?98. Do you think the Canadian government should subsidize the inefficient Canadian farmers or import foodstuff from neighbouring American states?99. Why is the idea of survival thought of as the central symbol of Canadian literature? What does cultural survival mean in Canadian literature?100. What are the major reasons for Canada's active role in international organizations? And how does Canada play its active role?外国语学院：曾倩英语国家概况（1）（2）问题库答案1. British history has been a history of invasions. Before the first century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people: a powerful culture originating in central Europe. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire, and England and Wales (though not Scotland or Ireland) became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years.Two more groups of invaders were to come after the English: from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain's shores….2. Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial period of history as a unified state independent of the UK. Thus it is not a big leap for the Scottish to imagine themselves independent again.Physically, Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, with areas of sparsely populated mountains and lakes in the north (The Highlands), and in the south (The Southern Uplands). Three-quarters of the population lives in the lowland zone which spans the country between these two highland areas. The largest city is Glasgow, in the west of this zone. Scotland's capital city is Edinburgh, on the east coast forty miles away from Glasgow. It is renowned for its beauty, and dominated by its great castle on a high rock in the centre of the city. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century.3. Wales was always under pressure from its English neighbours, particularly after the Norman conquest, when Norman barons set up castles and estates in Wales under the authority of the English Crown. Some brief campaigns are the only times in history when Wales has existed as a unified independent nation.4.Y es, there are. The close long-standing relationship means that modern Wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses—its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England. Often official statistics are given for "England and Wales". However, Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that difference is the Welsh language—the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use.5. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", not only "Northern Ireland", because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britain's domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost, andone of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called "home-rule"—Irish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.6. Along with the political campaign for home-rule there were groups who followed a more direct method of pursuing Irish independence, engaging in guerilla or terrorist activities against British institutions and the British military forces. During the First World War and immediately after, this activity increased, sometimes brutally suppressed by British forces.7. Margaret Thatcher's government did not give in to this demand for political status and 11 prisoners starved to death. This event revitalised the political campaign of Sinn Fein, the legal political party which supports the IRA's right to fight. Its leaders spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of "The Bullet and the Ballot Box".8. The problem lay in the "commitment to peaceful methods" aspect of the possible talks. Province-wide elections are planned under a complex formula to ensure a wide range of representation on the body which will carry out these talks, in an attempt to give them legitimacy. Without the participation of Sinn Fein and the IRA it is hard to see them succeeding. Northern Ireland is poised on the brink—a new peaceful future, or a return to the violence that has claimed 3150 lives so far.9. The oldest institution of government is the Monarchy (rule by the king).10. It was a gang of feudal barons and the Church which opposed some of King John's (1199—1216) policies. This opposition was so powerful that the king finally granted them a charter of liberty and political rights, still known by its medieval Latin name of Magna Carta. Magna Carta placed some limits on the king's ability to abuse his royal power. This is still regarded as Britain's key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown.11. Shakespeare is the most important figure at that time. He excels in each kind. The tragedies include Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. Among the comedies are The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Twelfth Night, and The Tempest. His history plays, based on English history, include Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, and Henry V.Julius Caesar and Antony and Cleopatra are tragedies on classical themes.12. The House of Commons.13. The party that wins most votes in general election and the leader of this winning party would become Prime Minister.14. They more and more like sports….15. For five years.16. Anyone who is eligible vote to can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds (a quite easily obtainable amount in the UK) which is lost if the candidate does not receive at least 5% of the vote.17. There are three major national parties: The Conservative party and the Labour party are the two biggest, and any general election is really about which of those two is going to govern. But there is a third important party, the Liberal Democrats, who usually receive up to about 20% of the votes: not enough to form a government, but enough to have a big impact on which of the other two parties does so. The Conservative Party spent most time in power18. Tony Blair belong to Labor Party.19. By the 1880s the British economy was dominant in the world, producing one third of the world's manufactured goods, half its coal and iron, half its cotton.20. But even by 1900 this was no longer the case, the UK having been overtaken by both the United States and Germany; and certainly from 1945 until the present, the story of the UK economy is usually thought of as one of decline.21. India, popularly known as "The Jewel in the Crown" of the British Empire, gained its independence in 1947.22. This has a number of consequences for British society, mainly positive, though with some indirect negative effects. On the positive side such immigrant groups bring their culture with them,which increases the variety and interest within British culture: for example, the UK, which used to have a bad reputation for food, now has a cuisine as varied as any, with Indian and Chinese restaurants in every community, as well as many other varieties in bigger cities. This variety in restaurant food has resulted in more experimentation at home, so that shops now carry a much wider variety of goods to supply the demand, and there are many TV programmes and books devoted to all kinds of different cooking. The negative side of things lies largely in the attitude of some of their white neighbours.23. While there is a growing ethnic minority middle-class, and many individual success stories, by most measures the immigrant population is worse-off economically speaking than the white population as a whole. Individuals from ethnic minorities are more likely to be unemployed; and they are under-represented in politics too, though there are now a number of black and Asian MPs. But there are also a number of small political parties in the UK with overtly racist policies.24. With the Norman Conquest in 1066 Britain entered the Middle Ages (1066—1485), and the language of the royal court became French. So literature of that period was written in French or Latin. But one work from these times often studied today by middle school and college students is The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (1343—1400). He was the first court poet to write in English.25. The word "parliament" comes from the verb "to parley", that is, to discuss or talk. The term was first used officially in 1236 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns which the king occasionally summoned if he wanted to raise money.26. On an average day, 90 per cent of Britons over the age of 15 read a national or local paper. And in the evening, most Britons settle down to watch some television: 96 percent of the population watch TV at least once a week, making it Britain's most popular leisure activity. The third most popular pastime, after watching telly and reading newspapers, is listening to the radio, an activity in which 73 per cent of the population engages in on a weekly basis. It is obvious, then, that the media are central to British leisure culture.27. British newspaper culture is unusual in the extent to which class and educational differences are reflected in the newspapers people read. In other developed countries like Japan and the United States, newspaper reading is a mainly middle-class habit, but in Britain the "lower classes" are also regular readers.28. While officially speaking the British press is "free" from government control and censorship and can print what it likes, there are limits to what will appear in the daily paper.29. The British Broadcasting Corporation - more familiarly known as the BBC or even "the Beeb" - is Britain's main public service broadcaster The BBC is funded by licence fees and viewers must buy a license each year for their TV set.30. Roughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature's romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason, which marked the 18th century. Perhaps the rather violent and ugly world about them drove 19th-century writers to a literary refuge.31. Modernism in literature can be seen as a reaction against the nineteenth century forms discussed above, which can be thought of as assuming understanding between writer and reader, resulting in the simple communication of an agreed version of the "world". This approach to writing is known as "Realism." Instead, Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Often, therefore, Modernist writing seems disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action….32. Postmodernists can be thought of as abandoning that search. Meaning does not exist outside of the human head, likewise it does not exist inside a book, waiting to be discovered, instead it is made in the process of reading a book, or of making sense of the world….33. Tennis was invented in Britain and it owes its origins, literally, to the Church. Church records indicate that by the mid-fifteenth century, people were making a game of bouncing a ball off the side of their local churches or cathedrals, first using the hand, and later a racquet. This was called "tenys". Such antics sometimes offended the clergy who complained that the dignity and tranquility of the church was shattered by such games, but they also illustrate how central the church was to community life.34. There are legends that suggest that games like football and rugby actually derived from the "sport" of ancient warriors celebrating victory by kicking around the decapitated head of an enemy.There is a similar grisly tale told about origins of bowling: it is said that in ancient times, Scottish warriors rolled the skulls of their enemies along the grass for sport.35. Today, violence is still associated with football. "Football hooligans", supporters of rival teams, sometimes clash before, during and after matches and occasionally run riot through the town, breaking windows and beating each other up. Some football fans paint their faces and sing or chant football songs and it is not too difficult to imagine their warrior-ancestors.36. As generations of public school boys grew up to become the civil servants and rulers of the UK and its colonies, cricket became associated with a set of moral values, in particular the idea of "fair play" which characterised British government. Sir Ian Bancroft, a high level civil servant in the 1980s, remembered that when he began his career in Whitehall, one day his government minister was so angry that he threw the telephone at him. Sir Ian said he knew exactly how to respond: "having played cricket I was able to catch it and hand it back to him politely."37. Y es. Nowadays, Christmas is celebrated by most Britons by exchanging gifts and Christmas cards, preparing holiday foods, and decorating homes and workplaces with coloured lights, Christmas trees and ornaments.38. One of Britain's most impressive and colourful festivals happens on the second Saturday in June when the Queen's Birthday is officially celebrated by "trooping the colour" around Buckingham Palace in London.39. The English do not celebrate their famous writers or battles or patron saints, although they have all these things. However, one truly English holiday is Bonfire Night—sometimes called Guy Fawkes Night—celebrated in the early autumn.40. Another festival which comes from the 17th century battles between Catholics and Protestants is the Protestant celebration of their victory at the Battle of the Boyne (12 July) in 1690. Northern Irish Catholics celebrate the birthday of the patron saint of Ireland, St Patrick, on March 17 each year.41. While most British people welcome the coming of the New Y ear with parties, in Scotland, New Y ear's Eve called Hogmanay (31 December)—is the major winter celebration, and overshadows Christmas (called Y ule in Scotland) which is a very quiet affair. How Hogmanay iscelebrated varies throughout Scotland, but one widely practised custom is "first footing". There is a superstitious belief that the first person to cross the threshold of a household in the New Y ear can bring luck and prosperity: the appearance of a young, preferably dark haired and handsome man, is considered particularly lucky. First footers often bring a bottle of spirits, alcohol, a lump of coal or a peat as a gift and are given a "dram of whisky" as their reward.42. Cambridge University and Oxford University.43. The goal of British education is to socialize children.44. The British education system run by the state.45. In the UK, the amount of funding each university receives is based on its size, the number of students it teaches, and the research it conducts. So far, the UK has only one privately funded university, the University of Buckingham.46. For individual members of any society the home they live in is of great importance in their lives. The way the living arrangements of a society as a whole are organized tells us something about that society—its standard of living, its social and familial structure, the distribution of wealth in a society—both in terms of geography and social hierarchy—and even something about that society's values and dreams.47. There are, broadly speaking, four main types of home. The first kind are "flats" (or apartments), of varying size, often in modern multi-storey purpose-built buildings, though sometimes made by sub-dividing big old houses. Flats are often publicly owned. The second kind are "terraced" houses: that is, individual two-storey houses built joining on to each other at each side in a terrace or row. The second kind are "terraced" houses: that is, individual two-storey houses built joining on to each other at each side in a terrace or row; the fourth one is “detached.”48. The British people are divided into classes economically, culturally, educationally and etc.49. What is distinctive about the British class-system, and which marks it as different from the American or Chinese social structure, is that it has also retained a hereditary aristocracy.50. Two world wars had seriously influenced its empire position. The end of the great British empire was surprisingly rapid. In 1946, Jordan, in the Middle East, was granted independence.The following year, India and Pakistan followed suit. In 1948, Burma and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) were granted independence and left the Commonwealth as well, refusing to recognise the British monarch as the head of their new states. Throughout the next few decades, the process of decolonisation continued as other territories and possessions received their independence or were returned to their rightful rulers.51. The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. Perhaps the most important single factor which influences British policy-makers is its history.52. The Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain's foreign policy. The main government department involved is of course the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), but many other government ministries also play a part in formulating and executing the government's decisions.53. The decision to join the EEC was very controversial; and today, Britain's participation in the European Union, as it is now called, remains controversial. At the centre of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear what the European Union(EU) is and what it will become. The UK has always been very interested in encouraging free trade between countries and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area.However, the UK has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty (that is, its control over national decision-making) to a European government.54. Another major factor which influences British foreign policy is its relationship with the United States. This was quite natural, as the two were closely allied during World War II, and continued to work together closely in the post war years because they shared many of the same worries about the Soviet Union. Even today, in many respects British and American policy-makers agree generally on, for example, how the global economy should be managed, how a warlike state should be dealt with, issues about arms control and so on.55. Australia is the world's smallest continent and largest island, a relatively young nation established in an ancient land. Its development represents a triumph over remoteness and a harsh landscape…56. Australia is the driest inhabited continent and its rainfall varies extremely geographically and。
中华文化英语作文高中
中华文化英语作文高中Chinese culture is one of the oldest and richest cultures in the world with a history that spans thousands of years. It has had a profound impact on the development of human civilization and continues to influence the world today. In this essay I will explore the various aspects of Chinese culture and its significance in the modern world.Firstly the Chinese language is an integral part of Chinese culture. It is one of the oldest written languages still in use today with a history that dates back over 3000 years. The Chinese script is unique in its use of characters that represent both sounds and meanings. This has allowed Chinese culture to be preserved and passed down through generations despite the many changes that have occurred over time.Secondly Chinese art is another important aspect of Chinese culture. Traditional Chinese art forms such as calligraphy painting and pottery are known for their intricate designs and deep symbolism. These art forms often reflect the values and beliefs of Chinese society such as the importance of harmony balance and respect for nature.Thirdly Chinese cuisine is a significant part of Chinese culture. Chinese food is famous for its diverse flavors and unique cooking techniques. Each region in China has its own distinct culinary traditions which have been developed over centuries. Chinese cuisine not only satisfies the taste buds but also reflects the Chinese philosophy of food as medicine emphasizing the balance of different flavors and ingredients for health and wellbeing.Fourthly Chinese festivals and holidays are an essential part of Chinese culture. Traditional festivals such as the Spring Festival Chinese New Year the MidAutumn Festival and the Dragon Boat Festival are celebrated with various customs and rituals. These festivals are a time for family reunions feasting and honoring ancestors reflecting the importance of family and community in Chinese culture.Lastly Chinese philosophy and religion have had a significant impact on Chinese culture. Confucianism Taoism and Buddhism are the three main philosophical and religious traditions in China. They have shaped Chinese values ethics and social norms emphasizing the importance of morality wisdom and spiritual growth.In conclusion Chinese culture is a rich and diverse tapestry that encompasses language art cuisine festivals and philosophy. It has played a crucial role in shaping the identity andvalues of the Chinese people and continues to influence the world today. As a high school student I am proud to be a part of this ancient and vibrant culture and I hope to contribute to its preservation and promotion in the future.。
社会工作的国际定义
Conceptualization of social work approaches in social protection
Social assistance Individual casework and case management Individualist/ Administrative approach therapeutic approach
Social services Collectivist approach Social insurance
Social action or community engagement
Social administration
Social equity
Protective, preventive, promotive and transformative social protection interventions
摩尔多瓦地方社会救助服务体系tsas提供的服务为老年人和残疾人提供的服务现金及实物救助家庭支持家庭寄养亲属抚养领养家庭型福利院流动工作家庭照顾服务个人救助短期照顾成人家庭安置asws物资救助交通补贴供应假肢社会食堂儿童的社区之家生活保护儿童临时看护中心儿童日托中心多功能社区服务中心成人的社区之家老年人残疾人救济所成人临时看护中心成人日托中心多功能社区服务中心摩尔多瓦社会工作介入社会救助的水平三级高级需求二级初级家庭社区社会救助社区社会救助tsas社会工作专家递送模式与规定主要是政府服务地方政府出资并管理中央政府制定服务标准与指导原则但不负责监管非政府服务提供者的许可体系缺乏认证和许可机制
Working with groups and
community engagement
communities, to construct creative and new types of response to problems, including the development of new services and resources- a collectivist approach Lymbury (2005)
高口翻译用三大战略应对三大挑战(详细分析)
用三大战略应对三大挑战Three strategies to cope with three challenges 练习译文&标准译文翻译技巧&说明一个13亿人口的大国要实现和平崛起，绝非易事。
It is undoubtedly not a easy task for a country of 1.3 billion population to achieve its peaceful rise.It is anything but easypeople 绝非易事it is anything but easy …=it’s by no means easy…=it’s far from easy=it’s not easy at all实现（和平崛起）achieve目前，就经济和社会发展而言，中国面临三大挑战：At present, over the matter of economic and social development, China is in face of three following major challenges.At present, China faces three major challenges in its economic and social development.第一个是资源特别是能源的挑战。
The first major challenge lies in resources, energy resources in particular.comes from the shortage of ……是…… come from= be from=be posed by …“资源”在这里指“资源短缺”，翻译时必须指出。
中国人均资源占有量在世界排在后列；同时，由于发展速度快而科技水平低，中国制造业的资源消耗尤其是能耗却排在世界前列。
Chinese per capita hold of resources is one of the lowest among the whole world, while due to China’s rapid development and low level of science and technology, the resource consumption, especially energy consumption of Chinese manufacturing industry is among 排在后列lag behind … in terms of…=rank at the bottom=rank at the end of the list=placed at the bottom排在前列among the most ….=rank at the top of the list= rank among the best= rank among the top而（并列）coupled with遇到数量多少的时候，可以转化成相关的形容词表示the largest in the world, whichleads to a shortage of resources,especially energy resources.China lags behind the world interms of per capita hold ofresources. Meanwhile, due to thefast speed of our economicdevelopment coupled with the lowlevel of science and technology,China’s manufacturing industry isamong the mostenergy-consuming in the world.这就使得资源特别是能源短缺。
2023年英语口语考试话题 优选250例
2023年英语口语考试话题优选250例2023年英语口语考试话题优选250例11、What would you do if your next?door neighbour were noisy nearly all the time?2、How do you sum up women’s conditions in China?3、Why do people in China traditionally want to have a son?4、How do Chinese usually celebrate birthdays?5、Who does most of cooking in your family?6、What difficulties do Chinese farmers have concerning their old age?7、Do you have a lot of friend?8、What kind of parent do you intend to be?9、What do you think needs to be done in order to relieve the farmer’s worries?10、What are you good at cooking? What is your favorite dish?11、Are there any traditions concerning the birth of a baby?12、What do you think of One?Child Policy in China?13、What sort of culture do you hope your child will grow up in?14、What hope or fears do you have for your children?15、What are the causes of sex discrimination?16、Who does most of the shopping in your family?17、Are you going to bring up your child differently from the way you were brought up? How?18、What responsibilities should a couple take?19、Would you want your wife to continue with her career or to stay at home taking care of the household after you get married?20、Have you ever wished to be one of the opposite sex? Why (why not)?21、Should government pay certain salaries to those housewives? Why or why not?22、Where do you think a newly couple should live? Living with their parents or on their own?23、Do you enjoy shopping?24、Is there sex discrimination in China?25、What does friendship mean to you? What kind of people do you make friend with?2023年英语口语考试话题优选250例2家庭、朋友与周围的.人：Family，friends and people around1、Are you the only child in your family?2、Do you prefer big families or small families?3、Who is your best friend? What do you often do when you get together?4、What do you usually do when you stay with your friends?5、Could you tell me something about your family?6、Do you love your family?7、Do you have any friends?8、Are you happy at home? Why?9、How many people are there in your family?10、Are you happy when you stay with your family members?Why?11、Do you have many friends?2023年英语口语考试话题优选250例3购物：Shopping1、How much is your jacketshirtskirt?2、Is there a supermarket near your home?3、Where did you buy your pen?4、Do you like going shopping? Why?2023年英语口语考试话题优选250例41、Why is the Spring Festival so important to Chinese people?2、Can you describe one of the main festivals celebrated in your country?3、How long have you lived in Beijing?4、Tell me something about the Qing Ming Festival。
透视转化前后我国社会主要矛盾的基本结构及内涵变化
Insight into the Basic Structure and Connotation Changes of the Main Social Contradiction in China before and after the "Transformation"
作者： 田天亮[1]
作者机构： [1]安徽大学马克思主义学院,安徽合肥230601
出版物刊名： 湖北社会科学
页码： 24-31页
年卷期： 2021年 第7期
主题词： 新时代;社会主要矛盾;基本结构;内涵变化
摘要：进入新时代,我国社会主要矛盾转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾.社会发展、社会供给本质上是"社会生产"的状态与产物."转化"前后的我国社会主要矛盾,其结构具有抽象意义的共同点,都是由"社会生产方"与"人民需要方"构成的矛盾,从政治属性上属于非对抗性的人民内部矛盾.准确把握我国社会主要矛盾的内涵变化,既要分析"社会生产方"与"人民需要方"各自发生的变化及对彼此的影响,又要考察矛盾双方、矛盾整体在整个社会生活中发生的变化.只有这样,才能深刻领会我国社会主要矛盾的变化特点,科学认识改革开放以来中国共产党研判我国社会主要矛盾的内在关联.。
Compare and contrast UK and China
Compare and contrast UK and China and discuss what problems, if any, people migrating from China to UK may faceThere are a great deal of differences between western and eastern culture. In fact the UK and China are both the signs of each culture. UK is a united nation consists of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland four countries. It located in the northwest of Europe continent and the mainland is in the British Isles. Britain is the world's first industrialized country with a multicultural and open-minded society. The land area of UK is 243,600 square kilometers and the population is about 60 million (CIA Online, 2011). Besides, its capital London is the largest and most international city in Europe. In addition, China, which has five thousand years of ancient culture and civilization history, is one of the world's five ancient civilizations. Its land territory and coastal islands is about 9.6 million square kilometers in total. This essay is going to compare about three main differences between UK and China, which include food, climate and work, as well as problems people migrating from the UK or China to another may face.To begin with, a big difference between the UK and China is food. Chinese food focus on health caring (vegetarian, emphasis on diet and nutritional supplements), and pay great attention to the "color, smell and taste" of dishes. People may think Chinese food rice and meat may lead to obesity and heart problems, nutritionist Lorraine said (The Independent, 2008), but the opposite is true, Chinese food is very nutritious, it can resist disease and even prolong your life. Chinese people never check the heat meters and the fact is that very few Chinese food are with zero calories and no nutritional. Additionally, In Chinese food, the vegetables has a higher status than in UK. They are not just garden sauce of meat and fish but the main course itself. Moreover, Chinese people eat more "liquid food", such as porridge. Nutritionistsalways suggest people drink plenty of water every day, but the soup, porridge like "liquid food" not only provides nutrition, but also to control the appetite.However, The choices of materials for British cuisine is very simple. The island seas are vast, but by the geographical and natural conditions, fishing is not very good. Thus the British people do not pay much attention to seafood, they prefer beef, lamb, poultry and so on. Light taste and authentic are two main features of British cuisine. To use the good quality materials simply and effectively and keep its original texture and flavor as far as possible is an important feature of British cuisine. British cooking is simple and distinctive as well as the side dishes. The most common cooking methods are boiled, braised, grilled, fried and steamed.Because of the big difference in cooking, it may be very hard for people migrating from these two countries to suit the food in the other.In addition, another obvious difference between the UK and China is climate. In China, the four seasons can be clearly distinguished. As the impact of latitude, it shows a certain north-south temperature difference. In the summer, except the Tibetan Plateau areas, the temperatures in most parts of China are generally high and the average is above 20 ℃. In winter, there is a great difference in temperature between China's north and south. The 0 ℃ isotherm in January is broadly distributed along the Qinling - Huai River line. In the south of this line, the average temperature is above 0 ℃.In the north of this line, the average temperature is below 0 ℃. However, it is a typical temperate maritime climate in the UK. The average temperature is about 4 to 7 degrees in January and 13 to 17 degrees in July. The annual rainfall is more than 1000 mm in the northwest mountains and six or seven hundred mm in the southeast (Met Office, 2011). Affected by high latitude, the length of day and night changes particularly evident in the UK. Short days and long nights are in winter and they are opposite in summer. The climate in UK is mild and the weather is changeable so that rains and sunshine could come alternately in one day. Changeable weather alsoprovided people with a regular topic in the UK and even the most reticent people would like to talk about the weather.As a result, people may be not acclimatized and feel uncomfortable when living in the other country. And the climate could be a big problem which influences daily life a lot for people who migrate to the UK.The last point of the differences between the UK and China is the pressure in working. In China, people are always under the employment pressure because of the large population. With the modernization process and the collection of rural land, as a consequence, the needs of the population engaged in agriculture, industry demands become less and less. Large rural populations come into cities and it leads to a huge job pressure. However, it is totally different in Britain.British people’s working time is very short, usually from 9:30 am to 4:00 pm. In particular, the operating time of shops are is also very short and most of people do not work at the weekends. This is a obvious difference in life styles between the two countries. For the migrants, it may be more easier to live in the UK and harder in China.In a summary, the UK and China are damagingly different in three main fields, consists of food, climate and work. They bring plenty of difficulties for people who migrate from each of the two countries to another. Also there are many other big problems like language as well as cultural differences that make the way hard for the migrants to get well with local people. If people would like to have a better quality of life after migrating to another country, they should not only speak the local language very well but also handle the cultural differences and social relations well.List of ReferencesCIA Online (2011) ‘The World Factbook’, athttps:///library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html (accessed: 18 Augest 2011)Clissold, L (2008), ‘Use your noodle: The real Chinese diet is so healthy it could solve the West's obesity crisis’, The Independent, Tuesday 22 July 2008, at/life-style/health-and-families/healthy-living/use-your-no odle-the-real-chinese-diet-is-so-healthy-it-could-solve-the-wests-obesity-crisis-87365 1.html(accessed: 18 Augest 2011)Met Office (2011) ‘UK climate and weather statistics’, at/weather/uk/climate.html(accessed: 18 Augest 2011)。
期末口语话题（新编大学英语综合教程3）
期末⼝语话题（新编⼤学英语综合教程3）新编⼤学英语综合教程三期末英语话题⼝语讨论Unit 1What are the causes of shyness, the way to overcome?1.Their way of thinking is different from others.Shy people have low self-esteem; they are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others. They need reassurance that they are doing the right thing.They are sensitive to criticism, which they believe confirms their inferiority. However, when meet with compliments, they are difficult to be pleased because they believe they are unworthy of praise.2.It also has something to do with their family as well as their growing environment.On the process of their growth, they are constantly criticized and overcommitted by various regulars and boundaries that may be the reason why they are so timid to express their own thoughts and needs.change their way of looking at life.1.The defining characteristic of pessimists is that they tend to believe bad events will last along time, will undermine everything they do, and are their own fault.2.The optimists, who are confronted with the same hard knocks of this world, think aboutmisfortune in the opposite way. They tend to believe defeat is just a temporary setback, that its causes are confined to this one case.The optimists believe defeat is not their fault: Circumstances, bad luck, or other people brought it about. Such people are not bothered by defeat. Confronted by a bad situation , they perceive it as a challenge and try harder.Unit 2Share your favorite myth or legend with the other members in your group.Once upon a time, there was a rich man who had a beautiful daughter called Ella. His wife has died long ago, and he had married again. However, Ella’s stepmother is unkind to her. When evening came, Ella would sit down by the fire in the ashes and cinders to rest and keep warm, that’s the reason why she got the name “Cinderella”.Then one day, an invitation to join in the Grand Ball hold by the prince came, which is for all the girls in that city. Both of her two step sisters are so excited that they can’t wait to demand Ella to prepare elegant gowns for them, while Ella is not allowed to step out of her room.When that evening came, tears began to rolled down from her face, then a Fairy Godmother came to her and helped her get dressed quickly to attend the ball.On that evening, the prince fell in love with Ella, and the next morning Ella was found and proposed a marriage by the prince, they live happily ever after without Ella’s step sisters’ disturb.Do you admire Tortoise for his cleverness or do you sympathize with all the birds? Why?Different people have different opinions. As regard to the story between the tortoise and the birds in our text book, someone sympathize all the birds, while I prefer to admire the tortoise’s wit.There was a famine in those days and tortoise haven’t eaten a good meal for 2 months. His body rattled like a dry stick in his empty shell. To enjoy a feast, he found ways to remove the birds’stereotype that he is mischievous and cunning, and even fly to the sky with the birds’wings. When in the sky, his eloquent speech made all the birds glad that they’d brought him. Besides, he was regarded as the king by the gods.UNIT 3What do you think is the most serious social problem in China? And what are the main causes?Our group think the most serious social problem in China nowadays is pollution, including air pollution, light pollution and white pollution. Different kinds of pollution have their own causes. Let’s begin with the first kind, what do you think of the cause of air pollution is?……In a word, with the rapid development of economy, more and more pollution problems are arising, to make our society a better one, we all human beings should work together to eliminate such causes as many as possible.How can we solve the latchkey children problem?The cost of living has been steadily rising for the past few decades. Food prices, clothing costs and tuition fees are constantly getting higher and higher. Partly because of financial need and partly because of career choices for personal fulfillment, mothers have been leaving the traditional role of full-time homemaker. So more and more latchkey children appear.To solve this social problem, parents should spare more time to stay with their kids and make them feel they are loved in spite of the fact that they are alone almost the whole day. They’d better get along well with their neighbors, then in case of emergency, kids can turn to neighbors for help. Besides, in the family, children should be guided to make full use of their private time, and stimulate a sense of independence and responsibility.UNIT 4Describe a career you’re likely to pursue in the future and tell us how you are preparing for it.I’d like to be an interpreter in the future, not only for the reason that interpreters have a high salary, but also that they travels a lot.To become an interpreter, the first step should be like this—having a good command of English. Then, try my best to obtain admission to Beijing Foreign Students University, which is famous for its language teaching. Last but not the least, being in BFSU doesn’t mean that I will become anexcellent interpreter, large quantities of language training should be received, professional skills should be polished, the task of being a well-rounded individual should be fulfilled. Only in this way can I become qualified.Is it a must for college students to have summer jobs? Why?I am consistent with this point of view. Summer job is a must for college students because we can gain social experience, which is critical for our latter careers.We can choose a company where we would stay for a fairly long time after we graduate. We can take the summer part time job to feel the company’s culture through dribs and drabs of our internship life.Undergraduates need this kind of real world experience and knowledge that could only come from an apprenticeship or, sometimes, a strong internship program.UNIT 5Share your experience in learning English: your success, failure and possible reasons.I’ve heard you’ve got first prize in the English speech contest, how did you get that? What’s your way of learning English? Do you usually practice speaking English with your friends?……I’ve learned that good English learners tend to accumulate new words and write them down on a small piece of paper, so that they can carry it everywhere and review new words and expressions whenever they have spare time. So I imitate them. Do you think it’s a good method to improve English?……And I also have some suggestions for you. Good English learners tend to read many English literary books, such as JANE EYRE and GONE WITH THE WIND. If you want to read these books, I can lend them to you.Should learners aim to speak English with a native-speaker pronunciation? Why or why not?I don’t hold the viewpoint that English learners should aim to have a native accent, sometimes it’s OK if you understand what one says and can use English to express yourself to an English-speaker. That’s to say, different people have different needsto imitate the pronunciation. ……On the one hand, if we spend too much time on the pronunciation, it would be difficult for new learners to command the new language quickly.On the other, we have no way to imitate native speakers since we can’t meet with them daily. The attempt to imitate may transform into a strange accent which is like neither Chinese nor English.。
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Three main social problems in ChinaLike many other countries, China has a lot of social problems. But different from other developing countries, it has some particular social problems. Here are three main social problems in China:1. Medical treatment:Almost every will get diseases in his long life, so medical treatment is one of the most important parts for us. But the medical treatment in China is really serious and it is even the most serious social problem.Many people say “It’s so hard to go to hospital” or “It’s so expensive to go to hospital”. Though China is developing fast in economy, the medical treatment is one of the worst countries all over the world. To this result, a large amount of population and the lack of mechanisms are the main reasons.In a research, 11.8% of the personal revenue is paid in medical treatment, even higher than it is paid in education, clothes and food. So how serious! Many people in China are not satisfied with the service and the price of the hospital so that when they are ill, some of them don’t want to go to hospital. This causes another problem. The people’s health is poor and it has an effect on their work and study immediately.And hospitals also distribute unevenly in China. There a few hospitals in villages so that the problem in villages is worse than it is in towns or big cities. So some social experts have called on governments to care more about the medical problem.2. Employment:Because of the large population, employmental problem is also very serious.There are a few new jobs for people but there are many students who just graduates from the college. So as the result, many people lost their jobs and many young people can’t find the proper jobs. They have to wait at home and ask their parents for help. Later they may become lonely and sad. Some people who see this think it useless to go to collage and even they don’t want to learn any knowledge. This is more terrible!Though this is part of global problems, China is still the country that has most people in the whole world and it seems more important to solve it in China.3. Gap between the poor and the richThe GDP of China is high but it’s really low for each Chinese because there are too many people. It’s just a little more than 1000 dollars.What I want to say is that this is an average number. In some modern cities like Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou, people on work can get a lot of money and the establishments in the city is so wonderful as if they live in the developed countries. There’re many modern in dustries in this area. The education is also developing fast. But in some villages far from the big city, each person lives a really poor life. They can hardly pay for anything.In a research, some rich people in Shanghai own over 10 million yuan per month but some poor villagers in Guizhou only get 200 yuan per year. So as you can see, what a large gap between the rich and the poor in China. And it has an effect on the development of China immediately. Governments have taken measures to deal with the problem by sending food, clothes, books and other necessary things to villages but it is still a serious and particular social problem.All above are three main social problems in China I think, and I hope that they can be all solved soon so that our country will develops fast and all we Chinese will have a better life.Soaring Commodity Prices 59.5%Health Care Availability and Prices 42.9%1Income and Wealth Gap 31.6%2Governmental Corruption 29.3%3Unemployment 24.2%4Housing Prices 24%5Retirement Pension for the Elderly 16.6%6Food Safety 15.9%7Education Costs 10.9%8Environmental Pollution 10.3%Regional imbalances[edit]See also: List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita and Heihe-Tengchong LineRural-urban disparity and the wealth gapSince the economic reforms in China began, income inequality has increased significantly. The Gini Coefficient, an income distribution gauge, has worsened from 0.3 back in 1986 to 0.42 in 2011,.[2] Poverty researchers recognize anything above 0.4 as potentially socially destabilizing.The growing wealth gap can be seen as a byproduct of China’s economic and social development policies. The adverse effects of having a widening inequity between the rich and the poor include social and political instability, discrimination in access to areas such as public health, education, pensions and unequal opportunities for the Chinese people. It is important to note that the inequality in income in China can also be seen as a rural-urban income gap especially with the widely criticized social development policy, the Hukou (household registration) System in place. Market income – mainly wages – has been the driving factor in shaping urban income inequality since the economic reforms in China while the widening rural-urban income gap is due to low salaries for employees and migrants in many companies coupled with rapidly growing profits for the management of State-owned enterprises, real estate developers and some private companies. The urban per capita net income stood at 17,175 yuan ($2,525) in 2009, in contrast to 5,153 yuan in the countryside, with the urban-to-rural income ratio being 3.33:1, according to figures from the National Bureau of Statistics.[3]The Hukou System has been long seen as an institutionalized source of inequality and disparity among the population and source of population control seen a deterrence factor for rural citizens to seek a higher standard of living in the cities as rural citizens will be denied access to urban housing and education for their children. It is also seen as a legacy of the dualistic economy, serving as a highly effective measure of limiting urban migration.10Coastal-hinterland imbalance11Digital divideChina's wealth and population is concentrated in the Eastern coastal provincesPopulation[edit]12Aging of population due to one child policy13Steady increase in cases of AIDS.Employment[edit]Employment distribution has been an important issue for the Chinese Government ever since it began initiating reforms.[4] Employment levels differs from region to region, with stronger concentrations of unemployment in the interior. That trend which has been stemmed in part from the efforts of the Chinese Government to make its SOEs (State Owned Enterprises), which had a redundancy rate at an estimated 25-30% in 1999,[5] more efficient.[6]on the other hand as of late 2011 the heavily industrialized coastal areas and cities are in fact experiencing an employment shortage due to the runaway growth of the economy.[7]Guangdong province alone needs at least 1 million workers to cover the shortage.[8]Government and law[edit]14Bloated staffing in civil service and redundant government agencies 15Corruption(nepotism and cronyism(favorism over meritocracy), wasting public funds, bribery, legal system corruption (司法制度腐败),Corporate scandals etc.)16Face projects (面子工程), including building useless roads, buildings, and huge government squares17Tofu-dreg projects(豆腐渣工程), meaning poorly built infrastructure18government-commerce relationships (官商勾结)19Lack of the rule of law20Fusion and unclear definition on the powers of the government and judiciaryCrime[edit]Main article: Crime in the People's Republic of China21Increase in corporate irregularity a.k.a. white-collar crime.22Close tie between organized crime and corruption.[9]23Extensive allegations of counterfeiting.24Increased instances of alleged fraud and scams (including people claiming supernatural powers, quack medicines, etc.)25The resurgence of Chinese organized crime.[10]Social unrest[edit]26Media censorship27Dissatisfaction with corrupt government officials.28Large protests against local government/businesses due to unfair treatment (usually land and expropriation related issues) and ensuing persecution.Elitism and discrimination[edit]29Regional elitism (mainly in Beijing and Shanghai)30Discrimination against women31Emergence of new class systemEducation[edit]32Common with other East Asian countries is the extreme pressure from friends, family, and society to perform well in extremely competitive schools, (especially in Gaokao, the university entrance exams) this can result in unethical behaviour performed by parents and/or students (bribery, cheating, etc. to get into best schools)[11]33Rural-urban inequality34Lack of strong relationship between state-funded research and theprivate sector, e.g. poor commercialization and technology transfer of university research35Lack of critical scholarship and monitoring of research quality 36Morality[edit]Norm that social competitiveness should be considered above all else Loss of traditional Confucianism morals and beliefsInflexible ideologies taught in publicMoney worshipLoss of culture[edit]As a result of the cultural revolution manytraditional Chinese customs and beliefs have been lost, though some have been revivedSocial Issues in the United StatesOn doubt United States is a powerful country today in the world. It has made its mark in the history by building a strong economy that every other nation envies and idolizes too. But, all that glitters is not gold. America too has some serious social issues that need to be dealt with to maintain the position of power, prestige, and set a true example of ideal society in the world.Unequal Distribution of Wealth: Privatization is increasing in America which provides opportunities only to those who can afford. The efforts of socialists, to distribute wealth equally are also been opposed by the ruling government. Due to this, rich people are becoming richer and poor becoming poor.Poverty: Yes, it is shocking but true. Around 13-17% American population lives below the federal poverty line. The US government does not have an absolute definition for poverty but it describes the same phenomenon as relative poverty, that is, how income relates to median income. The number of people living under poverty line is increasing at an alarming rate.Unequal Educational Funding: The US government provides compulsory education for first 12 years. This education system is controlled by state government and a very little portion of control is held by local government, which determines the funding and school system of each municipality. Large number of childbearing families from affluent communities seem to be funded heavily compared to less affluent and fewer childbearing families. The problem of 'school dropouts' is also increasing due to poorschool condition and services.Crime and Incarceration: Due to increased unequal opportunities, the crime rate is also increasing the United States. Prison population in America is growing every day. Most of the prisoners are drug offenders who use or sell recreational drugs. Incarceration of criminals for long sentences has led to three strikes laws and ultimately to incarceration for life after three felonies.Health Issues: The United States does not provide health care to all. It does not have a socialized medicine or public health care system. Only employed people get health insurance as employee benefit but unemployed, part-time, self employed workers have to pay for their own insurance which is very expensive. Some studies have shown that medical bills are one of the major causes of declaring bankruptcy in the United States.Increasing Cost of Living: With growing inflation, the cost of living in the United States is also increasing significantly. But the minimum wage is not increasing in the same fashion and so, many people find it difficult to fulfill their daily basic requirements. The working population makes more money and again spends more on living which hardly leaves anything behind for savings. America has the lowest saving rate compare do other developed nation.List of social issues[edit]Personal issues versus social issues[edit]Personal issues are those that individuals deal with themselves and within a small range of their peers and relationships.[1] On the other hand, social issues threaten values cherished by widespread society.[1]For example, the unemployment rate of 7.8 percent[2] in the U.S. as of October 2012 is a social issue.The line between a personal issue and a public issue may be subjective, however, when a large enough sector of society is affected by an issue, it becomes a social issue. Although one person fired is not a social issue, the repercussions of 13 million people being fired is likely to generate social issues.Caste system[edit] resulted in most oppressed Untouchables on earth for the past 3000 years . UK recently banned caste system [1] and US is also planning to ban [2] caste system.Economy[edit]Unemployment rates vary by region, gender, educational attainment and ethnic group.In most countries, including the developed countries many people are poor and depend on welfare. In Germany in 2007one in six children depended on welfare. That is up from only one in one seventy twelve yes in 1965.[3] economy is undefined nowadays.[4]Social disorganization[edit]So called problem neighbourhoods exist in many countries. Those neighbourhoods tend to have a high drop-out rate from secondary school and children growing up in a neighbourhood like this have a low probability of going to college compared to a person growing up in another neighbourhood. Abuse of alcohol and drugs is common. Often those neighbourhoods were founded out of best intentions.[5]Age and the life course[edit]Throughout the life course there are social problems associated with different ages. One such social problem is age discrimination. An example of age discrimination is when a particular person is not allowed to do something or is treated differently based on age.Inequality[edit]Inequality is "the state or quality of being unequal".[6] Inequality is the root of a number of social problems where things such as gender, race and age may affect the way a person is treated. A past example of inequality as a social problem is slavery in America. Africans brought to America were often enslaved and mistreated, and did not share the same rights as the white population of America (ex. voting).Education and public schools[edit]is arguably the most important skill in being a successful member of society, however there has not been an equal amount of distribution of funding to public schools.[7] The weak organizational policy in place and the lack of communication between public schools and the federal government has begun to have major affects on the future generation. Public schools that do not receive high standardized test scores are not being funded sufficiently to actually reach the maximum level of education their students should be receiving.[8]Work and occupations[edit]Social Problems in the workplace include theft, sexual harassment, wage inequality, gender inequality, racial inequality, health care disparities, and many more.Media[edit]Media or outlets that publicize information often socially construct social problems. Depending on who owns the media outlet often determines the types of social problems presented, how long they are air, how dramatic they should be, etc. The media is often based towards one end of the spectrum; i.e. media outlets have been accused of either being too conservative or too liberal.Health and medicine[edit]Medication prescriptions have substantially risen in the past decade in our society. The question is whether these medications actually work oris it mind over matter. Studies have shown that placebos are almost as effective in helping with depression than antidepressants.[citation needed] Antidepressants are many of the pills that are being prescribed and make Americans even more addicted to medication because of the concept of taking the pills.[9]Advertising junk food to children[edit]The food industry has been blamed by many for the increase in childhood obesity by targeting the child demographic in marketing. The food products marketed often are deemed unhealthy because of their high calorie, high fat, and high sugar contents.[10] In the advertisements the company's have adjusted their ads to make them look much better, e.g. bigger, fresher, cleaner, smarter and much more. It was a main problem of all the worldObesity[edit]Obesity is a prevalent social problem in today's society, with rates steadily increasing. According to the Weight Control Information Network, since the early 1960s, the prevalence of obesity among adults more than doubled, increasing from 13.4 to 35.7 percent in U.S. adults age 20 and older.[11] In addition, today two in three adults are considered overweight or obese, and one in six children aged 6–19 are considered obese.Alcohol and drugs[edit]Drugs are at times the causes of social problems. Drugs such as cocaine and opiates offer very limited positive effects and are extremely addictive. Many users of such drugs will commit crimes in order to obtain their fix. Occasionally, drugs such as methamphetamine or encyclopedic will cause deviant and violent behavior, which would be classified as a social problem.[12]Drunk driving is on the rise and is the number two cause of accidental death, it is a cause of around 17,000 deaths each year. All but 9 states have adopted the Administrative License Revocation where if you are caught drinking and driving and found guilty you lose your license for a full year. This is a step that is being taken in order to try and avoid this social problem.[13]Crime and the justice system[edit]The federal prison system has been unable to keep up with the steady increase of inmates over the past few years, causing major overcrowding. In the year 2012, the overcrowding level was 41 percent above "rated capacity" and was the highest level since 2004.[14]The federal prison not only has overcrowding, but also has been the center of controversy in the U.S regarding the conditions in which the prisoners are treated.Environmental racism[edit]Environmental racism is when a particular place or town is subject to problematic environmental practices due to the racial and class components of that space. In general, the place or town is representative of lower income and minority groups. Often, there is more pollution, factories, dumping, etc. that produce environmental hazards and health risks not seen in more affluent cities.Hate crimes[edit]Hate crimes are a social problem in the United States because they directly marginalize and target a specific group of people or community based on their identities. Hate crimes can be a result of hate-motivated behavior, prejudice, and intolerance due to sexual orientation, gender expression, biological sex, ethnicity, race, religion, disabilities, or any other identity.[15]Hate crimes are a growing issue especially in school settings because of the young populations that exist. The majority of victims and perpetrators are teenagers and young adults, the population that exists within educational institutes. Hate crimes can take shape in physical or sexual assaults or harassment, verbal harassment, robbery, or even death.[16]The lasting effects of hate crimes can result in mental illness and disorders such as depression, suicidal thoughts and behaviors, etc. The issue is a social problem because it is widespread and affects much of our communities and the individuals who do not fit the norm.Valence issues versus position issues[edit]A valence issue is typically a social problem that is uniformly agreed upon.[17] These types of issues generally generate a widespread consensus and provoke little resistance from the public. An example of a valence issue would be incest or child abuse.[18] Unlike a valence issue, a position issue typically outlines a social problem in which the popular opinion among society is divided.[18] An example of a position issue is vegetarianism or veganism, due to the lack of widespread consensus from the public.Abortion[edit]Abortion is split between pro choice and pro-life. Pro choice people believe abortion is a right. They believe women have that right and shouldn't be limited by government. Pro life people believe person-hood begins at conception so abortion is the wrongful killing of an innocent person.[19]。