PHENOLIC RESIN (2402 RESIN)

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酚醛胶生产工艺

酚醛胶生产工艺酚醛胶（Phenolic Resin）是一种由酚和醛类化学物质经过缩聚反应制备而成的热固性树脂。

它具有优异的耐热性、耐腐蚀性、机械强度和电绝缘性能，被广泛应用于电子、建材、汽车、航空航天等领域。

酚醛胶的生产工艺大致可以分为以下步骤：1. 原料准备：准备酚类和醛类化学物质作为原料。

常用的酚类原料有酚醛树脂酚、邻苯二酚等，而醛类原料一般选择甲醛或甲醛混合物。

2. 缩聚反应：将酚和醛类原料按照一定比例加入反应釜中，在适当的温度和压力下进行缩聚反应。

在反应过程中，有时会加入催化剂（如盐酸、氢氯酸等）来促进反应速度和控制反应进程。

3. 中和处理：反应结束后，将反应混合物进行中和处理。

中和的目的是使反应体系中的酸性物质中和掉，以防止后续工艺中产生不良影响。

4. 过滤：通过滤网将反应物中的固体杂质进行过滤，以提高饱和溶液的纯度。

5. 干燥：将过滤后的饱和溶液进行干燥处理，去除其中的水分和挥发物。

常用的干燥方法有喷雾干燥、真空干燥等。

6. 粉碎：将干燥后的酚醛固体块进行破碎和粉碎，使其变成所需要的颗粒状物料。

7. 调质：对粉碎后的酚醛颗粒进行调质处理，增加其流动性和可加工性。

8. 成型：采用压力成型或注塑成型等工艺，将调质后的酚醛胶进行成型。

通过加热、压力等条件使其固化并获得制品的形状。

9. 硬化处理：成型后的酚醛制品进行硬化处理，常用的方法有热处理、蒸汽处理等。

硬化处理可以进一步增强制品的力学性能和耐热性能。

最后，对硬化后的酚醛制品进行表面处理、质检和包装等工序，以使其能够满足特定的使用要求。

总的来说，酚醛胶的生产工艺包括原料准备、缩聚反应、中和处理、过滤、干燥、粉碎、调质、成型、硬化处理等多个步骤。

每个步骤都需要严格控制条件和参数，以确保酚醛胶的质量和性能符合要求。

酚醛树脂

酚醛树脂（一）简介: 名称：酚醛树脂phenolic resin,简称PF。

化学式：颜色：固体酚醛树脂为无色或黄褐色透明物，市场销售往往加着色剂而呈红、黄、黑、绿、棕、蓝等颜色形状：有颗粒、粉末状。

溶解性：不溶于水，溶于丙酮、酒精等有机溶剂中化学稳定性：耐弱酸和弱碱，遇强酸发生分解，遇强碱发生腐蚀。

分类：因选用催化剂的不同，可分为热固性和热塑性两类（二）酚醛树脂合成原理：热固性酚醛树脂的生成原理和制备工艺热固性酚醛树脂的生成原理热固性酚醛树脂的生成条件：碱催化，醛过量。

聚合反应过程：加成反应缩合反应加成反应机理：用无机碱或叔胺（没有活性氢）催化时OH+ OHO+ H2OO+H COHOCH2OH H2OOHCH2OH+ OHO+H C O HOCH 2HO OCH 2OH在碱性条件下，上述产物组分复杂，为各种羟甲基酚的混合物。

缩合反应机理：当温度进一步升高时，各种羟甲基酚之间发生缩合反应，生成二酚核和多酚核的低聚物。

OHOCH 2+OHHOCH 2OH CH 2OH HOCH 2OCH 2CH 2OHOHOHOHHOCH 2OCH 2OH +H 2O OCH 2OH+H 2O +CH 2O(1)(2)随着反应温度升高，反应时间延长，最后将生成高度交联的体型结构。

工业上生产热固性酚醛树脂时，常用氨水做碱性催化剂，此时氨水有两个作用：① 起催化作用② 参与树脂生成反应OH+CH 2O+NH 3OHCH 2NH 2CH 2OCH 2O O CH 2CH 2NH+C 6H 5OH OHCH 2NH CH 2OHCH 2O CH 2O OHCH 2N CH 2OCH 2C 6H 5OHOHCH 2N CH 2OHCH 2OH(3)反应特点：1、碱性介质中，各种羟甲基酚都稳定，加成反应快，缩合反应慢。

2、放热较少，反应进行较缓和。

3、根据反应程度，一般将反应过程分为三个阶段，各阶段产物性质不同。

A阶段：产物为液体或固体，含较多的羟甲基，极性较强，能全部或部分溶于水中，有时称水溶性树脂或可溶性酚醛树脂。

酚醛树脂

酚醛树脂（一）简介: 名称：酚醛树脂phenolic resin,简称PF。

化学式：颜色：固体酚醛树脂为无色或黄褐色透明物，市场销售往往加着色剂而呈红、黄、黑、绿、棕、蓝等颜色形状：有颗粒、粉末状。

溶解性：不溶于水，溶于丙酮、酒精等有机溶剂中化学稳定性：耐弱酸和弱碱，遇强酸发生分解，遇强碱发生腐蚀。

聚合反应过程：加成反应缩合反应加成反应机理：用无机碱或叔胺（没有活性氢）催化时OH+ OHO+ H 2OO+H C O HOCH 2OHH 2OOHCH 2OH+ OHO+H C O HOCH 2HO OCH 2OH在碱性条件下，上述产物组分复杂，为各种羟甲基酚的混合物。

缩合反应机理：当温度进一步升高时，各种羟甲基酚之间发生缩合反应，生成二酚核和多酚核的低聚物。

OHOCH 2+OHHOCH 2OH CH 2OH HOCH 2OCH 2CH 2OHOHOHOHHOCH 2OCH 2OH +H 2O OCH 2OH+H 2O +CH 2O(1)(2)随着反应温度升高，反应时间延长，最后将生成高度交联的体型结构。

工业上生产热固性酚醛树脂时，常用氨水做碱性催化剂，此时氨水有两个作用：① 起催化作用 ② 参与树脂生成反应OH+CH 2O+NH 3OHCH 2NH 222O CH 2CH 2NH+65OHCH 2NH CH 2OH22OHCH 2N CH 2OCH 265OHCH 2N CH 2OHCH 2(3)反应特点：1、碱性介质中，各种羟甲基酚都稳定，加成反应快，缩合反应慢。

2、放热较少，反应进行较缓和。

3、根据反应程度，一般将反应过程分为三个阶段，各阶段产物性质不同。

A 阶段：产物为液体或固体，含较多的羟甲基，极性较强，能全部或部分溶于水中，有时称水溶性树脂或可溶性酚醛树脂。

酚醛树脂介绍(英文)-Phenolic Resins

- Required Melting Range - Required Molecular weight - Required functional groups available for modifications.
Three reaction sequences must be considered: 1. Formaldehyde addition to phenol. 2. Chain growth or prepolymer formation. 3. Cross linking or curing reaction.
mechanism
Medium (pH)
Acidic medium(1-5)
Molar ratio P/F
1:0.80
Type of poly branched
NOVOLAC (THERMOSETTING
ONE STAGE PROCESS
RESITE CURED RESINS TWO STAGE PROCESS
Phenolic Resin Chemistry
Formaldehyde Reactions -Monomers react with formaldehyde under different conditions to make different products -Reacting under acid conditions yields thermoplastic resins (Novolaks) -Reacting under base conditions yields reactive resins (Resoles) -Resole resins can be used for curing of elastomers

酚醛树脂

前言酚醛树脂也叫电木，又称电木粉，英文名称phenolic resin,简称PF，比重1.25~1.30，是酚与醛经聚合制得的合成树脂统称, 原为无色或黄褐色透明物，，因含有游离分子而呈微红色，市场销售往往加着色剂而呈红、黄、黑、绿、棕、蓝等颜色，有颗粒、粉末状。

耐弱酸和弱碱，遇强酸发生分解，遇强碱发生腐蚀。

不溶于水，溶于丙酮、酒精等有机溶剂中。

对水、弱酸、弱碱溶液稳定。

由苯酚和甲醛在催化剂条件下缩聚、经中和、水洗而制成的树脂。

因选用催化剂的不同，可分为热固性和热塑性两类。

主要包括：线型酚醛树脂、热固性酚醛树脂和油溶性酚醛树脂。

其中以苯酚-甲醛树脂最重要。

酚醛树脂有热塑性和热固性两类。

热塑性酚醛树脂（或称两步法酚醛树脂），为浅色至暗褐色脆性固体，溶于乙醇、丙酮等溶剂中，长期具有可溶可熔性，仅在六亚甲基四胺或聚甲醛等交联剂存在下，才固化(加热时可快速固化)。

主要用于制造压塑粉，也用于制造层压塑料、清漆和胶粘剂。

热固性酚醛树脂（或称一步法酚醛树脂），可根据需要制成固体、液体和乳液，都可在热或（和）酸作用下不用交联剂即可交联固化。

为指导树脂合成和成型加工，常将其固化过程分为A、B、C三个阶段。

具有可溶可熔性的预聚体称作A阶酚醛树脂;交联固化为不溶不熔的最终状态称C阶酚醛树脂；在溶剂中溶胀但又不完全溶解，受热软化但不熔化的中间状态称B 阶酚醛树脂,热固性酚醛树脂存放过程中粘度逐渐增大，最后可变成不溶不熔的C阶树脂。

因此,其存放期一般不超过3～6个月。

热固性酚醛树脂可用于制造各种层压塑料、压塑粉、层压塑料；制造清漆或绝缘、耐腐蚀涂料；制造日用品、装饰品；制造隔音、隔热材料等。

常见的高压电插座、胶粘剂和改性其他高聚物。

酚醛树脂具有良好的耐酸性能、力学性能、耐热性能，广泛应用于防腐蚀工程、胶粘剂、阻燃材料、砂轮片制造等行业。

酚醛树脂工业的发展史用化学合成的方法得到并被实际应用的第一个合成高分子材科，是美国Baekeland 发明的酚醛树脂，它是世界上人工合成的第一类树脂材料，它具有良好的耐酸性能、力学性能、耐热性能，而且由于它原料易得，合成方便，已经被工业广泛使用，至今已有百年历史。

酚醛树脂及复合材料成型工艺的研究进展

酚醛树脂及复合材料成型工艺的研究进展酚醛树脂（Phenolic resin）是一种广泛应用于复合材料制造的热固性树脂。

它具有优异的耐热性、耐化学腐蚀性和机械性能，因此在航空航天、汽车、电子等工业领域得到了广泛的应用。

酚醛树脂及其复合材料的成型工艺经过多年的研究和发展，取得了重要的进展。

首先，酚醛树脂的成型工艺主要包括压模成型、注塑成型和复合材料预浸料成型。

压模成型是将树脂和填料混合均匀后，放入预热的金属模具中，在高温高压下固化成型。

注塑成型是将树脂熔融后注入金属模具中，经冷却固化后取出成型。

复合材料预浸料成型是将纤维材料与树脂预浸料进行层状叠加后，经过层压成型和热固化得到复合材料。

在酚醛树脂的成型过程中，研究人员主要关注以下几个方面的问题。

首先是树脂的改性，通过添加改性剂和填料，可以改善树脂的热稳定性、流动性和机械性能。

例如，添加玻璃纤维、石墨等填料，可以提高复合材料的强度和刚度。

其次是成型工艺的优化，包括固化温度和时间的控制、模具设计的改进等。

对于注塑成型，还需要考虑注射压力、注射速度等参数的选择。

此外，还需要考虑树脂和纤维之间的界面相容性，以提高复合材料的耐热性和耐化学腐蚀性。

近年来，研究人员也在探索新的成型工艺，以满足不同领域对复合材料的需求。

例如，采用3D打印技术可以实现复材的快速成型。

研究人员使用可溶性支撑材料和酚醛树脂预浸料，在3D打印过程中逐层叠加，然后通过加热处理和去除支撑材料来获得最终的复合材料。

此外，还有研究人员致力于提高成型工艺的自动化程度和生产效率。

他们使用模具自动化系统、机器人和传感器等设备，实现树脂混合、注塑和固化等过程的自动化控制。

这不仅可以提高产品的质量和一致性，还可以降低生产成本。

总的来说，酚醛树脂及复合材料成型工艺的研究进展丰富多样，不断推动着该材料在各个领域的应用。

随着科技的不断进步和工艺的不断创新，相信酚醛树脂及其复合材料在未来会有更广阔的发展空间。

酚醛树脂的合成

酚醛树脂的合成
酚醛树脂(phenolic resin)是由酚醛体系制备而成的一类极其稳定的复合物，它们具有优异的物理和力学性能，再加之热稳定性及适用的化学性能，因而得到广泛的应用，主要用于制造电线、家具和船舶等等。

起源于20世纪50年代，酚醛树脂的合成十分重要，是一项核心的技术难题。

首先将醛与酚组分混合，并在低温（约60-90 ℃）下发生合成反应。

在低温状态下，如果将亚磷酸钾加入作为催化剂，通过温度控制，醛与酚就可以形成醛酚即酚醛复合物。

根据不同的醛酚形式，在上述过程中可以控制反应率。

随着温度的升高，当反应温度达到140-160 ℃时，再加入一定量的甲醛，则可以产生一定的索量，来改善这种酚醛体系的热、光、湿、耐久性能。

此外，由再加入环氧树脂、硬脂酸钠、脂肪酸和添加剂等，它可以增加树脂的弹性，耐久性及耐酸碱性能。

经过以上步骤，酚醛树脂就可经由合成而成，酚醛树脂在实际应用中具有广泛的用途，它可以作为粘合剂、涂料、绝缘材料、抗焊涂层等领域大量应用，且得到了更好的效果。

因而，它的合成也是相当有意义的一件事情。

酚醛树脂(phenolic resin)

酚醛树脂（phenolic resin）1. introduction:Phenolic resin is the world's first found and thermosetting synthetic resin industry, as raw materials, synthesis process and convenient, has the mechanical strength and good heat resistance, has excellent mechanical properties and electrical properties, has the characteristics of high temperature creep resistance heat resistance, flame retardant, it is still widely used in plastics, friction material, adhesive, coating, casting resin, foam and other fields. However, with the rapid development of industrial economy, more and more requirements for the properties of phenolic resin have been put forward. The reaction mechanism, structure and properties of phenolic resin are still deeply studied. Many achievements have been made in toughening, reinforcing and modifying of phenolic resin. A variety of phenolic composite materials have also been listed as human engineering plastics series. Phenolic hydroxyl groups and methylene groups in phenolic resin structure are easily oxidized, so that their heat resistance is affected, and phenolic resin is brittle after curing. Therefore, until now, how to improve phenolic resin and apply it to industry is still an important topic.2. technology development:The development of bakelite, after all to the modification of phenolic resin modified phenolic resin, now mainly in the following aspects: 1. using natural plant oil modified phenolic resin; 2. using thermal plastic resin modified phenolic resin;3. low molecular chemical modified phenolic resin; modifiedphenolic resin 4. thermosetting resin; 5. rubber modified phenolic resin; 6. nano material toughened phenolic resin; 7. thermotropic liquid crystal toughened phenolic resin.2.1 natural vegetable oil modified phenolic resinThe natural plant oil modified phenolic resin is chemically modified, flexible long chain molecular structure in vegetable oil containing double bond or conjugated triple bond, by double or triple bond phenolic resin synthesized in the reaction process, the flexible long chain into rigid phenolic molecule chain, play in the role of toughening, thereby improving the phenolic resin brittle.2.1.1 cashew nut shell oil modified phenolic resinCashew nut shell oil is a by-product of cashew processing, and it is a very rich biological resource. Compared with phenol, cashew nut shell oil is much cheaper. From the structure of main components can be seen, the characteristics of cashew oil both phenolic compounds, aliphatic compounds and flexible, with the modified phenolic resin, heat resistance and toughness were significantly improved and modified products used for friction materials, friction performance, flexible film formed on the surface of carbonization process of friction easy to fall off, the friction and heat state of the material surface evenly, ensure stable friction properties. A cashew oil modified phenolic resin was synthesized by Novalac Liu Xuemei, the middle shell oil content is continuous, notched impact strength and flexural strength of cashew oil modified phenolic resins and molding materials were increased by 10.7% and 14.8%. Thisis because the long alkane chain structure of cashew shell oil in existence, the equivalent in phenolic resin matrix are introduced in the flexible chain, to the toughening effect of phenolic resin, so as to increase the notched impact strength of molding materials prepared and bending strength.2.1.2 tung oil modified phenolic resinWhen tung oil reacted with phenol, tung oil became positive ion under the action of acid catalyst, and then reacted with phenol instead of phenol. When the ratio of phenol / tung oil is greater than 6, the interpenetrating network of phenolic resin modified by tung oil and tung oil is obtained, thus improving the toughness of phenolic resin. Shang Shibin with tung oil, bismaleimide maleic anhydride, reaction with phenolic resin, prepared Eleostearic Acid Anhydride imide phenolic resin by thermal analysis method of tung oil anhydride imide resin at 170 degrees bake for 4 h, the measured temperature index of up to 165.8 DEG C, indicating a good heat-resistant resin. Li Chao of tung oil / phenolic resin and nano SiO2 / 2 phenolic / tung oil modified phenolic resin were studied. The results show that the decomposition temperature in 420 degrees Celsius above their initial heat, nano SiO2 / tung oil / phenolaldehyde system heat resistance is better than that of phenolic / tung oil, and 600 C, the former than the latter in each a focus on the loss of heat temperature has increased by 30 to 50 DEG C. A friction material made of this tung oil modified phenolic resin,Not only the friction coefficient of low temperature (100~200 DEG C) remains at 0.45 ~ 0.51, but also the friction coefficient at high temperature (200~300 DEG C) is up to 0.38 ~ 0.51, andthe friction factor recovery performance is good, and can be maintained at more than 0.40.2.1.3 Catalpol modified phenolic resinThe phenolic resin modified by catalpa oil is a kind of resin which reacts the excess phenol with vegetable oil under acidic conditions, and then reacts with formaldehyde under alkaline condition to produce the resin. The principle is similar to that of Tung oil. It was found that the toughness and heat resistance of phenolic resin modified by catalpa oil were improved.2.1.4 linseed oil modified phenolic resinLinseed oil is eighteen carbon three acid esters of glycerol, 3 non conjugated double bonds in the molecule, in the presence of acid and linseed oil non conjugated three ene of nuclear phenol alkylation reaction, obtained linseed oil modified phenolic resin, improve the toughness of resin. Study on phenolic resin modified by linseed oil on Yuan Xinhua's show in 320 ~ 600 DEG C linseed oil modified phenolic resin was 53.11%, while the ordinary phenolic resin 73.51% weight loss; the peak temperature of thermal decomposition, common phenolic resin 400 ~ 425 and 540 ~ 600 DEG C, and linseed oil modified is 440 ~ 470 C and 600 to 660 DEG C. Linseed oil modified phenolic resin for testing wear properties and mechanical properties of friction material showed that the modified resin adhesion and toughness are improved, the friction coefficient of the material is large and stable, low wear rate, impact strength, hardness, can be used as matrix resin for high performance friction materials.2.2 thermoplastic resin modified phenolic resinThe blending of thermoplastic resin with phenolic resin is a simple and easy way to strengthen and toughen. Thermoplastic resins for strengthening and toughening include polyether, polyamide, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetals.2.2.1 polyether modified phenolic resinGe Dongbiao et al modified phenolic resins with a series of different molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG) and active polyethers. The tensile strength and elongation at break of PEG modified phenolic resin begin to increase with the increase of molecular weight of PEG. When the molecular weight is 1000, the peak value is reached, and then decreases with the increase of molecular weight of PEG. For the same molecular weight PEG and active polyether, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the modified polyether are better than those of the corresponding PEG modification. Among them, the tensile strength and elongation of PEG1000 modified phenolic resin 11.546MPa and 2.358% respectively; the tensile strength and elongation of 1000 active polyether modified phenolic resin 19.032MPa and 3.779% respectively. In addition, the effect of toughening modification of active polyether is better than that of carboxyl terminated nitrile rubber. This is mainly because the hydroxyl of -NCO based active polyether resin reaction more easily and makes the introduction of flexible ether phenolic resin chain network system, and the reaction probability of hydroxy carboxyl and hydroxyl of PEG1000 resin and carboxyl terminated nitrile rubber in the very small, tend to be morephysical modification.2.2.2 polyamide modified phenolic resinPolyamide has good toughness and mechanical properties. It can be co cured with phenolic resin or form a partially interpenetrating network structure to improve mechanical properties of the resin. Gao Yuejing, with three yuan of nylon modified phenolic resin was found in modified phenolic resin system, nylon as dispersed phase, phenolic resin as continuous phase copolymerization of dispersion phase particle size distribution was narrow, the mechanical properties of plastic is much better than that of blends of plastic material. The impact strength of modified nylon resin modified by unmodified resin, blending three yuan nylon and copolymerization three yuan is 57 KJ/m2, 47.1 KJ/m2 and 112 KJ/m2 respectively. The properties of copolymer modified resins are best due to the formation of graft phase copolymers during the synthesis and curing of modified resins. In addition, the phenolic resin toughened with nylon 3 has obtained good results. The nylon 3 molecule contains amide groups which react with hydroxymethyl groups in the phenolic resin, thereby improving the impact toughness and adhesion of the phenolic resin, and maintaining the advantages of the phenolic resin. The impact strength of the resin before and after modification is 3.5 to 4.5KJ/m2 and 5~12 KJ/m2 respectively, and the tensile strength is 7 to 11MPa and 15 to 20MPa respectively.2.2.3 polyvinyl alcohol modified phenolic resinIn the curing process of phenolic resin, if the PVA is added, the hydroxyl groups on the polyvinyl alcohol will react with the hydroxymethyl group of the phenolic polymer to form the graft copolymer. Jiang Detang in the development of a new HF- I modified epoxy resin, adding polyvinyl alcohol modifier. The results show that the addition of modifier to improve resin adhesion, improve the brittleness of phenolic resin, reduce the curing rate, thereby reducing the molding pressure, the toughening effect of phenolic resin on. However, the amount of use should not be too high, otherwise it will affect its strength.2.2.4 polyvinyl butyral modified phenolic resinThe phenolic resin modified with polyvinyl alcohol acetal is a modified phenolic resin which is applied earlier in industry. Under heating conditions, hydroxyl groups in polyvinyl acetals can undergo dehydration reactions with hydroxyl groups in phenolic resins to form graft or block copolymers. Polyvinyl alcohol acetal can improve the brittleness of phenolic resin, improve adhesion and mechanical properties, and reduce molding pressure. However, because of the introduction of longer fat chains in the structure of phenolic resins, heat resistance is affected. In order to improve the heat resistance, the polyvinyl alcohol acetal with higher heat resistance is often used, and a certain proportion of organosilicon monomer is added.2.3 low molecular chemical modified phenolic resin2.3.1 dicarboxylic acid modified phenolic resinThe molecular weight of the polymer molecules can also be used to improve the brittleness of resole resin (DA4), adipic acid, suberic acid (DA6), sebacic acid (DA8) and twelve alkyl acid (DA10) can be used to improve the brittleness of resole resin.A study found that the elasticity of dicarboxylic acid and resole resin in curing process in the reaction of ester bond formation, and also can be formed in the dibasic acid ester bond of carboxyl and hydroxyl methyl reaction into phenolic resin in brittle tensile strength of modified resin, toughness and fracture elongation increased with the increase of DA8 content, but the content in per gram of resin DA8 is over 0.014mol the performance decreased. Indicating the incorporation of flexible groups containing dibasic acid can improve the brittleness of resin. The performance of the modified resin decreased after the content of DA8 exceeded 0.014mol, indicating that more DA8 would lead to a decrease in the properties of the resin, or an unreacted DA8 would become defective in phase separation. When the phenolic resin was modified with DA6 with the best molecular chain length, the tensile strength of the resin increased by 54% and the toughness increased by 64%.2.3.2 halogenated phenolic resin modified by cyanogenLinear phenolic resins can react with cyanogen halides to form phenolic three - triazine resins. Novolac resin first with cyanogen bromide and three yuan amine reaction of Novolac Cyanate Ester and Novolac Cyanate Ester in the heat under the action of the cyclization reaction of three, eventually formingthree phenolic cyanate resin mesh structure. Phenol three Benzoxazine Resin has the following characteristics: the solubility of melt viscosity and gel time length, thermal oxidative stability, long-term in a low boiling solvent high low, under different curing conditions of Tg can reach 399 DEG C, polyimide system elongation and fracture mechanics with high performance, low toxicity, low the flame retardancy and smoke rate. At the same time, the network structure of phenolic three triazine contains tenacity ether bond, so it has better toughness after modification.2.3.3 molybdenum modified phenolic resinMolybdenum phenolic resin (Mo2PF) is a modified phenolic resin in which the metal element molybdenum is chemically bonded to the main molecular chain of the phenolic resin by chemical reaction. Is the reaction by molybdate and phenol in the presence of catalyst into molybdate benzene ester, phenyl ester and molybdate addition reaction and condensation reaction with formaldehyde, generation of phenolic resin, after cooling is a green solid, with the increase of molybdenum content in the resin resin, the initial decomposition temperature rise. Liu Xiaohong et al made aluminum phenolic resin with aluminum modifier, phenol and formaldehyde as main raw materials. The metal molybdenum could enter the molecular chain of phenolic resin, and the great bonding O - MO - O bond could connect the benzene ring to improve the heat resistance. The thermal decomposition temperature of modified phenolic resin prepared by this method can reach 522 DEG C, and the weight loss is only 17.5% at 600 centigrade,Other properties are comparable to that of ordinary phenolic resins. In addition, the in situ polymerization method was used to improve the heat resistance, impact properties and tensile properties of the molybdenum phenolic resin /TiO2 nanocomposite by filling and modifying the surface treated nano TiO2. Zhang Shuangqing with phenol and formaldehyde in the first synthesis of hydroxymethyl phenol, and molybdic acid and hydroxymethyl by esterification reaction to obtain a new thermosetting phenolic resin and its carbon residue rate was 56.31%, the rate of 13 percentage points higher than the average carbon residue of thermosetting phenolic resin.2.3.4 boron modified phenolic resinThe modification of phenolic resin with boron compounds, the change of its structure, the formation of B - O bond with higher bond energy and the formation of boron - containing three - direction crosslink structure are one of the effective methods to improve its heat resistance. Che Jianfei by in situ synthesis method with TiO2 nanoparticles added to the boron phenolic resin, can significantly improve the heat resistance and toughness, when 5% TiO2 was added, the initial decomposition temperature is increased by about 150 degrees, the impact strength increased 231%. In addition, the processing technology of modified phenolic resin was also improved obviously. The introduction of boron is also beneficial to improve the flame retardancy of phenolic resin. Modified phenolic resin with boric acid and Aman Chang [16], the product still has a solid residue 75.3% in 700.8 DEG, 900 DEG C without decomposition residue is still above 64%, far higher than similar foreign products (700 C solid residue 63%). Theflexural strength, flexural modulus and impact strength of the composites obtained by Qiu Jun and other carbon fiber composite boron phenolic resins have been greatly improved. Tung oil, high performance double boron modified phenolic resin was synthesized by two steps such as Wang Manli, used it as a non asbestos braided brake belt has good friction performance of matrix resin, reached the level of similar foreign products.2.3.5 amine modified phenolic resinIs the main aromatic amine compounds and total phenol and formaldehyde condensation reaction in the presence of catalyst, introducing aromatic amine unit structure and good heat resistance in the structure of the phenolic resin, aromatic amines are commonly used melamine and melamine methylol compound and aniline. Amine modified phenolic resin, the heat resistance is improved, thermogravimetric analysis results show that aniline modified phenolic resin thermal decomposition temperature is 410 DEG C, melamine modified resin is 438 DEG, 380 DEG C than the pure phenolic resin to improve its heat resistance is high, reason is the introduction of a more stable heterocyclic the construction and curing resin crosslinking density increased. The prepared friction material has good friction property at high temperature, and it is a common modification method.2.3.6 silicone modified phenolic resinSilicone modified phenolic resin has high heat resistance, thermal stability, toughness and other excellent properties, the modified method is: the phenolic resin is reacted withorganosilicon compounds containing alkoxy groups, forming a three-dimensional network structure containing silicon oxygen bond, there is a competitive reaction from poly phenolic reaction process, so two kinds of reactivity is the key to the success of the modified. Allyl phenolic resin reacted with organosilicon compound to form organosilicon modified phenolic resin with excellent heat resistance. The tribological properties of the friction material modified with silicone resin are stable and the wear rate is low. The friction coefficient varies little (=0.136 ~ 0.140) at the temperature range of 100 ~ 350 DEG CPhenolic resin modified by 2.3.7 aromaticsThe modified aromatic hydrocarbons are toluene, xylene, substituted benzene, naphthalene and so on. The modified principle is introduced so that the stability of the aromatic molecules increased, increased rigidity, thereby improving the heat resistance modification methods were as follows: the main aromatic hydrocarbons (Ar) reacts with formaldehyde to produce aromatic alcohols, and then generate the phenol and formaldehyde resin. Aromatic hydrocarbon, phenol and formaldehyde react simultaneously to form resin. The heat resistance of the modifier depends on the structure of the aromatic compound. The 53 Research Institute of ordnance industry has achieved satisfactory results by using the tower substrate (aromatic compound) extracted from xylene to modify phenolic resin. The modified route using first methods, modified phenolic thermal decomposition temperature above 450 degrees, thanThe phenolic resin is higher than 50 DEG C, and the weight loss rate at high temperature increases slowly,Suitable for high temperature use, the friction material produced has good friction performance, high temperature coefficient of friction is high and stable, low wear rate.2.4 thermosetting resin modified phenolic resin2.4.1 polyimide modified phenolic resinPolyimide is composed of two aromatic amines and two anhydrides. It has excellent heat resistance and flame retardancy, and can remarkably improve the heat resistance of phenolic resin. Yan Yehai and so on were synthesized bismaleimide modified phenolic resin I, the cured resin has outstanding heat resistance, the thermal deformation temperature (HDT) is 273 DEG C, and the glass temperature is 288 DEG C. The structure content of high phenyl ring and high cross linking density are the structural basis for the excellent heat resistance of cured resins. Phenolic resin II was obtained by blending resin I with appropriate high temperature curing agent. Resin II with deformation temperature and glass transition temperature of the bending performance of more excellent and more heat than resin I, use this source in high temperature curing agent to improve the crosslinking density of the cured resin, so as to ensure the heat resistance of the cured resin. Resin I and II with glass cloth composite materials with excellent mechanical properties and heat resistance based at 300 DEG C based on the flexural strength and modulus of I resin composite material retention rate is respectively 65% and 78%, the II phenolicresin composites flexural strength and modulus retention rate of up to 73% and 83% respectively.2.4.2 polysulfone modified phenolic resinPolysulfone has excellent heat resistance, outstanding creep resistance and dimensional stability, excellent electrical insulation and other characteristics. It has become a comprehensive engineering plastics, and occupies an important position in plastic varieties. Dong Ruiling, Qi Shuhua and others found that polysulfone modified phenolic resin, polysulfone in the form of grafting and blending exist simultaneously. The modified phenolic resin glass fiber reinforced plastic toughness is improved, the impact strength increased from 200KJ/m2 to 283KJ/m2, the tensile strength of 960MPa, the dielectric strength reached 20KV/mm, Martin heat resistance temperature more than 310 DEG C. The glass fiber reinforced mould plastics made of this kind of polysulfone modified phenolic resin have been successfully applied to aerospace products.Phenolic resin modified with 2.4.3 maleimide polymerIn order to improve the toughness and heat resistance of phenolic resin, maleimide resin was used as modifier. The modified resin had high toughness and heat resistance, and the modification effect was obvious. Novolac resin with maleimide groups (PMF) is composed of phenol and N- mixture and 4 hydroxy phenol formaldehyde polyimide under acid catalysis reaction and its curing, mainly through maleimide group addition polymerization. This system greatly improved the heatresistance of phenolic resin and improved the thermal stability of the resin in the higher temperature region, but the toughness was not improved. Someone uses a new addition curing system to improve the toughness of resin system, this system is composed of PMF resin and novolac resin containing allyl group (PAF) according to the different ratio of mixed into, in the reaction with allyl blends.With the increase of the content of propyl phenol, the crosslinking density of the cured matrix decreases, the toughness increases, and the mechanical properties increase. Under the curing conditions, the optimum performance is obtained when the equivalence ratio of allyl and maleimide is 1 to 3.2.4.4 epoxy modified phenolic resinPhenolic hydroxyl groups and hydroxymethyl groups on phenolic resins can react with epoxy groups and hydroxyl groups in epoxy resins to form an cross-linked structure, which reduces the crosslinking density of the cured products and increases the flexibility of the molecules. The study of Jiang Detang and others showed that the brittleness of phenolic resin was improved and the mechanical properties were obviously improved after adding epoxy resin. When the equivalence ratio between epoxy and phenolic resin was 1 to 3, two diglycidyl ether bisphenol A epoxy modified phenolic resin was obtained with the largest KIC (0.85MPa, m1/2). The properties of the composites are also considerably improved than those of DDS curable materials. When the content of novolac resin in thecross-linked network structure increases, the Tg of themodified resin decreases and the toughness increases. In addition, with the increase of linear phenolic resin content, the flame retardancy of the modified resin will increase significantly. Therefore,We can obtain a dense system with excellent mechanical properties and flame retardancy by controlling the content of novolac resin.2.5 rubber modified phenolic resinMany large molecules such as Ding Jing, styrene butadiene rubber and natural rubber were used to toughen phenolic resin. The rubber toughened phenolic resin is a kind of physical mixing modification, but there are different degrees of graft or block copolymerization in the course of curing. Li Xinming et al [17 study found that without nitrile rubber, the impact strength of pure phenolic resin was 5.43 KJ/m2, adding 1% nitrile rubber, the impact strength reached 8.60KJ/m2, an increase of about 58.4%; nitrile rubber with 2%, the impact strength of phenolic resin reached 11.49 KJ /m2, increased by about 116%, improve the the amplitude is the other modification methods can not be compared. With the increase of NBR dosage, the impact strength of phenolic resin is further improved, but the amplitude increases. In addition to the nitrile rubber, rubber containing active functional groups such as epoxy based liquid butadiene rubber, acrylic acid carboxylated nitrile rubber and epoxy adduct can also toughened phenolic resin, and the toughening effect, improved heat resistance. Especially in the liquid rubber toughening system, because the liquid rubber is easy to form the island structure, the form structure which improvedthe impact strength of the composite hardness, heat resistance and little influence on the materials, is an ideal toughening system.Phenolic resin toughened with 2.6 nanometer materialThere are two main methods: 1 nanoparticles toughened polymer nanoparticles and polymer blends; using nano material intercalation method, namely the first polymer monomer is dispersed into layered silicate layers, then in situ polymerization. The polymerization of the released heat can be put into the stripping layer structure of silicate structure unit thickness 1nm width and length of about 10nm, which are uniformly dispersed in the phenolic resin, composite resin and stripping unit structure on the nanometer scale. The toughened phenolic resin has better toughness and thermal stability than the conventional toughened phenolic resin.2.7 thermotropic liquid crystal toughened phenolic resinToughening of thermosetting resins with thermotropic liquid crystals improves toughness and toughness while maintaining heat resistance and stiffness of the resin. Liquid crystalline macromolecules contain a large number of rigid mesogenic units and a certain amount of flexible spacers, and their structural characteristics determine their excellent properties. The presence of a small amount of thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer fibrils can prevent cracks and improve the toughness of the brittle matrix without decreasing the heat resistance and stiffness of the material. Compared with thermoplastics, the same toughening effect can be obtained by using only 25%- 30% of thermoplastic3. conclusionAt present, the toughening modification of phenolic resin on maturity, there have been many modified phenolic resin with high performance, such as excellent mechanical properties, high temperature resistance, electrical insulation, flame retardant, low smoke and low toxicity and mechanical processing of new phenolic resin. It can be predicted that with the continuous development of aviation, aerospace, automobile and electronics industry, study on modified phenolic resin constantly, will make "phenolic resin old" further development, play a greater role in more and more fields.Reference[1]., Min, Ho, Choi, Ho, Yun, Byun, In, Jae, Chung., Theeffect, of, chain, length, of, flexible, diacid, on, Morphologyand, mechanical, property, of,, modified, phenolicresin.Polymer, 2002,43 (): 4437 ~[2]. He J, Raghavan D, Hoffman D, Hunston D. Theinfluence of elastomer concentration on toughness in dispersions containing preformed acrylic elastomeric particles in an epoxy matrix?.Polymer1999,40 (8): 1923 ~ 1933.[3]., Reghunadhan, N, C, P., Advances, in, cure, phenolic, resins., Progress, addition-, in, Polymer, Science.2004,29 (5): 401 ~。

复合材料常用树脂介绍

复合材料常用树脂介绍复合材料是由两种或两种以上的材料组合而成的材料，具有优秀的物理、化学和机械性能。

树脂是复合材料中最常用的一种基体材料，其起到胶合和固化作用。

各种不同类型的树脂适用于不同的应用领域，下面会介绍一些常用的树脂。

1. 环氧树脂（Epoxy Resin）：环氧树脂是最常用、最广泛应用的一种树脂。

它具有良好的机械性能、耐热性和耐化学腐蚀性能，同时也具有很好的粘接性能。

环氧树脂是一种热固性树脂，通过与固化剂（如胺类固化剂）反应形成三维网络结构。

环氧树脂广泛应用于航空航天、船舶、汽车、电子等领域。

2. 聚酯树脂（Polyester Resin）：聚酯树脂是一类常见的热固性树脂，其基体是由酯化反应形成的线性聚合物。

聚酯树脂具有良好的耐水性、耐化学腐蚀性和电绝缘性能。

聚酯树脂常用于玻璃纤维增强塑料（GRP）和酚醛树脂增强塑料（SMC）等复合材料的制备。

3. 聚醚酮（Polyether Ketone，PEK）：聚醚酮是一类高性能工程塑料，具有优异的耐热性、耐腐蚀性和机械性能。

聚醚酮树脂可以通过热塑性加工方法制备复合材料，如熔体浸渍和热熔法。

聚醚酮复合材料在航空航天、汽车和化学工业等领域得到广泛应用。

4. 酚醛树脂（Phenolic Resin）：酚醛树脂是一种热塑性或热固性树脂，具有优秀的耐热性和耐化学腐蚀性能。

酚醛树脂通常与纤维增强材料（如玻璃纤维、云母等）结合制备复合材料。

酚醛复合材料广泛应用于电气、电子、汽车和航空航天等领域。

5. 聚氨酯树脂（Polyurethane Resin）：聚氨酯树脂是一类热固性或热塑性树脂，具有优秀的强度、弹性和耐磨性。

聚氨酯树脂通常与填料（如玻璃纤维、碳纤维等）结合制备复合材料。

聚氨酯复合材料广泛应用于汽车、建筑、家具、运动器材等领域。

总之，树脂是复合材料制备中不可或缺的基体材料，不同类型的树脂根据其特性被应用于不同领域。

复合材料的性能和应用领域都与所选择的树脂密切相关，因此正确选择和使用树脂是制备高性能复合材料的关键。

酚醛树脂与塑料介绍

酚醛树脂与塑料介绍酚醛树脂（Phenolic resin）是一种以酚类（主要是苯酚）与醛类（主要是甲醛）经缩聚而制得的合成树脂。

根据其工艺配方不同又分为热固性酚醛树脂和线型热塑性酚醛树脂两大类。

它是合成树脂中最早被发现并最先实现工业化生产的塑料品种。

酚醛树脂用途广泛，可制成模塑料，层压制品、铸造树脂、涂料、胶粘剂、泡沫塑料、摩擦材料等。

由于其原料易得，价廉、综合性能也较好，因此在各应用领域仍受到青睐。

但酚醛树脂在性能上也有其不足之处，如性脆、色暗等。

通过不断改性和发展新品种，尤其是开发了热固性树脂与塑料的注射成型，并出现了片状或型料（SMC）的成型方法以及各种改性的酚醛塑料品种,其性能得到了改善。

新发展的酚醛工程塑料主要用于耐高温、高强度场合，可用于汽车工业的金属替代品，小型马达部件计算机盒、线圈绕轴和接插件等。

尖端复合材料主要用于火箭发动机喷管，宇航和火车内装饰材料等。

1酚醛树脂种的应用1.1通用酚醛树脂热塑性酚醛树脂（novolac）主要用于制造模塑粉，也用于制造层压塑料、清漆和胶粘剂。

热固性酚醛树脂主要用于制造层压塑料、表面被覆材料、刹车片衬里、铸塑料、泡沫塑料（包括微球泡沫塑料）、烧蚀材料、涂料、木材浸渍剂、胶粘剂及其他改性高聚物。

(1) 模塑粉生产酚醛模塑料的模塑粉是酚醛树脂的一种主要用途。

树脂大多采用固体热塑性酚醛树脂，也有少量用热固性酚醛树脂者。

采用辊压片、螺旋挤出法或乳液法使树脂浸渍填料并与其他助剂混合均匀，再经粉碎过筛即得。

其性能因填料种类而异。

模塑粉可采用模压、模塑和注射成型等方法制成各种塑料制品。

主要用于制造开关、插座、插头等电器零件，以及日用品及其他工业制品。

(2) 增强酚醛塑料是以酚醛树脂溶液或乳液浸渍各种纤维及其织物，经干燥、压制成型的各种增强塑料。

其力学强度高，综合性能好，可以进行机械加工。

以纸、棉布、玻璃布、石棉布、木材片等片状填料浸渍甲阶酚醛树脂，干燥后热压成型的酚醛层压塑料，既可用于装饰板也可用于线路板等工业领域。

酚醛树脂综述

酚醛树脂综述酚醛树脂综述简介酚醛树脂也叫电⽊，⼜称电⽊粉，英⽂名称phenolic resin,简称PF，⽐重1.25~1.30，是酚与醛经聚合制得的合成树脂统称, 原为⽆⾊或黄褐⾊透明物，，因含有游离分⼦⽽呈微红⾊，市场销售往往加着⾊剂⽽呈红、黄、⿊、绿、棕、蓝等颜⾊，有颗粒、粉末状。

耐弱酸和弱碱，遇强酸发⽣分解，遇强碱发⽣腐蚀。

不溶于⽔，溶于丙酮、酒精等有机溶剂中。

对⽔、弱酸、弱碱溶液稳定。

由苯酚和甲醛在催化剂条件下缩聚、经中和、⽔洗⽽制成的树脂。

因选⽤催化剂的不同，可分为热固性和热塑性两类。

主要包括：线型酚醛树脂、热固性酚醛树脂和油溶性酚醛树脂。

其中以苯酚-甲醛树脂最重要。

酚醛树脂有热塑性和热固性两类。

热塑性酚醛树脂（或称两步法酚醛树脂），为浅⾊⾄暗褐⾊脆性固体，溶于⼄醇、丙酮等溶剂中，长期具有可溶可熔性，仅在六亚甲基四胺或聚甲醛等交联剂存在下，才固化(加热时可快速固化)。

主要⽤于制造压塑粉，也⽤于制造层压塑料、清漆和胶粘剂。

热固性酚醛树脂（或称⼀步法酚醛树脂），可根据需要制成固体、液体和乳液，都可在热或（和）酸作⽤下不⽤交联剂即可交联固化。

为指导树脂合成和成型加⼯，常将其固化过程分为A、B、C三个阶段。

具有可溶可熔性的预聚体称作A阶酚醛树脂;交联固化为不溶不熔的最终状态称C阶酚醛树脂；在溶剂中溶胀但⼜不完全溶解，受热软化但不熔化的中间状态称B阶酚醛树脂,热固性酚醛树脂存放过程中粘度逐渐增⼤，最后可变成不溶不熔的C阶树脂。

因此,其存放期⼀般不超过3～6个⽉。

热固性酚醛树脂可⽤于制造各种层压塑料、压塑粉、层压塑料；制造清漆或绝缘、耐腐蚀涂料；制造⽇⽤品、装饰品；制造隔⾳、隔热材料等。

常见的⾼压电插座、胶粘剂和改性其他⾼聚物。

酚醛树脂具有良好的耐酸性能、⼒学性能、耐热性能，⼴泛应⽤于防腐蚀⼯程、胶粘剂、阻燃材料、砂轮⽚制造等⾏业。

酚醛树脂的发展史酚醛树脂综合性能优良，是⼀种⼈⼯合成的最古⽼树脂，拥有近百年的使⽤历史。

酚醛树脂msds

物质安全技术说明书酚醛树脂第一部分化学品及企业标识中文名: 酚醛树脂英文名: phenolic resin俗称：电木粉相对分子质量: 122.12134 直线型酚醛树脂结构图：第二部分成分/组成信息CAS 号: 9003-35-4第三部分危险性概述危险性综述:本品易燃，具刺激性。

侵入途径:吸入、食入。

健康危害:接触加工或使用本品过程中所形成的粉尘，可引起头痛、嗜睡、周身无力、呼吸道粘膜刺激症状、喘息性支气管炎和皮肤病。

空气环境分析发现苯酚、甲醛和氨。

在缩聚过程中，可发生甲醛、酚、一氧化碳中毒。

第四部分急救措施皮肤接触:脱去污染的衣着，用肥皂水和清水彻底冲洗皮肤。

眼睛接触:提起眼睑，用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗。

就医。

吸入:迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。

保持呼吸道通畅。

如呼吸困难，给输氧。

如呼吸停止，立即进行人工呼吸。

就医。

食入: 饮足量温水，催吐。

就医。

第五部分消防措施燃烧性:易燃闪点(℃): 无资料引燃温度(℃): 420(粉云)爆炸下限[％(V/V)]: 20 爆炸上限[％(V/V)]: 无资料最小点火能(mJ): 10 最大爆炸压力(MPa): 0.420危险特性:易燃，遇明火、高热能燃烧。

受高热分解放出有毒的气体。

粉体与空气可形成爆炸性混合物, 当达到一定浓度时, 遇火星会发生爆炸。

灭火方法: 喷水冷却容器，可能的话将容器从火场移至空旷处。

灭火剂：雾状水、泡沫、二氧化碳、干粉、砂土。

第六部分泄漏应急处理迅速撤离泄漏污染区人员至安全区，并进行隔离，严格限制出入。

切断火源。

建议应急处理人员戴自给正压式呼吸器，穿防静电工作服。

若是液体。

尽可能切断泄漏源。

防止流入下水道、排洪沟等限制性空间。

小量泄漏：用干燥的砂土或类似物质吸收。

大量泄漏：构筑围堤或挖坑收容。

用泡沫覆盖，降低蒸气灾害。

用防爆泵转移至槽车或专用收集器内，回收或运至废物处理场所处置。

若是固体，收集于干燥、洁净、有盖的容器中。

然后在专用废弃场所深层掩埋。

复合材料酚醛树脂

复合材料酚醛树脂酚醛树脂（Phenolic Resin）是一种广泛用于复合材料中的热固性树脂，具有优异的力学性能和耐热性能。

它的主要成分是酚和甲醛，经过缩聚反应形成的高分子聚合物。

酚醛树脂具有许多优点，例如耐热性、耐腐蚀性、耐电绝缘性等，因此广泛应用于各个领域，尤其是航空航天、汽车工程、建筑和电子行业。

酚醛树脂可以与许多其他材料组成复合材料，形成各种不同特性的产品。

其主要的复合材料形式有玻璃纤维增强酚醛树脂复合材料（GF/PR）和碳纤维增强酚醛树脂复合材料（CF/PR）。

这些复合材料以其高强度、低重量和良好的耐热性能而受到广泛应用。

玻璃纤维增强酚醛树脂复合材料是使用酚醛树脂作为基体，增强材料为玻璃纤维的复合材料。

玻璃纤维增强酚醛树脂复合材料具有高强度、高刚度和抗冲击性能。

这些复合材料在航空航天、汽车和电子行业中广泛应用。

例如，在航空航天领域，玻璃纤维增强酚醛树脂复合材料被用于制造飞机的机身和翼面板，以提高整体强度和减轻重量。

在汽车工程中，这些复合材料被用于制造车身和结构件，以提高节能性能和碰撞安全性。

在电子行业中，玻璃纤维增强酚醛树脂复合材料被用于制造电子元件和电路板，以提供良好的绝缘性能和耐高温性能。

碳纤维增强酚醛树脂复合材料是使用碳纤维作为增强材料的复合材料。

碳纤维具有优异的力学性能和良好的耐热性能，与酚醛树脂的结合可以提供更高的强度和刚度。

碳纤维增强酚醛树脂复合材料在航空航天、汽车工程、体育器材领域等广泛应用。

例如，在航空航天领域，碳纤维增强酚醛树脂复合材料被用于制造飞机的机翼、垂直尾翼和升降舵等结构件。

在汽车工程中，这些复合材料被用于制造车身和悬挂系统等组件，以提供更高的强度和更低的重量。

在体育器材领域，碳纤维增强酚醛树脂复合材料被用于制造高尔夫球杆、网球拍和自行车车架等产品，以提供更好的性能和使用体验。

除了玻璃纤维和碳纤维之外，酚醛树脂还可以与其他增强材料（如石墨纤维、芳纶纤维等）结合形成不同特性的复合材料。

酚醛树脂的合成方程式

酚醛树脂的合成方程式
酚醛树脂（Phenolic Resin）是由酚和醛反应合成的一类热固性树脂。

其合成方程式可以根据不同的合成方法而有所差异。

下面将介绍两种典型
的合成方法。

1. 老湿法（Bakelite法）：
老湿法是早期酚醛树脂合成的主要方法，得名于奥地利化学家莱
奥·贝克兰特（Leo Baekeland）。

合成方程式如下：
酚+进气式甲醛⇒酚甲醛预聚物
酚甲醛预聚物+进气式甲醛+酸催化剂⇒酚醛树脂+水
在这个过程中，酚和进气式甲醛按照一定比例混合，在酸催化剂的作
用下反应生成酚甲醛预聚物。

然后，再添加进气式甲醛和酸催化剂，继续
反应生成酚醛树脂，并释放出水分。

2. 无溶剂法（Resol法）：
无溶剂法是另一种常用的酚醛树脂合成方法，其特点是在合成过程中
不需要溶剂，并且可以得到高固态含量的树脂。

合成方程式如下：酚+液态甲醛+酸催化剂⇒酚甲醛预聚物
酚甲醛预聚物+固态甲醛+碱催化剂+热处理（固化）⇒酚醛树脂
在这个过程中，酚和液态甲醛在酸催化剂的作用下反应生成酚甲醛预
聚物。

然后，将酚甲醛预聚物与固态甲醛、碱催化剂混合，在热处理的条
件下进行固化反应，最终得到酚醛树脂。

总结：
酚醛树脂的合成方程式根据不同的合成方法而有所差异，但都是通过酚和醛的反应合成。

其中，老湿法是早期采用的方法，通过两步反应得到酚醛树脂。

无溶剂法是一种无溶剂、高固态含量的合成方法，通过酸催化剂和碱催化剂的作用进行预聚合和固化反应。

这些方法都为酚醛树脂的合成提供了有效的途径。

酚醛树脂 MSDS

毒性
接触限值：
对人体危害
急救
应使吸入蒸气的患者脱离污染区，安置休息并保暖。眼睛受刺激用水冲洗，对溅入眼内的严重患者须就医诊治。皮肤接触用溶剂擦清，再用肥皂彻底洗涤。误服立即漱口，送医院救治。
防护
泄漏处理
首先切断一切火源，戴好防毒面具与手套。用砂土混合油灰刀刮起，倒至空旷地方掩埋或焚烧炉中烧掉。
贮运
包装标志：易燃液体UN编号：1866包装分类：Ⅱ
酚醛树脂
标识
中文名：酚醛树脂
英文名：Phenolic resin
分子式：
分子量：
CAS号：
危规号：32197
理化性质
性状：红棕色透明液体。为热固性酚醛树脂，用醇类作溶剂。
溶解性：
熔点（℃）：
沸点（℃）：
相对密度（水＝气＝1）：
燃烧热（KJ/mol）：
包装方法：铁桶。
储运条件：储存于阴凉通风的仓间内。远离火种、热源，避免阳光直射。与氧化剂隔离储运。搬运时要轻装轻卸，防止容器渗漏。储存期不宜过久，防止变质。
最小点火能（mJ）：
饱和蒸汽压（KPa）：
燃烧爆炸危险性
燃烧性：易燃
燃烧分解产物：
闪点（℃）：≤23℃
聚合危害：
爆炸下限（％）：
稳定性：
爆炸上限（％）：
最大爆炸压力（MPa）：
引燃温度（℃）：
禁忌物：
危险特性：遇高热、明火、氧化剂有引燃危险。高浓度时有麻醉作用。
灭火方法：消防人员必须穿戴防毒面具与全身防护服。用抗溶性泡沫、雾状水、二氧化碳、干粉1211灭火剂、砂土灭火。用水保持火场中容器冷却。

基于酚醛树脂的钠离子电池硬碳负极材料及其制备方法和应用

基于酚醛树脂的钠离子电池硬碳负极材料及其制备方法和应用
酚醛树脂（Phenolic Resin，简称PF）是一类热固性树脂，具有优异的导电性、机械强度和化学稳定性。

近年来，基于酚醛树脂的材料在钠离子电池硬碳负极材料的领域中受到了广泛关注。

钠离子电池是一种具有较高能量密度和较低成本的可再充电电池，因此一直被认为是锂离子电池的潜在替代品。

硬碳材料是钠离子电池负极材料的重要组成部分，其主要功能是嵌入和释放钠离子。

由于钠离子相对于锂离子较大，因此需要具有较大的孔隙结构和较高的离子传输速率的材料。

基于酚醛树脂的钠离子电池硬碳负极材料具有以下特点：
1. 高电导率：由于酚醛树脂具有较高的导电性，在制备过程中可以通过添加导电剂来增加材料的电导率，提高钠离子的传输速率。

2. 大孔隙结构：通过调控酚醛树脂的配方和制备方法，可以得到具有良好孔隙结构的硬碳材料，提高钠离子的嵌入和释放效率。

3. 高化学稳定性：酚醛树脂具有良好的化学稳定性，可以在不同的电化学环境下保持良好的循环性能。

制备基于酚醛树脂的钠离子电池硬碳负极材料的方法可以包括以下步骤：
1. 溶剂/溶胶混合法：将酚醛树脂溶解于有机溶剂中并形成溶液，然后将溶液喷雾或者滴入溶胶中，形成胶体溶胶。

最后通过热处理使酚醛树脂转化为硬碳材料。

2. 碳化法：将酚醛树脂经过干燥和碳化处理，使其转化为硬碳材料。

基于酚醛树脂的钠离子电池硬碳负极材料在钠离子电池中具有广泛的应用前景。

它可以作为低成本、高性能的负极材料，用于制备高能量密度和长循环寿命的钠离子电池。

此外，酚醛树脂也具有丰富的资源、可持续性和环境友好性，符合可持续能源发展的要求。

酚醛树脂MSDS

化学品安全技术说明书（ＭＳＤＳ）第一部分：化学品名称中文名称：酚醛树脂英文名称：phenolic resin分子式结构图：第二部分：成分/组成信息有害物成分：无第三部分：危险性概述健康危害：接触加工或使用本品过程中所形成的粉尘，可引起头痛、嗜睡、周身无力、呼吸道粘膜刺激症状、喘息性支气管炎和皮肤病。

空气环境分析发现苯酚、甲醛和氨。

在缩聚过程中，可发生甲醛、酚、一氧化碳中毒。

燃爆危险：本品易燃，具刺激性。

第四部分：急救措施皮肤接触：脱去污染的衣着，用肥皂水和清水彻底冲洗皮肤。

眼睛接触：提起眼睑，用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗。

就医。

吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。

保持呼吸道通畅。

如呼吸困难，给输氧。

如呼吸停止，立即进行人工呼吸。

就医。

食入：饮足量温水，催吐。

就医。

第五部分：消防措施危险特性：易燃，遇明火、高热能燃烧。

受高热分解放出有毒的气体。

粉体与空气可形成爆炸性混合物，当达到一定浓度时，遇火星会发生爆炸。

有害燃烧产物：一氧化碳、二氧化碳。

灭火方法：喷水冷却容器，可能的话将容器从火场移至空旷处。

灭火剂：雾状水、泡沫、二氧化碳、干粉、砂土。

第六部分：泄漏应急处理切断火源，切断泄漏源防止流入下水道、排洪沟等限制性空间；用干燥的砂土或类似物质吸收。

第七部分：操作处置与储存操作处置：戴防护手套，搬运时要轻装轻卸。

储存：阴凉、通风，严禁烟火，密封存储。

第八部分：接触控制/个体防护眼睛防护：一般不需要特殊防护，高浓度接触时可戴化学安全防护眼镜。

手防护：戴一般作业防护手套。

呼吸系统防护：空气中浓度超标时，佩戴防尘口罩。

其他防护：工作现场严禁吸烟，保持良好的卫生习惯。

第九部分：理化特性外观与性状：无臭、无味的黄色透明液体。

燃、沸点：无资料。

主要用途：用作层压塑料、压塑粉、玻璃纤维增强塑料和胶合工业、涂料工业粘合剂等。

第十部分：稳定性和反应活性稳定性：无禁配物：强氧化剂。

第十一部分：毒理学资料无资料第十二部分：生态学资料无资料。

提升psa比值的方法

提升psa比值的方法
PSA比值，即酚醛树脂（Phenolic Resin）与固化剂（如六亚甲基四胺）的比例，对酚醛树脂的性能有重要影响。

提高PSA 比值的方法主要有以下几种：
１．增加酚醛树脂的含量：在保持固化剂含量不变的情况下，增加酚醛树脂的含量，可以直接提高PSA比值。

但需要注意，酚醛树脂的增加可能会导致固化速度变慢，因此需要根据实际需求进行调整。

２．减少固化剂的含量：在保持酚醛树脂含量不变的情况下，减少固化剂的含量，也可以提高PSA比值。

然而，这样做可能会降低固化速度并影响固化产物的性能。

３．使用低活性的固化剂：使用活性较低的固化剂，可以在保持固化速度的同时，提高PSA比值。

这需要对固化剂的种类和活性进行仔细选择。

４．优化固化条件：通过调整固化温度、时间和压力等条件，可以在保证固化产物性能的同时，提高PSA比值。

这需要对固化过程进行详细的实验和优化。

需要注意的是，提高PSA比值并不一定总是有益的。

过高的PSA比值可能导致固化产物的性能下降，如强度、硬度、耐热性
等。

因此，在提高PSA比值时，需要综合考虑固化产物的性能需求和实际应用场景。

以上内容仅供参考。