美国文学史Chapter 8

合集下载

童明《美国文学史》（增订版）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解

我国各大院校一般都把国内外通用的权威教科书作为本科生和研究生学习专业课程的参考教材，这些教材甚至被很多考试（特别是硕士和博士入学考试）和培训项目作为指定参考书。

为了帮助读者更好地学习专业课，我们有针对性地编著了一套与国内外教材配套的复习资料，并提供配套的名师讲堂、电子书和题库。

《美国文学史》（增订版）（童明主编）一直被用作高等院校英语专业英美文学教材，被很多院校指定为英语专业考研必读书和学术研究参考书。

为了帮助读者更好地使用该教材，我们精心编著了它的配套辅导用书。

作为该教材的学习辅导书，全书遵循该教材的章目编排，共分27章，每章由三部分组成：第一部分为复习笔记（中英文对照），总结本章的重点难点；第二部分是课后习题详解，对该书的课后思考题进行了详细解答；第三部分是考研真题与典型题详解，精选名校经典考研真题及相关习题，并提供了详细的参考答案。

本书具有以下几个方面的特点：1．梳理章节脉络，归纳核心考点。

每章的复习笔记以该教材为主并结合其他教材对本章的重难点知识进行了整理，并参考了国内名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记，对核心考点进行了归纳总结。

2．中英双语对照，凸显难点要点。

本书章节笔记采用了中英文对照的形式，强化对重要难点知识的理解和运用。

3．解析课后习题，提供详尽答案。

本书对童明主编的《美国文学史》（增订版）每章的课后思考题均进行了详细的分析和解答，并对相关重要知识点进行了延伸和归纳。

4．精选考研真题，补充难点习题。

本书精选名校近年考研真题及相关习题，并提供答案和详解。

所选真题和习题基本体现了各个章节的考点和难点，但又不完全局限于教材内容，是对教材内容极好的补充。

第1部分　早期美国文学：殖民时期至1815年第1章　“新世界”的文学1.1　复习笔记1.2　课后习题详解1.3　考研真题和典型题详解第2章　殖民地时期的美国文学：1620—1763 2.1　复习笔记2.2　课后习题详解2.3　考研真题和典型题详解第3章　文学与美国革命：1764—18153.1　复习笔记3.2　课后习题详解3.3　考研真题和典型题详解第2部分　美国浪漫主义时期：1815—1865第4章　美国浪漫主义时期4.1　复习笔记4.2　课后习题详解4.3　考研真题和典型题详解第5章　早期浪漫主义5.1　复习笔记5.2　课后习题详解5.3　考研真题和典型题详解第6章　超验主义和符号表征6.1　复习笔记6.2　课后习题详解6.3　考研真题和典型题详解第7章　霍桑、麦尔维尔和坡7.1　复习笔记7.2　课后习题详解7.3　考研真题和典型题详解第8章　惠特曼和狄金森8.1　复习笔记8.2　课后习题详解8.3　考研真题和典型题详解第9章　文学分支：反对奴隶制的写作9.1　复习笔记9.2　课后习题详解9.3　考研真题和典型题详解第3部分　美国现实主义时期：1865—1914第10章　现实主义时期10.1　复习笔记10.2　课后习题详解10.3　考研真题和典型题详解第11章　地区和地方色彩写作11.1　复习笔记11.2　课后习题详解11.3　考研真题和典型题详解第12章　亨利·詹姆斯和威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯12.1　复习笔记12.2　课后习题详解12.3　考研真题和典型题详解第13章　自然主义文学13.1　复习笔记13.2　课后习题详解13.3　考研真题和典型题详解第14章　女性作家书写“女性问题”14.1　复习笔记14.2　课后习题详解14.3　考研真题和典型题详解第4部分　美国现代主义时期：1914—1945第15章　美国现代主义15.1　复习笔记15.1　复习笔记15.2　课后习题详解15.3　考研真题和典型题详解第16章　现代主义的演变16.1　复习笔记16.2　课后习题详解16.3　考研真题和典型题详解第17章　欧洲的美国现代主义17.1　复习笔记17.2　课后习题详解17.3　考研真题和典型题详解第18章　两次世界大战间的现代小说18.1　复习笔记18.2　课后习题详解18.3　考研真题和典型题详解第19章　现代美国诗歌19.1　复习笔记19.2　课后习题详解19.3　考研真题和典型题详解第20章　非裔美国小说和现代主义20.1　复习笔记20.2　课后习题详解20.3　考研真题和典型题详解第5部分　多元化的美国文学：1945年至新千年第21章　新形势下的多元化文学21.1　复习笔记21.2　课后习题详解21.3　考研真题和典型题解析第22章　美国戏剧：三大剧作家22.1　复习笔记22.2　课后习题详解22.3　考研真题和典型题详解第23章　主要小说家：1945年至60年代23.1　复习笔记23.2　课后习题详解23.3　考研真题和典型题详解第24章　1945年以来的诗学倾向24.1　复习笔记24.2　课后习题详解24.3　考研真题和典型题详解第25章　20世纪60年代以来的小说发展状况25.1　复习笔记25.2　课后习题详解25.3　考研真题和典型题详解第26章　当代多民族文学和小说26.1　复习笔记26.2　课后习题详解26.3　考研真题和典型题详解第27章　美国文学的全球化：流散作家27.1　复习笔记27.2　课后习题详解27.3　考研真题和典型题详解第1部分　早期美国文学：殖民时期至1815年第1章　“新世界”的文学1.1　复习笔记Ⅰ. Discoveries of America（发现美洲大陆）Who discovered America?谁发现了美洲？1 The credit is often attributed to Christopher Columbus. Yet this argument is controversial.一种说法是哥伦布发现了美洲大陆。

美国文学史Unit8马克吐温

In his late years, Mark Twain wrote less, but he became a celebrity, frequently speaking out on public issues. He made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary medium in the literary history. Twain received an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford in 1907.
☆He used a lot of colloquial idioms and colloquial syntax ☆He often persons who was innocent, simple, naï ve, and ignorant as his heroes and heroines.
Writing Characteristics of Mark Twain
☆ Literature is an art of language. Mark Twain’s language is artistic and like a sharp weapon without doubt.
He is famous for his humor and satire. His work are characterized by broad often irreverent humor or biting social satire. ☆ Mark Twain‘s humor is based on the humor of the Western in America.

美国文学史复习要点整理【手动】及美国文学简史笔记

美国文学史整理一、Colonial America 殖民时期1、New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, andConnecticut.2、Doctrines of Puritanism清教American Puritanism stressed predestination（命运神定), original sin（原罪）, total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from God’s grace.3、Writing style：fresh, simple and direct and with a touch of nobility；the rhetoric is plain andhonest.4、Life style：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.5、Main writer:①Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩work：Common Sense (1776) 《常识》American Crisis (1776-1783) 《美国危机》The Rights of Man《人权》The Age of Reason《理性时代》②Benjamin Franklin（本杰明·富兰克林）Poor Richard’s Almanac 《穷查理历书》Autobiography 《富兰克林自传》<clarity, good sense, and simplicity of the English essayists Joseph Addison and Richard Steele>③Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊Declaration of Independence (1776)《独立宣言》<simple and clear, powerful and graceful>二、American Romanticism (early period) 浪漫主义前期1、Characteristics：①A rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.反对理性主义的客观性。

外研社美国文学史及选读(第三版)(第二册)教学课件0 Part V-Introduction

After the First World War a group of new American dramatists emerged, and the American theater ceased to be wholly dependent on the dramatic traditions of Europe. Experimental playwrights, hostile to outworn and timid theatrical convention, created works of tragedy, stark realism, and social protest. Early in the 1920s the most prominent of the new American playwrights, Eugene Gladstone O’Neill, established an international reputation with such plays as The Emperor Jones (1920) and The Haiuction
Waste Land, the most significant American poem of the 20th century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought.
ICnhatprtoerd3uction
American society. Early in the century Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot published works that would change the nature of American poetry, but their impact (and that of other modernist writers) on the general reading public was slight. The genteel tradition and popular romanticism still dominated the nation’s literary tastes.

陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)笔记和课后习题详解(第8单元马克

第8单元马克•吐温8.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）1.Life（生平）Mark Twain(1835-1910)is the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens.He was an American novelist and humorist.Twain grew up in Missouri,which would later provide the setting for Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer.He apprenticed with a printer.He also worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to his older brother Orion’s newspaper.After toiling as a printer in various cities,he became a master riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion.He was a failure at gold mining, so he next turned to journalism.While a reporter,he wrote a humorous story,"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,"which became very popular and brought nationwide attention.His travelogues were also well received.He achieved great success as a writer and public speaker.His wit and satire earned praise from critics and peers,and he was a friend to presidents,artists, industrialists,and European royalty.马克·吐温(1835—1910)是萨缪尔·朗赫恩·克莱门斯的笔名。

童明《美国文学史》(增订版)笔记和课后习题答案考研资料

童明《美国文学史》（增订版）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解完整版>精研学习网>无偿试用20％资料全国547所院校视频及题库资料考研全套>视频资料>课后答案>往年真题>职称考试目录隐藏第1部分早期美国文学：殖民时期至1815年第1章“新世界”的文学1.1复习笔记1.2课后习题答案1.3考研真题和典型题详解第2章殖民地时期的美国文学：1620-17632.1复习笔记2.2课后习题答案2.3考研真题和典型题详解第3章文学与美国革命：1764-18153.1复习笔记3.2课后习题答案3.3考研真题和典型题详解第2部分美国浪漫主义时期：1815-1865第4章美国浪漫主义时期4.1复习笔记4.2课后习题答案4.3考研真题和典型题详解第5章早期浪漫主义5.1复习笔记5.2课后习题答案5.3考研真题和典型题详解第6章超验主义和符号表征6.1复习笔记6.2课后习题答案6.3考研真题和典型题详解第7章霍桑、麦尔维尔和坡7.1复习笔记7.2课后习题答案7.3考研真题和典型题详解第8章惠特曼和狄金森8.1复习笔记8.2课后习题答案8.3考研真题和典型题详解第9章文学分支：反对奴隶制的写作9.1复习笔记9.2课后习题答案9.3考研真题和典型题详解第3部分美国现实主义时期：1865-1914第10章现实主义时期10.1复习笔记10.2课后习题答案10.3考研真题和典型题详解第11章地区和地方色彩写作11.1复习笔记11.2课后习题答案11.3考研真题和典型题详解第12章亨利詹姆斯和威廉迪恩豪威尔斯12.1复习笔记12.2课后习题答案12.3考研真题和典型题详解第13章自然主义文学13.1复习笔记13.2课后习题答案13.3考研真题和典型题详解第14章女性作家书写“女性问题”14.1复习笔记14.2课后习题答案14.3考研真题和典型题详解第4部分美国现代主义时期：1914-1945第15章美国现代主义15.1复习笔记15.2课后习题答案15.3考研真题和典型题详解第16章现代主义的演变16.1复习笔记16.2课后习题答案16.3考研真题和典型题详解第17章欧洲的美国现代主义17.1复习笔记17.2课后习题答案17.3考研真题和典型题详解第18章两次世界大战间的现代小说18.1复习笔记18.2课后习题答案18.3考研真题和典型题详解第19章现代美国诗歌19.1复习笔记19.2课后习题答案19.3考研真题和典型题详解第20章非裔美国小说和现代主义20.1复习笔记20.2课后习题答案20.3考研真题和典型题详解第5部分多元化的美国文学：1945年至新千年第21章新形势下的多元化文学21.1复习笔记21.2课后习题答案21.3考研真题和典型题解析第22章美国戏剧：三大剧作家22.1复习笔记22.2课后习题答案22.3考研真题和典型题详解第23章主要小说家：1945年至60年代23.1复习笔记23.2课后习题答案23.3考研真题和典型题详解第24章1945年以来的诗学倾向24.1复习笔记24.2课后习题答案24.3考研真题和典型题详解第25章20世纪60年代以来的小说发展状况25.1复习笔记25.2课后习题答案25.3考研真题和典型题详解第26章当代多民族文学和小说26.1复习笔记26.2课后习题答案26.3考研真题和典型题详解第27章美国文学的全球化：流散作家27.1复习笔记27.2课后习题答案27.3考研真题和典型题详解内容简介隐藏作为该教材的学习辅导书，全书完全遵循该教材的章目编排，共分27章，每章由三部分组成：第一部分为复习笔记（中英文对照），总结本章的重点难点；第二部分是课后习题详解，对该书的课后思考题进行了详细解答；第三部分是考研真题与典型题详解，精选名校经典考研真题及相关习题，并提供了详细的参考答案。

（完整版）美国文学史练习

（完整版）美国文学史练习Exercises of Chapter 2I. Multiple Choice1. Which of the following is NOT one part of The LeatherStocking Tales by Cooper?A. The SpyB. The PathfinderC. The PioneersD. The Deerslayer2. Which statement about Thoreau was NOT right?A. He was a lover of nature.B. He was a particular kind of romantic.C. He was a polemicist.D. He was a thorough transcendentalist.3. Which of the following has been called “the manifesto of American transcendentalism?”A. Divinity School AddressB. Self-RelianceC. NatureD. The American Scholar4. As a philosophical and literary movement, flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War.A. sentimentalismB. transcendentalismC. modernismD. rationalism5. The period before the American Civil War is generally referred to as .A. the Modern PeriodB. the Realistic PeriodC. the Romantic PeriodD. the Naturalist Period6. All of the following are works by Nathaniel Hawthorne EXCEPT .A. The Marble FaunB. TypeeC. The Scarlet LetterD. Mosses form an Old Manse7. Which of the following is not a work of Emily Dickinson’s?A. I Heard a Fly Buzz When I DiedB. The RavenC. This is My Letter to the WorldD. I Like to See it Lap the Miles8. Whitman’s poems are characterized by all the following features EXCEPT.A. the strict poetic formB. the free and natural rhythmC. the easy flow of feelingsD. the simple and conversational language9. Poe’s first collection of stories is .A. Tales of a TravelerB. Leather Stocking TalesC. Canterbury TalesD. Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque10. Which book is not written by Emerson?A. The American ScholarB. Self-RelianceC. NatureD. Civil Disobedience11. The first example of Hawthorn’s symbolism is the recreation of Puritan Boston in .A. The Scarlet LetterB. Young Goodman BrownC. The Marble FaunD. The Ambitious Guest12. The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism is .A. Nathaniel HawthorneB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Henry David ThoreauD. Washington Irving13. Transcendentalists recognized as the “highest power of the soul”.A. intuitionB. logicC. data of the sensesD. thinking14. Which is regarded as the “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”?A. The American ScholarB. English TraitsC. The Conduct of LifeD. Representative Men15. American literature produced only one female poet during the nineteenth century. This was .A. Anne BradstreetB. Jane AustinC. Emily DickinsonD. Harriet Beecher16. Captain, My Captain is written for .A. LincolnB. WhitmanC. WashingtonD. Heminway17. Which of the following books is a tremendous chronicle of an appalling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale?A. The Scarlet LetterB. Moby DickC. The Marble FaunD. Moses from an Old Manse18. was the first man of letters from the United States to win and international reputation.A. Nathaniel HawthorneB. Washington IrvingC. James Fenimore CooperD. Longfellow19. Ralph Waldo Emerson is the most outstanding of all the writers in literature.A. transcendental/ EnglishB. transcendental/ AmericanC. realistic/ EnglishD. realistic/ American20. Edgar Allan Poe occupies an important position in American literature as a poet and a .A. short story writerB. novelistC. dramatistD. translator21. In Walden, who urges people to simplify their lives and look to nature for meaning?A. Robert FrostB. Walt WhitmanC. Henry David ThoreauD. Herman Melville22. The setting of the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is in .A. England during World War IIB. Paris during the French RevolutionC. the Middle Ages in ItalyD. Puritan America23. In Moby-Dick, the voyage symbolizes .A. the microcosm of human societyB. a search for truthC. the unknown worldD. nature24. Thoreau was often alone in the woods or by the pond, lost in spiritual communication with .A. natureB. transcendentalist ideasC. human beingsD. celestial beings25. tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a puritan community are involved in and affected by the sin of adultery in different ways.A. Twice-told TalesB. The Scarlet LetterC. The House of the Seven GablesD. The Marble Faun26. is regarded as the first American prose epic.A. NatureB. The Scarlet LetterC. WaldenD. Moby-Dick27. Washington Irving’s social conservation and literary for the past is revealed, to some extent, in his famous story, .A. “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”B. “Rip Van Winkle”C. “The Custom-House”D. “The Birthmark”28. The giant Moby Dick may symbolize all EXCEPT.A. mystery of the universeB. sin of the whaleC. power of the Great NatureD. evil of the world29. In Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, “A” may stands for .A. AdulteryB. AngelC. AmiableD. all the above30. For Melville, as well as for the reader and , the narrator, Moby-Dick is stilla mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe.A. StarbuckB. StubbC. IshmaelD. Arab31. was a romanticized account of Melville’s stay among the Polynesians. The success of the book soon made Melville becomeknown as the “man who lived among cannibals”.A. Moby-DickB. TypeeC. OmooD. Billy Budd32. The main theme of Emily Dickinson is the following except .A. religionB. love and marriageC. life and deathD. war and peace33. Emily Dickinson’s poetic idiom is noted for the following except .A. brevityB. directnessC. plainest wordsD. obscure34. is the most ambivalent writer in the American literary history.A. Nathaniel HawthorneB. Walt WhitmanC. Ralph Waldo EmersonD. Mark Twain35. In Hawthorne’s novels and short stories, intellectuals usually appear .A. saviorsB. villainsC. commentatorsD. observers36. In the history of literature, Romanticism is regarded as .A. the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experienceB. the thought that designates man as a social animalC. the orientation that emphasizes those features which men have in commonD. the modes of thinking37. In the poem “Song of Myself”, Whitman sets forth the principle beliefs of .A. the theory of universalityB. singularity and equality of all beings in valueC. both A and BD. none above38. Most of the poems in Whitman’s leaves of Grass sing of the “en-mass” and theas well.A. natureB. lifeC. selfD. self-reliance39. Which of the following features cannot characterize poems by Walt Whitman?A. Lyrical and well-structuredB. Free-flowingC. Simple and rather crudeD. Conversational and casual40. In “I heard a Fly buzz-when I died”, Emily Dickinson describes the moment of death .A. passionatelyB. pessimisticallyC. in despairD. peacefullyII. Bland Filling1. The Romantic period in the American literary history covers the time between the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the civil war . It started with the publication of Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass . This period is also called Romanticism .2. Irving also wrote two biographies, one is The Life of Oliver Goldsmith, and the other is The Life of George Washington .3. In Song of Myself , Whitman’s own early experience may well be identified with the childhood of a young growing America.4. Typee by Melville is a novella about a ship whose black slave cargo mutiny holds their captain a terrorized hostage.5. From Thoreau’s Concord jail experience, came his famous essay Civil Disobedience .6. Hester Prynne is the heroine in Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter .7. Published in 1823, The Pioneer , the first of The Leatherstocking Tales, in their publication time, and probably the first true romance of the frontier in American literature.8. Edgar Allan Poe can somewhat be called “the Father of the American detective story”.。

《美国文学史》各章节知识点指南

《美国文学史》各章节知识点指南时间：2011年2月使用教材：《美国文学史》（第二版）常耀信著Chapter 1 Colonial America★1607 Jamestown, Virginia：the first permanent English settlement in America★1620 Plymouth, Massachusetts: the second permanent English settlement in America★Captain John Smith: the first American writer writing in English★Anne Bradstreet: the first American woman poetMajor work: The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650)Contemplations (9) on P. 17 （熟悉这首诗歌）To My Dear and Loving Husband《致我亲爱的丈夫》★Philis Wheatley: the first black woman poet in American literature★Edward Taylor: the most famous poet in the colonial periodHuswifery on P. 19 （熟悉这首诗歌）★Roger Williams: The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience (1644)Translated the Bible into the Indian tongue★John Winthrop: ―Model of Christian Charity‖（〈基督慈善之典范〉）The History of New England (two volumes, 1825, 1826)(〈新英格兰史〉) 1630 --- 1649 in diary★Thomas Paine: Common Sense, The American Crisis, The Rights of Man, The Age of Reason ★Philip Freneau: Poet of the American RevolutionThe Wild Honeysuckle, The Indian Burying Ground, The Dying Indian: TomoChequi★Charles Brockden Brown: the first important American novelistWieland, Edgar Huntly, Ormond, Aurthur MervynChapter 2 Edwards, Franklin, Crevecoeur★the 18th century: Age of Reason and Enlightenment★Jonathan Edwards: America’s first systematic philosopherThe Freedom of the Will, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God★Benjamin Franklin: The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard’s Almanac熟悉37页的引文★Hector St. John de Crevecoeur: Letters from an American FarmerChapter 3 American Romanticism, Irving, Cooper★Washington Irving: the first American writer to win international acclaimThe Sketch Book: Rip V an Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow★James Fenimore Cooper: Leatherstocking Tales (五个故事的题目)Natty Bumpo (人物形象)Chapter 4 New England Transcendentalism, Emerson, Thoreau★Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature (the Bible and manifesto of New England Transcendentalism)The American Scholar (America’s Declaration of IntellectualIndependence)★Henry David Thoreau: Walden, or Life in the WoodsChapter 5 Hawthorne, Melville★Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter, Twice-Told Tales, The House of the Seven Gables, The Blithedale Romance, The Marble Faun, Young Goodman Brown★Herman Melville: Moby Dick, Omoo, Mardi, Redburn, White Jacket, PierreChapter 6 Whitman, Dickinson★Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass; free verse; Song of Myself★Emily Dickinson: Of the 1775 poems, only 7 poems were published in her lifetime.熟悉教材中98至102页所选的诗歌Chapter 7 Edgar Allan Poe★Edgar Allan Poe: The Fall of the House of Usher, The Philosophy of Composition, The Poetic Principle, The Raven，To Helen熟悉教材中107页所选的The Raven中的部分诗行Chapter 8 The Age of Realism, Howells, James★William Dean Howells: The Rise of Silas Lapham, Criticism and Fiction★Henry James: important writings listed on P. 125the international themeChapter 9 Local Colorism, Mark Twain★Hamlin Garland: Crumbling Idols, Veritism (真实主义)★Bret Harte: The Luck of Roaring Camp★Mark Twain: 主要作品, vernacular literature, colloquial style★Harriet Beecher Stowe 斯托夫人& her Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》★Louisa May Alcott 路易莎·梅·奥尔科特& her Little Women 《小妇人》★Kate Chopin 凯特·肖班& her The Awakening 《觉醒》Chapter 10 American Naturalism, Crane, Norris, Dreiser, Robinson★Stephen Crane: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (the first naturalistic novel in American literature), The Red Badge of Courage (the first anti-war novel in American literature),Famous short stories: The Open Boat, The Bride Comes to the Yellow Sky★Frank Norris: The Octopus, McTeague★Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie, Jennie Gerhardt, the Desire Trilogy, The Genius★Edwin Arlington Robinson: Richard Cory★Jack London: The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea Wolf, Martin Eden★O. Henry (William Sidney Porter): famous for his short stories such as The Gift of the Magi★Upton Sinclair: The Jungle, the Muckraking MovementChapter 11 The 1920s, Imagism, Pound★The first American Renaissance: the first half of the 19th century★The second Renaissance: the 1920s★The three principles of the Imagist Poetry★熟悉四首意象派诗歌：In a Station of the Metro, Oread, The Red Wheelbarrow, Fog, 并会分析其中的第一和第四首★Ezra Pound: The Cantos, Hugh Selwyn MauberleyChapter 12 T. S. Eliot, Stevens, Williams★T. S. Eliot: The Waste Land （五个部分的题目）, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 其他主要作品founder of New Criticism: depersonalization, objective correlative★William Carlos Williams: PatersonChapter 13 Frost, Sandburg, Cummings, Hart Crane, Moore★Robert Frost: New England poet, lyrical poet, the unofficial poet laureate, won the Pulitzer Prize four timesThe Road Not Taken (熟悉此诗), Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,Mending Wall, Apple-picking <<摘苹果>>★Carl Sandburg: Fog, The Harbor (two famous Imagist poems)★ E. E. Cummings: the most interesting experimentalist in modern American poetry★Hart Crane: The BridgeChapter 14 Fitzgerald, Hemingway★F. Scott Fitzgerald: the spokesman of the Jazz AgeThe Great Gatsby★Ernest Hemingway: Hemingway hero with ―grace under pressure‖, the iceberg principle“I always try to write on the principle of the iceberg. There is seven-eights of it under water for every part that shows. Anything you know you can eliminate and it only strengthens your iceberg. It is the part that doesn’t show. ”冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为它只有八分之一在水面上。

美国文学史之填空题

填空题Part 1 Early American Literature: Colonial Period to 1815Chapter 1 The Literature of the New World1. Origin stories are those dramatizing ______of how the earth originated or of how people established relationships with plants, ______ and the cosmos.(tribal interpretations, animal)2. Trickster tales are humorous tales featuring______. (trickster characters)3. Historical narratives are diverse in kinds. Some of them are tribal records of historical events. Many other narratives feature ______ that move in recognizable historical settings. (legendary figures)4. The name of Captain John Smith is now associated with the English expedition that founded the ______ in 1607. (Jamestown colony)Chapter 2 The Literature of Colonial America: 1620-17631.The colonial period covers almost the entirety of ______ and a great portion of ______. (the 17th century,the 18th century)2.The year 1620 saw the Pilgrims settling in the tiny colony of Plymouth in Massachusetts which, due toWilliam Bradford’s influential work ______, is now regarded as a symbol for Puritan culture during colonial settlement. (Of Plymouth Plantation)3.In the earlier colonial period, much of the literature was produced by ______ and ______. (Puritan,Pilgrim writers)4.The term “Puritan” was first applied to those ______ who rejected Queen Elizabeth’s religious settlementsof 1560 because they were determined to “purify” their religion. (Protestant reformers)5.Calvinism is a specific and rather rigid brand of Puritanism. Calvinists are those who follow the teachingsof ______, a religious reformer in France. (John Calvin)6.Anne Bradstreet’s “domestic” poems and ______ are today recognized as her best literary achievement. Inthem, she conveyed her personal feelings for New England and ______. (the Contemplations, family life) 7.In general, meditative poetry is a contemplation of self and expression of hoped-for union with God orwith a ______. But Edward Taylor’s poetry also shows an anguished search for God, an intense personal struggle with his ______ and with ______. (transcendent reality, spirituality, Satan)8.Cotton Mather’s most important book is ______. (Magnalia Christi American a)9.Of the quarrels with Puritan beliefs in the 17th century, the cases of Anne Hutchinson and ______ are ofparticular significance. (Roger Williams)10.Jonathan Edward was a complex theologian in whom the fervor of the ______ and the thinking of ______converged, if not coexisted, in contradiction. (Great Awakening, Enlightenment)11.Today, Jonathan Edward is generally regarded as a pioneering philosopher and the greatest mind of the______ period. (colonial)12.The Middle colonies are ______ and ______ more diverse. (culturally, ethnically)Chapter 3 Literature and the American Revolution: 1764-18151.Literature in the period of American Revolution (before, during and after) was predominantly public and______. (utilitarian)2.The emergence of Deism in the 18th century America came directly from the ______. (Enlightenment)3.In his lifetime, Benjamin Franklin was an inventor, scientist, ______, ______, ______, an exemplaryself-made man, a revolutionary hero, and, of course, an ______. (printer, political statesman, diplomat, author)4.With his restless energy, his optimism and his innovative spirit, Franklin exemplifies the Age of ______ orwhat Franklin himself called the Age of Experiment. (Enlightenment)5.Partly because he was very good at promoting himself, Franklin established for the public the image of a______ man, and an archetypal American success story that has since become part of American popular culture. (self-made)6.Although Poor Richard’s Almanacs are not really in the vein of fiction, ______ could be the earliestcharacter of fiction created by an American author. (Poor Richard)7.Perhaps the best-known portion of Franklin’s Autobiography is where he speaks of the ______ heembraced and how he translated them into daily practices. (13 virtues)8.______, drafted in June, 1776, is at once a national symbol of liberty and a monument to Jefferson as astatesman and author. (The Declaration of Independence)9.William Hill Brown’s novel ______ followed the sentimental mode and its characteristic theme ofseduction. (The Power of Sympathy)Part 2 American Romanticism: 1815-186Chapter 1 The Age of American Romanticism1.Nationalism often goes hand in hand with ______. But the special psychological make-up of Americannationalism also gave American ______ its own particular characteristics. (romanticism, romanticism) 2.American romanticism was influenced by European romanticism, particularly German, ______ and______. While showing characteristics of European romanticism, American romantic writers differed from their European counterparts in that they did not show the kind of ______ as seen in European romanticism. (English, French, political radicalism)Chapter 2 Early Romanticism1.______ was the first American storyteller created in a literary text, and as a storyteller he resembles hisauthor, Washington Irving. (Rip)2.______ and ______ are today two of Irving’s best known stories. Both are included in ______, acollection of sketches and stories. (Rip Van Winkle, The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow, The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. )3.The Leather-stocking Series consists of five novels which, in the order of publications, are: ______,______, ______, ______, and ______. (The Pioneers, The Last of the Mohicans, The Prairie, The Pathfinder, The Deerslaye r)4.“Leather-stocking”is the nickname for ______ who is in the habit of wearing long deerskin leggings.(Natty Bumppo)5.Natty Bumpoo is both the friend and foe of ______. He seems to respect them, but he retains his ______superiority while living with them. (American Indians, Christian)6.Starting with ______, Copper wrote 11 sea stories. Among them, ______ is a tale of the adventure ofCaptain Heidegger who gives up privacy in order to aid the Americans. (The Pilot, Red Revor)7.______, one of Bryant’s best poems, served as a bridge over which the young poet moved towards hisfather’s religious liberalism (Deism and Unitarianism) and towards Wordsworth’s nature.(“Thanatopsis”)Chapter 3 Transcendentalism and Symbolic Representation1.The transcendental Club sponsored two major activities. First, they published 16 issues of ______, aquarterly, between 1840 ad 1844. ______ was the first editor. (The Dial, Margaret Fuller)2.______ is today regarded as the “Father” of American literature. (Emerson)3.As the leading spokesman for Transcendentalism, Emerson once explained that this philosophy meant______. (a little beyond)4.“The Over-Soul” presents the more mystical side of Emerson ad the basis of ______. The “Over-Soul”refers to the profound and all-encompassing ______ to which each individual soul should lie upon.(Transcendentalism, spiritual nature)5.Today Thoreau is primarily remembered by two of his works: ______ and the essay ______. (Walden,Civil Disobedience)Chapter 4 Hawthorne, Melville and Poe1.Hawthorne wrote well over a hundred stories, essays and sketches, and is the author of four remarkablenovels: ______, ______, ______and ______. (The Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables, The Blithedale Romance, The Marble Faun)2.In Hawthorne’s writings there is a consistent concern with the psychological currents beneath the ______.______ is a typical Hawthornian metaphor for this concern. (conscious, A dream-like journey at night) 3.Hawthorne depicts “sin” not for its own sake. He allows us to study the effects of sin on the ______ andon people related to them. (sinners)4.Many of Hawthorne’s male characters live in ______. It seems extraordinarily difficult for them to knowsomeone else and to disclose themselves to another person. (isolation)5.If there was anything in the 19th century close to being the American epic, it was ______, published oneyear after The Scarlet Letter. (Moby Dick)6.The novel Moby Dick tells the strange story of the possessed and implacable Captain ______ risking hislife, those of his crew and his ship on the rough seas in search of a monstrous ______. (Ahab, white whale)7.Poe is a critic, poet and short story writer, and he is important in all three aspects. His contribution toFrench symbolist poetry was made not primarily through his ______ but his ______. (poetry, stories andcriticism)8.“The Raven” captures the mourning of the narrator for the loss of his beloved when a raven monotonouslyrepeats the word ______. (Nevermore)Chapter 8 Whitman and Dickinson1.______ and ______ were two major poets in the late 19th century. (Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson)2.Technically speaking, Whitman’s poetry is “free verse” in that the lack of ______ and ______ is known ashis major technical innovation. (meter, rhyme)3.The speaker in many of Dickinson’s poems is in ______ and ______. Frequently, the speaker speaks of a______. (anguish, pain, recurring pain)4.______ is the longest and one of the best in Whitman’s canon. (“Song of Myself”)5.Emily Dickinson wrote nearly ______ poems, although fewer than 20 of them were printed in her lifetime.(2000)Chapter 9 A House Divided: Writing Against Slavery1.______ boosted abolitionist sentiments and shook the conscience of the South. (Uncle Tom’s Cabin)2.the novel’s appeal comes from the extreme sentimentality that derives from the deaths of little Eva St.Clare and ______ as well as from melodramatic events such as ______’s escape across the ice of the Ohio River. (Uncle Tom, Eliza)3.Frederick Douglass wrote the powerful autobiography ______. (Narrative of the Life of FrederickDouglass, an American Slave)4.Harriet Ann Jacob’s first-person account, ______, is the only slave narrative written by a woman.(Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl)Part 3 American Realism: 1865-1914Chapter 1 The Age of Realism1.Realism reacts against romanticism’s emphasis on intuition, ______, a dreary (or innocent) sense ofwonder, ______, ______, and general optimistic belief in the goodness of things. (imagination, idealism, faith in nature )Chapter 2 Regional and Local Color Writings1. ______ and ______ writings may be considered the early stage of literary realism. They were instances of realism insofar as they depicted contemporary life, used the speech of ______ and avoided, in general, fantastic plotlines. (Regional, local, the common people)2.Ernest Hemingway once remarked: “All modern literature comes from on Book by Mark Twain called______.” (Huckleberry Finn)3.As an ironist, Mark Twain allows us to see the adult through the eyes of a ______, and to see the childthrough an ______’s perspective. (child, adult)4.Tom Sawyer is the story of the boy Tom Sawyer and his friends ______ and ______. (Huckleberry Finn,Joe Harper)5.“The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calavera County” is a “tall tale” filled with the kind of exaggerationand comedy that characterize ______life. (the frontier)6.There were many other regionalists and local colorists. Some of the prominent ones include _____ in NewEngland, ______ and ______ in the deep South, and ______ who wrote of the far West mining camps.(Sarah Orne, George Washington Cable, Kate Chopin, Brett Harte)Chapter 3 Henry James and William Dean Howells1.In Henry James’s texts, ______ and ______ are two different societies and cultural forces brought intocontact. (Europe, America)2.Henry James wrote 36 volumes of fictional works. A dozen or so are longer novels. The more completeversions of three of the best--______, ______, The Golden Bowl—were published posthumously. (The Wings of Dove, The Ambassadors)3.Henry James had a liking for the short-story form. However, his elaboration on details often led to theexpression of short story themes into short novels or novellas. The two best-known novellas are: ______ and ______. (Daisy Miller, The Turn of the Screw)4.While William Dean Howells was a journalist for the Ohio State Journal he wrote ______, a book whichhelped Lincoln become elected and which brought Howells recognition and an appointment as American Counsel in Venice. (The Campaign Life of Abraham Lincoln)5.In The Rise of Silas Lapham, Lapham is a sturdy country-bred man who becomes successful as a paintmanufacturer and has an opportunity to rise in ______ society. (Boston)Chapter 4 Literary Naturalism1.Under the influence of European writers such as Emile Zola, Thomas Hardy, George Eliot, Americanliterary ______ emerged in the 1890s as an outgrowth of American realism. (naturalism)2.In naturalist fiction, the characters are often ______ in the social stratum. (the lowest)3.The naturalist stories are often about those rendered helpless by uncontrollable forces. The mood is darkand _____. (pessimistic)4.Jack London’s masterpiece ______ is somewhat autobiographical. (Martin Eden)5.Norris’s novel ______ has been called “the first full-bodied naturalistic American novel”and “aconsciously naturalistic manifesto”. (McTeague)6.The first novel of Theodore Dreiser was ______. (Sister Carrie)7.The protagonist of Dreiser’s Trilogy of Desire is ______. (Frank Cowperwood)Chapter 5 Women Writing on the “Woman Question”1.In literature, writing on the “woman question” mostly meant critiquing the Victorianist cultural code andpromoting ______. (women’s liberation)2.The Awakening presents the story of ______’s doomed attempt to find her own fulfillment through passion.(Edna Pontellier)3.The Awakening is simultaneously a ______ novel, a ______novel, a ______ novel, and a ______ novel.(local color, realist, romantic, feminist)4.Like Flaubert’s Madame Bovary, Kate Chopin’s______was condemned not because it was sexy butbecause it deviates from the sexual codes of “good society.”(The Awakening)5.As a fictionalized version of “rest cure,”“The Yellow Wallpaper” is a powerful feminist indictment of thenorms in a ______ culture. (patriarchal)6.Thematically, Edith Wharton’s novels reflect the struggles of the individual members of ______in theirattempts to actualize themselves within the rigid behavioral mores of their______. (elite societies, class)Part 4 American Modernism: 1914-1945Chapter 15 Modernism in the American Grain1.In its most apparent sense, “modernism”indicates an impulse towards creating something ______.(new)2.In modern fiction, ______ point of view—representing a given perspective—is used more often. (the firstperson)3.If American Romanticism was the first flowering of American literature, American ______ was the secondflowering. (modernism)4.Freud boldly and naturalistically explained that human behavior is largely the result of instinctual drives,such as______ and ______ urges. If the individual wished to enjoy the benefits of civilization, he/ she must control these urges. (sexual, aggressive)Chapter 16 The Evolution of Modernism1.Edwin Arlington Robinson created the ______ and ______ characters who believe they have failed. Hismain theme seems to be the agony of life and a hopeless wish for ______. (alienated, disillusioned, happiness)2.______ is the most popular modern poet in America. Towards the end of his life, he received more literaryawards, government recognitions, and institutional honors than any other poet of the 20th century. (Robert Frost)3.It was in England that Robert Frost published his first collection of poetry ______ in 1913. Ezra Pound,whom he met in England, helped him publish his second volume ______ which contains some of Frost’s most stunning poems, including ______, ______, ______and ______. (A Boy’s Will, North of Boston, “Mending Wall,”“Home Burial,”“The Road Not Taken,”“Apple-Picking.”)4.Willa Cather’s major novels fall into three groups. In three of her novels--______, ______ and ______--Cather explores the pioneer experience in the landscape of Nebraska, the Midwest and Colorado. (O Pioneers! The Song of the Lark, My Antonia )5.We can get better acquainted with Cather’s literary style by reviewing ______, and it was with this novelthat Cather made craft. (My Antonia)6.Sherwood Anderson is primarily remembered as the author of ______, Gathered into a loosely connectednovel are stories of ______ or ______ characters. (Winesburg, Ohio, grotesque, twisted)Chapter 17 American Modernism in Europe1.In 1936, Gertrude Stein remarked, “America is my country and Paris is my hometown and it is as it hascome to be.” She spoke not just for herself but also for a generation of _____. (American expatriates) 2.As evidence of her originality, Stein was the first American writer to try to transcribe banal daily speechinto literature. Specifically, in ______ and in ______, she used this kind of “natural” conversation in prose narrative. (Three Lives, The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas)3.______ is so far the only writer in the Western culture who has been able to turn the characteristics of theChinese language into a specific and “new” component in English/ American poetry. (Pound)4.Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the ______ movement. (Imagist)5.Ezra Pound’s major work of poetry is the long poem called ______. (The Cantos)6.Hilda Doolittle always signed her name ______. (H.D.)Chapter 18 Modern Fiction between the Wars1.It is generally believed that the modernist innovativeness in American poetry was exemplified by ______,______ and a few others whose paradigmatic texts exerted a powerful influence on fiction writers. (T. S.Eliot, Wallace Stevens)2.Under Anderson’s guidance, William Faulkner published his first novel ______, but his first major successwas ______. (Soldier’s Pay, The Sound and the Fury)3.The first three sections of The Sound and the Fury are narrated by three Compson brothers: ______,______, ______. (Benjy, Quentin, Jason)4.As I Lay Dying is a comedy with a profoundly ______. The novel is also Faulkner’s attempt to translate______ in painting into a fictional form. (tragic center, cubism)5.In Light in August Faulkner makes an indictment of racism in the South by offering a profound analysis ofthe “truths”in a cultural discourse that mingles religious fanaticism, ______ and ______, a discourse shared by Southerners at various levels. (sexism, racism)6.“A Rose for Emily” seems to be a ______ story, at least initially. (detective)7.Hemingway’s trip to Africa on a hunting expedition in 1933-14 became the basis for ______. He went toSpain twice to cover the Civil War in 1936-37, which provided material for his novel ______. (Green Hills of Africa, For Whom the Bell Tolls)8.“The Big Two-Hearted River”, included in ______, shows ______who, bearing traumas of the war withinhim, has returned to a small town where he finds the river and trout as he remembers them. (In Our Time, Nick Adams)9.______ is the most important work Fitzgerald wrote. The title character, ______ is a very rich man whofought in World War I. (The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby)10.Tender is the Night is Fitzgerald’s ______ novel and it is a novel about ______. (mature, maturity)11.The best-known work by Dos Passos is ______, a trilogy consisting of ______, ______, and ______.(U.S.A. The Forty-Second Parallel, 1919, The Big Money)12.John Steinbeck is a modern writer, no doubt, but he can also be regarded as a ______ and a ______.(regionalist, naturalist)13.Today, Steinbeck is primarily remembered by three of his many novels: ______, ______, and ______.( In Dubious Battle, Of Mice and Men, The Grapes of Wrath )14.Steinbeck consciously uses stylistic devices of the ______ and attempts to create his new ______.(folk tale, folklore)Chapter 19 Modern American Poetry1.The charm of Eliot’s poetry lies not only in the ______ but also in the ______ he has created. (images,mellow cadence)2.The “waste” in the title is not only a reference to the devastation and bloodshed of ______, but also to theemotional and spiritual sterility of the ______. (World War I, Western man)3.Eliot wrote seven plays, the best of which is ______, a verse play on an ancient historical subject, writtenin 1935. (Murder in the Cathedral)4.Eliot’s last important work was ______, a profound meditation on time and timelessness, written in fourparts. (Four Quartets)5.“Sunday Morning” is one of the best-known poems by Stevens. The poem introduces a woman who doesnot go to church on Sunday morning but stays at home to enjoy ______ and to contemplate ______.(the sunshine, what divinity is )6.The themes of William Carlos Williams’s poems are broad ranging, including the emergence of life,______, ______ in its many guises, sexuality and the erotic, the richness of everyday experience, and, last but not least, the realities of industrial America. (the nature of poetry, the unfortunate humanity)7.The odd appearance of E.E. Cummings’ verses on the page is meant as an aid to oral reading or, morespecifically, as a guide to timing, accentuation, syllabus stresses. To indicate stress, for example, he would ______ or _______. (break lines, capitalize key words)Chapter 20 African American Literature and Modernism1.Jean Toomer, poet and novelist, was for some time regarded as the most talented writer in the _______.(Harlem Renaissance)2.Between 1922 and 1929, Toomer wrote several plays in which he experienced with _______ techniques.(impressionist)3.The most important stage in Langston Hughes’s development was when he discovered Harlem, New York,and the cultural and literary circle of the ______ writers. (“New Negro”)4.Their Eyes were Watching God, Hurston’s best work, tells of Janie’s story, a young black woman’s searchfor ______. (self-knowledge)5.Native Son is a novel that explores the complex ______and ______ factors involved in a black boy’shorrendous crimes. (social, psychological)6.Black Boy is subtitled ______. This is an autobiographical novel that begins with ______’s Childhood andstops at the point when he leaves the South to head for the North. (“A Record of Childhood and Youth”, Wright)7.The Men Who Lived Underground appeared in its final form in a collection of short stories, ______.(Eight Men)Part 5 American Literature Diversified: 1945 to the New MillenniumChapter 21 Literature Diversified Under New Conditions1.Contemporary American literature is inclusive of ______, ______ and what is covered under the broadtitle “postmodern literature.” (ethnic literature, postcolonial literature)2.Existentialism is, strictly speaking, a philosophy formulated in the first half of the 20th century, with______, ______ and ______ being the three main representatives. (Heidegger, Sartre, Camus)3.In general, the distinction between postmodernism and modernism is perhaps less a matter of stylisticdifferences than a matter of attitude towards ______ and ______. (culture, literature)4.Derrida cites three thinkers as the precursors of deconstruction: ______, ______ and ______.(Nietzsche, Heidegger, Freud)5.The father of deconstruction is the French thinker ______ who did not specifically concern himself withliterature or literariness. (Jacques Derrida)6.Reading and writing are bound in the signifying process which is multilayered, continuous andnever-ending. For this insight, Derrida coined the word ______. (différence)Chapter 22 American Theater: Three Major Playwrights1.______ was America’s first dramatist of world renown. In the course of a long and prolific career, he wonfour Pulitzer prizes, gained international recognition, and in 1936 won the Nobel Prize. (Eugene O’Neil) 2.As an expressionist play, The Hairy Ape makes a protest against the ______ and______ in theindustrialized world. (dehumanization, alienation)3.______ was the most important dramatist that emerged after world War II. Like Arthur Miller, he adoptedmany of the experimental devices from the ______ and other avant-garde dramatists of the 1920s, but he integrated them into a entirely individualized. (Tennessee Williams, expressionists)4.Indeed, ______ is Tennessee Williams’s autobiographical play based on the family circumstances in1935-1936. (The Glass Menagerie)5.As seen in the majority of his plays, Miller’s favorite material is the conflict in the American middle-classfamily, with the tension often anchored on the father-son relationship as in ______ and ______ or, sometimes, on the strained relationship between a father and his stepdaughter, as in ______. (All My Sons, Death of a Salesman, A View From the Bridge)Chapter 23 Major Fiction Writers: 1945 till the 1960s1.If there was a tradition of novels that studied the waste of war and madness of war mentally, NormanMailer appeared to be a leader, with his ______ and ______ being the representative works. (The Naked and the Dead, Armies of the Night)2.Until he died in 1994, Ellison published one epic-scope novel, ______, and collections of short stories andessays. (Invisible Man)3.Baldwin is both a brilliant fiction writer and a brilliant essayist. His best-known novel is ______,published in 1953. (Go Tell It on the Mountain)4.O’Connor’s first novel Wise Blood consists of many gratuitous ad unrelated incidents. But it does have afocus on ______. (Hazel (Haze) Motes)5.The differences among Bellow’s works show the versatility of his talents. His earlier works include______, a comic and mordant existentialist tale set in wartime America, and ______, a parable of Gentile and Jew, and an unsentimental study of ______. (Dangling Man, The Victim, anti-Semitism)6.To speak of Salinger is to speak of ______. (The Catcher in the Rye)7.The phrase, “Catch-22,” is today a metaphorical expression in the English language, meaning a ______dilemma. The expression originates from ______’s novel. (self-contradictory, Heller)Chapter 24 Poetic Tendencies Since 19451.Confessional poems are conversational, bleak, brooding, showing a clear sense of alienation. Therecognized confessionals include ______, ______, W. D. Snodgrass, Anne Sexton, ______and others.(Robert Lowell, John Berryman.)2.In the term “beat generation” the word “beat” means: ______ and ______. (beat down, beatific)3.Allen Ginsberg’s best and most influential poem is ______. (Howl)4.Synder’s poetic power has much to do with his interest in ______. In Chinese and Japanese poetry, in theculture of ______, and in the natural landscape details of America. (Buddhism, American Indians) Chapter 25 Fictional Inclinations Since the 1960s1.In John Barth’s first novel, The Floating Opera, the narrator ______ spends ten years analyzing the day hecontemplated and decided against suicide. (Todd Andrew)2.American “postmodern” writers such as John Barth often write what is known as ______, namely, a pieceof fiction that is concerned with revealing the devices and conventions of making fiction and the process of making fiction. (metafiction)3.Simply speaking, meta-fiction is fiction about ______. Meta-fictional elements can also be found in suchmodernist writers as ______ and______. (Henry James, Marcel Proust)4.Pynchon wrote a short fiction titled ______ in which he used the whole range of meanings of ______.(Entropy, entropy)5.Joyce Carol Oates’s first novel ______, depicts an intense and violent love affair between a 17-year-oldgirl and a 30-year-old car racer, exposing emotional derangements, compulsive behaviors, and tragic love.(With Shuddering Fall)6.______ is perhaps the most accomplished short fiction writer since the 1960s. his fiction shows theadmired qualities of such short fiction masters as Hemingway and Anderson. (Raymond Carver) Chapter 26 Contemporary Multi-ethnic Literature and Fiction1.______’s The Woman Warrior, published in 1976, marked the beginning of Asian American writersbreaking into the mainstream. Amy Tan’s _______was another astonishing success commercially.(Maxine Hong Kingston, The Joy Luck Club)2.Morrison is praised for her powerful ______, her provocative ______, sophisticated narrative techniques,and poetic language. (fictional style, themes)3.______ is perhaps Morrison’s best novel, certainly her best-known. (Beloved)。

美国文学史复习

美国文学史复习文件编码（008-TTIG-UTITD-GKBTT-PUUTI-WYTUI-8256）A m e r i c a n l i t e r a t u r e H i s t o r yColonial Periodthe Early National PeriodRomantic Period in AmericanRealistic PeriodModern Literature1939--- Contemporary PeriodChapter 1 Colonial America()The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. It endured starvation, brutality, and misrule. However, the literature of the period paints America in glowing colors as the land of riches and opportunity. Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was Captain John Smith, an English soldier of fortune. His reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, have been described as the firstdistinct American literature written in English.Mayflower, 1620 ,brought the from England to New England. Christopher JonesPlymouthBefore landing, an agreement for the temporary government of the colony by the will of the majority was drawn up in the famous .Harvard, the first college in the colonies, was founded near Boston in 1636 in order to train new Puritan ministers. The first printing press in America was started there in 1638, and America’s first newspaper , The Boston Newsletter, appeared in 1704.They did not draw lines of distinction between the secular and religious spheres: All of life was an expression of the divine will----a belief that later resurfaces in Transcendentalism.Captain John SmithWilliam BradfordJohn WinthropCotton MatherAnne BradstreetEdward TaylorAmerican Puritanism•They stressed predestination, original sin, totaldepravity, a nd limited atonement from God’s grace.•They went to America to prove that they were God’schosen people who would enjoy God’s blessings onearth and in Heaven.•Finally, they built a way of life that stressed hardwork, thrift, piety, and sobriety.•Both doctrinaire and an opportunist.Literary Influence:•American Literature is based on a myth ------ the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden.•The American Puritan’s metaphorical made of perception ---- symbolism.Chapter 2 Edwards·Franklin·Crevecoeur•Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin shared the 18thcentury between them.•They embodied Puritan nave idealism and crude materialism.•Deism•They were not interested in theology but in mans own nature. Jonathan Edward(1703-1758)Edwards embodied the spirit of revivalism (Great Awakening)He has 2 goals:a.to evoke the original sense of religious commitment.b. b. speak about the difference between head thinking andheart feelingMajor works:The Freedom of the Will (1754)The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (1758)The Nature of True Virtue (1765)Edwards was, probably, at once the first modern American and the country’s last medieval man. Edwards was obviously grappling in all his intellectual life with the knotty problem of reconciling Puritan ideas with the new rationalism of Locke and Newton. Edwards represents the element of piety, the religious passion, the aspect of emotion and ecstasy, of the New England tradition, a tradition that he did hisbest but failed to revitalize复活. 和discovered, beneath the dogmasof the old theology, a dynamic world filled with the presence of God. Edwards extends typology beyond the strict limits of the Bible, anticipated the nature symbolism of the nineteenth-century Transcendentalism.Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)Life story:•Born in 1706 into a poor candle-maker’s family in Boston.•At 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune.His entrance onto the city marked the beginning of a long success story of an archetypal kind.•He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the AmericanPhilosophical Society.•During the War of Independence, he was made a delegate to the Continental Congress and a member of the committee to write the Declaration of Independence.•He was the only American to sign the four documents thatcreated the United States including the Declaration ofIndependence.•He was regarded as the father of the country.Literary Achievement•Almanac autobiography (‘Poor Richard’s Almanac’,‘Autobiography’ )His Style•Clear, plain, formal (the organization of his material is informal)Major Works:1)Poor Richard’s Almanac2)The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin•On the art of self-improvement•The first of its kind in literature------- An account of a poor boy’s rise to wealth and fame and the fulfillment of theAmerican dream• A Puritan document------a self-examination and self-improvement. The book is a convincing illustration of the Puritan ethic that, in order to get on in the word, one has to beindustrious, frugal, and prudent.•An eloquent elucidation说明 of the fact that Franklin wasthe spokesman of American enlightenment, and he represented inAmerica all its ideas.•The book celebrates the fulfillment of the American dream. Hector St. John de CrevecoeurWork: Letters from an American Farmer (1775)The first eight of the twelve letters reveal the pride of a man being an American. It is evident that, to Crevecoeur, the American is a new man acting on principles: He is self-sufficient, self-reliant, and essentially self-made. Crevecoeur saw and spoke of the hope of a new Garden of Eden materializing in America.Crevecoeur also saw and spoke of the illusory nature of that dream. Starting from the ninth letter, he began to speak with a voice of a definitely disillusioned man. There in the same New World, he became aware of the existence of slavery, avarice, violence, famine and disease, and all other forms of the Atlantic.Chapter 3 American Romanticism·Irving·CooperAmerican Romanticismof Romanticism:Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity ofrationalism. (subjectivity)For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were moreimportant than reason and common sense.They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group, against authority.The affirmed the inner life of the self, and wanted to be free to develop and express his own inner thoughts.Typical literary forms of romanticism include ballad, lyric,sentimental comedy, problem novel, historical novel , gothicromance, metrical romance, sonnet.2. Distinctive features of American Romanticism•the end of the 18th \century through the out break of the Civil War.•strongly influenced by European culture•American romantics tended to moralize3. Main contents: the exotic landscape , the frontier life, the westward expansion, the myth of a New Garden Eden in America (the native materials) New England Poems•It produced a feeling of “Newness” which inspired the romantic imagination..4. Representatives:•New England Poets: William Cullen Bryant; Henry Wadsworth Longfellow;•Writers: James Fenimaore Cooper, Washington IrvingElements of Romanticism•Frontier: vast expanse, freedom, no geographic limitations.•Optimism: greater than in Europe because of the presence of frontier.•Experimentation: in science, in institutions.•Mingling of races: immigrants in large numbers arrive to the US.•Growth of industrialization: polarization of north and south;north becomes industrialized, south remains agricultural Romantic Subject Matter•1.The quest for beauty: non-didact ic, “pure beauty”•2.The use of the far-away and non-normal----antique and fanciful:• a.In historical perspective: antiquarianism; antiquing or artificially aging; interest in the past.• b.Characterization and mood: grotesque, Gothicism, sense of terror, fear; use of the odd and queer.•3.Escapism----from American problems•4.Interest in external nature: for itself, for beauty• a. Nature as source for the knowledge of primitive.• b.Nature as refuge.• c.Nature as revelation of God to the individual.Romantic Attitude•Appeals to imagination; use of the “willing suspension of disbelief.”•Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, geniality.•Subjectivity: in form and meaning.Romantic Techniques•1. Remoteness of settings in time and space.•2. Improbable plots.•3. Inadequate or unlikely characterization.•4. Authorial subjectivity.•5. Socially “harmful morality”, a world of “lies”•6. Organic principle in writing: form rises out of content, non-formal.•7. Experimentation in new forms: picking up and using obsolete patterns.•8. Cultivation of the individualized, subjective form of writing. Washington Irving (1783-1859)1.Masterpieces:“The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Grayon” (1819-1820)“Bracebridge Hall”“Tales of a Traveller”“The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus ”The Sketch Book (1819),contains two most enduring stories “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”. In both these stories, Irving aims at creating a past in which history and myth blend into each other, providing for a rapidly changing American society kind of historical tradition so apparent in England and so apparently absent in the new nation.The plots of both stories are based on old German folk tales. However, Irving fills them with the “local color” of New York’s Hudson River Valley. In “The Legend”, Irving tells of a Connecticut schoolmaster plying his trade near Tarrytown, New York, among the Dutch families there. A ferventbeliever in witchcraft and the spirit world, Ichabod Crane is also one of the few educated men in the community, and as such is a notable figure in the area.In all, The Sketch Book contains thirty-two stories. The majority are on European subjects, mostly English. Like many important American writers after him, Irving found that the rich, older culture of the Old World gave him a lot of material for his stories. Few of hisstories are really original. “We are a young people,” he explains in the preface, “and must take our examples and models from the existing nations of Europe”.A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (1809)---------his first book2. Comment•His stories, essays, histories, and biographies win him the acclaim as the 1st prose stylist of American romanticism.•He was the first American author to win international recognition, and was extremely popular in Europe.•In his ‘Sketch Book’ appeared the First America n modern American short stories and the first great American juvenileliterature.•He perfected the best classic style that American literature ever produced.•Humor, ironic3．Features which characterize Irving’s writing:1) Irving avoids moralizing as much as possible2) he is good at enveloping his stories in an atmosphere, the richness of which is often more than compensation for the slimness of plot. James Fenimore Cooper ()Cooper's first novel Precaution (1820) was an imitation of JaneAustin’s novels and did not meet with great success.His second, The Spy (1821), was based on Sir Walter Scott’s W averly series, and told an adventure tale about the American Revolution, setin Westchester Country. The protagonist was Harvey Birch, a supposed loyalist who actually was a spy for George Washington, disguised as “Mr. Harper”. The book brought Cooper fame and we alth and he gave up farming.In 1823 appeared The Pioneers. It started his preoccupation with a series of frontier adventures and pioneer life, in which he spentabout twenty years. The novels depicted the adventures of Natty Bumppo, also called Leatherstocking or Hawkeye, and his Indian companion Chingachgook. They included such classics as The Deerslayer, The Lastof the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, and The Prairie (1827).Cooper had the idea of transporting Leatherstocking to the Far West while he was writing The Last of the Mohicans.The Spy (1821)The Leatherstocking Tales (1823—1841)The Pilot (1824) The Red Rover (1827)Literary Achievements:The lst successful American novelistIn his fiction he dealt with the themes of wilderness versus civilization, freedom versus law, order versus change, aristocrat versus democrat, and natural rights versus legal rights.Cooper developed 3 kinds of novels:--the 1st kind is the novels about the revolutionary past (“The Spy”);--the 2nd is the sea novels (he also was the 1st writer to write a novel on the sea, “The Pilot”);--the 3rd is novels about the American frontier (“The Pioneers ”, “The Pathfinder” and “The Deerslayer” )“The Leather Stocking Tales”---------Natty BumppoComment:•the characters in his fiction help create that part of American mythology: the story of the cow boy, the winning of the American West (daring frontiersman and friendly Indian)•Among his comtemporaries, Cooper was no doubt the best in exploring the possibilities of the American frontier in fiction. Chapter 4 New England Transcendentalism·Emerson·ThoreauNew England TranscendentalismBackgrounds:1.Ralph Waldo Emerson published ‘Nature’ in 1836 whichrepresented a new way of intellectual thinking in America.2.‘The Universe is composed of Nature and the Soul, Spirit ispresent everywhere. ’3.romantic idealism on Puritan soil4.1836, the Transcendental ClubTranscendentalismIn the realm of art and literature it meant the shattering ofpseudo-classic rules and forms in favor of a spirit of freedom, the creation of works filled with the new passion for nature and common humanity and incarnating a fresh sense of the wonder, promise, and romance of life.Major Concepts (main ideas)‘transcendere’: to rise above, to pass beyond the limitsBelieve people could learn things both from the outside world bymeans of the 5 senses and from the inner world by intuition.It placed spirit first and matter secondIt took nature as symbolic of spirit or God. (All things innature were symbols of the spiritual, of God’s presence. Naturecould exercise a healthy and restorative influence on human mind.) It emphasized the significance of the individual (the individualwas the most important element in society, the ideal kind ofindividual was self-reliant and unselfish.)Religion was an emotional communication between an individualsoul and the universal ‘oversoul’.Comments:A manifestation of romantic movement in literature and philosophyAn ethical guide to life of America （the positive life ）Emerson, Thoreau, Dickinson, etc created one of the most prolific periods in the history of American literatureNever a systematic philosophy. It borrowed from many sources, but lacked of logical connection, finally, it turned to mysticism. Major writers and Literary WorksRalph Waldo Emerson () Henry David Thoreau ()Ralph Waldo Emerson ()•Ralph Waldo Emerson, the towering figure of his era, had a religious sense of mission.•The address he delivered in 1838 at his alma mater, the Harvard Divinity School, made him unwelcome at Harvard for 30 years.•In it, Emerson accused the church of acting "as if God were dead"and of emphasizing dogma while stifling the spirit.•Emerson's philosophy has been called contradictory, and it is true that he consciously avoided building a logical intellectual system because such a rational system would have negated hisRomantic belief in intuition and flexibility.Achievement:•‘Nature’ has been called “the manifesto of American transcendentalism”•‘The American Scholar’ has been called “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence”•American way instead of imitating things foreign.•The contribution both for philosophy and literature•His perception of humanity and nature as symbols of universal truth encouraged the development of the American symbolistmovement.•Emphasize the common life worth of highest art•Believed the work’s form was determined by the writer’s perception of the higher truth he found symbolized in nature.Most of his major ideas –the need for a new national vision, the use of personal experience, the notion of the cosmic Over-Soul, and the doctrine of compensation -- are suggested in his first publication, Nature (1836).Henry David Thoreau (1817 – 1862)•If Ralph Waldo Emerson was the philosopher of Transcendentalism, Thoreau was its most devoted practitioner.•While Emerson wrote and lectured about Transcendentalism, Thoreau tried to live as a transcendentalist.Life Story:•Classically educated at Harvard•Father, John, was a pencil maker•Siblings Helen, John, and Sophia•Lived in and around Concord, Mass., all his life•Two books published in his lifetime--neither sold wellThe Walden Experiment•From 1841 – 1843 Thoreau decided to conduct an experiment of self-sufficiency by building his own house on the shores ofWalden Pond and living off the food he grew on his farm.Major Work: Walden•Thoreau later documented his experiment in his famous memoir Walden.Civil Disobedience•Another work that was a result of Thoreau’s Walden Experiment was his essay Civil Disobedience.•Civil Disobedience has been a highly influential work that has inspired peaceful activists such as Ghandi and Martin LutherKing Jr.•Famous Quote: “If... the m achine of government... is of such a nature that it requires you to be the agent of injustice toanother, then, I say, break the law.”Henry David Thoreau ()and Walden•--- a spiritual book•--- a diary of a nature lover, a classic of American prose (this is a book of essays put together, exploring subjects concernedwith Nature, with the meaning of life, and with morality)3 aims in writing the book:•to make people evaluate the way he lived and thought;•to reveal the hidden spiritual possibilities in eve ryone’s life;•to condemn the weakness and errors of societysubjects:•The essentials of life: living rather than getting a living•It is a condemnation of making social improvement and comfort all important.•It stresses the importance of thought over material circumstance.•It has confidence in the individual, and holds that individual freedom breaks down the rules and barriers of society so that the individual can express himself and act on his own principles.•There is the possibility for and importance of change in one’s spiritual life which is in harmony with nature.Style:•Prophetic voice•Direct forceful sentence•Conversational in tone•Humor•Proverbial expressions•Brief tales, fables and allegories•Metaphors•Hypocrisy (伪善)•The Dark side of human nature•Religious in natureHawthorne’s Major Works•Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales + Mosses from an Old Manse(古屋青苔)•The Scarlet Letter-------His masterpiece, which established him as the Leading American native novelist of the 19th century •The House of the Seven Gables(带有七个尖角阁的房子 )•The Blithedale Romance(福谷传奇)•The Marble Faun(玉石雕像 )Hawthorne’s Point of View-------Hawthorne is influenced by Puritanism deeply. He was not a Puritan himself, but he had Puritan ancestors who played animportant role in his life and works.•Evil is at the core of human life.•Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation.•Evil educates•He has disgust in science. One source of evil is overweening intellect. His intellectual characters are villains, dreadful and cold-bloodedHawthorne’s aesthetic ideas1) he took a great interest in history and antiquity.•To him these furnish the soil on which his mind grows to fruition.•Trying to connect a bygone time with the very present, he makes the dream strange things look like truth.2) he was convinced that romance was the best form to describe America•The poverty of materials+the avoidance of offending the puritan taste—— romances rather than novels to tell the truth andsatirize and yet not the offendWriting Style• A man of literary craftsmanship, extraordinary in•The use of symbol: symbols serve as a weapon to attack reality. It can be found everywhere in his writing.•Revelation of characters’ psychology: he is good atexploring the complexity of human psychology. There isn’tmuch physical movement going on in his works•The use of supernatural mixed with the actual•His stories are parable(allegory)——to teach a lesson•Use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty——multiple point of viewComments:•Hawthorne is significant as a romantic writer because he used the New England regional past as subject and setting for his stories and he showed great concern about the American past.•He is significant for his themes: the consequences of pride, selfishness, and secret guilty; the conflict between lighthearted and somber toward life; the impingement of•He is significant for his styleHe used symbols and setting to reveal the psychology of thecharacters.---His style is soft, flowing, and almost feminine.---He used ambiguity to keep the reader in a world ofuncertainty.Herman Melville ()“Moby Dick”•Some critics hold it the greatest American novel.•The book suggests the beauty, terror, and mystery of creation.•Moby Dick is a symbol of nature.•Nature is capable of destroying the human world. Nature threatens humanity and thus calls out the heroic powers of the human beings.So the power of the universe is both of blessing and curse.style:•Allusions to classical myths• A threefold quality in his writing: the style of fact, the style of oratory celebrating the fact, and the style of meditaion.“Moby Dick”•The original design of Moby Dick made sense within the romantic tradition. Melville wanted to write a romantic text on the whalefishery, giving much exotic information, derived fromencyclopedias and world literature. The characters were to becolorful and picturesque, including the Byronic captain of thewhaling ship.•The result was a novel with MIXED STYLES:•FICTIONAL ADVENTURE•STORY•HISTORICAL DETAIL•SCIENTIFIC DISCUSSION•The novel’s plot is built on one basic conflict – AHAB vs. THE WHALE. It is essentially the story of Ahab and his quest todefeat the legendary Sperm Whale Moby Dick, for this whale took Ahab’s leg, causing him to use an ivory leg.•Whaling described as a ROYAL ACTIVITY (whales were considered prizes significant enough to be a dowry. Oil used in thecoronation of kings is sperm oil)Chapter 6 Whitman·DicksonWalt Whitman ()Major Work:Leaves of Grass: 9 editions ,more than 400 poems all written in free verse form, that is , poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. The title implies rebirth, renewal, or green life. Features of Whitman’s poems:•The sprawling lines of the poems are often extremely long.•Parallelism: the parallel lines say the same thing but use different words.•Envelope structure: the first line begins with the subject, and then more and more lines list modifiers till the verb appears inthe last line of the stanza. This is like enclosing a whole list of ideas in an envelope.•Catalogue technique: means listing. Typical poems by Whitman make long, long lists of images, of sights, sounds, smells ,taste, and touch.•No regular pattern.•The verse unit is usually an independent clause.Emily Elizabeth Dickinson(1830--1886)Dickinson is known for using poetry as private observation.Her poems are carefully crafted in rhyme and meter.subjects: love, death, religion, immortality, pain, beautyTheory:•She regarded the poet as a seer. She thought the poet could grasp truth through her imagination and then the poem would reveal this truth to the reader.•She believed that poetry contributed to growth and poetry had an impact on one’s life.•She stressed indirection.•Her poems demonstrate inconsistence.(The reader can find one of her poems that says one thing about a problem and another poemthat says the exact opposite)Style:•Lyric•Influence of Christian tradition•New England perspective•Puritan introspectionChapter 7 Edgar Allen PoeEdgar Allen Poe(1809—1849)•Poe established a new symbolic poetry, formulated the new short story in detective and science fiction line, developed an important artistic theory, and laid foundation for analytical criticism.•Poe is generally regarded as a pioneering aesthetician, psychological investigator, literary technician and his influence on American literary circles can never be overrated.Major Literary Works•“The Raven” 《乌鸦》•“Annable Lee” 《安娜贝尔·李》•“The Sleeper” 《睡梦人》•“A Dream Within a Dream”《梦中梦》•“Sonnet—To Science” 《十四行诗—致科学》•“To Helen” 《致海伦》•“The City in the Sea” 《海中的城市》earlier entitled The Doomed City 《衰败的城市》1.Horror•Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque述异集-------acollection of short stories•“The Black Cat” 《黑猫》•“The Cask of Amontillado” （红色死亡假面舞会）•“The Fall of the House of Usher”2.Ratiocination（推理）•“The Murders in the Rue Morgue” 《莫格街谋杀案》•“The Gold Bug”《金甲虫》•“The Purloined Letter”《被窃的信件》•“The Mystery of Marie Roget” 《玛丽罗杰谜案》Literary theory:•The Philosophy of Composition 《创作原理》•The Poetic Principle 《诗歌原则》Themes•death – predominant theme (“Poe is not interested in anything alive. Everything in Poe’s writings is dead.” )•horror•negative thoughts of sciencePoe’s theory for poetry•short but achieve maximum effect•produce a feeling of beauty in the reader•"pure“, not to moralize•He stresses rhythm•insists on an even(规则的) metrical flow真实能够满足人的理智,感情能够满足人的心灵, 而美则能激动人的灵魂Poe’s theory for short story•Short story should be of brevity, totality, single effect, compression(压缩) and finality.Poe’s achievement1.His aesthetics, his call for "the rhythmical creation of beauty"have influenced French symbolists and the devotees of "art forart's sake."2.He is the father of psychoanalytic(心理分析的) criticism.3.He is the father of the detective story.Conclusion about his theories:•Only short poems could sustain the level of emotion in the reader that was generated by all good poetry.•The most important purpose of poetry is the creation of beauty•The tone of its highest manifestation is one of sadness. (The death of a beautiful woman is the most potential topic.)•The immediate object of poetry is pleasure, not truth.•Music is essential because it is•associated with indefinite sensations. (alliteration, assonance, repetition)•Poe preferred the tale to other fictional such as the novel because it is brief.•He stressed the principle of concentration and thematic totality.•The writer must decide the effect first and then determine the incidents.•Truth rather than beauty is often the aim of the tale.•The merit of a work of art should be judged by its psychological effect upon the reader.Chapter 8 The Age of Realism·Howells·JamesRealism:Realist literature is based on the accurate, unromanticized observation of human experiences. It insists on precise description, authentic action and dialogue, moral honesty, and a democratic openness in subject matter and style.Major Features:•Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday scenes are represented in astraightforward or mother-of-fact manner.。

美国文学史部分作者-作品

作者-作品Chapter 1□1.殖民时期colonialism1.John Smith 约翰.史密斯A General History of Virginia 维吉尼亚州的历史2.William Bradford威廉.布拉德福德Plymouth Plantation 普利茅斯种植园3.John Winthrop约翰.温斯罗普The Model of Christian Charity 基督博爱的典范4.John Cotton约翰.科顿5.Thomas Hooker汤姆斯.胡克6.Roger Williams 罗杰.威廉姆斯7.Anne Bradstreet安妮.布莱恩斯特律8.Michael Wigglesworth迈克尔.威格尔斯沃斯9.Edward Taylor.爱德华.泰勒□2.启蒙运动和独立战争时期10.Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林Poor Richard's Almanac穷人查理德的年鉴annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集The Way to Wealth致富之道The Autobiography自传11.Thomas Paine托马斯·潘恩Great Common of Mankind最平凡的人The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题Common Sense常识American Crisis美国危机Rights of Man人的权利Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃The Age of Reason理性时代12.Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊draftedthe Declaration of Independence. 起草了《独立宣言》13.Philip Freneau 菲利普·费伦诺-------- "Father of American Poetry" 美国诗歌之父The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲The British Prison Ship英国囚船To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地Chapter 2□3.浪漫主义时期Romanticism14.Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文▲The Sketch Book见闻札记▷A History of New York纽约的历史▲The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说Legends of the Conquest of Spain西班牙征服记Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄Talks of Travellers旅客谈The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉15.James Fennimore Cooper库珀Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子故事集▷The Deerslayer杀鹿者▷The Last of the Mohicans最后的莫希干人▷The Pathfinder探路人▷The Pioneers拓荒者▷The Prairie大草原▷The Spy间谍▷The Pilot 领航者The Littlepage Manuscripts 利特佩奇的手稿Natty Bumppo纳蒂.班波--小说的中心人物16.Nathaniel Hawthorne霍桑▲The Scarlet Letter红字Mosses from an Old Manse古厦青苔The Marble Faun玉石神像The House of the Seven Gables七尖角阁房Twice-Told Tales重复一遍的故事The Marble Faun大理石牧神17.Herman Melville麦尔维尔▲Moby Dick白鲸Billy Budd比利巴德Typee泰比OmooMardi四旬斋前18.Ralph Waldo Emersion爱默生Nature论自然Essays随笔录The American Scholar美国学者Representative Men代表English Traits英国人Poems诗集19.Henry David Thoreau 梭罗In Walden瓦尔登湖Civil Disobedience平民反抗20.Edgar Allan Poe艾伦.坡▲The Raven乌鸦The Fall of the House of Usher鄂谢府崩溃记Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque述异集21.Walt Whitman惠特曼free verse (自由诗体)▲Leaves of Grass草叶集---特点about man and nature.22.Emily Dickinson艾米丽.迪金森▷I died for Beauty我为美而死（诗）Theme：死亡是实现永恒Immortality的途径Chapter 3□4.现实主义23. Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽雅特.比彻.斯托▲Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋24.William Dean Howells 威廉.迪安.豪厄斯The Rise of Silas Lapham塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹25. Henry James 亨利.詹姆斯▲in the Portrait of a Lady一位女士的肖像The American在美国Daisy Miller黛西米勒The Wings of the DoveThe AmbassadorsThe Golden Bowl金球26.Mark Twain 马克.吐温▲TheAdventures ofHuckleberry Finn哈克贝里.费恩历险▲The Gilded Age镀金时代The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆.索亚历险记Life on the Mississippi在密西西比河上27. O. Henry 欧.亨利▲The Gift of the Magi麦琪的礼物The Four Million四百万The Cop and the anthem警察和国歌□5.自然主义28.Stephen Crane：史蒂芬.克莱恩▲The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章Maggie: A Girl of the Streets一个街上的女孩The Open Boat开放的船The Black Riders and Other Lines黑色骑士和其他线War Is Kind战争是仁慈29.Frank Norris 弗兰克.诺里斯30.Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞▲Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹△Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲：The Financier金融家The Titan泰坦The Stoic斯多葛▷An American Tragedy”《美国悲剧》----金钱万能Jennie Gerhardt珍妮格哈德31.Jack London 杰克.伦敦▲The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们The Sea Wolf海狼Martin Eden马丁.伊登The White Fang白方Chapter 4二战文学□6.现实主义小说32.Sherwood Anderson安德森:Winesburg温斯堡Ohio俄亥俄州Hands手Paper Pills纸团33. John Steinbeck 约翰.斯坦贝克▲The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄Of Mice and Men人鼠之间34.John Dos Passos约翰·多斯·帕索斯□7.迷惘的一代35.F. Scott Fitzgerald弗斯.菲茨杰拉德▲The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比This Side of Paradise人间天堂Tender Is the Night夜色温柔The Beautiful and the Damned美丽与诅咒The Last Tycoon最后的大亨36.Ernest Hemingway 海明威▲The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起A Farwell to Arms告别了，武器For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣The Old Man and the Sea老人与海Iceberg Principle (Theory):冰山法则□8.南方文学37.William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳The Sound and the Fury喧嚣与骚动Absalom, Absalom!Go Down, MosesAs I Lay DyingLight in the August38.Katherine Anne Porter 凯瑟琳.安.波特▲Flowing Judas and other Stories犹大之花39.40.41.42.□9.现代诗歌43. Ezra Pound 埃兹拉.庞德 Imagism 意象派▲The Cantos 诗章Hugh Selwyn Mauberley休米塞尔温莫伯利In a Station of the Metro在地铁的一个车站Cathay国泰航空44.Wallace Stevens 华莱士.斯蒂文斯The Man with the Blue Guitar带蓝吉他的人Necessary Angel必要的天使Anecdote of the Jar坛子的轶事45.William Carlos Williams: 威廉.威廉姆斯▲The Red Wheelbarrow红色手推车E.Cummings遇到46.The Fugitive Group 逃亡小组….47.Robert Frost 罗伯特.弗洛斯特自然主义The Road Not Taken没有采取的道路Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening雪夜林边小驻□10.非洲裔美国文学49.50.51.52.Chapter 5后现代主义小说□11.黑色幽默53.Joseph Heller约瑟夫海勒：▲Catch-22 第22条军规54.55.□12.超小说56.57.□13.后现代现实主义58.59.□14.前卫流行文学60.□15.现实主义小说61.62.□16非洲裔美国文学63.64.65.66.67.□17..美国本土文学68.69.□18.美国华裔文学70.71.72.□19.美国戏剧的新发展时期74.75.Thomas Stearns Eliot爱略特现代主义▲ The Waste Land荒原The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrockpoems Tradition and the Individual Talent传统和个人天才 Four Quartets四个四重奏Murder in the Cathedral。

美国文学史Unit8马克吐温 PPT

It is from this work that he got the idea of his pen name “Mark Twain”
大家应该也有点累了，稍作休息
大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流
In 1861, the American Civil War destroyed the traffic along the Mississippi.
He left the Mississippi at the outbreak of the war, and became, in swift succession, an army volunteer, a gold prospector in Nevada.
He was a failure at gold mining, so he next turned to journalism. While a reporter, he wrote a humorous story,
He became apprenticed to a printer and began contributing to his brother’s newspaper in 1851.
From 1857 to 1861 he found himself a pilot on the Mississippi River.
-- Ernest Hemingway
★ "I believe that Mark Twain had a clearer vision of life, that he came nearer to its elementals and was less deceived by its false appearances than any other American. I believe that he was the true father of our national literature.-- H.L. Mencken

美国文学大纲

苏州科技学院外国语学院___美国文学史___(课程名称)课程考试大纲一、课程性质与特点美国文学史为“英语”和“英语（师范）”专业任意选修课，属于考查课，共24学时，1.5学分。

本课程涵盖美国文学史上从殖民地时期、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义、后现代主义至当代各个时期重要的文学思潮、流派及其发生的社会、文化、哲学背景以及各个时期重要作家的代表性作品。

本课程所讲授的知识是英语专业本科生知识结构不可或缺的一部分，是英语专业学生人文素养必要的组成成分，也是英语专业八级考试“人文知识”部分考核的内容之一。

鉴于本课程学时短，内容多，本课程的特点是以史为经，以作家作品为纬，详讲浪漫主义、现实主义和现代主义部分，略讲其它部分。

二、课程目标与基本要求学生在学习本课程后应该对美国文学史上殖民地时期、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义、后现代主义至当代各个时期重要的文学思潮、流派及其发生的社会、文化、哲学背景以及各个时期重要作家的代表性作品有个宏观的了解，能解释相关的名词，熟悉各个时期的主要特点和重要作家及其重要作品，并能结合文学外在与内在因素对文学作品做出初步评论。

三、教材及主要参考书教材：童明：《美国文学史》[增订版] ( A History of American Literature, Revised and expanded edition).北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2010.主要参考书：常耀信：《美国文学简史》[第二版](A Survey of American Literature,2nd edition).天津：南开大学出版社，2003.四、考核内容与考核目标Part 1Early American Literature: Colonial Period to 1815Chapter 1 The literature of the New World1. “discoverer” of America: Christopher Columbus, 1492; Amerigo Vespucci ( Hence“America”,1507 world map) （识记，次重点）2.Native (Indian) American Oral literature: origin stories, trickster tales , historical narratives (理解，次重点)Chapter 2The Literature of Colonial America: 1620-17633. Jamestown: first English settlement in North America（识记，重点）5. Captain John Smith: First author in the history of American literature (about Jamestown) （识记，一般）6.William Bradford: Father of American history, author of Of Plymouth Plantation（识记，一般）7. In 1620, the Bradford party sailed on the Mayflower and came to Cape Cod, Massachusetts.（识记，次重点）8. Anne Bradstreet: the first poetess in the colonial period: The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up inAmerica（识记，一般）9.Jonathan Edwards: the great thinker of the “Great Awakening” （识记，一般）Chapter 3 Literature and American Revolution:1764—181510. American Puritanism (重点，理解)11. The 18th century, in America, as in Europe, is known as the Age of Reason and Enlightenment.（识记，次重点）12. Enlightenment in America （理解，次重点）13. Deism and Unitarianism（理解，一般）14. Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richard’s Almanacs; Autobiography（理解，重点）15.Thomas Paine: Common Sense; The American Crisis; The Rights of Man（识记，重点）16. Thomas Jefferson: The Declaration of Independence（理解，重点）17. Alexander Hamilton: The Federalist Papers (co-author) （识记，一般）18. Philip Freneau: the poet of “American Revolution”: The Wild Honey Suckle, The IndianBurying Ground（识记，重点）Part 2American Romanticism 1815—1865Chapter 4The Age of American Romanticism1.definition and characteristics of American Romanticism （应用，重点）2.First flowering of American literature（识记，次重点）Chapter 5Early Romanticism1.The three early romanticists: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and William CullenBryant （识记，重点）3.Washington Irving: The Sketch Book, in which two of Irving’s best known stories“Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” are included（理解，重点）; A History of New York（识记，一般）; A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus（识记，一般）4.James Fenimore Cooper: The Leather-stocking Tales ( The Pioneers, The Last ofthe Mohicans, The Prairie, The Pathfinder, The Deerslayer), the mythic hero of this series is Natty Bumppo (理解，重点)5.William Cullen Bryant: Poems : Thanatopsis (meaning meditation on death); Toa Waterfowl (about Nature’s power) (识记，次重点)Chapter 6Transcendentalism and Symbolic Representation1.The Transcendental Club: 1) published 16 issues of The Dial; 2) establishedBrook Farm, a utopian community （识记，一般）2.Transcendentalism as a philosophy （应用，重点）3.Ralph Waldo Emerson:1)the leading spokesman for Transcendentalism(识记，重点).2)Nature: “the manifesto of American transcendentalism” (理解，重点).;3)Essays (First serirs,1941, Second series,1844): “The Over-soul”,“Compensation”, Self- Reliance ( from which comes the idea “Trust thyself’);“The Poet”.（识记，一般）4)Representative Men（识记，一般）5)Address: “The American Scholar”( called America’s “ intellectualDeclaration of Independence”); “Divinity School Address”. (识记，次重点)6)His poetry（识记，一般）7)His style（识记，一般）4.Margret Fuller: first editor of The Dial, author of Woman in the NineteenthCentury (advocating for women’s rights) （识记，一般）5.Henry David Thoreau:1)today primary remembered for two of his works: Walden and the essay “CivilDisobedience”. (识记，重点)2)Nature and Implications of Thoreau’s revolt as revealed in Walden and“Civil Disobedience”（理解，重点）3)Thoreau’s style: thinking in imagery （理解，一般）Chapter 7Hawthorne, Melville and Poe1.Hawthorne, Melville and Poe are masters of “negative capability”. （理解，重点）2. Nathaniel Hawthorne1)Hawthorne’s moral vision（理解，次重点）2)Hawthorne’s themes: sin and evil, internal contradiction, male withdrawalfrom marriage（识记，重点）3)Hawthorne’s style: 1) elevated in diction and restrained in rhetoric, thusgraceful and polished; 2) allegory and symbol; 3) irony and ambiguity（识记，重点）4)Novels: Scarlet Letter （应用，重点）; The House of Seven Gables（识记，一般）; The Blithedale Romance（识记，一般）; The Marble Faun（识记，一般）5)Short stories: Young Goodman Brown; The Minister’s Black Veil; MajorMolineux; Rappcinni’s Daughter; The Birthmark（识记，一般）3.Herman Melville1)His major works: Moby Dick（应用，重点）2)Other works: Typee; Omoo; Mardi; Redburn（识记，一般）; Billy Budd（理解，次重点）4.Edgar Allen Poe1)Father of American detective stories（识记，重点）;2)His only novel: Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym（识记，一般）3)Gothic fiction: E.g. The Fall of the House of Usher（识记，一般）;4)Short stories: Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque（识记，一般）5)Theme of his poems: Beauty associated with sadness (melancholy)（应用，重点）. E.g. The Raven; To Helen; Ulalume; Annabel Lee（识记，一般）Chapter 8Whitman and Dickinson1.Walt Whitman1) free verse （理解，重点）2) Collected poems: Leaves of Grass（识记，重点）E.g.Song of Myself (celebrating the Self and Individualism) （理解，重点）O Captain! My Captain! (in mourning of Lincoln) （识记，次重点）2. Emily Dickinson; wrote nearly 2000poems,but fewer than 20 were published1) Recluse of Amherst（识记，重点）2) Themes of her poems: individualism and spirituality; suffering, dying and death（识记，次重点）3) style: short words and phrases separated and joined by dashes. （识记，一般）Chapter 9A House Divided: Writing Against Slavery1. Harriet Beecher Stowe (Lincoln called her “the little lady who made this big war), author ofUncle Tom’s Cabin (1851-1852) （理解，重点）2. Frederick Douglass: Narrative of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845) （识记，次重点）3. Harriet Ann Jacobs : Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861) （识记，一般）Part 3American Realism 1865—1914Chapter10The Age of Realism1. subdivided into two periods: the period of an expanding continental nation from 1865 till the1890s and the “progressive period” from the 1890s to 1914. （识记，一般）2. Realism as a broader term is also inclusive of naturalism, regionalism and local color writing.（识记，一般）3. Parameters (characteristics ) ofRealism （运用，重点）Chapter 11 Regional and Local color Writing1. Mark Twain1) Four Types of his writing:A) personalized fiction ( The Adventures of Tom Sawyer; The Adventures of HuckleberryFinn; The Gilded Age: A Tale of To-day; The Tragedy of Puddd’nhead Wilson) （理解，重点）B) Travel fiction (The Innocents Abroad; Roughing It; A Tramp Abroad; Life on theMississippi; Following the Equator) （识记，一般）C) Historical romance ( T he Prince and The Pauper; A Connecticut Yankee in KingArthur’s Court; Personal Reflections of Joan of Arc by the Sieur Louis Conte) （识记，一般）D) Tall tales (The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County; The Man that CorruptedHadleyburg) （识记，次重点）2）“All Modern literature come from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn.”(Ernest Hemingway) （识记，重点）Chapter 12Henry James and William Dean Howells1.William Dean Howells1)held a central position in the development of American realism,representative of Mid-western realism. （识记，重点）2)His long essay of criticism: Criticism and Fiction（识记，一般）3)Novels: The Rise of Silas Lapham (1885) （识记，重点）; A Hazard of New Fortune(1890) （识记，一般）2.Henry James1) Themes of his novels: （识记，重点）A. The international theme;B. the emotion-of-life theme;C. The artist theme;D. psychological realism2) Novels: Three of the best: The Wings of Dove; The Ambassadors; The Golden Bowl（识记，次重点）3) The two best-known novellas: Daisy Miller; The Turn of the Screw（识记，一般）4) Other works: The American; The Portrait of a Lady（识记，次重点）Chapter 13Literary Naturalism1. Philosophical elements and literary characteristics of Naturalism（应用，重点）2. Hamlin Garland’s “veritism” （理解，次重点）3. Stephen Crane (1871-1900)1) Two of his well-known novels: Maggie of the Streets（理解，次重点）; The Red Badge ofCourage（理解，重点）2) Three well-known short stories: The Open Boat; The Monster; The Bride Comes to YellowSky. （识记，一般）4. Frank Norris(1870-19020: American Zola1) The naturalist characteristics of Frank Norris’s “Romance “（理解，次重点）2) Novels: McTeague（理解，重点）; Octopus（识记，一般）; The Pit（识记，一般）5. Jack London(1876-1916)1) London’s naturalist view of life and Man（应用，重点）2) Works：The Call of the Wild（应用，重点）; White Fang（识记，一般）; The Sea Wolf（识记，一般）; Martin Eden（识记，一般）; Iron Heel（识记，一般）6. Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)1) Major theme of Dreiser’s fiction（应用，重点）2) Works: Sister Carrie（应用，重点）; Jennie Gerhart;The Genius（识记，一般）; An American Tragedy（理解，次重点）;Trilogy of Desire: a. The Financier; b. The Titan; c. The Stoic（识记，次重点）Chapter 14Women Writing on the “Woman Question”1. “Woman question” in the late 19th century and early 20th century（理解，一般）2. Kate Chopin (1851-1904)1) Her theme （理解，一般）2) Her work: The Awakening（理解，重点）3. Edith Wharton (1862-1937)1) Her theme（理解，一般）2) Works: The Age of Innocence（应用，重点）; The House of Mirth（理解，次重点）; T he GreatInclination（识记，一般）; Ethan Frome（识记，一般）Part 4American ModernismChapter 15Modernism in American Grain1.American modernism: Second flowering of American Literature（识记，次重点）2.General observation （理解，一般）3.The formal dimensions（理解，一般）4. Philosophical paradigms for modernism（理解，次重点）5.Two short-hand definitions（理解，一般）Chapter 16The Evolution of Modernism1.Robert Frost (1874-1963)1)His vision and Style（理解，一般）2)Poems: The Road Not Taken (depicting a choice made that makes all thedifference)（理解，重点）; Mending Wall ( criticizing the famous line: Good fencesmake good neighbors) （理解，重点）; “ Stopping by the woods on a Snowy Evening（理解，重点）; A Boy’s Will（识记，一般）;After Apple-picking（识记，一般）; The Overn Bird（识记，一般）; Ice and Fire（识记，一般）2.Willa Cather (1873-1947): Author of My Ántonia（识记，重点）3.Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941): “The grotesques”in Winesburg, Ohio（理解，重点）.Chapter 17American Modernism in Europe1.Gertrude Stein (1874-1946): the coiner of “The lost Genration”.2.Ezra Pound (1885-1972)1)Imagist movement (eg. “In a Station of the Metro”) （运用，重点）2)The Cantos （some themes）（理解，次重点）Chapter 18Modern Fiction Between the Wars1.William Faulker (1897-1962)1）Style and Themes ( perspectivism / polyphonic novel; psychoanalysis/ “stream of consciouness”; types of families and characters in the South) （理解，次重点）2）Novels: The Sound and Fury（应用，重点）; As I Lay Dying（理解，次重点）; Light in August（理解，次重点）; Absalom, Absalom!（理解，次重点）3）Short story: “A Rose for Emily”（应用，重点）2.Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)1）recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954,one of the finest literary stylist of the 20th century.（识记，一般）2）Spokesman for “The Lost Generation”（应用，重点）3）His style (diction and syntax; the Iceberg Principle) （理解，重点）4）Hemingway Code Hero （应用，重点）5）Works: The Sun Also Rise（a fine example for “The Lost Generation”，理解，重点）s;A Farewell to Arms（理解，重点）;For Whom the Bell Tolls（理解，重点）; The Old Man and the Sea（理解，重点）; In Our Time（识记，一般）; Deathin the Afternoon（识记，一般）;The Green Hills of Africa（识记，一般）;A Clean,Well-lighted Place（识记，一般）;The Snow of Kilimanjaro（理解，一般）;To haveand Have not（识记，一般）;Indian Camp（识记，一般）3. F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)1）spokesman for “The Jazz Age” and “The Roaring Twenties”.（识记，重点）2）Works: The Great Gatsby（应用，重点）; Tender is the Night（识记，重点）4.John Dos Passos (1896-1970): author of USA, a trilogy consisting of TheForty-second Parallel; 1919, and The Big Money (理解，次重点)5.John Steinbeck (1902-1968): recipient of Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962,primarily remembered for three of his many novels: In dubious Battle; （识记，一般）Of Mice and Men; （识记，一般）The Grapes of Wrath(理解，重点)Chapter 19Modern American Poetry1.T.S. Eliot (1888-1965)1）His visionary of The Waste Land （理解，重点）2）His poems: The Waste Land（应用，重点）; The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock（应用，重点）; Ash Wednesday（识记，一般）; The Hollow Men（识记，一般）; FourQuartets（识记，一般）2.Wallace Stevens (1879-1955)1)“ Of Modern Poetry” is Stevens’s carefully considered statement ofmodernism. （识记，一般）2)“Sunday Morning” is one of the best-known poem by Stevens (depicting awoman not going to church but enjoy the sunshine and contemplating whatdivinity is.) （识记，一般）3.William Carlos Williams (1883-1963)1)His themes（理解，一般）2)The Red Wheelbarrow（应用，重点）4. e.e.cummings (1894-1962): His themes and style（eg. “ Buffalo Bill’s）(识记，一般）Chapter 20African American Literature and Modernism1.Harlem Renaissance (理解，重点)ngston Hughes ( 1902-1967): leading writer of the Harlem Renaissance, andone of the most original and versatile black writers in the 20th century;remembered for his poetry. (识记，一般）3.Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960)1) a major figure in the Harlem/New Negro Renaissance; (识记，一般）2)Her most important novel: Their Eyes were Watching God (1937) (识记，一般）5.Richard Wright (1908-1960): Author of Native Son(理解，重点); Black Boy(识记，一般）; The Man Who Lived Underground(识记，一般）.Part 5 American Literature Diversified: 1945 to the New MillenniumChapter 21Literature Diversified Under New Conditions1.Existentialism （理解，一般）2.Postmodernism（理解，一般）Chapter 22American Theater: Three Major Playwrights1.Eugene O’Neill, Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller are unanimously the bestspecimens of American theater in the 20th century.（识记，重点）2.Eugene O’Neill (1888-1953): Winner of 1936 Nobel Prize for Literature（识记，一般）1）Expressionism（理解，一般）2）His plays: The Hairy Ape (理解，重点); The Emperor Jones(理解，次重点);Desire Under the Elms(理解，次重点);Beyond the Horizon（识记，一般）; The Iceman Cometh （识记，一般）;Long Day’s Journey into Night（识记，一般）3.Tennessee Williams （1911-1983）: the most important dramatist that emerged after WWII.1）The Glass Menagerie: Tennessee Williams’s autobiographical play. （识记，重点）2）A Streetcar Named Desire（识记，重点）4.Arthur Miller (1915-2005): Author of All My Sons（识记，一般）; Death of a Salesman（理解，重点）;The Crucible（识记，一般）Chapter 23 Major Fiction Writers: 1945 till 1960s1.Ralph Ellison(1914-1994): Black novelist, author of Invisible Man（识记，重点）2.James Baldwin (1924-1987): black writer, author of Go Tell it on the Mountain（识记，一般）3.Flannery O’Conner (1925-1964): a southern writer, author of Wise Blood. （识记，一般）4.Saul Bellow (1915-2005): Jewish writer1)winner of 1976 Nobel Prize for Literature.2)Works: Dangling Man（识记，重点）; The Victim（识记，一般）; The Adventures ofAugie March（识记，重点）; Henderson Rain King（识记，重点）;Seize the Day（识记，一般）;Herzog（识记，重点）;Humbolt’s Gift（识记，重点）;Mr. Sammler’s Planet （识记，重点）;The Dean’s December（识记，一般）; More Die of Heartbreak.（识记，一般）5.Bernard Malamud (1914-1986): Jewish writer, author of The Natural; TheAssistant; The Tenants; The Fixer; Dubin’s Lives（识记，一般）6.J.D. Salinger (1919-2010): author of The Catcher in the Rye（理解，重点）.7.Joseph Heller (1923-1999)1)Black Humor（理解，重点）2)Catch-22（理解，重点）Chapter 24Poetic Tendencies Since 19451.Sylvia Plath (1932-1963): a confessional poet（识记，一般）2.Allan Ginsberg (1926-1997)1)Beat Generation （应用，重点）2)Best and most influential poem: “Howl”（理解，重点）Chapter 25Fictional Inclinations Since the 1960s1.John Barth (1930-): postmodern writer, related with the term “metafiction”（识记，一般）2.Thomas Pynchon (1938-): postmodern writer, author of V（识记，重点）;Gravity’sRainbow (识记，重点）;The Crying of Lot 49（识记，一般）3.John Updike（1932-2009）: author of the Rabbit series: Rabbit, Run (1960) （识记，重点）;Rabbit Redux (1971) （识记，重点）; Rabbit is Rich (1981) （识记，重点）;Rabbit at Rest (1990) （识记，重点）Chapter 26Contemporary Multi-ethic literature and Fiction1.Toni Morrison (1931-)1)African American novelist, winner of the 1993 Nobel Prize in Literature.（识记，一般）2)Novels: The Bluest Eyes（识记，重点）; Sula（识记，一般）; Song of Solomon（识记，一般）;Tar Baby（识记，一般）;Beloved（识记，重点）.2.Alice Walker (1944-): African American novelist, author of The Color Purple（识记，次重点）.3.Maxine Hong Kingston (1940-): Chinese American writer, author of The WomanWarrior（识记，重点）;China Men（识记，重点）;Tripmaster Monkey: His Fake Book （识记，一般）4.Amy Tan (1952-): Chinese American writer, author of The Joy Luck Club（识记，重点）Chapter 27Globalization of American Literature: Diasporic Writers1.Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977): author of Lolita（识记，重点）2.Issa Bashevis Singer (1904-1991): 1978 winner of The Nobel Prize for Litearture,author of The Magician of Lublin; Gimpel the Fool（识记，重点）五，考试方式及试卷结构1．考试类型：闭卷、笔试2．记分方式：五级等级制（五等）3．考试时长：考查课、100分钟4．试题类型及比例：填空：20%；选择：30%；名词解释：20%；问答题：30%5．难度等级及比例：易：50%，中等难度：30%，难：20%；识记：50%，理解：30%，应用：20%6．课程总评成绩构成：平时成绩占60%，期末考试占40%。

美国文学简史笔记(常耀信)之欧阳家百创编

欧阳家百创编A Concise History of American Literature欧阳家百（2021.03.07）What is literature?Literature is language artistically used to achieve identifiable literary qualities and to convey meaningful messages.Chapter 1 Colonial PeriodI.Background: Puritanism1.features of Puritanism(1)Predestination: God decided everything beforethings occurred.(2)Original sin: Human beings were born to beevil, and this original sin can be passed downfrom generation to generation.(3)Total depravity(4)Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can besaved.2.Influence(1) A group of good qualities –hard work, thrift,piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful)influenced American literature.(2)It led to the everlasting myth. All literature isbased on a myth – garden of Eden.(3)Symbolism: the American puritan’smetaphorical mode of perception was chieflyinstrumental in calling into being a literarysymbolism which is distinctly American.(4)With regard to their writing, the style is fresh,simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain andhonest, not without a touch of nobility oftentraceable to the direct influence of the Bible. II.Overview of the literature1.types of writingdiaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books,autobiographies/biographies, sermons2.writers of colonial period(1)Anne Bradstreet(2)Edward Taylor(3)Roger Williams(4)John Woolman(5)Thomas Paine(6)Philip FreneauIII.Jonathan Edwards1.life2.works(1)The Freedom of the Will欧阳家百创编(2)The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended(3)The Nature of True Virtue3.ideas – pioneer of transcendentalism(1)The spirit of revivalism(2)Regeneration of man(3)God’s presence(4)Puritan idealismIV.Benjamin Franklin1.life2.works(1)Poor Richard’s Almanac(2)Autobiography3.contribution(1)He helped found the PennsylvaniaHospital andthe American Philosophical Society.(2)He was called “the new Prometheus who hadstolen fire (electricity in this case) fromheaven”.(3)Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thusdescribed him “master of each and mastered bynone”.Chapter 2 American RomanticismSection 1 Early Romantic PeriodWhat is Romanticism?●An approach from ancient Greek: Plato● A literary trend: 18c in Britain (1798~1832)●Schlegel Bros.I.Preview: Characteristics of romanticism1.subjectivity(1)feeling and emotions, finding truth(2)emphasis on imagination(3)emphasis on individualism – personal freedom,no hero worship, natural goodness of humanbeings2.back to medieval, esp medieval folk literature(1)unrestrained by classical rules(2)full of imagination(3)colloquial language(4)freedom of imagination(5)genuine in feelings: answer their call forclassics3.back to naturenature is “breathing living thing” (Rousseau)II.American Romanticism1.Background(1)Political background and economicdevelopment(2)Romantic movement in European countriesDerivative – foreign influence欧阳家百创编2.features(1)American romanticism was in essence theexpressi on of “a real new experience andcontained “an alien quality” for the simplereason that “the spirit of the place” wasradically new and alien.(2)There is American Puritanism as a culturalheritage to consider. American romanticauthors tended more to moralize. ManyAmerican romantic writings intended to edifymore than they entertained.(3)The “newness” of Americans as a nation is inconnection with American Romanticism.(4)As a logical result of the foreign and nativefactors at work, American romanticism wasboth imitative and independent.III.WashingtonIrving1.several names attached to Irving(1)first American writer(2)the messenger sent from the new world to theold world(3)father of American literature2.life3.works(1) A History of New York from the Beginning ofthe World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty(2)The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.(He won a measure of international recognitionwith the publication of this.)(3)The History of the Life and V oyages ofChristopher Columbus(4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada(5)The Alhambra4.Literary career: two parts(1)1809~1832a.Subjects are either English or Europeanb.Conservative love for the antique(2)1832~1859: back to US5.style – beautiful(1)gentility, urbanity, pleasantness(2)avoiding moralizing –amusing andentertaining(3)enveloping stories in an atmosphere(4)vivid and true characters(5)humour – smiling while reading(6)musical languageIV.James Fenimore Cooper1.life2.works(1)Precaution (1820, his first novel, imitating欧阳家百创编Austen’s Pride and Prejudice)(2)The Spy (his second novel and great success)(3)Leatherstocking Tales (his masterpiece, a seriesof five novels)The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, ThePathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie3.point of viewthe theme of wilderness vs. civilization, freedomvs. law, order vs. change, aristocrat vs. democrat,natural rights vs. legal rights4.style(1)highly imaginative(2)good at inventing tales(3)good at landscape description(4)conservative(5)characterization wooden and lacking inprobability(6)language and use of dialect not authentic5.literary achievementsHe created a myth about the formative period ofthe American nation. If the history of the UnitedStates is, in a sense, the process of the Americansettlers exploring and pushing the Americanfrontier forever westward, then Cooper’sLeatherstocking Tales effectively approximates theAmerican national experience of adventure into theWest. He turned the west and frontier as a useablepast and he helped to introduce western tradition toAmerican literature.Section 2 Summit of Romanticism –American TranscendentalismI.Background: four sources1.Unitarianism(1)Fatherhood of God(2)Brotherhood of men(3)Leadership of Jesus(4)Salvation by character (perfection of one’scharacter)(5)Continued progress of mankind(6)Divinity of mankind(7)Depravity of mankind2.Romantic IdealismCenter of the world is spirit, absolute spirit (Kant)3.Oriental mysticismCenter of the world is “oversoul”4.PuritanismEloquent expression in transcendentalismII.Appearance1836, “Nature” by EmersonIII.Features欧阳家百创编1.spirit/oversoul2.importance of individualism3.nature – symbol of spirit/Godgarment of the oversoul4.focus in intuition (irrationalism andsubconsciousness)IV.Influence1.It served as an ethical guide to life for a youngnation and brought about the idea that human canbe perfected by nature. It stressed religioustolerance, called to throw off shackles of customsand traditions and go forward to the developmentof a new and distinctly American culture.2.It advocated idealism that was great needed in arapidly expanded economy where opportunityoften became opportunism, and the desire to “geto n” obscured the moral necessity for rising tospiritual height.3.It helped to create the first American renaissance –one of the most prolific period in Americanliterature.V.Ralph Waldo Emerson1.life2.works(1)Nature(2)Two essays: The American Scholar, The Poet3.point of view(1)One major element of his philosophy is hisfirm belief in the transcendence of the“oversoul”.(2)He regards nature as the purest, and the mostsanctifying moral influence on man, andadvocated a direct intuition of a spiritual andimmanent God in nature.(3)If man depends upon himself, cultivateshimself and brings out the divine in himself, hecan hope to become better and even perfect.This is what Emerson means by “the infinitudeof man”.(4)Everyone should understand that he makeshimself by making his world, and that hemakes the world by making himself.4.aesthetic ideas(1)He is a complete man, an eternal man.(2)True poetry and true art should ennoble.(3)The poet should express his thought in symbols.(4)As to theme, Emerson called upon Americanauthors to celebrate America which was to hima lone poem in itself.5.his influence欧阳家百创编VI.Henry David Thoreau1.life2.works(1) A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River(2)Walden(3) A Plea for John Brown (an essay)3.point of view(1)He did not like the way a materialistic Americawas developing and was vehemently outspokenon the point.(2)He hated the human injustice as represented bythe slavery system.(3)Like Emerson, but more than him, Thoreausaw nature as a genuine restorative, healthyinfluence on man’s spiritual well-being.(4)He has faith in the inner virtue and inward,spiritual grace of man.(5)He was very critical of modern civilization.(6)“Simplicity…simplify!”(7)He was sorely disgusted with “the inundationsof the dirty institutions of men’s odd-fellowsociety”.(8)He has calm trust in the future and his ardentbelief in a new generation of men.Section 3 Late RomanticismI.Nathaniel Hawthorne1.life2.works(1)Two collections of short stories: Twice-toldTales, Mosses from and Old Manse(2)The Scarlet Letter(3)The House of the Seven Gables(4)The Marble Faun3.point of view(1)Evil is at the core of human life, “thatblackness in Hawthorne”(2)Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sinor evil can be passed from generation togeneration (causality).(3)He is of the opinion that evil educates.(4)He has disgust in science.4.aesthetic ideas(1)He took a great interest in history and antiquity.To him these furnish the soil on which his mindgrows to fruition.(2)He was convinced that romance was thepredestined form of American narrative. To tellthe truth and satirize and yet not to offend: Thatwas what Hawthorne had in mind to achieve.5.style – typical romantic writer欧阳家百创编(1)the use of symbols(2)revelation of characters’ psychology(3)the use of supernatural mixed with the actual(4)his stories are parable (parable inform) –toteach a lesson(5)use of ambiguity to keep the reader in theworld of uncertainty – multiple point of view II.Herman Melville1.life2.works(1)Typee(2)Omio(3)Mardi(4)Redburn(5)White Jacket(6)Moby Dick(7)Pierre(8)Billy Budd3.point of view(1)He never seems able to say an affirmative yesto life: His is th e attitude of “Everlasting Nay”(negative attitude towards life).(2)One of the major themes of his is alienation(far away from each other).Other themes: loneliness, suicidalindividualism (individualism causing disasterand death), rejection and quest, confrontationof innocence and evil, doubts over thecomforting 19c idea of progress4.style(1)Like Hawthorne, Melville manages to achievethe effect of ambiguity through employing thetechnique of multiple view of his narratives.(2)He tends to write periodic chapters.(3)His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic powerhave been profusely commented upon andpraised.(4)His works are symbolic and metaphorical.(5)He includes many non-narrative chapters offactual background or description of what goeson board the ship or on the route (Moby Dick) Romantic PoetsI.Walt Whitman1.life2.work: Leaves of Grass (9 editions)(1)Song of Myself(2)There Was a Child Went Forth(3)Crossing Brooklyn Ferry(4)Democratic Vistas(5)Passage to India欧阳家百创编(6)Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking3.themes –“Catalogue of Ameri can and Europeanthought”He had been influenced by many American andEuropean thoughts: enlightenment, idealism,transcendentalism, science, evolution ideas,western frontier spirits, Jefferson’s individualism,Civil War Unionism, Orientalism.Major themes in his poems (almost everything):●equality of things and beings●divinity of everything●immanence of God●democracy●evolution of cosmos●multiplicity of nature●self-reliant spirit●death, beauty of death●expansion of America●brotherhood and social solidarity (unity ofnations in the world)●pursuit of love and happiness4.style: “free verse”(1)no fixed rhyme or scheme(2)parallelism, a rhythm of thought(3)phonetic recurrence(4)the habit of using snapshots(5)the use of a certain pronoun “I”(6) a looser and more open-ended syntacticstructure(7)use of conventional image(8)strong tendency to use oral English(9)vocabulary –powerful, colourful, rarely usedwords of foreign origins, some even wrong(10)sentences –catalogue technique: long list ofnames, long poem lines5.influence(1)His best work has become part of the commonproperty of Western culture.(2)He took over Whitman’s vision of the poet-prophet and poet-teacher and recast it in a moresophisticated and Europeanized mood.(3)He has been compared to a mountain inAmerican literary history.(4)Contemporary American poetry, whateverschool or form, bears witness to his greatinfluence.II.Emily Dickenson1.life2.works(1)My Life Closed Twice before Its Close欧阳家百创编(2)Because I Can’t Stop for Death(3)I Heard a Fly Buzz – When I died(4)Mine – by the Right of the White Election(5)Wild Nights – Wild Nights3.themes: based on her ownexperiences/joys/sorrows(1)religion –doubt and belief about religioussubjects(2)death and immortality(3)love – suffering and frustration caused by love(4)physical aspect of desire(5)nature – kind and cruel(6)free will and human responsibility4.style(1)poems without titles(2)severe economy of expression(3)directness, brevity(4)musical device to create cadence (rhythm)(5)capital letters – emphasis(6)short poems, mainly two stanzas(7)rhetoric techniques: personification –makesome of abstract ideas vividparison: Whitman vs. Dickinson1.Similarities:(1)Thematically, they both extolled, in theirdifferent ways, an emergent America, itsexpansion, its individualism and itsAmericanness, their poetry being part of“American Renaissance”.(2)Technically, they both added to the literaryindependence of the new nation by breakingfree of the convention of the iambic pentameterand exhibiting a freedom in form unknownbefore: they were pioneers in American poetry.2.differences:(1)Whitman seems to keep his eye on society atlarge; Dickinson explores the inner life of theindividual.(2)Whereas Whitman is “national” in his outlook,Dickinson is “regional”.(3)Dickinson has the “catalogue technique”(direct, simple style) which Whitman doesn’thave.Edgar Allen PoeI.LifeII.Works1.short stories(1)ratiocinative storiesa.Ms Found in a Bottleb.The Murders in the Rue Morgue欧阳家百创编c.The Purloined Letter(2)Revenge, death and rebirtha.The Fall of the House of Usherb.Ligeiac.The Masque of the Red Death(3)Literary theorya.The Philosophy of Compositionb.The Poetic Principlec.Review of Hawthorne’s Twice-told TalesIII.Themes1.death –predominant theme in Poe’s writing“Poe is not interested in anything alive. Everythingin Poe’s writings is dead.”2.disintegration (separation) of life3.horror4.negative thoughts of scienceIV.Aesthetic ideas1.The short stories should be of brevity, totality,single effect, compression and finality.2.The poems should be short, and the aim should bebeauty, the tone melancholy. Poems should not beof moralizing. He calls for pure poetry and stressesrhythm.V.Style – traditional, but not easy to readVI.Reputation: “the jingle man” (Emerson)VII.His influencesChapter 3 The Age of RealismI.Background: From Romanticism to Realism1.the three conflicts that reached breaking point inthis period(1)industrialism vs. agrarian(2)culturely-measured east vs. newly-developedwest(3)plantation gentility vs. commercial gentility2.1880’s urbanization: from free competition tomonopoly capitalism3.the closing of American frontierII.Characteristics1.truthful description of life2.typical character under typical circumstance3.objective rather than idealized, close observationand investigation of life“Realistic writers are like scientists.”4.open-ending:Life is complex and cannot be fully understood. It leaves much room for readers to think by themselves.5.concerned with social and psychological problems,revealing the frustrations of characters in anenvironment of sordidness and depravityIII.Three Giants in Realistic Period欧阳家百创编1.William Dean Howells –“Dean of AmericanRealis m”(1)Realistic principlesa.Realism is “fidelity to experience andprobability of motive”.b.The aim is “talk of some ordinary traits ofAmerican life”.c.Man in his natural and unaffected dullness wasthe object of Howells’s fictional representation.d.Realism is by no means mere photographicpictures of externals but includes a centralconcern with “motives” and psychologicalconflicts.e.He condemns novels of sentimentality andmorbid self-sacrifice, and avoids such themesas illicit love.f.Authors should minimize plot and the artificialordering of the sense of something “desultory,unfinished, imperfect”.g.Characters should have solidity of specificationand be real.h.Interpreting sympathetically the “commonfeelings of commonplace people” was bestsuited as a technique to express the spirit ofAmerica.i.He urged writers to winnow tradition and writein keeping with current humanitarian ideals.j.Truth is the highest beauty, but it includes the view that morality penetrates all things.k.With regard to literary criticism, Howells felt that the literary critic should not try to imposearbitrary or subjective evaluations on books butshould follow the detached scientist in accuratedescription, interpretation, and classification.(2)Worksa.The Rise of Silas Laphamb. A Chance Acquaintancec. A Modern Instance(3)Features of His Worksa.Optimistic toneb.Moral development/ethicscking of psychological depth2.Henry James(1)Life(2)Literary career: three stagesa.1865~1882: international theme●The American●Daisy Miller●The Portrait of a Ladyb.1882~1895: inter-personal relationships and欧阳家百创编some plays●Daisy Miller (play)c.1895~1900: novellas and tales dealing withchildhood and adolescence, then back tointernational theme●The Turn of the Screw●When Maisie Knew●The Ambassadors●The Wings of the Dove●The Golden Bowl(3)Aesthetic ideasa.The aim of novel: represent lifemon, even ugly side of lifec.Social function of artd.Avoiding omniscient point of view(4)Point of viewa.Psychological analysis, forefather of stream ofconsciousnessb.Psychological realismc.Highly-refined language(5)Style –“stylist”nguage: highly-refined, polished, insightful,accurateb.V ocabulary: largec.Construction: complicated, intricate3.Mark Twain (see next section)Local Colorism1860s, 1870s~1890sI.Appearance1.uneven development in economy in America2.culture: flourishing of frontier literature,humourists3.magazines appeared to let writer publish theirworksII.What is “Local Colour”?Tasks of local colourists: to write or present local characters of their regions in truthful depiction distinguished from others, usually a very small part of the world.Regional literature (similar, but larger in world)●Garland, Harte – the west●Eggleston – Indiana●Mrs Stowe●Jewett – Maine●Chopin – LouisianaIII.Mark Twain – Mississippi1.life2.works(1)The Gilded Age(2)“the two advantages”欧阳家百创编(3)Life on the Mississippi(4) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court(5)The Man That Corrupted Hardleybug3.style(1)colloquial language, vernacular language,dialects(2)local colour(3)syntactic feature: sentences are simple, brief,sometimes ungrammatical(4)humour(5)tall tales (highly exaggerated)(6)social criticism (satire on the different uglythings in society)parison of the three “giants” of American Realism1.ThemeHowells – middle classJames – upper classTwain – lower class2.TechniqueHowells – smiling/genteel realismJames – psychological realismTwain – local colourism and colloquialism Chapter 4 American NaturalismI.Background1.Darwin’s theory: “natural selection”2.Spenser’s idea: “social Darwinism”3.French Naturalism: ZoraII.Features1.environment and heredity2.scientific accuracy and a lot of details3.general tone: hopelessness, despair, gloom, uglyside of the societyIII.significanceIt prepares the way for the writing of 1920s’ “lost generation” and T. S. Eliot.IV.Theodore Dreiser1.life2.works(1)Sister Carrie(2)The trilogy: Financier, The Titan, The Stoic(3)Jennie Gerhardt(4)American Tragedy(5)The Genius3.point of view(1)He embraced social Darwinism –survival ofthe fittest. He learned to regard man as merelyan animal driven by greed and lust in a strugglefor existence in which only the “fittest”, themost ruthless, survive.欧阳家百创编(2)Life is predatory, a “game” of the lecherousand heartless, a jungle struggle in which man,being “a waif and an interloper in Nature”, a“wisp in the wind of social forces”, is a merepawn in the general scheme of things, with nopower whatever to assert his will.(3)No one is ethically free; everything isdetermined by a complex of internal chemismsand by the forces of social pressure.4.Sister Carrie(1)Plot(2)Analysis5.Style(1)Without good structure(2)Deficient characterization(3)Lack in imagination(4)Journalistic method(5)Techniques in paintingChapter 5 The Modern PeriodSection 1 The 1920sI.IntroductionThe 1920s is a flowering period of American literature.It is considered “the second renaissance” of American literature.The nicknames for this period:(1)Roaring 20s – comfort(2)Dollar Decade – rich(3)Jazz Age – Jazz musicII.Backgrounda)First World War –“a war to end all wars”(1)Economically: became rich from WWI.Economic boom: new inventions. Highly-consuming society.(2)Spiritually: dislocation, fragmentation.b)wide-spread contempt for law (looking downupon law)1.Freud’s theoryIII.Features of the literatureWriters: three groups(1)Participants(2)Expatriates(3)Bohemian (unconventional way of life) –on-lookersTwo areas:(1)Failure of communication of Americans(2)Failure of the American societyImagismI. BackgroundImagism was influenced by French symbolism, ancient Chinese poetry and Japanese literature “haiku”欧阳家百创编II. Development: three stages1.1908~1909: London, Hulme2.1912~1914: England -> America, Pound3.1914~1917: Amy LowellIII. What is an “image”?An image is defined by Pound as that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time, “a vortex or cluster of fused ideas” “endowed with energy”. The exact word must bring the effect of the object before the reader as it had presented itself to the poet’s mind at the time of writing.IV. Principles1.Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjectiveor objective;2.To use absolutely no word that does not contributeto the presentation;3.As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequenceof the musical phrase, not in the sequence of ametronome.V. Significance1.It was a rebellion against the traditional poeticswhich failed to reflect the new life of the newcentury.2.It offered a new way of writing which was validnot only for the Imagist poets but for modernpoetry as a whole.3.The movement was a training school in whichmany great poets learned their first lessons in thepoetic art.4.It is this movement that helped to open the firstpages of modern English and American poetry. VI. Ezra Pound1.life2.literary career3.works(1)Cathay(2)Cantos(3)Hugh Selwyn Mauberley4.point of view(1)Confident in Pound’s belief that the artist wasmorally and culturally the arbiter and the“saviour” of the race, he took it u pon himself topurify the arts and became the prime mover ofa few experimental movements, the aim ofwhich was to dump the old into the dustbin andbring forth something new.(2)To him life was sordid personal crushingoppression, and culture produced nothing but“intangible bondage”.(3)Pound sees in Chinese history and the doctrine欧阳家百创编of Confucius a source of strength and wisdomwith which to counterpoint Western gloom andconfusion.(4)He saw a chaotic world that wanted setting torights, and a humanity, suffering from spiritualdeath and cosmic injustice, that needed saving.He was for the most part of his life trying tooffer Confucian philosophy as the one faithwhich could help to save the West.5.style: very difficult to readPound’s early poems are fresh and lyr ical. TheCantos can be notoriously difficult in somesections, but delightfully beautiful in others. Fewhave made serious study of the long poem; fewer,if anyone at all, have had the courage to declarethat they have conquered Pound; and many seemto agree that the Cantos is a monumental failure.6.ContributionHe has helped, through theory and practice, tochart out the course of modern poetry.7.The Cantos –“the intellectual diary since 1915”Features:(1)Language: intricate and obscure(2)Theme: complex subject matters(3)Form: no fixed framework, no central theme,no attention to poetic rulesVII. T. S. Eliot1.life2.works(1)poems●The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock●The WasteLand (epic)●Hollow Man●Ash Wednesday●Four Quarters(2)Plays●Murder in the Cathedral●Sweeney Agonistes●The Cocktail Party●The Confidential Clerk(3)Critical essays●The Sacred Wood●Essays on Style and Order●Elizabethan Essays●The Use of Poetry and The Use ofCriticisms●After Strange Gods3.point of view(1)The modern society is futile and chaotic.(2)Only poets can create some order out of chaos.欧阳家百创编(3)The method to use is to compare the past andthe present.4.Style(1)Fresh visual imagery, flexible tone and highlyexpressive rhythm(2)Difficult and disconnected images and symbols,quotations and allusions(3)Elliptical structures, strange juxtapositions, anabsence of bridges5.The WasteLand: five parts(1)The Burial of the Dead(2) A Game of Chess(3)The Fire Sermon(4)Death by Water(5)What the Thunder SaidVIII. Robert Frost1.life2.point of view(1)All his life, Frost was concerned withconstructio ns through poetry. “a momentarystay against confusion”.(2)He understands the terror and tragedy in nature,but also its beauty.(3)Unlike the English romantic poets of 19thcentury, he didn’t believe that man could findharmony with nature. He believed that serenitycame from working, usually amid naturalforces, which couldn’t be understood. Heregarded work as “significant toil”.3.works – poemsthe first: A Boy’s Willcollections: North of Boston, Mountain Interval(mature), New Hampshire4.style/features of his poems(1)Most of his poems took New England assetting, and the subjects were chosen fromdaily life of ordinary people, such as “mendingwall”, “picking apples”.(2)He writes most often about landscape andpeople – the loneliness and poverty of isolatedfarmers, beauty, terror and tragedy in nature.He also describes some abnormal people, e.g.“deceptively simple”, “philosophical poet”.(3)Although he was popular during 1920s, hedidn’t experiment like other modern poets. Heused conventional forms, plain language,traditional metre, and wrote in a pasturedtradition.IX. e. e. cummings“a juggler with syntax, grammar and diction” –。

8 美国文学史Emily Dickinson

SeverThomas Wentworth Higginson, a poetry critic for The Atlantic Monthly Reverend Charles Wadsworth, toward whom Dickinson might possess a deep love passion and wrote a total of 366 poems within a single year after he left for California. The third was Benjamin Newton, a law student in her father's office
Poetry about Love
One group treats the suffering and frustration love can cause, such as the pain of separation and the futility of finding happiness. "I could not die—with you — / For one must wait/to shut the other's Gaze down — /You— could not —" The other focuses on the physical aspect of desire, the mysterious magnetism between sexes, etc. (in reference to Page 99)
A Bird came down the Walk—
A Bird came down the Walk— He did not know I saw— He bit an Angleworm in halves And ate the fellow, raw, And then he drank a Dew From a convenient Grass— And then hopped sidewise to the wall To let a Beetle pass He glanced with rapid eyes That hurried all around— They looked like frightened Beads, I thought— He stirred his Velvet Head …….

美国文学史PPT6

II. His works: 1. Poetry
1) Eliot’s early poetical works—Prufrock and Other Observations (1917), Poems (1920), and The Waste Land (1922)—employing myths, religious symbolism, and literary allusion, signified a break with 19th-century poetic traditions, express the anguish and barrenness of modern life and the isolation of the individual, particularly as reflected in the failure of love. 2) his later poetry, notably Ash Wednesday (1930) and the Four Quartets (1935–42), Eliot turned from spiritual desolation to hope for human salvatioriage in 1915 was troubled and ended with their separation in 1933. His subsequent marriage in 1957 was far more successful. 6) In 1925 he was employed by the publishing house of Faber and Faber, eventually becoming one of its directors, a position which he held until his death. In 1927 he became a British subject remaining in England where his entire life was devoted to literature. 7) He wrote several plays, but his best work is a group of four long poems entitled Four Quartets, written between 1935 and 1941, which led to his receipt of the Nobel Prize in 1948 and made him one of the most distinguished literary figures of the 20th century.

美国文学简史常耀信版讲义8

(3) 1940~end: won recognition in America Go Down, Moses 《去吧，摩西》
Yoknapatawpha 约克纳帕塔法
Yoknapatawpha County: --- A county in northern Mississippi, the setting for most of William Faulkner’s novels and short stori es, and patterned upon Faulkner’s actual home i n Lafayette County, Mississippi.
The Southern Renaissance was the rei nvigoration of American Southern literat ure that began in the 1920s and 1930s with the appearance of writers such as William Faulkner, Wolfe, Tennessee Williams, etc.
Plot: 小说的故事发生在杰弗生镇上的康普生家。这是一个曾经显赫一时的望族，祖上出过一位州长、一位将军。家中原来广有田地，黑奴成群，如今只剩下一幢破败的宅子，黑佣人也只剩下老婆婆迪尔西和她的小外孙勒斯特了。一家之长康普生先生是一九一二年病逝的。他在世时算是一个律师，但从不见他接洽业务，他整天醉醺醺，唠唠叨叨地发些愤世嫉俗的空论，把悲观的情绪传染给大儿子昆丁。康普生太太自私冷酷，无病呻吟，总感到自己受气吃亏，实际上是她在拖累、折磨全家人。她时时不忘南方大家闰秀的身分，以致她仅仅成了一种“身分”的化身，而完全不具有作为母亲与妻子应有的温情。家中没有一个人能从她那里得到爱与温暖。女儿凯蒂可以说是全书的中心，虽然没有以她的观点为中心的单独的一章，但书中一切人物的所作所为都与她息息相关。物极必反，从古板高傲、规矩极多的旧世家里偏偏会出现浪荡的子女。

美国文学史及选读目录

PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial AmericaHistorical IntroductionThe First American WriterEarly New England LiteratureWilliam Bradford and John WinthropPuritan ThoughtsJohn Cotton and Roger WilliamsAnne Bradstreet and Edward TaylorPartⅡThe Literature of Reason and RevolutionHistorical IntroductionBenjamin Franklin [From The Autobiography]Thomas Paine [From The American Crisis]Thomas Jefferson [The Declaration of Independence]Philip Freneau [The Wild Honey Suckle; The Indian Burying Ground; To a Caty-Did] PartⅢThe Literature of RomanticismHistorical IntroductionWashington Irving [The Author’s Account of Himself; The Legend of Sleepy Hollow]James Fenimore Cooper [The Last of the Mohicans; From The Last of the Mohicans:Chapter12]William Cullen Bryant [Thanatopsis; To a Waterfowl]Edgar Allan Poe [To Helen; The Raven; Annabel Lee; The Fall of the House of Usher]Ralph Waldo Emerson [From Nature: ChapterⅠ; From Self-Reliance]Henry David Thoreau [From Walden]Nathaniel Hawthorne [The Scarlet Letter; From The Scarlet Letter: Ⅴ. Hester at HerNeedle]Herman Melville [Moby Dick; From Moby Dick Chapter54: The Town-Ho’s Story]Henry Wadsworth Longfellow [A Psalm of Life: What the Heart of the Young ManSaid to the Psalmist; The Slave’s Dream; My LostYouth; The Song of Hiawatha]PartⅣThe Literature of RealismHistorical IntroductionWalt Whitman [Song of Myself (1&10); I Sit and Look Out; Beat! Beat! Drums!]Emily Dickinson [I taste a liquor never brewed; I felt a Funeral, in my Brain; A Birdcame down the Walk—; I died for Beauty—but was scarce; I hearda Fly buzz—when I died—; Because I could not stop for Death]Harriet Beecher Stowe [Uncle Tom’s Cabin; Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Chap. Ⅶ) TheMother’s Struggle]Mark Twain [The Adventure of Tom Sawyer; The Adventure of Tom Sawyer (Chaps.ⅩⅩⅠ，ⅩⅩⅠⅠ)]O. Henry [The Cop and Anthem]Henry James [The Portrait of A Lady; The Portrait of A Lady (Chaps. Ⅵ，Ⅶ)]Jack London [The Sea Wolf; The Sea Wolf (Chap. ⅩⅩⅠ); Martin Eden; (Chap. Ⅰ)]Theodore Dreiser [Sister Carrie; Sister Carrie (Chap. Ⅰ)]PartⅤTwentieth-Century LiteratureHistorical IntroductionEzra Pound [A Virginal; Salutation the Second; A Pact; In a Station of the Metro; TheRiver-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter]Edwin Arlington Robinson [The House on the Hill; Richard Cory; Miniver Cheevy]Robert Frost [After Apple-Picking; The Road Not Taken; Stopping by Woods on aSnowy Evening; Departmental; Design; The Most of It]Carl Sandburg [Chicago; The Harbor; Fog; Cool Tombs; Flash Crimson; The People,Yes]Wallace Stevens [Peter Quince at the Clavier; Anecdote of the Jar; The Emperor ofIce-cream]Thomas Stearns Eliot [The Song of J. Alfred Prufrock; PreludesⅠ—Ⅳ; Journey of theMagi; The Hollow Men]F. Scott Fitzgerald [The Great Gatsby; The Great Gatsby (Chap. Ⅲ)]Ernest Hemingway [A Farewell to Arms; A Farewell to Arms (Chap. XLI)]John Steinbeck [The Grapes of Wrath; The Grapes of Wrath (XXIII)]William Faulkner [A Rose for Emily]。