Crystallography_2013partV.ppt
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crystal introduction ppt课件
F(MHz) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
2V 3V 4V 5V 6V
KDS, Brand Name for
26
“Reliance”
QUARTZ CRYSTAL
負性阻抗 ( Negative Resistance )
(2). Rf & Negative Resistanceຫໍສະໝຸດ 4“Reliance”
QUARTZ CRYSTAL
人工水晶
由於天然水晶多含雙晶,不純 物及裂痕等缺陷,近年來頻率控 制用石英振盪晶體都使用為符 合實用目的而培養出來的人工 水晶.
KDS, Brand Name for
5
“Reliance”
QUARTZ CRYSTAL
人工水晶的育成
人工水晶是在特殊鋼製的長筒型壓力鍋中, 以高溫高壓環境的水熱合成法,由種子水晶 培養而成. 高溫: 350 〜 400 ℃ 高壓: 1000〜1500 Kg/cm2
QUARTZ CRYSTAL
石英振盪原理
壓電效應
西元1880年法國物理學家發現 在水晶片上施以機械應力時,會 產生電荷的偏移,即為壓電效應.
逆壓電效應
Y X
相對在水晶片上印加電場會造成水 晶片的變形即產生逆壓電效應,利用這 種特性產生機械振盪,變換成電氣信號.
伸縮應力
KDS, Brand Name for
m R
+2° X
2°
m
r
X
KDS, Brand Name for
16
“Reliance”
溫度特性
QUARTZ CRYSTAL
F r e q u e n c y C fh/af ni gn e61 0
crystall ography
棱方晶系
正交晶系
单斜晶系
三斜晶系
8
Simple cubic
FCC
BCC
Simple tetragonal
BCT
Simple hexagonal
Trigonal
Orthorhombic
Based-center
BCO
FCO
9 Monoclinic Based-center Monoclinic Triclinic
11
Crystallographic plane 晶面
-- specified(规定,表示) by three Miller indices as (hkl). -- procedure employed in determination of h, k, and l index numbers is: (1) a new origin must be established at corner of another unit cell once the plane passes through selected origin.
6
seven crystal systems
-- crystals are found having seven different possible combinations 组合 of a, b, and c, and α , β, and γ, each of which represents a distinct crystal system. -- the seven crystal systems are
Fundamental Concepts in Crystallography
Quartz-crystal
正交晶系
单斜晶系
三斜晶系
8
Simple cubic
FCC
BCC
Simple tetragonal
BCT
Simple hexagonal
Trigonal
Orthorhombic
Based-center
BCO
FCO
9 Monoclinic Based-center Monoclinic Triclinic
11
Crystallographic plane 晶面
-- specified(规定,表示) by three Miller indices as (hkl). -- procedure employed in determination of h, k, and l index numbers is: (1) a new origin must be established at corner of another unit cell once the plane passes through selected origin.
6
seven crystal systems
-- crystals are found having seven different possible combinations 组合 of a, b, and c, and α , β, and γ, each of which represents a distinct crystal system. -- the seven crystal systems are
Fundamental Concepts in Crystallography
Quartz-crystal
Crystallography_2013partIII.ppt
! ! ! ∫ ρ (y )ρ (y − X )dy ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! € = ∫ {[ ∫ ρ ( x ) exp(2πik • x )dx ][ ∫ ρ (− x ) exp(2πik • x )dx ]} exp(−2πik • X )dk ! ! ! ! = ∫ F (k )F * (k ) exp(−2πik • X )dk ! ! ! = ∫ I (k ) exp(−2πik • X )dk ! P(X ) =
Harker peaks and Harker sections
l Harker peaks: peaks in the Patterson map corresponding to vectors between spacegroup equivalent atoms l Harker sections: portions of the Patterson map that contain many such Harker peaks
Crystallography Course
part III, structure determination and refinement
Xiang Song 2013-12
Math preparation
l Representation of a wave on a complex plane
Methods to solve the phase problem
Protein structures
l Molecular Replacement (MR) l Single/Multiple Isomorphous Replacement (SIR/MIR) l Single/Multiple wavelength Anormalous Dispersion (SAD/MAD)
Harker peaks and Harker sections
l Harker peaks: peaks in the Patterson map corresponding to vectors between spacegroup equivalent atoms l Harker sections: portions of the Patterson map that contain many such Harker peaks
Crystallography Course
part III, structure determination and refinement
Xiang Song 2013-12
Math preparation
l Representation of a wave on a complex plane
Methods to solve the phase problem
Protein structures
l Molecular Replacement (MR) l Single/Multiple Isomorphous Replacement (SIR/MIR) l Single/Multiple wavelength Anormalous Dispersion (SAD/MAD)
水晶报表 Crystal Reports(课堂PPT)
16
以上报表在BI中实现的基本步骤
(1)新建报表 (2)画表样 (3)取指标 (4)设浮动表元或者固定表元 (5)定义报表参数 和过滤条件 (6)表头表尾 (7)计算和保存
17
– Pull 模式(拉模式):
被请求时,水晶报表直接根据指定的驱动连接数据库然后组装这些 数据,这种方式不需要编写任何代码。
– Push 模式(推模式):
开发者自己编写代码连接数据并组装DataSet,同时将它传送至报表。 在这种情况下,通过使用连接共享以及限制记录集合的大小,可以最 大化使用报表的性能。
群件应用软件如Lotus Notes, Microsoft Exchange 与 Novell
GroupWise
SAP: BW, Info Sets, Tables, and Business Objects Universes
通过网络服务ODBC, JDBC 或者 OLAP可访问的任意数据源。
8
水晶报表的优点
水晶报表有下面一些主要的优点: 快速的报表开发; 能够导出成为复杂的交互性图表; 可以与其它控件一起在WinForm和WebForm中使用; 能够动态地将报表导出成为.pdf,.doc,xls,html,rtf等多种格式;
9
水晶报表的执行模式
水晶报表取数据可以使用下面的方法实现:
利用水晶报表可以创建交互式的优质报表 不仅能为 WinForms 和 WebForms 创建报表,还能将报表作为Web 服
务存放在 Web 服务器上 “水晶报表设计器”界面用于创建并格式化报表,大大减少代码编写
量
3
水晶报表的基本结构
水晶报表的基本结构主要由水晶报表引擎(Crystal Report Engine (CREngine.dll))和水晶报表设计器(Crystal Report Designer (CRDesigner.dll))共同构成。
以上报表在BI中实现的基本步骤
(1)新建报表 (2)画表样 (3)取指标 (4)设浮动表元或者固定表元 (5)定义报表参数 和过滤条件 (6)表头表尾 (7)计算和保存
17
– Pull 模式(拉模式):
被请求时,水晶报表直接根据指定的驱动连接数据库然后组装这些 数据,这种方式不需要编写任何代码。
– Push 模式(推模式):
开发者自己编写代码连接数据并组装DataSet,同时将它传送至报表。 在这种情况下,通过使用连接共享以及限制记录集合的大小,可以最 大化使用报表的性能。
群件应用软件如Lotus Notes, Microsoft Exchange 与 Novell
GroupWise
SAP: BW, Info Sets, Tables, and Business Objects Universes
通过网络服务ODBC, JDBC 或者 OLAP可访问的任意数据源。
8
水晶报表的优点
水晶报表有下面一些主要的优点: 快速的报表开发; 能够导出成为复杂的交互性图表; 可以与其它控件一起在WinForm和WebForm中使用; 能够动态地将报表导出成为.pdf,.doc,xls,html,rtf等多种格式;
9
水晶报表的执行模式
水晶报表取数据可以使用下面的方法实现:
利用水晶报表可以创建交互式的优质报表 不仅能为 WinForms 和 WebForms 创建报表,还能将报表作为Web 服
务存放在 Web 服务器上 “水晶报表设计器”界面用于创建并格式化报表,大大减少代码编写
量
3
水晶报表的基本结构
水晶报表的基本结构主要由水晶报表引擎(Crystal Report Engine (CREngine.dll))和水晶报表设计器(Crystal Report Designer (CRDesigner.dll))共同构成。
第5章 水晶 ppt课件
PPT课件
21
5、芙 蓉 石
一种淡红色至蔷薇红色石英,也称“蔷薇水晶”。 因含微量的锰和钛致色。
自形单晶体少见,通常为致密块状;透明度较低, 多呈云雾状,或半透明状。
通常由于自身体色较浅,多色性不明显,可成无 色—淡粉色。
有时芙蓉石内可含有针状金红石,因而磨制成弧
面宝石可显示星光。由于金红石细小,芙蓉石有一定 透明度,可显示透射星光。
主要有热处理和辐照处理、染色处理。
(一)热处理、辐照处理
热处理多用于一些颜色较差的紫晶,将紫晶加热后可制
成黄晶或过度产品绿晶,这种处理已被人们所接受。
辐照处理用于无色水晶变成烟晶,先对无色水晶进行辐
照使其变为深棕色、黑色,再经热处理减色,以形成所需的
性。受体色的颜色特征及深浅影响。
PPT课件
16
(4)干涉图:天然紫晶大部分有平行于菱面体 的聚片状巴西双晶,两相邻的双晶一层属于左旋光 性,另一层属于右旋光性,会抵消或部分抵消旋光 作用,使紫晶干涉图常出现“螺旋浆状”的黑十字。
(5)内含物:水晶中所出现的一些包裹体原则 上都可出现在紫晶中,此外还可有一些较为特征的 内部现象。
PPT课件
35
4、黄晶与黄色托帕石的鉴别
鉴别方法如下:
(1)托帕石比黄晶光泽强。 (2)密度:托帕石大于黄晶。 (3)托帕石有一组解理,黄晶没有。 (4)在折射仪上测试,黄晶为一轴晶矿物,而 黄托帕石为二轴晶。折射率值亦相差较大。
PPT课件
36
四、合成水晶及其鉴别
(一)合成水晶概况
大约在1908年世界上第一颗水热法合成水晶诞 生,70年代原苏联合成了黄晶和紫晶,至今合成 彩色水晶被广泛用于珠宝业,主要品种是合成紫 晶、合成黄晶,另有少量绿色、蓝色、黄绿双色、 紫黄绿三色水晶。
结晶学和矿物学课件-03-晶体投影17页PPT文档
(b)
第三章 晶体的测量与投影
小结
(1)习惯用上半球投影表示 ,下半球投影表示×。 对应:上半球晶面 ,下半球晶面×
(2)晶面法线投影: 水平面――投影点在基圆中心; 直立面――投影点在基圆基圆上; 倾斜面――投影点位于基圆中心和基圆之间。
(3)晶体上平面的投影: 平行基圆的平面―投影圆平行基圆; 垂直基圆的平面―投影为直线; 斜交基圆的平面―投影为弧线;
以赤道平面为投影平面,以南极(或北极)为视点,将球面 上的各个点、线进行投影。
投影基圆是投影平面
大圆: 过球心的平面
大圆弧
小圆: 平面半径小于球的半径
小圆弧
第三章 晶体的测量与投影
3.3 极射赤平投影 (stereographic projection)
N
(a)
S(b)
结晶学与矿物学 3.3 极射赤平投影 (stereographic projection)
第三章 晶体的测量与投影
3-1 晶体投影 (Crystal Projection)
目的: 通过投影将晶体上具有特定空间方位、取向的晶面置于平 面内,以此分析晶面分布的几何规律。
第三章 晶体的测量与投影
3-1 晶体的球面投影 (Spherical projection of crystal)
晶体的球面投影
2、作立方体、四方柱、八面体和三方锥的赤平投影 图。
3 、已知磷灰石晶体上,m ∧ m=60°, m ∧ r=40°,作 其所有晶面的投影,并在投影图中求 r∧ r。
谢谢!
各晶面法线之投影。亦即设想以晶体的中心为球 心,任意长为半径,作一球面;然后从球心出发 (注意:不是从每个晶面本身的中心出发),引 每一晶面的法线,延长后各自交球面于一点,这 些点便是相应晶面的球面投影点。
Crystallography_partV
The usermenu panel
Type command “read usermenu” to read in the customized usermenu Open the usermenu panel in the “Menus” menu Clicking on an command in the usermenu panel is the same as typing that command in the terminal window
The graphics window
The terminal window, where commands are inputted
The o commands
Most o commands ask you questions, which need to be answered in the terminal window
Mouse control in the graphical window
Left click, showing info of the atom clicked on Right drag , rotate around Z Right drag , rotate around Y Right + left drag, rotate around X Middle drag , clip Middle drag , zoom Ctrl + right drag, pan
Creating objects from a molecule
Select a molecule named “mr” Create an object named “mr_all”, the “obj” command ends with the “end” command The “Zone” command draws all atoms in the selected molecule
Crystallography_2013partI.ppt
Unit cell: Primitive vectors:
è
b
a x’ = x + l a + m b
l, m: integers
è è
è
3D translational symmetry, crystal lattice
Primitive vectors:
c a
è
è
è
b
x’ = x + l a + m b + n c
Point groups, crystal systems and Laue classes
Crystal systems
Unit cell parameters: a, b, c, α, β, γ
Types of unit cells
Primitive
x’ = x + l a + m b + n c
l, m, n: integers
è
è
è
The right hand rule
Unit cell parameters
Unit cell parameters: a, b, c, α, β, γ
Directions in a crystal
Plane families in a crystal
An A and B centered cell must be F centered
x’ = x + l a + m b + n c (1) or x’ = x + l a + m b + n c + 0.5b + 0.5c (A centered)
è è è è è è è è
è
b
a x’ = x + l a + m b
l, m: integers
è è
è
3D translational symmetry, crystal lattice
Primitive vectors:
c a
è
è
è
b
x’ = x + l a + m b + n c
Point groups, crystal systems and Laue classes
Crystal systems
Unit cell parameters: a, b, c, α, β, γ
Types of unit cells
Primitive
x’ = x + l a + m b + n c
l, m, n: integers
è
è
è
The right hand rule
Unit cell parameters
Unit cell parameters: a, b, c, α, β, γ
Directions in a crystal
Plane families in a crystal
An A and B centered cell must be F centered
x’ = x + l a + m b + n c (1) or x’ = x + l a + m b + n c + 0.5b + 0.5c (A centered)
è è è è è è è è
Crystallography_2013partIV.ppt
Crystallography Course
part IV, structure determination and refinement of KlUC
Xiang Song 2013-12
Understanding the .mtz file foabout KlUC?
Choice of origin in spacegroup P43212
Home works
l Repeat demo 1, present: ¡ Important key steps ¡ Refinement statistics of the auto built PDB ¡ How complete is the auto built structure (the published KlUC structure is PDB 3VA7) l Create two PDB files, containing residues 620-1068 and 1069-1741, use molecular replacement, with them as search models to determine the crystal structure of KlUC, refine the structure, present refinement statistics
¡ SAD requires better than 2.5Å resolution
l Solved by MR/SAD combination
Solving the KlUC structure
l Data sets ¡ Native (x2), resolution 2.6 Å; spacegroup P43212, a=b=126.62 Å, c=217.79 Å, α=β=γ=90o ¡ SeMet anomalous (x12), resolution 3.3 Å; spacegroup P43212, a=b=126.48 Å, c=217.87 Å, α=β=γ=90o l Structure determination and refinement ¡ MR with PDB 2VPQ as search model (molrep, on dataset x12) ¡ Combine MR solution with anomalous signal (phaser, on dataset x12) ¡ Import phase information to high resolution native dataset (cad, on data set x2) ¡ Phase extension and density modification (dm, on dataset x2) ¡ Automatic model building (buccaneer, on dataset x2) ¡ Manual model building (o, coot, on dataset x2) ¡ Refinement (refmac, on dataset x2)
part IV, structure determination and refinement of KlUC
Xiang Song 2013-12
Understanding the .mtz file foabout KlUC?
Choice of origin in spacegroup P43212
Home works
l Repeat demo 1, present: ¡ Important key steps ¡ Refinement statistics of the auto built PDB ¡ How complete is the auto built structure (the published KlUC structure is PDB 3VA7) l Create two PDB files, containing residues 620-1068 and 1069-1741, use molecular replacement, with them as search models to determine the crystal structure of KlUC, refine the structure, present refinement statistics
¡ SAD requires better than 2.5Å resolution
l Solved by MR/SAD combination
Solving the KlUC structure
l Data sets ¡ Native (x2), resolution 2.6 Å; spacegroup P43212, a=b=126.62 Å, c=217.79 Å, α=β=γ=90o ¡ SeMet anomalous (x12), resolution 3.3 Å; spacegroup P43212, a=b=126.48 Å, c=217.87 Å, α=β=γ=90o l Structure determination and refinement ¡ MR with PDB 2VPQ as search model (molrep, on dataset x12) ¡ Combine MR solution with anomalous signal (phaser, on dataset x12) ¡ Import phase information to high resolution native dataset (cad, on data set x2) ¡ Phase extension and density modification (dm, on dataset x2) ¡ Automatic model building (buccaneer, on dataset x2) ¡ Manual model building (o, coot, on dataset x2) ¡ Refinement (refmac, on dataset x2)
晶体结构(结构 晶面指数)ppt课件
基矢的选择原则: al, a2 , a3 线性无关 al, a2 , a3尽可能小,夹角尽 可能为直角或接近于直角, 并组成右手系 尽可能反映点阵的对称性
原胞体积
a1 a2 a3
School of Physics and Information Technology, SNNU
2原胞选取
Intensity (a.u.)
School of Physics and Information Technology, SNNU
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2
晶体特征
固体物理研究的对象:长程有序晶体完整晶体。 晶体中原子的周期性排列使晶体具有一些共同的性质: 1.均匀性:晶体不同部位的宏观性质相同(平移特性) 2.不均匀性:晶体的不同方向上具有不供的物理性质(旋转特性) 3.自限性:晶体具有自发形成规则的几何外形的特性 4.对称性:晶体在某几个特定的方向上表现出来的具有某些确定范围的沿晶面劈裂的性质,劈面称为解理 6.最小内能:同一种物质的几种不同形态(气、液、非晶态、晶态)以晶体内能最小
School of Physics and Information Technology, SNNU
晶胞和原胞的关系
原胞只考虑点阵周期性的最小重复单元,晶胞考虑周期性与对称性的尽可能小的重复单 元 对简单格子,晶胞就是原胞,晶胞体积是原胞体积 对复杂格子(体心、面心、六方等),晶胞大于原胞,晶胞体积是原胞的整数倍 简单立方(simple cubic, sc),晶胞就是原胞,由完全等价的一种原子构成的晶格
0
3 4 1 2
1 4
0
1 2
0
1 4
0
1 2
3 4
1
原胞体积
a1 a2 a3
School of Physics and Information Technology, SNNU
2原胞选取
Intensity (a.u.)
School of Physics and Information Technology, SNNU
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2
晶体特征
固体物理研究的对象:长程有序晶体完整晶体。 晶体中原子的周期性排列使晶体具有一些共同的性质: 1.均匀性:晶体不同部位的宏观性质相同(平移特性) 2.不均匀性:晶体的不同方向上具有不供的物理性质(旋转特性) 3.自限性:晶体具有自发形成规则的几何外形的特性 4.对称性:晶体在某几个特定的方向上表现出来的具有某些确定范围的沿晶面劈裂的性质,劈面称为解理 6.最小内能:同一种物质的几种不同形态(气、液、非晶态、晶态)以晶体内能最小
School of Physics and Information Technology, SNNU
晶胞和原胞的关系
原胞只考虑点阵周期性的最小重复单元,晶胞考虑周期性与对称性的尽可能小的重复单 元 对简单格子,晶胞就是原胞,晶胞体积是原胞体积 对复杂格子(体心、面心、六方等),晶胞大于原胞,晶胞体积是原胞的整数倍 简单立方(simple cubic, sc),晶胞就是原胞,由完全等价的一种原子构成的晶格
0
3 4 1 2
1 4
0
1 2
0
1 4
0
1 2
3 4
1
水晶报表培训神州数码(ppt 99)(1)
方式一
适用于通过包含查询条件的单一SQL得到报 表结果 程序更新 设计对应的报表模板 TIPTOP Lib提供Function做串接Crystal Reports的输出
水晶报表培训神州数码(ppt 99)(1)
执行流程 TIPTOP程式 查询条件
Crystal Reports报表输出
水晶报表培训神州数码(ppt 99)(1)
例如:选取多工厂的资料
v 程序部份更新 v TIPTOP Lib 提供Function作串接
Crystal Reports的输出 v 设计一对应的Crystal Report报表
维护p_genxml(报表资料来源维护作业) 制作crystal report报表模板 维护p_zaw(CR报表格式维护作业)
Cl_del_data() 输入参数:temp table名称 范例: cl_del_data(‘axmr110_080504’)
水晶报表培训神州数码(ppt 99)(1)
串接修改范例
(axmr213)
v 设计一对应axmr213的crystal report报表
维护p_genxml(报表资料来源维护作业) 制作crystal report报表模板 维护p_zaw(CR报表格式维护作业)
cl_prt_cs1()
输入参数
❖ 程序代号 ❖ 样板代号(p_zaw) ❖ QBE组出SQL ❖ 传入的p1-p20参数
范例
cl_prt_cs1(‘aimr100’, ‘aimr100s’,‘SELECT ima01, ima06, …from ima_file where …’,’Y;N’)
水晶报表培训神州数码(ppt 99)(1)
水晶报表培训神州数码(ppt 99)(1)
金属学基础--晶向指数和晶面指数ppt课件
有二个为0,应除以22,则有3组,如{100}。
.
14
{11}0(11)0(110)(10)1 (101)(01)1(011)
Total: 6
{11}1(11) 1(11)1(111) (111)
Total: 4
.
15
{11}2(11)2(112)(112)(112) (12)1(121)(121)(121) (21)1(211)(211)(211)
Total: 12
{123}(123)(123)(123)(123)(132)
(132)(132)(132)(231)(231)
(231)(231)(213)(213)(213)
(213)(312)(312)(312)(312)
(321)(321)(321)(321)
Total: 4×3!=24
.
16
.
38
晶面间距(Interplanar crystal spacing)
两相邻近平行晶面间的垂直距离—晶面间距,用dhkl表示。
从原点作(h k l)晶面的法线,则法线被最近的(h k l) 面所交截的距离即为晶面间距
d hkl
a h
cos
b k
cos
c l
cos
d hkl 2
h a
2
k b
2
l c
2
cos2 cos2 cos2
.
39
正交晶系 立方晶系 六方晶系
dhkl
1
h2
k
2
l
2
a b c
a dhkl h2 k2 l
1
dh kl
43h2
hkk2 a2
.
14
{11}0(11)0(110)(10)1 (101)(01)1(011)
Total: 6
{11}1(11) 1(11)1(111) (111)
Total: 4
.
15
{11}2(11)2(112)(112)(112) (12)1(121)(121)(121) (21)1(211)(211)(211)
Total: 12
{123}(123)(123)(123)(123)(132)
(132)(132)(132)(231)(231)
(231)(231)(213)(213)(213)
(213)(312)(312)(312)(312)
(321)(321)(321)(321)
Total: 4×3!=24
.
16
.
38
晶面间距(Interplanar crystal spacing)
两相邻近平行晶面间的垂直距离—晶面间距,用dhkl表示。
从原点作(h k l)晶面的法线,则法线被最近的(h k l) 面所交截的距离即为晶面间距
d hkl
a h
cos
b k
cos
c l
cos
d hkl 2
h a
2
k b
2
l c
2
cos2 cos2 cos2
.
39
正交晶系 立方晶系 六方晶系
dhkl
1
h2
k
2
l
2
a b c
a dhkl h2 k2 l
1
dh kl
43h2
hkk2 a2
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Personal experiences, dxs
E.coli dxs, crystalized with in situ proteolysis
After screening through several other organisms, the full-length D. radioduras dxs was crystalized
Crystallization setups, batch method
I Krauss et al, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013
Crystallization setups, dialysis
I Krauss et al, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013
Crystallization setups, free interface diffusion
Knowing what’s in your drop
http://xray.bmc.uu.se/~terese/crystallization/library.html /documents/growth_101/9.pdf
What if you get no crystals in your initial screen?
Other things to consider to improve your crystallization conditions
l Change ¡ protein concentration ¡ temperature ¡ your protein l removing flexible regions l complexing your protein with its ligands, substrates, natural or artificial partner proteins etc l mutating surface residues l fusing with other proteins l using homologous protein from a different organism l In-gel crystallization
Change ¡ protein concentration ¡ temperature ¡ your protein l removing flexible regions l complexing your protein with its ligands, substrates, natural or artificial partner proteins etc l mutating surface residues l fusing with other proteins l using homologous protein from a different organism adding universal nucleants? and try again
Personal experiences, pyruvate carboxylase (PC)
Human PC, >100 constructs built, ~10 purified, 4 crystalized, structure of 1 determined (without the BC domain)
Identify well-folded protein core by limited proteolysis
In situ proteolysis to increase crystallizability
A Wernimont etal, PlosOne 2009
Increasing structural homogeneity by complexing with ligands, inhibitors etc
Nucleation, crystal growth and its termination
N Chayen et al, Nature Methods 2008
Crystallization setups, vapor diffusion
I Krauss et al, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013
l Sampling the phase space systematically l Additive screen, detergent screen l Seeding
Nucleation, crystal growth and its termination
N Chayen et al, Nature Methods 2008
The phase diagram
/~dima/whitepapers/xtal-in-action/
Nucleation, crystal growth and its termination
I Krauss et al, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013
Obtaining well-diffracting crystals
Target protein
Sparse matrix screen Systematic screen
Crystallization condition optimization
Crystal manipulation
Well diffracting crystals
Increasing crystallizability by surface entropy reduction
Z Derewenda, Structure 2004
Increasing crystallizability by surface entropy reduction
Z Derewenda, Structure 2004
I Krauss et al, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013
Factors that affect macromolecule crystallization
I Krauss et al, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013
In-gel crystallization
B. Lorber 20 et al, Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 101 (2009)
Wim Ho, University of Washington
Cryo protection
l Diffraction data collection at low temperature reduces thermal motion and radiation damage l Cryo protectant are added to the crystallization solution to prevent ice formation at low temperature l Cryo protectant and the cooling technique affects the diffraction quality of a crystal
+
Increasing structural homogeneity by complexing with partner proteins
+
Engineered partner proteins
M Bukowska and M Grütter, Current Opinion in Structural Biology 2013
Successful annealing examples
B Heras and J Martin, Acta Crystallographica Section D 2005
Dehydration
B Heras and J Martin, Acta Crystallographica Section D 2005
Successful dehydration examples
B Heras and J Martin, Acta Crystallographica Section D 2005
Other methods to improve your crystals
l Cross-linking l Soaking with heavy atom solutions
Structural heterogeneity inhibits crystallization
X
B. Koblika, Nobel lecture 2012
Removing flexible regions to increase structural homogeneity
Identify well-folded protein core by secondary structure prediction, sequence conservation analysis l The PredictProtein server: https:/// l The scratch protein predictor: /index.html l The consurf server: http://consurf.tau.ac.il/ l More tools can be found at:
T Walter et al, Structure 2006
Carrier-driven crystallization
A Moon et al, Structure 2006
E Saridakis and N Chayne, Trends in Biotechnology 2010
Refining your crystallization conditions
Crystallography Course