Addison and Steel

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EL-chapter16Addison,Steel,Swift

– It is the expression of Swift's indignation toward the terrible oppression and exploitation of the Irish people by the English ruling class. Assuming the cool tone of an impartial outsider, the author suggests that children of the poor Irish people be sold at one year old as food for the English nobles. The apparent eagerness and sincerity add force to the bitter irony and biting sarcasm.
– Editor of The Examiner, the official Tory organ, a zealous and potent spokesman for the party
– Becoming the dean of St. Patrick's in Dublin – A leader of Irish resistance against English oppression and a national hero in Ireland
– Suffering humiliation and poverty while living under the roof of a noble family – Cultivating his lifelong sympathy and warmth for the unfortunate and the poor – Meeting Esther Johnson, educating her, forming her character, and later coming to love her – Writing the famous journal letters, The Journal to Stella

黑客与画家

件的未来寄托在
少数聪明人身上, 不如把软件设计让一个委员会来作, 程序员只管编码实现
。
如果你想赚钱, 那么记住我的话, 因为我讲的, 正是小公司取胜的机会。大
公司采取保险的
做法, 意图规避风险。但是试图限制这种工作效果上的震荡的时候, 固然避
免了最坏的可能,
但也失去了最好的。这对大公司当然不是问题, 大公司取胜的原因不是因为
有影响的朋友都死了，他的追随者也都死了才行。
我想黑客不得不接受名声上的不确定性，这一点上, 他们和其他创造者没什
么不同。实际上比较起来还要幸运一些。在编程领域，一时的流行风气虽然
也有影响，但没有绘画领域那么大。
还有比别人的误解更糟的事情。更糟的危险是你可能自己误解自己。你通常
在相关领域寻找灵感。如果你在计算机系，很自然地会以为，编程的本质就
间复杂度，知道图灵机模型。也许应当知道状态机，至少知道这个概念，如
果要写语法解析或者正则表达式库的时候会用得到。画家对颜料的学问上，
要记的东西比这还要多一些呢。
对我来说，灵感的源泉不是来自于那些挂着计算机招牌的地方，而是那些聚
集着创造者的地方。我从绘画方面得到的灵感比我从计算机理论上得到的，
我认为这个难题的答案, 是创造者们应当找一个养家糊口的"日常工作"。这
个名词最初是惯
于晚上演出的音乐家们使用的。它的意思是: 你做一个工作是为了赚钱, 另
一个工作是因为
你喜欢。
几乎所有的创造者在他们职业生涯的早期, 都有日常工作。其中最为人所知
的就是画家和作
家。如果能赚钱的日常工作刚好是你所喜爱的工作, 那你就太幸运了。音乐

美国文学史复习要点手动

美国文学史整理一、Colonial America 殖民时期1、New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, RhodeIsland, and Connecticut.2、Doctrines of Puritanism清教American Puritanism stressed predestination命运神定, original sin 原罪, total depravity 彻底的堕落, and limited atonement 有限的赎罪from God’s grace.3、Writing style：fresh, simple and direct and with a touch of nobility；the rhetoric is plain and honest.4、Life style：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.5、Main writer:①Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩work：Common Sense 1776 常识American Crisis 1776-1783 美国危机The Rights of Man人权The Age of Reason理性时代②Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林Poor Richard’s Almanac穷查理历书Autobiography 富兰克林自传<clarity, good sense, and simplicity of the English essayists Joseph Addison and Richard Steele>③Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊Declaration of Independence 1776独立宣言<simple and clear, powerful and graceful>二、American Romanticism early period 浪漫主义前期1、Characteristics：①A rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.反对理性主义的客观性.②Feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important for romantics than reason and common sense.感受、直觉和情感重于理性和常识.③An emphasis on individualism; placing the individual against the group, against authority.强调个人主义,将个人与团体,反对权威.④Stress on the close relationship between man and nature.强调人与自然之间的密切关系.⑤Fascination with the wild, the irregular, the indefinite, the remote, the mysterious, and the strange疯狂的迷恋,不规则,不定,远程,神秘,奇怪⑥Cherishing a strong interest in the past, especially the medieval.对过去有强烈的兴趣,特别是中世纪.2、Features：New experience in the American Romanticism.A deep influence from the American Puritanism.The “newness” of the Americans as a nation.3、writers and works:①Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·瓦兹沃思·朗费罗A Psalm of Life 1838 人生礼赞Voices of the Night 1839 夜吟The Song of Hiawatha 1855 海华沙之歌The Courtship of Miles Standish 1858 迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚Tales of a Wayside Inn 1863 路边客栈的故事②Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文<Father of American Imaginative literature； Father of the American short story>A History of New York 1809 纽约外史The Sketch Book 1819-1820 见闻札记“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”睡谷的传说“Rip Van Winkle”瑞普·凡·温克尔The cognomen of Crane was not inapplicable to his p erson….. Bracebridge Hall 1822 布雷斯布里奇田庄Tales of a Traveller 1824 旅客谈③James Fennimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏<writing on such subjects as the Revolution, the frontier, the sea, and the wilderness>Leather-stocking Tales 皮袜子故事集The Pioneer 拓荒者The Prairie 大草原The Spy 间谍三、New England Transcendentalism 新英格兰超验主义1、Over-soul超灵~was an all-pervading power goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent.简答Individualism individual was the most importanta fresh view of nature symbolic of the Spirit or God.2、writers and works:①Ralph Waldo Emerson 艾默生Nature 1836 论自然<节选：Standing on the bare ground, — my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into space, —all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or parcel of God.>The American Scholar 1837 论美国学者Divinity School Address 1838 神学院演说Self-Reliance 1841 论自助Representative Men 1850 代表人物The Transcendentalist 超验主义者The Over-Soul 论超灵②Henry David Thoreau 梭罗<Lover of nature, environmentalist; Individualism , materialism andindustrial civilization>Walden; or Life in the Woods 1854 瓦尔登湖；或林中生活<节选 Our village life would stagnate if it were not for the unexplored forests and meadows which surround it. ……We can never have enough of Nature. >四、American Romanticism later period 浪漫主义后期我们可以把超验主义产生之前的那一段称为前期浪漫主义,而把19世纪30年代之后的文学称为后期浪漫主义.前期浪漫主义是以欧文等人将美国文学提高到欧洲水平为特征,后期浪漫主义则是以超验主义激励而起的“文艺复兴”文学兴起,并最终产生了独立的美国文学为标志.1、High Romantics in fiction2、①Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑Twice-Told Tales 1837 尽人皆知的故事Mosses from an Old Manse 1846 古屋青苔The Scarlet letter 1850 红字The House of Sever Gables 1851 有七个尖角阁的房子Blithedale Romance 1852 福谷传奇The Marble Faun 1860 玉石雕像Our Old House 1863 我们的故居< symbols and setting, ambiguity, supernatural elements. His style is soft, flowing, and almost feminine. His touch is light, but his observation is somber.>②Herman Melville 赫尔曼·麦尔维尔Moby-Dick 1851 白鲸 pp113-118Pierre 1852 皮埃尔Typee 1846泰比Omoo 1847奥穆Mardi 1849玛迪2、High Romantics in poetry①Edgar Allan Poe 艾伦·坡< the father of modern horror story and detective story. >Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 1840 怪诞故事集“The Raven” 1845 乌鸦“Annabel Lee ” 1849 安娜贝尔·李②Walt Whitman 沃尔特·惠特曼Leaves of Grass 草叶集Features in Whitman’s poems：·Organic form ：extremely long, not constrained by the number of beats in a line.·Thought rhythm： does not move in terms of beats, but in terms of thoughts.·Parallelism：The parallel lines say the same thing but use different words.·Cataloguing technique：long lists of images, sights, sounds, smells,taste, and touch.③Free verse 自由诗④Emily Dickinson 艾米丽·狄金森Theme：Religion & faith Beauty & truth Life & death Nature friendship love & marriageWork：I died for beautyFeatures：frequent use of dashes破折号, sporadic capitalization of nouns零星的名词, convoluted and ungrammatical phrasing措辞费解不合文法,off-rhymes压尾韵, broken meters, bold and unconventional and often startling metaphors大胆的隐喻, and aphoristic wit警句.五、The Age of Realism 美国现实主义文学·at the later part of the 19th century.·simply fidelity to actuality in its representation in literature.·based on the accurate of human experiences.·It insists on precise description, authentic action and dialogue, moral honesty, and a democratic openness in subject matter and style.·is inclusive of naturalism, regionalism and local color writing. feature：objective and realWriters and works:①Howells Their Wedding Journey 1872 结婚旅行②Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯The American 1877 一个美国人Daisy Miller 1878 黛西·密勒The Portrait of a Lady 1881 贵妇画像The Art of Fiction 1884 “小说的艺术”The Bostonians 1886 波士顿人The Tragic Muse 1890 悲惨的缪斯The Wings of Dove 1902 鸽翼The Ambassadors 1903 专使The Golden Bowl 1904 金碗六、Regionalism & Local Colorism乡土文学与地方色彩文学·presents a locale which is distinguished from the outside world. ·describes the exotic and the picturesque.·glorifies the past.·attempts to show things as they are.·stresses the influence of setting on character.·Dialect peculiarities are the defining characteristicWriters and works:①Mark Twain 马克·吐温“the Lincoln of literature”The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 1876 汤姆·索亚历险记The Prince and the Pauper 1882 王子与贫儿Life on Mississippi 1883 密西西比河上The Gilded Age 1873, with Charles 镀金时代The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1885 哈克贝利·费恩历险记Feature：use Vernacular language. local colorStyle：unpretentious, colloquial, poetic.②Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈里特·比彻·斯托Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 汤姆叔叔的小屋③Francis Bret Harte 弗朗西斯·布雷特·哈特The Lost Galleon 1867 沉船The Luck of Roaring Camp 1870 咆哮营里的幸运儿Mrs. Skaggs’s Husbands 1873 斯凯葛夫人的丈夫们An Heiress of Red Dog 1879 红狗的女继承人七、American Naturalism 美国自然主义文学美国文学自然主义者认为,人同时受制于are controlled自然环境与社会环境,因而遗传因素laws of heredity与社会环境environment是人的命运不可抵抗的决定力量.他们认为,在受制于不以人的意志为转移的非道德力量的世界中,宣扬道德的地位是毫无意义的.·more inclusive and less selective than realism. 比现实主义更具包容性,选择却更少·Determinism governs everything 决定论支配一切·It daringly opened up the seamy underside of society and such topics as divorce, sex, adultery, poverty, and crime.·It conceives of man as controlled by his instincts or his passions, or by his social and economic environment and circumstances.1、writers and works:①Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬·克莱恩The Red Badge of Courage 1895 红色英勇勋章< the first modern war novel >② Frank Norris 弗兰克·诺里斯McTeague 1899 麦克提格<the first full-bodied naturalistic American novel; a consciously naturalistic manifesto>③ Theodore Dressier 西奥多·德莱塞An American Tragedy 1925 美国悲剧Sister Carrie 1900 嘉莉妹妹Jennie Gerhardt 1911 珍妮姑娘The Financier 1912 金融家The Titan 1914 巨人The Stoic 1947 斯多葛The Genius 1915 天才④ Jack London 杰克·伦敦Martin Eden 1909 马丁·伊登The Son of the Wolf 1900 狼之子The Call of the Wild 1903 野性的呼唤The Sea Wolf 1904 海狼White Fang 1906 白獠牙“Love of Life” 1907 热爱生命⑤ Upton Sinclair 厄普顿·辛克莱The Jungle 屠场八、Modern American Poetry 美国现代诗歌feature：fragmentation分散,碎片stream-of-consciousness意识流的a break with the pastwriters and works:①Ezra Pound 庞德Des Imagists 意象派诗选 Cantos 诗章Cathay 华夏“Hugh Selwyn Mauberley”休·赛尔温·毛伯利② T. S. Eliot 托马斯·斯特尔那斯·艾略特The Waste Land 1922 荒原Family Reunion 1950 大团圆③ Robert Frost 罗伯特·弗罗斯特A Boy’s Will 1913 少年的心愿North of Boston 1914 波士顿以北After Apple Picking 1914 摘苹果之后Mountain Interval 1916 山间洼地New Hampshire 1923 新罕布什尔West-Running Brook 1928 西流的溪涧A Further Range 1936 又一片牧场A Witness Tress 1942 一株见证的树“Mending Wall”“修墙”“The Road Not Taken”“没有走过的路”④ Carl Sandburg 卡尔·桑德伯格In Reckless Ecstasy 肆无忌惮的狂想Cornhuskers 辗米机 The American Songbag 美国歌袋Smoke and Steel 烟与钢 The Prairie Years 草原的年代Good Morning, America 早上好,美国 The People, Yes 人民,好九、Modern American Fiction 美国现代小说1、The Lost Generation 迷惘的一代Writers and works:①Ernest Hemingway 海明威·He was famous for his novels and short stories written in his spare, laconic, yet intense prose with short sentences and very specific details.·Almost all his stories deal with the theme of courage in face of tragedy.·They reveal man's impotence and despairing courage to assert himself against overwhelming odds.·The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. 一座冰山在海面上移动是很壮观的,因为只有八分之一露出水面.The Old Man and the Sea 1952 老人与海The Sun Also Rises 1926 太阳照常升起A Farewell to Arms 1929 永别了,武器For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940 丧钟为谁而鸣In Our Time 1925 在我们的年代里The Torrents of Spring 1926 春潮Men without Women 1927 没有女人的男人Winner Take Nothing 1933 胜者无所得To Have and to Have Not 1937 贫与富Style：Hemingway’s style is noted for its simplicity. In diction, he focus on nouns and verbs and reduces the use of adjectives, especially complicated adjectives. In sentence structure, he uses coordinated clauses to avoid subordinated clauses that would imply vague judgments.②F. Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯·斯科特·基·菲茨杰拉德The Great Gatsby 1925 了不起的盖茨比This Side of Paradise 1920 人间天堂Flappers and Philosophers 1920 新潮女郎与哲学家The Beautiful and the Damned 1922 美丽的和倒霉的Tales of the Jazz Age 1922 爵士乐时代的故事All the Sad Young Men 1926 所有悲伤的年轻人Tender is the Night 1934 夜色温柔The Last Tycoon 1941 最后一个巨头2、others① Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德·安德森Winesburg, Ohio 1919 小镇畸人Poor white 1920 穷白人Horses and Men 1923 马与人The Triumph of the Egg 1921 鸡蛋的胜利Death in the Woods 1933 林中之死Windy McPherson’s Son 1916 饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子② Willa Cather 薇拉凯瑟The Song of the Lark 1915 云雀之歌My Antonia 1918 我的安东尼亚O Pioneers 1913 啊,拓荒者A Lost Lady 1923 失踪的女士The Professor’s House 1925 教授之家Death Comes for the Archbishop 1927 大主教之死Shadows on the Rock 1931 岩石上的阴影③ Sinclair Lewis 辛克来·刘易斯Babbitt 1922 巴比特④ John Steinbeck 约翰·斯坦贝克The Grapes of Wrath 1939 愤怒的葡萄The Moon is Down 1942 月亮下去了The Winter of Our Discontent 1961 我们不安的冬天The Pastures of Heaven 1932 天堂牧场In Dubious Battle 1936 胜负未决Of Mice and Man 1937 鼠与人⑤ John Dos Passos 约翰·多斯·帕索斯The Trilogy U. S. A 1937 美国三部曲The Adventures of a Young Man 1939 一个年轻人的冒险Three Soldiers 1921 三个士兵Manhattan Transfer 1925 曼哈顿中转站 1919 1932 一九一九The Big Money 1936 赚大钱Number One 1943 第一号The Grand Design 1949 伟大的计划District of Columbia 1952 哥伦比亚特区十、The Southern Renaissance 美国南方文学Southern Renaissance.1、Themes：Chevalier heritage.骑士遗产Agrarian virtue. 农业推崇Plantation aristocracy.种植园农场的贵族生活Lost cause. 失去的事业White supremacy. 白人至上的传统Purity of Southern womanhood. 南方女性的纯洁2、Writers and works①William Faulkner 威廉·福克纳The Yoknapatawpha Saga 约克纳帕塔法世系The Sound and the Fury 1929 喧嚣与骚动Absalom, Absalom 1936 押沙龙,押沙龙Intruder in the Dust 1948 尘土中的入侵者Sartoris 1929 沙托里斯 As I Lay Dying 1930 我弥留之际Sanctuary 1931 圣殿 Light in August 1932 八月之光The Hamlet 1940 村子 Go Down, Moses 1942 去吧,摩西The Town 1957 小镇“The Bear”“熊”Feature：·successfully advanced some modern literary techniques: Stream of consciousness. interior monologue 意识流·multiple point of view 多角度的·talk about the violence and evil in all human beings·His prose varies from colloquial, regional, to formal diction and cadences of American speech.② Thomas Wolfe 托马斯·沃尔夫Look Homeward, Angel 1929 novel 天使,望乡Of Time and the River 1935 novel 时间与河流From Death to Morning 1935 stories 从死亡至早晨The web and the Rock 1939 manuscript novel 蛛网与岩石You Can't Go Home Again 1940 manuscript novel 有家归不得The Hills Beyond 1941 远山③ Katherine Anne Porter 凯瑟琳·安·波特The Flowering Judas 开花的犹大树The Jilting of Granny Weatherall 被背弃的老祖母Pale Horse, Pale Rider 苍白的马,苍白的骑手Learning Tower and Other Stories 斜塔和其他故事Ship of Fools 傻瓜的船④ Eudora Welty 尤多拉·韦尔蒂Death of a Traveling Salesman 1936 旅行推销员之死Delta Wedding 1946 三角洲的婚礼⑤Carson McCullers 卡森·麦卡勒斯The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter 1940 心是孤独的猎手The Ballad of the Sad Café 1943/1951 伤心咖啡馆的民谣⑥ Mary Flannery O'Connor 弗兰纳里·奥康纳Wise Blood 1952A Good Man is Hard to Find 1955The Violent Bear Is Away 1960Everything That Rises Must Converge 1965⑦ William Styron 威廉·斯泰伦Sophie's Choice 苏菲的抉择Lie Down in Darkness 1951 躺在黑暗中The Confessions of Nat Turner 纳特·特纳的自白十一、Modern American Drama 现代美国戏剧1、Expressionism表现主义：An artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and eventsarouse in him. He accomplishes his aim through distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy and through the vivid, jarring, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements.2、writers and works:① Eugene O'Neill 尤金·奥尼尔Bound East for Cardiff 1914东航卡迪夫Desire under the Elms 1924榆树下的欲望Beyond the Horizon 1920天边外The Emperor Jones 1920琼斯皇The Hairy Ape 1922毛猿All God’s Chillum Got Wings 1924 上帝的儿女都有翅膀The Great God Brown 1926大神布郞Strange Interlude 1928奇异的插曲Mourning Becomes Electra 1931悲悼The Iceman Cometh 1946送冰的人来了Long Day’s Journey into Night 1956 日长路远夜深沉② Elmer Rice 埃尔·莫莱斯Left Bank 1931左岸 Adding Machine 1923加算器Judgment Day 1934审判日 On Trial 1914审讯The Mongrel 1924混血儿 Street Scene 1929街景Dream Girl 1945梦幻姑娘③Susan GlaspellTrifles 1916 琐事 The Outside 1917外界Bernice 1919贝尔尼斯 Inheritors 1921继承人The Verge 1921界限 Alison’s House 1930艾里森的房子④ Clifford OdetsWaiting for Lefty 1935等待老左 Golden Boy 1937金孩子The Country Girl 1950乡村姑娘 Night Music 1940夜曲Awake and Sing 1935醒来唱歌 Clash by Night 1941夜间冲突The Flowering Peach 1954开花的桃树 The Big Knife 1948大刀⑤ Tennessee Williams 田纳西·威廉姆斯The Streetcar Named Desire 1947 欲望号街车The Glass Menagerie 玻璃动物园 Night of the Iguana 鬣蜥之夜Summer and Smoke 夏日烟云 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof 热铁皮屋顶上的猫The Rose Tattoo 玫瑰文身 Suddenly Last Summer 去年夏天突然Sweet Bird of Youth 甜蜜的青春之鸟 Period of Adjustment 微妙的调整阶段⑥ Arthur Miller 米勒All My Sons 都是我儿子Death of a Salesman 1949推销员之死The Crucible 坩锅/炼狱 A View from the Bridge 凭桥远眺After the Fall 堕落之后 Incident at Vichy 维希事件The Archbishop’s Ceiling 大主教的天花板 The Price 代价The Creation of the World and Other Business 创世记和其他⑦ Edward Albee 爱德华·阿尔比The Zoo Story 1958动物园故事 The Sandbox 1961沙袋Three Tall Women 1994 三个高个女人 Tiny Alice 1964 小小爱丽丝A Delicate Balance 1966微妙的平衡 All Over 1971万事皆休Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf 1962 谁害怕弗吉尼亚沃尔夫Box and Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung 1968毛主席语录⑧David MametAmerican Buffalo 美国野牛⑨ David Henry Hwang 黄哲伦M. Butterfly 蝴蝶君Broken Promises: Four Plays 没有兑现的诺言：四个剧本十二、African American Literature 美国黑人文学1、Early African American literature①Frederick Douglass 道格拉斯The Life and Time of Frederick of Douglass 1881 弗莱德里克道格拉斯的生平和时代②Booker T. WashingtonUp from Slavery 1901③W. E. B. DuBoisThe Souls of Black Folks: Essays and Sketches 1903 黑人的灵魂④Jean ToomerCane 1923拐杖2、Harlem Renaissance 哈莱姆文艺复兴 or The New Negro Movement① Countee Cullen 卡伦,C.Color 1925 One Way to Heaven a novel 1932Copper Sun 1927 The Black Christ 1929The Lost Zoo 1940 My Lives and How I Lost Them 1942②Zora Neale Hurston 佐拉·尼尔·赫斯顿Spunk胆量 Jonah's Gourd Vine 1934 约拿的葫芦藤Mules and Men 1935 骡子与人 Tell My Horse 1937 告诉我的马Mountain 1939 山人摩西 Dust Tracks on a Road 1942 风尘仆仆③ Langston Hughes 蓝斯顿·休斯“The Negro Speaks of River” 1920 “黑人说河”Shakespeare in Harlem 1947 哈莱姆的莎士比亚I Wonder as I Wander 1956 我漂泊,我思考The Weary Blues 1926疲倦的歌声 Dear Lovely Death 1931亲爱的的死神Mulatto 1936混血儿play The Best of Simple 1961辛普尔精选集3、African American literature in the 1940s and 1950s① Richard Wright 理查德·赖特12 Million Black Voices 1941 一千二百万黑人的声音Uncle Tom’s Children 1938; enlarged, 1940 汤姆叔叔的孩子们Native Son 1940土生子 The Color Curtain 1956有色的窗帘Black Boy 1945黑孩子 The Outsider 1953局外人Eight Man 1961八人行 White Man, Listen 1957白人,听着The Long Dream 1958漫长的梦 Land Today 1963如今的土地② Ralph Ellison 拉尔夫·艾里森Invisible Man 1952看不见的人Shadow and Act 1964 essay collection影子与行动Going to the Territory 1986 essay collection走向领地③ James Baldwin 詹姆斯·鲍德温Notes of a Native Son 土生子的笔记 nother Country 另一国度Nobody Knows My Name 没有人知道我的名字 Giovanni’s Room 乔万尼的房间The Amen Corner 阿门角 AJust Above My Head 就在我头顶上Go Tell it on the Mountains 向苍天呼吁Blues for Mister Charley 黑人怨4、Contemporary African American literature①Toni Morrison 托妮·莫里森The Bluest Eye 1970最蓝的眼睛 Sula 1973苏拉Song of Solomon 1977所罗门之歌 Tar Boy 1981柏油娃娃Beloved 1987宠儿 Jazz 1992爵士乐② Alex Palmer Haley 亚里克斯·哈里he Autobiography of Malcolm X 1965 马尔科姆·艾克斯自传Roots 1976 根 Hanning汉宁镇③ Alice Walker 艾丽斯·沃克Meridian 1976梅丽迪安 The Color Purple 1982紫色poem collections：Once 有一次 Revolutionary Petunias 革命的牵牛花In Love and Trouble 1973相爱与烦恼short story collection十三、Chinese American Literature 美国华裔文学1、the first stage：开创 end of 19C~20C 60s①Edith Maude Eaton 艾迪丝·伊顿Mrs. Spring Fragrance 1912 春香夫人——beginning②Louis Chu 雷庭招Eat a Bowl of Tea 吃一碗茶2、the second stage：转折 20C 70~80s①Frank Chin 赵健秀Chickencoop Chinaman 1972鸡笼里的华人The Year of Dragon 1974龙年The Chinaman Pacific & Frisco R. Co.铁路上的华工Donald Duck: a Novel唐纳鸭Gunga Din Highway 贡嘎丁公路Aiiieeeee An Anthology of Prose and Poetry 1974 哎呀美国亚裔作家文集②Maxine Hong Kingston 汤婷婷The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts1976女勇士China Man 1980中国佬Tripmaster Monkey: His Fake Book 1989孙行者：他的伪歌本3、the third stage、：繁荣20C 90s~now① Amy Tan 谭恩美The Joy Luck Club 1989 喜福会The Kichen God’s Wife 1991 灶神之妻The Hundred Secret Senses1995 百种神秘感The Bonesetter’s Daughter 2001 正骨师的女儿② Gish Jen 任碧莲Typical American 1991 典型的美国人Mona in the Promised Land 1996 莫娜在希望之乡Who’s Irish 1999 谁是爱尔兰人③David Henry Hwang 黄哲伦M. Butterfly 1988 蝴蝶君The House of Sleeping Beauties 睡美人之屋The Voyage 1992 航行Broken Promises: Four Plays 没有兑现的诺言：四个剧本十四、Confessionals 自白派1、罗伯特·洛威尔不一样的国度Land of Unlikeness、威利爵爷的城堡Lord Weary’s Castle、卡瓦纳家族的磨坊Mills of the Kavanaughs、献给联邦死难者For the Union Dead、大洋附近Near the Ocean、笔记1967-68 Notebook 1967-68 、海豚The Dolphin、陈旧的辉煌The Old Glory/.....2、安妮·塞克斯顿我生命的房间The Room of My Life去精神病院半途而归、生或死、变形记、死亡笔记...3、西尔维亚·普拉斯高烧103度、分割、死亡与商号、燃烧的女巫、边缘....4、约翰·贝里曼 John Berryman向布雷兹特里特夫人致意、77首梦歌、短诗集、贝里曼十四行诗集、他的玩具,他的梦,他的休息.....。

美国文学

美国文学1．The first great American juvenile literature was _____.A.Sketch Book2．_______ does not belong to the school of naturalism in history.D.Walt Whitman 3．William Sidney Porter was the real name of ________.B.O’ Henry4．牋牋？ Franklin had never been _____.D.an atheist5. The most quoted among Franklin’s writings could be ___, an annual collection of proverbs. B.Poor Richard’s Almanac6．The Declaration of Independence was the product of the joint efforts by ___,B.Thomas Jefferson7.1.牋牋？ ___ is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson.D.. The Bells8．______ translated the Bible into the Indian tongue.C.. John Eliot9．The first writings that we may call American were the narratives and ___ of the early English settlements.D.files10．The Fall of the House of Usher was a horror story by ______.B.Edgar Allan Poe 12．Mark Twain’s first book is ________.D.Jumping Frog13．Mark Twain had never been a _______.B.ambassador14．In all his novels Theodore Dreiser sets himself to project the ______ American values. For example, in Sister Carrie, there is not one character whose status is not determined economically.B.materialistic15．___ might be considered as a great realist of human spirit.B.Henry James 16．My Lost Youth written by ____ is about his hometown of Portland, Maine.A.Henry W. Longfellow17．Most of the poems in Whitman’s Leaves of Grass sing of man and ____.A.nature 18．As a Modernist poet, Pound is noted for his active involvement in the ______ B.Imagist Movement19．Most critics have agreed that __ is both an insider and an outsider of the Jazz Age with a double vision.D.Hemingway20．in 1952, Hemingway portrayed an old fisherman named ___ in The old Man and the Sea.C.Santiago21．___’s A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country was a guide to the country and an invitation to the bold spirits needed to enlarge and strengthen the English plantation in the new land.A.John Smith22．Puritans emphasized a ____God.B.wrathful23.___ did not ever show his/her concern for the Indians.A.Anne Bradstreet 24．There is a good reason to state that New England Transcendentalism was actually ___ on the Puritan soil.A.Romanticism25．After the success of ____, Herman Melville became known as a man who lived among cannibals.A.Typee26．___ wrote Rights of Man in 1792 to suggest the overthrow of the British monarchy.A.Thomas Paine27．____ made many translations, among which, Dante’s Divine Comedy was the best.B.Henry W. Longfellow28．1.？？？？？ Realism, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth”in the depiction of ordinary life, originated in ______ ,B.France29.Mark Twain’s first book is ________.D.Jumping Frog30．The novel which was described by a critic as “an outrage to American girlhood”is ____.C.Daisy Miller31．Franklin shaped his writings after the ____ of the English essayist Addison and Steel.A.Spectator papers32．A Key into the Language of America was a significant work by____.A.Roger Williams 33．____, first governor of Plymouth, left a wealth of letters after he died. A.William Bradford34．___ is not a name to refer to Natty Bumppo in Cooper’s frontier saga.D.Mohican 35．______ is not a character in the novel The Scarlet Letter.C.Goodman Brown 36．5. Puritan values do not include ____.D.debauchery37．“I heard the merry grasshopper then sing,/The black-clad cricket bear a second part” These lines written by ____________.C.Anne Bradstreet38．1.？？？？？ Realism, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth”in the depiction of ordinary life, originated in ______ ,B.France39．Mrs. Stowe’s did not ever write _______.C.The Stoic40．Where Mark Twain satirized European manners at times, ____ was an admirer.C.Henry James41．Eugene O’Neil did not write ______.D.The Saloon42．Which of the following works best illustrates the Calvinistic view of original sin? D.Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.43．Perhaps Dickinson's greatest rendering of the moment of is to be found in I Heard a Fly Buzz--When I Died---a poem universally considered one of her masterpieces.B.death44．The novel which was described by a critic as “an outrage to American girlhood”is ____.C.Daisy Miller45．Stylistically, Henry James’ fiction is characterized by _______.D.highly refined language46．When we say that a poor young man from the West tried to make his fortune in the East but was disillusioned in the quest of an idealized dream, we are probably discussing about ______’s thematic concern in his fiction writing.47．B.Scott Fitzgerald47．With the precedent of Whitman, ___also undertook as a spokesman for the common pople. He was proud later to “favor simple poems for simple people.”D.Carl Sandburg48．The collections of his occasional lectures on poetry entitled ___ established Wallace Stevens as a major American poet.B.The Necessary Angel49．“We hold these truths to be elf-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.”This sentence is taken from ___.B.The Declaration of Independence50．____ was considered to be the first American writer.C.John Smith。

英语专业英国文学总结

一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、头韵体代表作：The Song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法【Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）和metaphor暗语understatement婉转表达】3、散文Bede比德Alfred二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)1、romance 传奇文学佚名诗人：代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗2、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期① the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父②heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)③代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)3、Langland 朗格兰Piers the plowman《农夫彼尔斯》4、Malory 马罗礼Le Morte D'Arthur亚瑟王之死5、Popular Ballads大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed 代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔三、The Renaissance (16世纪) 文艺复兴时期十四行诗sonnet和对白体无韵诗（主体）1、key work: humanism 人文主义：admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物：（第一阶段）1)、Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔Utopia 乌托邦Book two is more important2）、Wyatt 魏阿特1st man to introduce into England sonnet3)、Surrey 萨利1st man to reform sonnet/ to use blank verse/ to use sonnet series（二、伊莉沙白时代:)4)、Sidney 锡特尼（田园）阿斯特罗菲尔与斯黛拉Astrophel and StellaApology for poetry 诗辨（人文主义、文学批评）5）Spenser斯宾塞（田园）poet's poet① The Faerie Queene仙后(epic poem 史诗) The Shepherds Calendar牧人日历② Amoretti爱情小唱Epithalamion婚后曲Colin Clouts Come Home Againe柯林•克劳特回来了Foure Hymnes四首赞美歌6）、Lyly 李雷Euphues 尤菲倚斯7)、Marlowe马洛（戏剧）Doctor Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧（代表作）desire for knowledgeTamburlaine帖木耳大帝desire for powerThe Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人desire for moneyblank verse(无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格) 是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。

英国文学史整理配合课堂重点内容

知识点梳理一中世纪文学（约 5 世纪—1485）•Beowulf贝奥武夫Old English literature, poems, the national epic of the English people ★特点Artistic features: ing alliteration押头韵 ing metaphor and understatement3.give an impression of reserve and at time a tinge of ironical humor3位Middle English 的著名诗人1.Geoffrey Chaucer—— The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集The founder of English poetry、realismwriting style: wisdom, humor, humanity.first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English<名解>heroic couplet：the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter p26、39、902.William Langland——Piers The Plowman 耕者皮尔斯:a picture of feudal England3.The author of Sir Gawain and Green Knight•The Robin Hood Ballads 罗宾汉<名解> 民谣The Ballads is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.二文艺复兴时期文学（15 世纪后期—17 世纪初）A period of drama and poetry.The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the EnglishRenaissance.<名解>Renaissance p30-31• 托马斯·莫尔Thomas More——Utopia乌托邦He was one of the forerunners of modern socialist thought<名解> The sonnet p39• 埃德蒙·斯宾塞Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene、The Shepherd’s Calendar牧人日历The poets’ poet. The first to be buried in the Poet’s corner of Westerminster AbbeyThe Faerie Queene——nationalism、humanism、puritanism• 弗兰西斯·培根Francis Bacon——Essays随笔The founder of English materialist philosophy近代唯物主义奠基人The first English essayist在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断•克里斯托弗·马洛Christopher Marlowe“University Wits”—Tamburlaine帖木耳大帝、TheJew of Malta马耳他的犹太人、Doctor Faustus<名解>Blank verse无韵体: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.★William Shakespeare 1564~161637plays 2long poems 154sonnets四大喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》A Midsummer Night’s Dream《威尼斯商人》The Merchant of Venice《皆大欢喜》As You Like It《第十二夜》Twelfth Night四大悲剧《哈姆莱特》Hamlet《奥赛罗》Othello《李尔王》King Lear《麦克白》Macbeth历史剧《亨利四世》Henry IV正剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》Romeo and JulietFeatures of Shakespeare's drama:1 one of the founders of realism in world literature2 often used the method of adaptation3 skilled in many poetic forms: song, sonnet, couplet, especially the blank verse4 a great master of the English language•本·琼生Ben Johnson——Every Man in His HumorHis portrayal of characters is one-sided, flat, and lacking development; they are not round and full-blooded.He was a forerunner of classicism in English literature which was to reach its hightide in the 18th century.古典主义先驱三17 世纪文学英国资产阶级革命时期The puritan poets 弥尔顿、班扬The metaphysical poets 邓恩The cavalier poets 德莱顿★约翰·弥尔顿John Milton 1608~1674早期Poems——On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity、Comus、Lycidas中期Pamphlets——Of Reformation in England、Areopagitica《论出版自由》、The Defence ofthe English People为英国人民声辩晚期Giant works失明后写——Paradise Lost失乐园、Paradise Regained复乐园、SamsonAgonistes力士参孙Areopagitica论出版自由，as a declaration of people's freedom of the press, has been a weapon in the later democratic revolotion struggles.Paradise Lost：long epic in12 books, written in blank verse. p107Agonistes力士参孙:poetical drama modelled on the Greek tragedies. It is from the Book of Judges in the Old Testament.Brief summary p1111 he was a political in both his life and his art. He was a militant pamphleteer of the English Revolution, and the greatest English revolutionary poet in 17th century2 he wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He and Shakespeare have always been regarded as two patterns of English verse3 he is a master of the blank verse. he first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.4 he is a great stylist.5 his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.• 约翰·班扬John Bunyan—The Pilgrim’s Progress: a religious allegory天路历程Puritan poet•John Donne the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).四启蒙时期文学（17th后期—18th中期）核心Reason<名解>The Enlightenment：an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism.<名解> classicism:The classicists modelled themselves on Greek and Latin authors, and try to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek andLatin works. The English classicists followed these standards in their writings.Classicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature.•Richard Steele——The Christian Hero（pamphlet）、（Newspapers）The Tatler、The spectator(in conjunction with Addison)、Theatre、The English•Joseph Addison——The Campaign(a poem，his best-known poem in heroic couplet) Cato (tragedy)、The Spectator、A Letter from Italy★The Spectator：a daily newspaper, one essay a day，dealing with the customs, manners, morals,literature and other current topics of the time, in a light and pleasant mannerAmong the most striking features of The Spectator are the character sketches (人物素描) of Mr. Spectator and the members of his club.Contribution：•Addison and Steel developed the form of letter writing to the verge of the epistolary novel(书信体小说).•Addison’s Spectator essay were looked upon as the model of English composition by British authors all through the 18th century.•Humor, intimacy and elegance are the striking features of the English familiar essay•Alexander Pope 亚历山大•蒲柏1688~17441.Essay on Criticism、2.The Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记the masterpiece, which is worth reading for itsdescription and satire of the dull court life of Englandof that time.3.The Dunciad愚人记、4.Essay on Man人论、5.Moral Essays道德论6.The Works of Shakespeare 《莎士比亚全集》One of the first to introduce rationalism to England.Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poetry. Frequently writing in the form of heroic couplets. He was at his best in satire and epigram.• Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~17451.Gulliver’s TravelsLilliput小人国Brobdingnag大人国Flying Island飞岛Houyhnhnm马岛2.A Tale of a Tub3.A Modest Proposal and The Drapi er’s Letters（pamphlets）Denounce the cruel and unjust treatment of Ireland by the English government and stir up the Irish people to fight.4.The Battle of BooksSwift’s Style: He is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple and clear and vigorous. He is a master satirist, and his irony is deadly. (例如modest proposal)• Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔•笛福Robinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel.Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie.Moll Flanders、Colonel Jacque、Captain singleton•Samuel Richardson——Pamela (Develop the English novel)、Clarissa Harlowe• Henry Fielding亨利•菲尔丁1707~1754Novels:1.Tom Jones汤姆•琼斯（A love story between Tom and Sophia）2.Joseph Andrews、3.The Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great、4.Amelia艾米莉亚He is the founder of English realistic novel、father of the English novel•Samuel Johnson 塞缪尔•约翰逊——A Dictionary of English Language英语大词典• Oliver Goldsmith（playwriter）奥利弗•格尔德斯密斯——The Deserted Village（poem）、The Good Natured Man、She stoops to Conquer（drama）•Richard Brinsley Sheridan（playwriter）理查德•布林斯利•施莱登——The Rivals、The School for Scandal（drama）Romantic Revival arose in the latter half of the 18th century, against Classicism.The pre-romantic poetry was represented by Blake and Burns.•William Blake威廉•布莱克1757~1827Songs of Innocence天真之歌、Songs of Experience经验之歌、The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻1. Blake was opposed to the classicism of the 18th century.2. His poems were full of romantic spirit and imagery symbolism.3. He was a Pre-Romanticist or forerunner of the romantic poetry of the 19th century.•Robert Burns罗伯特•彭斯1759—1796A Red, Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰songs of love and friendship、Auld Long Syne往昔时光The Scots Musical Museum and Collection of Original Scottish Airs.收集苏格兰民谣He is the greatest of Scottish poets and one of the greatest song writers in the world .The poems of Burns are written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.五浪漫主义时期文学Romanticism in England（1798-1832）The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death.The Lake Poets湖畔诗人who lived in the lake district.The elder generation: escapist romanticists（William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey）★William Wordsworth1770—1850Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集beginning of the Romantic Revival、deep love for nature sympathy for the poorI Wondered Lonely As A Cloud我好似一朵流云独自漫游Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey登丁寺杂咏The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女、The Prelude序曲•Samuel Taylor Coleridge——The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子颂The poem is considered his masterpiece•Robert Southey——Joan of Arc圣女贞德The younger generation: active romanticists：•George Gordon Byron 乔治•戈登•拜伦1788—1824Don Juan唐•璜、Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage恰尔德•哈罗德尔游记、Cain该隐、The Vision of Judgment审判的幻景<名解>拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles.恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。

Joseph Addison and Richard Steele教学大纲

Joseph Addison and Richard SteeleA man's first care should be to avoid the reproaches of his own heart.人首先注意的是避免受到自己良心的谴责。

——Joseph Addison 约瑟夫·艾迪生Something about Addison and SteeleAddison and Steele(1) Joseph Addison: studies at Oxford, secretary of state, created a literary periodical “Spectator” (with Steele, 1711)(2) Richard Steele: poet, playwright, essayist, publisher of newspaper.Addison and Steele were born in the same year, attended the same school and later studied at the same university.In 1709 Steele started a literary periodical named“The Tatler”. In 1711, Addison collaborated withSteele to create a literary periodical called “The Spectator”, in which Addison wrote 236 essays. "The Tatler""The Tatler" was published three times a week. It became widely read in London, especially in clubs and coffeehouses. The paper became extremely popular because it was just the sort of thing that suited the needs of the reading public among the bourgeoisie."The Spectator""The Spectator", a daily paper, was a collaborative project by Addison and Steele together. It was much more important than "The Tatler" not only because it dealt with a wide range of subjects and was written in a mature style but because it contained a gallery of vivid portraits of the members of the so-called "Spectator Club"."The Spectator" is a daily paper supposed to be edited by a small club headed by Mr. Spectator, who is a man of travel and learning and who often goes to London as an observer. The club also includes Sir Roger de Coverley, who represents the country gentry, Sir Andrew Freeport, Captain Sentry and Will Honeycomb, who represent respectively commerce, the army and the townsfolk. All the members of this club represent the contemporary social types.The significance of their essaysa. Their writings in “The Tatler”, and “The Spectator” provide a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.b. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.c. In their hands, the English essay completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story telling, they ushered in the dawn of the modern novel.。

华师美国文学答案

1．第1题Stylistically, Henry James’ fiction is characterized by _______.A.short, clear sentencesB.abundance of local imagesC.ordinary American speechD.highly refined language您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.02．第2题When we say that a poor young man from the West tried to make his fortune in the East but was disillusioned in the quest of an idealized dream, we are probably discussing about ______’s thematic concern in his fiction writing.A.Henry JamesB.Scott FitzgeraldC.HemingwayD.William Faulkne您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.03．第3题The novel which was described by a critic as “an outrage to American girlhood” is ____.A.Young Goodman BrownB.MardiC.Daisy MillerD.The Tragic Muse您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.04．第4题After the success of ____, Herman Melville became known as a man who lived among cannibals.A.TypeeB.White JacketC.OmooD.Moby Dick您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.05．第5题___ wrote Rights of Man in 1792 to suggest the overthrow of the British monarchy.A.Thomas PaineB.Benjamin FranklinC.George WashingtonD.Jefferson您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.06．第6题_______ does not belong to the school of naturalism in history.A.Stephen CraneB.Frank NorrisC.Jack LondonD.Walt Whitman您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.07．第7题William Sidney Porter was the real name of________.A.Mark TwainB.O’ HenryC.Jack LondonD.William Dean Howells您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.08．第8题There is a good reason to state that New England Transcendentalism was actually ___ on the Puritan soil.A.RomanticismB.PuritanismC.mysticismD.Unitarianism您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.09．第9题____ made many translations, among which, Dante’s Divine Comedy was the best.A.William C. BryantB.Henry W. LongfellowC.EmersonD.Hawthorne您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.010．第10题1.？？？？？ Realism, a literary doctrine that called for “ reality and truth” in the depiction of ordinary life, originated in ______ ,A.GermanyB.FranceC.EnglandD.Italy您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.011．第11题Mark Twain’s first book is ________.A.Tom SawyerB.Huckleberry FinnC.The Gilded AgeD.Jumping Frog您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.012．第12题The novel which was described by a critic as “an outrage to American girlhood” is ____.A.Young Goodman BrownB.MardiC.Daisy MillerD.The Tragic Muse您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.013．第13题Franklin shaped his writings after the ____ of the English essayist Addison and Steel.A.Spectator papersB.WaldenC.. NatureD.The Sacred Wood您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.014．第14题____, first governor of Plymouth, left a wealth of letters after he died.A.William BradfordB.William WordsworthC.John WinthropD.John Eliot您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.015．第15题___ is not a name to refer to Natty Bumppo in Cooper’s frontier saga.A.deerslayerB.pathfinderC.hawkeyeD.Mohican您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.016．第16题______ is not a character in the novel The Scarlet Letter.A.Arthur DimmesdaleB.Roger ChillingworthC.Goodman BrownD.Pearl您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.017．第17题5. Puritan values do not include ____.A.hard workB.thriftC.sobrietyD.debauchery您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.018．第18题“ I heard the merry grasshopper then sing,/The black-clad cricket bear a second part” These lines written by ____________.A.Roger WilliamsB.John EliotC.Anne BradstreetD.Washington Irving您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.019．第19题1.？？？？？ Realism, a literary doctrine that called for “ reality and truth” in the depiction of ordinary life, originated in ______ ,A.GermanyB.FranceC.EnglandD.Italy您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.020．第20题Which of the following works best illustrates the Calvinistic view of original sin?A.Stowe’s Uncle Ton’s CabinB.James’s The Portrait of a Lady.C.Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms ？D.Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.021．第21题Perhaps Dickinson's greatest rendering of the moment of is to be found in I Heard a FlyBuzz--When I Died---a poem universally considered one of her masterpieces.A.enthusiasmB.deathC.crisisD.fantasy您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.022．第22题The first great American juvenile literature was _____.A.Sketch BookB.The Legend of Sleepy HollowC.WaldenD.Mardi您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.023．第23题1.牋牋？ Franklin had never been _____.A.a printerB.a scientistC.a statesmanD.an atheist您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.024．第24题4. The most quoted among Franklin’s writings could be ___, an annual collection of proverbs.A.The AutobiographyB.Poor Richard’s AlmanacC.SpectatorD.. Nature您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.025．第25题The Declaration of Independence was the product of the joint efforts by ___,A.George WashingtonB.Thomas JeffersonC.Thomas AddisonD.Irving您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.026．第26题1.牋牋？ ___ is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson.A.Self-relianceB.NatureC.The American ScholarD.. The Bells您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.027．第27题______ translated the Bible into the Indiantongue.A.Benjamin FranklinB.Roger WilliamsC.. John EliotD.John Cotton您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.028．第28题The first writings that we may call American were the narratives and ___ of the early English settlements.A.. documentsB.journalsC.statementsD.files您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.029．第29题The Fall of the House of Usher was a horror story by ______.A.Nathaniel HawthorneB.Edgar Allan PoeC.MelvilleD.Longfellow您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.030．第30题The arbiter of nineteen-century literary realism in America was ______.A.Mark TwainB.Henry JamesC.O’HenryD.William Dean Howells您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：0.031．第31题Mark Twain’s first book is ________.A.Tom SawyerB.Huckleberry FinnC.The Gilded AgeD.Jumping Frog您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.032．第32题Mark Twain had never been a _______.A.humoristB.ambassadorC.frontierD.lecturer.您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.033．第33题In all his novels Theodore Dreiser sets himself to project the ______ American values. For example, in Sister Carrie, there is not one character whose status is not determined economically.A.Puritan ？B.materialisticC.psychological ？D.religious您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.034．第34题___ might be considered as a great realist of human spirit.A.Mark TwainB.Henry JamesC.Jack LondonD.Theodore Dreiser您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.035．第35题My Lost Youth written by ____ is about his hometown of Portland, Maine.A.Henry W. LongfellowB.John CottonC.Carl SandburgD.Anne Bradstreet您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.036．第36题Most of the poems in Whitman’s Leaves of Grass sing of man and ____.A.natureB.self-relianceC.selfD.life您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.037．第37题As a Modernist poet, Pound is noted for his active involvement in the ______A.cubist school of modern paintingB.Imagist MovementC.stream-of-consciousness techniqueD.German Expressionism您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.038．第38题Most critics have agreed that __ is both an insider and an outsider of the Jazz Age with a double vision.A.FitzgeraldB.FrostC.CummingsD.Hemingway您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.039．第39题in 1952, Hemingway portrayed an old fisherman named ___ in The old Man and the Sea.A.Natty BumppoB.PocahontasC.SantiagoD.Henry您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.040．第40题___’s A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country was a guide to the country and an invitation to the bold spirits needed to enlarge and strengthen the English plantation in the new land.A.John SmithB.William BradfordC.John WinthropD.John Cotton您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.041．第41题Puritans emphasized a ____God.A.mercifulB.wrathfulC.benevolentD.learned您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.042．第42题___ did not ever show his/her concern for the Indians.A.Anne BradstreetB.Philip FreneauC.Roger WilliamsD.John Eliot您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.043．第43题A Key into the Language of America was a significant work by____.A.Roger WilliamsB.John CottonC.John SmithD.Noah Webster您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.044．第44题Mrs. Stowe’s did not ever write _______.A.The Man That Was a ThingB.Uncle Tom’s CabinC.The StoicD.Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.045．第45题Where Mark Twain satirized European manners at times, ____ was an admirer.A.Harriet BeecherB.Jack LondonC.Henry JamesD.O’ Henry您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.046．第46题Eugene O’Neil did not write ______.A.The Emperor JonesB.Anna ChristieC.The Hairy ApeD.The Saloon您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.047．第47题With the precedent of Whitman, ___also undertook as a spokesman for the common pople. He was proud later to “favor simple poems for simple people.”A.Wallace StevensB.Edwin RobinsonC.Robert FrostD.Carl Sandburg您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.048．第48题The collections of his occasional lectures on poetry entitled ___ established Wallace Stevens as a major American poet.A.Ideas of OrderB.The Necessary AngelC.HarmoniumD.Parts of a World您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.049．第49题“ We hold these truths to be elf-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.” This sentence is takenfrom ___.Aaaamon SenseB.The Declaration of IndependenceC.The AutobiographyD.The American Crisis您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.050．第50题____ was considered to be the first Americanwriter.A.Washington IrvingB.Benjamin FranklinC.John SmithD.Hoffman您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.0[文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意!]。

英语专业英美文学文学汇总

Literature terms1Epic : a long narrative poem telling about the deedsof a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.（史诗）2Romance:It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.（传奇文学）3Heroic Couplet: the rhymedcouplet ofiambic pentameter. (英雄双韵体)4Iambic Pentameter: is the most common Englishmeter, in which each foot contains an unaccentedsyllable and an accented syllable. (五音步抑扬格)meter 格律foot音步5ballad:is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.（歌谣）6Sonnet: It is a lyric poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.（十四行诗）7Blank verse: is a type of poetry, distinguished by having a regular meter, but no rhyme.（无韵诗）8Soliloquy: an utterance or discourse by a person who is talking to himself/ herself or is disregardful of or oblivious to any hearers present (often used as a device in a drama to disclose a character’s innermost thoughts); 2. theact of talking while or as if alone(独白)9Classicism: Aesthetic attitudes and principles manifested in the art, architecture, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome and characterized by emphasis on form, simplicity, proportion, and restraint. Classicism was popular in Europe in the 18th century.（古典主义）10Neo-classicism: neo-classicism imitated the characteristics of Roman writers, including Horace, Virgil, Cicero, etc., in the days of Augustus. They tried to make English literature conform to rules and principles established by the great Roman and Greek classical writers. In writing plays, they used rhyme and couplet instead of blank verse, observed the trinity --- the unity of time, place and action.（新古典主义）11An epistolary novel is a novel written as a series of documents. The usual form is letters, although diary entries, newspaper clippings and otherdocuments are sometimes used.（书信体小说）12Sentimentalism is one of the important trends in English literature of the middle and later decades of the 18th century. It justly criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross social injustices brought about by the bourgeoisrevolutions. It embraces a pessimistic outlook and blames reason and the Industrial Revolution, marked by a sinceresympathyforthepoverty-stricken ,expropriated peasants.(感伤主义)Romanticism: Romanticism is a literary trend. It prevails in England during the period 1798-1832. romanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of those classes and social strata who were discontent with and opposed to the development of capitalism. They split into two groupsbecause of the different attitudes toward the capitalist society.（浪漫主义）Ode is a lyric poem of some length that honors an individual, a thing, a trait dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner. The form dates back to classical times and is originally intended to be sung at festivals or in plays.Brief Outline of British Literature：works1. Early and Medieval English Literature1) The Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066)National epic:The Song of Beowulf2) The Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1350)Arthurian Romance: Sir Gawain andGreen Knight3) Geoffrey Chaucer1340-1400：Messenger of HumanismThe first important realistic writer“Father” of English poetryThe Canterbury Talesthe wife of Bath（巴斯夫人）,the Knight（骑士）,the Pardoner（卖赎罪卷者）,the Nun’s Priest（尼姑的教士）,the Prologue（序诗）.The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰传奇》The Book of the Duchess《悼公爵夫人》Troilus and Criseyde《特罗伊洛斯和克瑞西德》Thomas MaloryMorte d’Arthur (Death of Arthur)《亚瑟之死》William LanglandPiers the Plowman[Boccaccio薄伽丘：Decameron《十日谈》Ovid奥维德:《爱的艺术》《变形记》]2. The English Renaissance (16 century)Thomas MoreUtopiaChristopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛First person used blank verseDeath of Arthur 《亚瑟之死》Tamburlaine the Great «帖木儿大帝»The Jew of Malta «马尔他岛的犹太人»The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus«浮士德博士的悲剧»Hero and Leander《海洛和利安得》The Passionate Shepherd to His Love《牧羊人的恋歌》William Shakespeareone of the founders of realism in world literature as well as in English literatureV enus and Adonis《维纳斯与安东尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece《鲁克里斯受辱记》Four tragedies：Hamlet《哈姆雷特》Othello《奥塞罗》King Lear《李尔王》Macbeth《麦克白》Four comedies：A Midsummer Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》The Merchant of V enice《威尼斯商人》As You Like It《皆大欢喜》Twelfth Night《第十二夜》Ben Jonson本·琼森first poet- laureateafterShakespeare the most eminent writer for the Elizabethan stagethe greatest dramatist after Shakespearethe founder of the so-called “Comedy of Humors”,Every Man in His Humor《人人高兴》Every Man Out of His Humor《人人扫兴》Volpone 《福尔蓬奈》the Fox《狐狸》The Alchemist《炼金术士》Sir Thomas Wyatt托马斯·怀亚特Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey 亨利·霍华德·萨里伯爵Sir Philip Sidney 西德尼Astrophel and Stella《爱星者和星星》Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》The Defence of Poetry《诗辩》Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞the Poet’s poet , a model of poetical artgreatest non-dramatic poet of his timefirst master of English verseThe Shepherd’s Calendar《牧人月历》Amoretti 《爱情小诗》The FairyQueen《仙后》Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯·培根The father of experimental philosophyThe most important prose writer of the Elizabethan Agethe first English essayistthe founder of English materialist philosophy.The Advancement of Learning《学术的进展》The Novum Organum (The New Instrument)《新工具》The New Atlantis《新大西岛》The Essays 《散文集》(Of Studies)3. The Period of The English Bourgeois Revolution(17 century)John Milton约翰·弥尔顿the smartest man in Europea master of the blank verseParadise Lost《失乐园》Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》Lycidas 《利西达斯》Comus《科玛斯》a masque《假面剧》John Bunyan约翰·班扬Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner《功德无量》The Life and Death of Mr. Badman《恶人先生的生平和死亡》《贝德曼先生的一生》The Holy War《神圣战争》John Donne约翰·邓恩Founder of Metaphysical poetry选学派诗人Songs and Sonnets《歌与短歌》Holy sonnet《圣十四行诗》Divine poem《神圣诗歌》Elegies and Satire《挽歌与讽刺诗》Meditations《冥想》/《沉思》4. The Age of Enlightenment (18 century)Alexander Pope亚历山大·蒲柏Essay on Criticism《论批评》The Rape of the Lock《夺发记》Joseph Addison约瑟夫·艾狄生andRichard Steel理查德·斯蒂尔The Tatler and The SpectatorDaniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福18世纪启蒙时期现实主义小说的奠基人Robinson CrusoeCaptain Singleton《辛格顿船长》ColonelJacque《杰克上校》Moll Flanders《茉尔·弗兰德丝》A Journal of the Plague Year《瘟疫记事》Jonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特One of the greatest masters of English prosea master satiristGulliver’s TravelsA Tale of a Tub 《一个木桶的故事》The Battle of Books《书的战争》The Drapier’s Letters《一个麻布商的书信》A Modest Proposal《一个小小的建议》Samuel Richardson 塞谬尔·理查逊Pamela《帕美勒》Clarissa: Or the History of a Young Lady《克拉丽莎》The History of Sir Charles Grandison《查尔斯·葛兰底森爵士传》Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁最早的现实主义小说理论家现实主义小说奠基人Tom Jones《汤姆˙琼斯》Don Quixote in England《唐吉诃德在英国》Pasqin《巴斯昆》The Historical Register for the Year 1736《一七三六年历史记事》The Tragedy of Tragedies or The Life and Death of Tom Thumb the Great 《悲剧的悲剧：或伟人汤姆传》Joseph Andrews《约瑟夫˙安德鲁斯的经历》Jonathan Wild the Great《大伟人乔纳森˙魏尔德》Amelia《阿米丽亚》Samuel Johnson塞缪尔·约翰逊As Lexicographer orThe Dictionary of the English Language英语词典Oliver Goldsmith戈德史密斯Anovelist and poet belongs to the school of Sentimentalism She Stoops to Conquer《屈伸求爱》The Vicar of Wakefield 《威克菲尔德牧师传》The Traveler and The Deserted VillageThe Citizen of the World《世界公民》Richard BrinsleySheridan 谢里丹The School for Scandal 《造谣学校》Comedy of Manners风尚喜剧Thomas Gray 格雷-------- sentimentalismOn the Death of a Favorite Cat《爱猫之死》Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》The Progress of Poetry《诗的发展》The Correspondence of Thomas Gray《格雷书信集》William Blake威廉布莱克Tiger《老虎》Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》Songs of Experience《经验之歌》The Marriage of Heaven and Hell《天堂与地狱的婚姻》Robert Burns-罗伯特彭斯--- pre-romanticismthe most famous poets of the peasants in the worldA red red rose《我的爱人像朵红红的玫瑰》5. Romanticism in England (19 century)PoetryWilliam Wordsworth华兹华斯The prelude《序曲》Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud《我好似一朵流云独自漫步》To the 《咏水仙》S. T. Coleridge柯林律治The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》《古水手谣》Kubla khan《忽必烈汗》George Gordon Byron乔治戈登拜伦Oneofthemost excellent representatives of English Romanticismone of the most influential poets of the timeHours of Idleness《闲暇时刻》Child Har old’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》.Don Juan《唐璜》She Walks in BeautyPercy Bysshe Shelley雪莱Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》Queen Mab 《仙后麦布》Address to the Irish People《告爱尔兰人书》The Revolt of Islam《伊斯兰的反叛》The Masque of Anarchy《暴政的行列》The Cenci《钦契一家》A Defence of Poetry《诗辩》The Necessity of Atheism《无神论的必要性》Ode to the West Wind10. To a Skylark《致云雀》John Keats济慈Lamia《莱米亚》Endymion《恩底弥翁》On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer《初读查普曼译荷马史诗》Isaabella 《伊莎贝拉》The Eve of St. Agnes《圣·爱格尼斯节前夕》Hyperion《赫坡里昂》On a Grecian Urn 《希腊古瓮颂》To Autumn《秋颂》On Melancholy《忧郁颂》To a Nightingale 《夜莺颂》Prose fictionWalter Scott司各特the first novelist to recreate the pastWaverleyOld MoralityRob RoyThe Heart of MidlothianIvanhoe《艾凡赫》Rob RoyNovelJane Austen 简·奥斯丁Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德花园》Emma《爱玛》Persuasion 《劝告》Romantic essayCharles Lamb查尔斯·兰姆Tales from Shakespeare《莎士比亚戏剧故事集》Album VersesEssays of Elia《伊利亚随笔》William Hazlitt威廉·赫列特Thomas De Quincey托马斯·德·昆西6. The Victorian Age --- Critical Realism inEngland (19 century)NovelCharles Dickens查尔斯·狄更斯Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》The Old Curiocity Shop《老古玩店》The Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》fill in the BlanksBeowulf is a folk legend brought to England by the Anglo-Saxons from their primitive Northern Europe.Beowulf was passed down from mouth to mouth.Beowulf was written down in the 10th century.Humanism refers to the literary culture in the Renaissance.Humanism became the central theme of English Renaissance. Thomas More and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanistsHumanism is the idea that man has a potential for culture which distinguishes him from lower orders of beings, and which he should strive constantly to fulfill.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion.Early Plays in Middle Agesinclude The Miracle Play奇迹剧The Morality Play道德剧The Interlud幕间休息剧The Classical Drama古典剧The immediate predecessors of Shakespeare were a group of men from the two universities of Oxford and Cambridge, who were generally known as the University WitsThe key-note of Hamlet’s character is melancholy，and there can be no Hamlet without melancholyHamlet is a hero of the RenaissanceHamlet’s learning , wisdom, noble nature,limitation and tragedy are all representative of the humanists at the turn of the 17th and the 16th centuries. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse;He was a great master of English language;He was the summit of the English Renaissance and one of the great writers all over the world.Adam andEveembody Milton’s belief in thepowers of man, craving (longing) for knowledge.Satan is a rebel against tyranny and Satan and his followers resemble a republican ParliamentEnglish enlighteners believed in the power of reason. That is why the 18th century has often been called “the age of reason” or “the kingdom of reason”.Most of the enlighteners believed that social problems could be solved by human intelligence.this period was characterized by the so-called neo-classicism of which the leading figure was Alexander Pope.The representative of Periodical Literature in Early 18th Century England: Addison and SteeleThe best part of Robinson Crusoe is the realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson alone against the pitiless forces of nature on the island.A social fable consists of four books. The hero of the novel is Lemuel Gulliver, a doctor. telling about his fantastic visits to some unbelievable places, in which the inhabitants are Lilliputians,the giants Brobdingnagians, Yahoos, and Houyhnhnms.The features of the Romantic writingsa dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society.Romantic writings are filled with strong-willed heroes or even titanic images, formidable events and tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions andexotic picturesThe romanticists paid great attention to the spiritual and emotional life of manPersonified nature plays an important role in the pages of Romantic writingsThe publication of the “Lyrical Ballads” marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th centuryi wandered lonely contains four six-lined stanzas of iambic tetrameter.The poem is about The beauty of natureQuestion1What is Literature？Literature refers to the practice and profession of writing. It comes from human interest in telling a story, in arranging words in artistic forms, in describing in words some aspects of human experiences.2What is Renaissance?1. DefinitionThe Renaissance (14th – mid-17th century), which means rebirth and revival. The renaissance, therefore, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church(罗马天主教堂).It is characterized with the growth of a more scientific outlook, major development in art and literature, new invention and overseas discoveries and a general assertion of human value and emancipation(解放) of the human intellect and power.3Summarize the periods of Shakespeare’s literary career and achievements？Shakespeare’s Literary Career⏹Four successive periods with increasing maturity◆1588-1593, the Period of Experiment and Preparation●Richard III, a melodramatic chronicle-history play, largely imitative of Marlowe and yet showing striking power●At the end of this period Shakespeare issued two rather long narrative poems on classical subjects, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece◆1594-1601, the second period Shakespeare’s work, filled with chronicle-history plays and comedies●Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V, etc.●Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado about Nothing, As You Like It●Romeo and Juliet◆1601-1609, the third period of Shakespeare’s literary career, in which appeared Shakespeare’s great tragedies and certain cynical plays●In these plays, Shakespeare sets himself to grapple with the deepest and darkest problems of human characters and life●Shakespeare’s four great tragedies⏹Hamlet: the struggle of a perplexed and divided soul/self⏹Othello: the ruin of a noble life/ man by an evil one through the terrible power of jealousy⏹King Lear: unnatural ingratitude working its hateful will and yetthwarted at the end by its own excess and by faithful love⏹Macbeth: the destruction of a large nature by material ambition◆After 1609, the fourth period of Shakespeare’s literary career, a periodof romance-comedies●Shakespeare did not solve the insoluble problems of life, but having presented them as powerfully, perhaps, as is possible for human intelligence, he turned in his last period to the expression of the serene philosophy of life●Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale, and The Tempest(1) Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. He maintains that the purpose of dramatic performance is "to hold, as it were, the mirror up to nature". In his works, he paints the decline of the old feudal nobility and the vice of the new Tudor monarch. Besides,his plays have good plots and life-like characters too. His dramais an expression, a monument of the English Renaissance since he wrote about his own people for his own time.(2)Shakespeare is amazingly prolific Within 22 years, he produced 37 plays, 154 sonnets,and 2 long poems. No two of his play invoke the same feeling or image among the audience. He is a master-hand for every form of drama-comedy, tragedy, and historical plays. He gives us a world of full-blooded people who live and struggle, suffer and rejoice-representing all the complexitiesand implications of real life.(3)Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, andthe dramatic blank verse. And he is a great master of the English language. He used avocabularylarger than any other English writersMany ofhis new coinage and turns of expressions havebecome every-day usage in English life. Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the EnglishBible are the two great treasures of the English language.(4)Hence, Shakespeare has been universallyacknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers the world over.3Chaucer’s Contribution？1. He introduced from Italy and France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (heroic couplet) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.2. He was the first great poet who wrote in English language (Middle English), thus establishing English as the literary language.3. He did much in making the London dialect the foundation for modern English language4What is the Enlightenment Movement?The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.What is romanticism? What about its feature?1. The general feature is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society.2. Their writings are filled with strong-willed heroes or even titanic images, formidable events and tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions andexotic pictures.3. The romanticists paid great attention to the spiritual andemotional life of man.Personified nature plays an important role in the pages of their works.文学赏析Beowulf:---national epic(1) Goodness conquers evil. (Beowulf stands for all that is good, brave and proper, while the monsters stand for evil.)(2) Men against nature (The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.)(3) Judge the greatness of a human being by the greatness of his deeds and his noble ancestry.(4) Help thy neighbor. (Beowulf risks his life to help a neighbor, King Hrothgar, in trouble.)(5) Forces of darkness—irrational, menacing—are always at work in society.The writing features of Beowulf1). The most important is in alliterative(头韵的) verse and in artistic form.2). Another is the frequent use of metaphorsand understatements(暗含的意义) forironical humor.The Faerie(Fairy) Queene and Commentsa long poem1 The dominating thoughts of it: nationalism, humanism and Puritanism2 The Spenserian stanza: a verse form consisting of 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of 6 iambic feet with the rhyme scheme ababbcbcc.3 The Faerie Queene is the first national epic of England in the age of the Renaissance. It expresses the poet’s patriotic feelings of national greatness, and voices the moral ideals of the English aristocracy as embodied in the noble, virtuous and brave knight.The Image of Hamlet1. He is a humanist free from medievalprejudice and superstition. He has love for the world rather than heaven, he cherishes a firm belief in man’s power and destiny.2. He loves good and hates evil. He adore his father, loves Ophelia and greets his school-fellows with hearty welcome, while he is disgusted withhis uncle’s drunkenness and shocked by his mother’s shallowness3. His intellectual genius is outstanding. He is a close observer. He can easily see through people. His quick perception drives him to penetrate below the surface of things and question what others take for granted. He is scholar, soldier and statesman. His image reflects the versatility of the men of the Renaissance.The Merchant of V eniceThe traditional themeTo praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.The modern interpretationTo regard the play as a satire of the Christians’hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews, here represented by ShylockParadise lost1. The theme of the poem is a revolt against God’s aut hority.2. God: selfish despot暴君,cruel, unjust3. Adamand Eve embody Milton’s belief in the powers of man, craving (longing) for knowledge4. God’s angels are foolish, resembling the court of an absolute monarch.5. Satan is a rebel against tyranny(专制，暴行) and Satan and his followers resemble arepublican ParliamentThe Image of Satan1. Satan is the real hero of the poem.2. He is firmer than the rest of the angels.3. He has an invincible(战无不胜的) heart.4. Satan remains superior in nobility and welcomes his defeat and his torments as a glory, a liberty and a joy;5. Satan is the spirit questioning the authority of God.6. Milton makes Satan as his own mouthpiece(代言人).The Pilgrim’s ProgressBunyan’s language1.Bunyan’s language is chiefly plain and collo quial and quite modern in comparison with that of the writers of the Renaissance.2. His language is clear, vivid, natural, homely (朴实的), fluent, musical and powerful.3. He paved the way not only in language style but also in writing technique of novels, for the novelists of the 18th century as Swift and Defoe.The image of Robinson Crusoe1.One of the representative of the rising bourgeoisie2. An enterprising Englishman3. A laborer, a hard-working industrious and intelligent man.4. A typical colonizer, explorer, and a foreign trader.5.He is alert, vigorous and resourcefulBlake’s poems such as tiger 《老虎》and comments on Blank(1) Blake’s poems seem easy but difficult to understand for his mmysterious images andsymbols, unless versed in ( skilled at )religious knowledge.(2) Blake’s poems are full of emotionandapparentpresentation of his progressive democratic idea in symbolismComments1) Blake was opposed to the classicism of the 18th century.2) His poems were full of romantic spirit, imagery symbolism and revolutionary spirit.3) He was a Pre-Romanticist or forerunner of the romantic poetry of the 19th century.Comments on Burns & His Poems1. Burns was one of the most famous poetsof the peasants in the world.2. He obtained the characteristic of all old Scottish songs: simplicity, vividness, humor, directness and optimism, with anew spirit of romanticism.Explanation William Wordsworth poem i wandered lonely【赏析】：这首诗写于诗人从法国回来不久。

专八人文知识之英国文学

专⼋⼈⽂知识之英国⽂学专⼋⼈⽂知识之英国⽂学引导语：下⾯是应届毕业⽣培训⽹整理⽽成的，关于专⼋考试⼈⽂知识的⽂章，谢谢您的阅读⼀、古英语时期的英国⽂学(499-1066) 1、贝奥武夫 Beowulf (公元⼋世纪)：是迄今为⽌发现的英国盎格鲁—撒克逊时期最古⽼、最长的⼀部较完整的⽂学作品，也是欧洲最早的⽅⾔史诗。

2、阿尔弗雷德⼤帝 Alfred the Great ：英国散⽂之⽗Father of English Prose ⼆、中古英语时期的英国⽂学 1、暗讽体allegory⾮常盛⾏：这是⼀种源于希腊⽂的修辞法,意为"换个⽅式的说法".它是⼀种形象的描述,具有双重性,表层含义与真正意味的是两回事. 2、Romance 开始上升到⼀定的⾼度 3、⾼⽂爵⼠和绿⾐骑⼠Sir Gawain and the Green Knight：反映了骑⼠制度chivalry的理想，是中世纪封建贵族⽂化的精髓。

4、威廉·兰格伦 Willian Langlaud ：著有《农夫⽪尔斯的幻象》Piers Plowman 5、乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer：坎特伯雷故事集(英雄双韵体) The Canterbury Tales 。

在英国⽂学史上，他是第⼀个使⽤⼗⾳节“双韵体”的诗⼈，这个诗体后来在他⾸创下，演化成了“英雄双韵体”，“英雄双韵体”为以后的英国诗⼈所⼴泛采⽤。

他也因此被誉为“英国诗歌之⽗”Father of English poetry。

6、托马斯.马洛礼 Sir Thomas Malory 《亚瑟王之死》The Death of King Arthur 三、⽂艺复兴时期的英国⽂学(伊丽莎⽩时代)(14-16世纪) 1、托马斯.莫尔 Sir Thomas More ：《乌托邦》Utopia 2、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯·怀特和 Henry Howard亨利·霍华德把⼗四⾏诗sonnet引⼊英国 3、菲利普·锡德尼 Philips Sidney：著有《诗辩》The defense of Poesie，这是伊丽莎⽩时代⽂学批评的最佳之作;《阿卡迪亚》Arcadia 描述⽥园⽣活，为现代长篇⼩说的先驱 4、斯宾塞 Edmund Spenser ：《仙后》The Faerie Queene。

英语专八总复习系列：英国文学知识08

英国文学知识简介(English Literature)一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066）1）《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）是英国盎格鲁•撒克逊时期的一首英雄史诗，古英语文学的最高成就，同时标志着英国文学的开始。

2）Alfred the Great阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父二、中古英语时期的英国文学1）allegory体非常盛行2）Romance开始上升到一定的高度3）高文爵士和绿衣骑士4）Willian Langlaud 威廉·郎兰Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》5）乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体）Heroic Couplet6）Thomas Malory托马斯.马洛礼Le Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》1、Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利•乔叟1340-1400长诗：The House of Fame声誉之堂;Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德小说：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人）三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪）1、Thomas More托马斯.莫尔1478~15352、Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引入sonnet3、Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱4、斯宾塞The Faerie Queene《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节；5、莎士比亚：长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白四大戏剧：仲夏夜之梦、威尼斯商人、皆大欢喜、第十二夜6、本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》7、John Donne 约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人8、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣9、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑《学术的推进》和《新工具》英国文学知识832、Edmund Spenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞1552~1599The Shepherds Calen dar牧人日历Amoretti爱情小唱Epithalamion婚后曲Colin Clouts Come Home Againe柯林•克劳特回来了Foure Hymnes四首赞美歌The Faerie Queene仙后3、Christopher Marlowe柯里斯托弗•马洛1564~1595Tamburlaine帖木耳大帝The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧4、William Shakespeare莎士比亚1564-1616The Tempest暴风风雨;The Two Gentlemen of V eronaz维罗纳二绅士;The Mercy Wives of Windsor温莎的风流妇人;Measure for Measure恶有恶报;The Comedy of Errors错中错;Much Ado about Nothing无事自扰;Love’s Labour’s Lost空爱一场;A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of V enice威尼斯商人;As Y ou Like It如愿;The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记;All’s Well That Ends Well皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night第十二夜;The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事;The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry theFifth/Richard the Third约翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世;The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth亨利四世（上、下）;The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth亨利六世（上、中、下）;The Life of King Henry the Eighth亨利八世；Troilus and Cressida脱爱勒斯与克莱西达;The Tragedy of Coriolanus考利欧雷诺斯;Titus Andronicus泰特斯•安庄尼克斯;Romeo and Julet罗密欧与朱丽叶；Timon of Athens雅典的泰门;The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;朱利阿斯•凯撒；The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白;The Tragedy of Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记;King Lear李尔王;Othello奥塞罗;Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克利欧佩特拉;Cymbeline辛白林;Pericles波里克利斯;V enus and Adonis维诺斯•阿都尼斯;Lucrece露克利斯;The Sonnets十四行诗英国文学知识845、Francis Bacon培根1561-1626Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum新工具;New Atlantic新大西岛;Essays随笔（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self）四、启蒙时期（18世纪）1、约翰·弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》2、约翰·班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory3、约翰·德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人；《论戏剧诗》4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作5、托马斯·格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》6、威廉·布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌；7、罗伯特·彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人；8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》9、Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满；10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》；11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史；12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。

新编英国文学选读(上),罗经国,期末复习每章问题

Week I Assignment—Beowulf1. How many groups of early settlers came to Britain? (Please provide their names, time and place as to when and where they were from)2. How many languages were spoken at the same time in Norman England? And on what occasions were they spoken?3. From which early settlers’ languages is the modern English language derived?Anglo- Saxon4. Who was the father of English history? And what book did he wrote?5. What are King Alfred the Great’ contributions to English literature?6. Pls make a brief summary of the story of Beowulf.7. What’s the metrical feature of the Anglo-Saxon poetry; take the epic Beowulf for example?8. What’s the significance of Beowulf?9. Explain the following terms.AlliterationKenning (provide some examples)10. Scan the meter of the following lines and underline the alliterative letters in the following lines.Condemned to agony. The door gave way,Toughened with iron, at the touch of those hands.The foe then stepped onto the unstained floor,Angrily advanced: out of his eyes stood.An unlovely light like that of fire.11. Read part II on your own and find as many kennings as possible.Homework week 2 Assignment 21. Explain the following terms:Knights / romance2. Please summarize the story of Sir Gawain and Green Knight.3. Pls describe the feudal system of hierarchy in Norman England.4. What are the main themes of religious literature?5. What are the subject matters of romance?6. What conclusion can we draw about the chivalric spirit from the story of Sir Gawain?7. What’s the metrical feature of Sir Gawain and Green Knight?8. Scan the last five lines of the second stanza.Our knightAnd at that holy tideHe prays with all his mightThat Mary maybe his guideTill a dwelling comes in sight9. pls recite the second stanza of the poem.Homework Week 31. Explain : allegory2. What is John Wycliff’s contribution to English literature?3. What is heroic couplet?4. Scan the following lines:And the small fowls are making melodyThat sleeps away the night with open eye5. pls sum up the life story and writing career of Chaucer.6. What is the significance of The Canterbury Tales?7. What kind of book is The Canterbury Tales?8. In what way does Chaucer contribute to the English language?8. Pls point out the lines that present Chaucer’s mild satire upon the Prioress.9. what kind of person is the woman of Bath?Assignment 41. What is ballad?2. What are the characteristics of popular ballad?3. Explain ‘The ballad meter’4. Please scan the third stanza of Robin hood.5. pls explain the war of roses and Henry VIII’s reformation of the church.6. Please recite The Three Ravens.Assignment 51. Explain [ the English renaissance]2. [humanism]3. [gentleman]4. [religious reformation]5. What is Spenserian stanza? What is his writing style?6. Pls briefly summarize the story of Faerie Queene.7. Pls Scan stanza 17 of canto iv of the Faerie Queene.8. What are the six virtues presented in the six books of Faerie Queene?9. What are the seven sins? Also pls sum up the features of each sin described by Spencer?10. Please recite the first two stanzas.Assignment 61. What are the reasons for the flouring of drama in Renaissance England?2. Describe the English theater (take the Globe for example) .3. Who are the University wits?4. What renaissance spirit does Tamberline the great represent? And what spirit does Dr. Faustus represent?5. What is the writing style of Christopher Marlowe?6. What is blank verse? Scan the first four lines of Dr. Faustus.Homework week 7:1. What are the famous four tragedies of Shakespeare? And the famous comedies?2. Into how many periods is Shakespea re’s writing career divided?3. What are the great achievements of Shakespeare?4. What is Shakespearean sonnet? Pls recite sonnet 18!5. Is Shylock a cruel usurer or a persecuted Jew? Pls analyze Shylock’s character.6. Pls recite Portia’s famous speech on mercy versus justice; and Hamlet’s famous soliloquy. Homework week-81. What are the two main reasons for the British Bourgeois revolution?2. What is the significance of “the Glorious revolution”?3. What God created on the first six days? God’s creation of man?4. What do you know about Francis Bacon’s Philosophical view and the style of his essays?5. Pls recite Of Study.Homework week 9:1. What is metaphysical poetry? Its main theme? Its representatives?2. What is cavalier poetry? Its main theme? Representatives?3. What are the main features of John Donne’s poetry?4. What is feminine ending? And what is masculine ending?5. Recite Virtue.6. What is Miltonic style? (written/ oral)7. In what kind of genre is Milton’s Paradise Lost wr itten?8. What main theme does Paradise Lost deal with? What is the purpose of Milton’s in writing this poem?9. What sentiment is expressed in the image of Satan? And what kind of attitude should we take towards Satan in paradise Lost?10. What is the significance of the love story between Adam and Eve?Homework week 101. In what kind of genre is Milton’s Paradise Lost written?2. What main theme does Paradise Lost deal with? What is the purpose of Milton’s in writing this poem?3. What sentiment is expressed in the image of Satan? And what kind of attitude should we take towards Satan in paradise Lost?4. What is the significance of the love story between Adam and Eve?5. What is Miltonic style?6. What is the genre of Pilgrim’s Progress?7. W ho is the man in Bunyan’s dream And what book in his hand? What the burden is?8. What kind of journey did the pilgrim make? And adventure he underwent through what city?9. What is the significance of the story? And the city?10. What is Bunyan’s style? What does he criticize through his satire/Homework week 12 & Revision:1. What are the six features of 18th century English cultural life?2. What are the five characteristics of neo-classicism?3. What class and class spirit are embodied in the figure “Robinson Crusoe”?4. Please state the reasons why Defoe is regarded as a great artist (with his Moll Flanders’s entering the serious literature)?5. Why was Jonathan Swift respected by the Irish people as their National hero?6. Why is Swift’s A Mode st Propsal regarded as a bitter satire?Homework week 131. Addison and Steel launched several periodicals together. What are their aims?2. What do they mainly deal with in their essays?3. What methods do they adopt in writing the essays?4. What is Addison’s writing style?5. The Royal Exchange: how many important roles did the merchants play in Addison’s time?6. What is genre of the Rape of the Lock by A Pope?7. What is it about?8. What is the significance of An Essay on Man? What are Pope’s achi evements?9. Pls explain Augustan Age.10. Pls recite An essay on Man: Whatever Is, Is Right; and Know Then Thyself.P.S.1 pls read carefully the Royal Exchange and An Essay On man2 pls preview Johnson’s The Preface to Shakespeare; and Fielding’s Tom Jones.Homework week 141. How many periodicals did S Johnson publish?2. How did he compile A Dictionary of English Language? what is the significance of A Letter to the Right Honorable The Earl of Chesterfield?3. How many careers did Henry Fielding go in for? And what are his achievements for each career?4. How many novels did Fielding write altogether?5. What is the special genre did Fielding create in Tom Jones?6. How many parts can Tom Jones be divided into? And what does each part mainly deal with? And What aspect of English society does each part represent ?Homework week 15:1. Of what school was Thomas Gray a representative poet?2. In what way do the poets of this school deviate from the neo-classic rules?3. In What tradition is Sherid an’s masterpiece the School of Scandal written?4. What does Sheridan mainly expose in this play?5. Pls recite the first four stanzas of Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard.Homework week 16:1. What are the features of Burns’s poems?2. Please read Is There for Honest Poverty and answer: What kind of feeling is conveyed in this poem? And what is Burns’s attitude towards both the rich and the poor respectively?3. Please recite A Red, Red Rose.4. In what way(s) do the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience reflect the world respectively?5. What are the features of William Blake’s poetry?6. What kind of picture of the society has been drawn in London?7. pls recite The Lamb and The Tiger.。

新编英国文学及选读复习资料1

英语专业课程：新编英国文学选读复习大纲Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur‟s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)第一章古英语和中古英语时期1、古英语时期是指英国国家和英语语言的形成时期。

最早的文学形式是诗歌，以口头形式流传，主要的诗人是吟游诗人。

到基督教传入英国之后，一些诗歌才被记录下来。

这一时期最重要的文学作品是英国的民族史诗《贝奥武夫》，用头韵体写成。

2、古英语时期（1066—1500）从1066年诺曼人征服英国，到1500年前后伦敦方言发展成为公认的现代英语。

文学作品主要的形式有骑士传奇，民谣和诗歌。

在几组骑士传奇中，有关英国题材的是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的冒险故事，其中《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》代表了骑士传奇的最高成就。

中世纪文学中涌现了大量的优秀民谣，最具代表性的是收录在一起的唱咏绿林英雄罗宾汉的民谣。

英国文学名词解释

Comments on Wordsworth Wordsworth saw nature and man with new eyes. Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language. Nearly all of his good poetry was written during the first decade of his literary career . His later writings were full of mysticism and many of them unreadable.Comments on Coleridge Coleridge wrote with excellent style techniques. He is a medievalist, fond of the unusual and supernatural things. His imaginative power is intense and his language melodious.Coleridge was the first critic of the romantic school. According to Coleridge, the poet was a creator and critic was an assistant in the work of creation. Just like Wordsworth he became conservative in thinking in his later years. Don Juan was written in Italy during 1818-1823. It consists of sixteen cantos,16,000 lines long, and written in ottava rima, each stanza containing 8 iambic pentameter lines rhymed abababcc. Actually it is not just a poem, but a sort of a novel in verse. It has been regarded as Byron’s masterpiece. Don Juan was written in the prime of Byron’s creative power. His aim in writing it was “to remove the cloke (=cloak) which the manners and maxims of high society throw over their secret sins, and shew (=show) them to the world as they really are”. He called this poem an “epic satire”, “a satire on abuses of the present state of society”. “Almost all Don Juan,” he wrote, “is real life, either my own, or from people I know”. In Don Juan Byron displayed his genius as a romanticist and a realist simultaneously.Comments on Byron Byron is one of the most excellent representatives of English Romanticism. His literary career was closely linked with the struggle and progressive movements of his age. He praised the people’s revolutionary struggles in his works. His poems show energy and vigor, romantic daring and powerful passion.Some of his poems show Byron’s individual heroism and pessimism.Comments on Shelley Shelley loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters. He called on the people to overthrow the rule of tyranny and injustice and prophesied a happy and free life for mankind. He stood for the social and political ideal all his life. He and Byron are justifiably regarded as the two great poets of revolutionary romanticism in England.With the deep insight of a proletarian revolutionary teacher, Marx pointed out: “The real difference between Byron and Shelley is this: Those who understand them and love them consider it fortunate that Byron died at thirty-six, because if he had lived longer he would have become a reactionary bourgeois. On the other hand they grieved that Shelley died at twenty-nine, because he was essentially a revolutionist and he would always have belonged to the vanguard of socialism. Comments on John Keats Keats learned the art of poetry mainly from the poets of the English Renaissance. His literary creation was a clean split with 18th century classicism. The one artistic aim in his poetry was always to create a beautiful world of imagination as opposed to the sordid reality of his day. His leading principle is: “Beauty is truth, truth in beauty”. His poetry is distinguished by sensuousness and the perfection of form. Some of his poems touch upon the burning political problems his day. He showed his dissatisfaction with the society and described the sufferings of the poor people. Features of Richardson’s Novels Richardson is the first novelist of sentimentalist tradition. His novels have a moral purpose. Richardson is an outstanding novelist because he had much sympathy for women in their inferior social status and entered into detailed psychological study of female characters.All of his novels are written in the form of letters. He was the master of writing epistolary novels.Features of Lamb’s Essays The most striking feature of his essays is his humor. Lamb was especially fond of old writers. His essays are intensely personal. Lamb was a romanticist, seeking a free expression of his own personality and weaving romance into the daily life.Comments on Hazlitt As a prose writer, Hazlitt ranks high in English literature. W.E. Henley (1849—1903) has made an interesting comparison between Lamb and Hazlitt, saying “The best of it all (i. e. the best of English prose of the early 19th century), perhaps, is the best of Lamb. But Hazlitt’s for different qualities, is so eminent and shining a second that I hesitate as to the pre-eminency. Probably the race is Lamb’s. But Hazlitt is ever Hazlitt, and at his highest moments Hazlitt is hard to beat, and has not these many years been beatenFe atures of Walter Scott’s Historical Novels Scott is the first novelist to recreate the past. In Scott’s novels, historical events are closely interwoven with thefates of individuals. Scott is concerned not only with the lives and deeds of historical figures, but is always mindful of the role and fates of the ordinary people. Scott is a romantic. Besides romantic imagination, he also relied upon careful studies and investigations into the detail of historical life. Scott is a conservative in politics. Comments on Scott As a novelist, Scott’s influence was immense: his creation of a wide range of characters from all levels of society was immediately likened to Shakespeare’s; the use of historical settings became a mainstay of Victorian and later fiction; his short stories helped initiate that form; his antiquarian researches and collections were a major contribution to the culture of Scotland.Characteristics of the Literature in18 centuryThe main literary stream of the 18th century was realism. In this century the newspaper was born. The 18th century was an age of prose.In this age satire was much used in writing. Generally speaking, literature of the 18th century was very complex. We may classify it under three general heads: the reign of classicism, the pre-romantic poetry, and the beginning of modern novel.The Different Styles between Steel and Addison Steele took very little pains with his language. His style is intimate, easy-going and careless. But Addison was a careful writer and a great stylist. He creat ed a perfect. Addison’s Spectator essays were looked upon as the model of English composition by British authors all through the 18th century. Steel and Addison’s Contribution to English literature: Their writings provide a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie; They give a true picture of social life of England in the 18th century; In their hands, the English essay has completely established itself as a literary genre.Pope’s Position in English Literature Pope was known as a great poet in his day. He was the representative writer of the classical school. He exerted much influence upon the other writers of the age. He popularized the classical literary tradition. He was one of the early representatives of the Enlightenment, who introduced into English culture the spirit of rationalism and greater interest in the human world. He was a great satirist and a literary critic. His poetry clearly reflected the spirit of the age in which he lived. The early period of the 18th century has often been named after him as the “Age of Pope”. Features of Fielding’s Novels Fielding’s method of relating a story is telling the story directly by the author. Satire abounds everywhere in Fielding’s works. Fielding believed in the educational function of the novel. Fielding is a master of style. Fielding established once for all the form of modern novel. Fielding focuses more on male characters and manners than Richardson.Gulliver’s Travels Swift wrote his greatest work Gulliver’s Travels in Ireland. The book contains four parts, each of them deals with one particular voyage of the hero and his extraordinary adventures on some remote island. In the first part, Gulliver goes to sea as a ship’s surgeon. In a big storm the ship is wrecked and he is cast upon the shor e of the island of Lilliput. In the second part Gulliver is abandoned on the land of the Brobdingnagians.The third part deals with a series of the hero’s adventures at several places. The fourth part describes the hero’s voyage to the country of the Houyhn hnms and has generally been considered the best part of the book.Analysis of Robinson Crusoe The best part of the novel is the realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson alone against the pitiless forces of nature on the island. It is there that Robinson is a real hero, and the best qualities of his character are shown to the full. In describing Robinson’s life on the island, Defoe glorifies human labour. In this novel, Defoe created the image of a true empire-builder, a colonizer and a foreign trader. Crusoe represents the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stage of its development. Defoe’s bourgeois outlook manifests itself in the fact that he does not condemn Negro-slavery in his book. Alternatively, Friday can be seen as the victim of canonicalization whose territory and beliefs are usurped by the colonizer.Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded The novel was written in the form of a series of letters from the heroine to her parents and two friends, telling them in great detail her adventures at her m aster’s house. Analysis In this novel for the first time Richardson gave a detailed description of the English family life in the middle of the 18th century. The chief contribution of this novel to the development of the English fiction lies in its penetrating psychological study of the heroine. Moreover the novel criticizes the bourgeois moral standards an moral hypocrisy.Pamela was a huge success. It not only created a fashion for the epistolary novel, but underscored role distinctions which were to become predominant in society for some two centuries: the dominant male as provider and master; the female as victim, preserving her virtue until submitting to “affection” and the inevitability of the man’s dominance. Thus the female role is established in relation to male roles, and any deviation is seen as both socially and morally reprehensibleRichardson’s Achievements His main achievement as a novelist lies in his technique to show characters as personalities, thinking and feeling for themselves with the author himself absent from the stage, refusing to intervene in the action. His influence could be traced in the works of such later novelists as Henry James, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf.The Character of Parson Adams The most outstanding character in the novel is Parson Adams. He is a poor, honest old parson. He is high-minded, simple-hearted and ardently devoted to ideals. He is ready to help the weak and the oppressed. He is a man of extraordinary learning, familiar with many languages and has a masterly knowledge of the Greek and Latin classics. He is the most absent-minded man in the world. But, in spite of all his weakness, Parson Adams is a goodman. In the novel, while that agreeable young Joseph may be the cent re of the plot, the “old foolish parson” is the centre ofinterest.Blake’s Position in English Literature Blake’s lyric poetry displays the characteristic of the romantic spirit.There is strong likeness between Shelley and Blake: the imagery and symbolism as well as the underlying spirit of Shelley’s revolutionary epics, find their nearest parallel in Blake’s prophetic books.For these reasons, Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century.Features of Burns’s P oetry Burns is the national poet of Scotland. Most of his poems and songs were written in Scotch dialect. Burns was the people’s poet. Burns had a deep knowledge and an excellent mastery of the old song tradition. This was the main factor of his great success.Features of Sterne’s Novels To him sentiment was more important than reason.Sterne gave detailed descriptions of the characters’ inner thoughts and feelings. Sterne’s characters are ordinary persons.Carlyle as a Literary Critic Carlyle’s literary crit icism belongs to the Romantic school. Carlyle’s mission was to establish a new principle in literary criticism. He maintains that it is the critic’s chief task to get into sympathy with his author, to understand, appreciate and interpret his aims and intentions, but not to impose on him purposes which lie outside his plan. His essay on Burns has been commonly acknowledged to be a masterpiece.The main principles of Arnold’s literary criticism may be summed up as follows:Disinterestedness is the first requisite in a literary critic. The function of literary criticism is neither to find fault nor to display the critic’s own learning or influence, but to find and propagate “the best which has been thought and said in the world”. Arnold regarded the quality of “high seriousness” as the principal virtue of poet. He paid great attention to the moral values of poetry. So far as the content of poetry is concerned, Arnold held the view that “the eternal objects of Poetry… are actions, human actions, possessing an inh erent interest in themselves”, and that the poet does best to deal with the great stories of the past, “to delight himself with the contemplation of some noble action of a heroic time, and to enable others, through his representation of it, to delight in i t also”.Characteristics of Tennyson’s Poetry Tennyson has a total mastery of the sounds and rhythms of the English language. No English poet surpasses Tennyson at linking descriptions of nature or setting to the state of mind of the speaker. His poems reflect his conservative ideals and idealization of the bourgeois social reality. Above all, he was a poet of great lyrical gifts and distinguished himself in beautiful poetic imagery and melodious verse in many of his poems.Features of Browning’s Poetry His great contributions to poetry are his dramatic monologues. Unlike Tennyson who idealized society and wrote apart from daily living, Browning aimed to appeal to the contemporary taste for moral principles. He delighted in the idiom of ordinary speech and in the peculiarities of varied minds.His psychological insight, his experiments in form with multiple point of view, his style, syntax and language all seem quite modern and make him a forerunner of 20th century literature Neo-Romanticism Another literary trend prevailing at the end of the 19th century was neo-romanticism. New Romantic writers oppose the idea that life reflects life reality. They thought that the task of art should nourish the reader’s imagination and dissatisfied with the ugly social reality, they refuse to write about it and try to avoid the positive solution of the acute social contradictions. They did not admit any connection between art and morality. They thought that the artist should not teach the reader but create interesting pictures and tell pleasing adventuresMetaphysical poetry: the poetry of John Donne and other 17th-century poets who wrote in a similar style. It is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas .Iambic pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.Spenserian stanza :Each stanza has nine lines, each of the first eight lines is in iambic pentameter form, and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter line (an alexandrine). The rhythm scheme is abab bcbc c.Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualities of each individual’s mind. In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.。

英国文学 Addison and Steele

Joseph Addison (1672~1719)
• He was cold and reserved (沉默寡沉默寡
言的）言的）
• He was a distinguished Latin scholar/ Secretary of State • He led a prosperous life and peaceful life which was divided between political duties and literature • After retirement and an unhappy marriage in 1716(lasting 3 years), he became a clubman, died serenely in 1719
Cato
( a tragedy in 1713)
• Publishing one essay every day • Portraying a small club headed by Mr. Spectator, including many other distinctive characters • Dealing with customs, manners, morals,literature and other current topics of the time • The general purpose is “to enliven morality” or “ to make instruction agreeable, and diversion useful”……… • New ideas on the paper spread in the reading public
Similar experiences of Addison and Steele

钢铁怎么练成的读书小报内容

钢铁怎么练成的读书小报内容Have you ever wondered how steel is made? 钢铁是如何制成的呢？Steel is a crucial material in our modern world, used in everything from buildings to cars to household appliances. 钢铁是我们现代世界中不可或缺的材料，被用于建筑物、汽车和家电等各方面。

The process of making steel is a fascinating one that involves a combination of science, skill, and technology. 制造钢铁的过程是一个令人着迷的过程，涉及到科学、技术和技能的结合。

The most common method for producing steel is through the use of a blast furnace. 制造钢铁最常见的方法是通过高炉的使用。

In this process, iron ore, coke (a type of coal), and limestone are heated in a blast furnace to produce molten iron. 在这个过程中，铁矿石、焦炭（一种煤炭）和石灰石在高炉中加热，产生熔化的铁。

The molten iron is then refined and alloyed to produce different grades of steel with various properties. 然后对熔化的铁进行精炼和合金化，以产生具有不同属性的不同等级的钢铁。

Steelmaking is a complex and intricate process that requires a deep understanding of chemistry, physics, and metallurgy. 制造钢铁是一个复杂而复杂的过程，需要对化学、物理和冶金学有深入的了解。

英国文学_Addison_and_Steele

first displayed his moralizing spirit
• Newspapers: The Tatler (闲谈者）
started in coffeehouse / published three times a week/diverse contents with many topics • The Spectator（旁观者）：collaborated with Addison
That’s All
Thank you !
Addison and Steele
艾迪生和斯蒂尔
Similar experiences of Addison and Steele
• They were contemporaries born in the same year,1672, and were educated at the same school.Afterward, they went to Oxford together.
Addison’s works
• The Campaign 远征 • The Spectator
• ( his best kn源自wn poem in heroic couplets, in celebration of the British victory at Blenheim布莱尼姆 )
• (a daily paper )
Contribution
• What are Steele’s and Addison’s contribution to English Literature? (p126) • 1. a new code of social morality • 2. a true picture of the social life of the 18th century • 3. a form of character sketching and story-telling

钢铁冶金专业英语词汇

钢铁冶金专业英语词汇目录1 总论 (1)2 采矿 (1)3 选矿 (1)4 冶金过程物理化学 (2)4.1 冶金过程热力学 (2)4.2 冶金过程动力学 (4)4.3 冶金电化学 (5)4.4 冶金物理化学研究方法 (5)5 钢铁冶金 (5)5.1 炼焦 (5)5.2 耐火材料 (6)5.3 碳素材料 (7)5.4 铁合金 (7)5.5 烧结与球团 (7)5.6 高炉炼铁 (8)5.7 炼钢 (10)5.8 精炼、浇铸及缺陷 (12)6 钢铁材料 (14)7 英译汉 (14)文案大全1 总论采矿mining地下采矿underground mining露天采矿open cut mining, open pit mining, surface mining采矿工程mining engineering选矿（学）mineral dressing, ore beneficiation, mineral processing矿物工程mineral engineering冶金（学）metallurgy过程冶金（学）process metallurgy提取冶金（学）extractive metallurgy化学冶金（学）chemical metallurgy物理冶金（学）physical metallurgy金属学Metallkunde冶金过程物理化学physical chemistry of process metallurgy冶金反应工程学metallurgical reaction engineering 冶金工程metallurgical engineering钢铁冶金（学）ferrous metallurgy, metallurgy of iron and steel有色冶金(学)nonferrous metallurgy真空冶金(学)vacuum metallurgy等离子冶金(学)plasma metallurgy微生物冶金(学)microbial metallurgy喷射冶金(学)injection metallurgy钢包冶金(学)ladle metallurgy二次冶金(学)secondary metallurgy机械冶金(学)mechanical metallurgy焊接冶金(学)welding metallurgy粉末冶金(学)powder metallurgy铸造学foundry火法冶金(学)pyrometallurgy湿法冶金(学)hydrometallurgy电冶金(学)electrometallurgy氯冶金(学)chlorine metallurgy矿物资源综合利用engineering of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources中国金属学会The Chinese Society for Metals中国有色金属学会The Nonferrous Metals Society of China2 采矿采矿工艺mining technology有用矿物valuable mineral冶金矿产原料metallurgical mineral raw materials 矿床mineral deposit特殊采矿specialized mining海洋采矿oceanic mining, marine mining矿田mine field矿山mine露天矿山surface mine地下矿山underground mine矿井shaft矿床勘探mineral deposit exploration矿山可行性研究mine feasibility study矿山规模mine capacity矿山生产能力mine production capacity矿山年产量annual mine output矿山服务年限mine life矿山基本建设mine construction矿山建设期限mine construction period矿山达产arrival at mine full capacity开采强度mining intensity矿石回收率ore recovery ratio矿石损失率ore loss ratio工业矿石industrial ore采出矿石extracted ore矿体orebody矿脉vein海洋矿产资源oceanic mineral resources矿石ore矿石品位ore grade岩石力学rock mechanics岩体力学rock mass mechanics3 选矿选矿厂concentrator, mineral processing plant 工艺矿物学process mineralogy开路open circuit闭路closed circuit流程flowsheet方框流程block flowsheet产率yield回收率recovery矿物mineral粒度particle size粗颗粒coarse particle细颗粒fine particle超微颗粒ultrafine particle粗粒级coarse fraction细粒级fine fraction文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全文案大全。