托福成功之路400单词详解与练习
托福成功之路400单词详解与练习第10课
第十课 SpiritualityTarget Words1. agnostic 6.deify2. animism7.ecclesiastical3. atheist8.exalt4. be inclined to9.pious5. contemplate10.sacrificeDefinitions and Samples1. agnostic adj.a godHis devoutly Christian parents had problems with his agnostic beliefs. Parts of speech agnostic n, agnosticism n2. animism n.The belief that natural objects, such as trees, have soulsDesert cultures that practice animism often believe that winds con-tain spirits.Parts of speech animistic adj3. atheist n.One who does not believe in the existence of a supreme beingHe argued that his scientific training made it impossible for him to be anything but an atheist.atheistic adjCopyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.48Mind and Body4. be inclined to v.To favor an opinion or a course of actionHe couldn’t say which candidate he favored, but he had alwaysbeen inclined to vote Republican.Parts of speech incline n, inclination n5. contemplate v.To consider thoughtfullyIf you contemplate each step for so long, we will never complete thisproject on time.Parts of speech contemplation n, contemplative adj6. deify v.To worship as a godWhen people deify the leader of their country, the leader is able toabuse power more easily.Parts of speech deity n7. ecclesiastical adj.Relating to a churchHe was looking specifically for a university where he could studyecclesiastical history.Parts of speech ecclesiastic n, ecclesiastically adv8. exalt v.To praise or honorHe would often exalt the virtues of his new wife.Parts of speech exaltation n9. pious adj.Having or exhibiting religious reverenceSometimes she was so pious that the rest of us felt like heathens.Parts of speech piousness n, piety n, piously adv10. sacrifice v.Anything offered to a deity as a religious thanksgiving;giving up something in order to have something more valuable lateronEvery harvest time, the Fadeloni people sacrificed vegetables totheir gods as a show of thanks.Spirituality49In order to succeed in his career, he had to sacrifice his private lifeand his leisure time.Parts of speech sacrifice n, sacrificial adj, sacrificially adv TOEFL Prep I Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with the best word or phrase from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary. Use each word or phrase only once.be inclined to contemplate deify exalted sacrifice1. Traditionally, the Camerian society __________ its leaders, consider-ing them to be sent from the land of the gods.2. To do well in his university courses, he had to __________ a lot of hispersonal time.3. The generation of American leaders known as “the Founders” are__________ by many scholars for their wisdom and courage.4. She knew she would always __________ agree with what her mothersaid, so she struggled to remain unbiased.5. The human resources department __________ whether they should letMary go.TOEFL Prep II Circle the likely meaning of the word part that is shared within each set of words.1. animism, animal, animation Theroot anima probably meansa. colorb. deathc. manyd. life50 Mind and Body2. atheistic, amoral, apatheticThe prefix a probably meansa. notb. lovingc. excessived. surelyTOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow.In Russia, several religions coexist, including Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and animism. The most common religion is Christianity, and most Christians are members of the Russian Orthodox Church. The Church has existed for over 1,000 years, surviving even the official atheism of the Soviet era and the agnosticism that may have been even more prominent at the time. During the communist years, many Russians who practiced Orthodoxy sacrificed career and educational opportunities.The tenacity of Russian Orthodoxy may explain why even nonreligious Russians are inclined to call themselves Russian Orthodox. That same staying power drives the Church today, which is run by Aleksey II of Moscow. Born Aleksey Mikhailovich Ridiger, the future patriarch was from a very pious family. As a boy, Aleksey was often taken by his parents on their annual pilgrimages, when he most certainly began contemplation of the religious way of life he was to choose. As patriarch, Aleksey is exalted in the Church governance, but he is not deified. Aleksey has published articles on Church history and peacemaking in both the ecclesiastical and secular press, broadening the Church’s image both in Russia and abroad.1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this passage?a. The Russian Orthodox Church was banned under Soviet control.b. Few Russians believe in a god.c. Aleksey II has updated the church’s image.d. The Russian Orthodox Church has a long history of strong mem-bership in Russia.leader.” position of churchworking in themeans “whileHere As patriarchBonus Structure —Spirituality512. According to the passage, Aleksey II of Moscow isa. a godb. a high church officialc. a secular leaderd. an atheistLesson 10 SpiritualityTOEFL Prep I1. deifies 2. sacrifice 3. exalted 4. beinclined to 5. contemplatedTOEFL Prep II 1. d 2. aTOEFL Success 1. d 2. b。
托福成功之路400单词详解与练习第0380课
第38课写作词汇The Written WordTarget Words1. advent 6.illiterate2. ambiguous7.ingenious3. connotation8.inscription4. decipher9.phonetic5. denote10.symbolicDefinitions and Samples1. advent ing; arrivalThe advent of the automobile greatly increased the demand forpetroleum.Usage tips Advent is usually followed by an of phrase.2. ambiguous adj.Having more than one possible meaningThe sentence It’s hard to say is ambiguous, with different meanings in different contexts.Parts of speech ambiguity n, ambiguously adv3. connotation n. A meaning implied, not stated directlyWhen my boss says,“Thank you,” the connotation is that she’s done talking and I should leave.connote vCopyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.The Written Word187 4. decipher v.To figure out the meaning, even though it is written in acode or an unknown languageThe Rosetta Stone helped archaeologists decipher ancient Egyptianwriting.Usage tips A cipher is a code or puzzle;decipher means “solve apuzzle written in code.”5. denote v.To mean something clearly and directlyAn “X” next to a name on this list denotes a person who has beenchosen for the soccer team.Parts of speech denotation n6. illiterate adj.Unable to readIn many villages nearly everyone was illiterate and unschooled, andthe few who could read held great power.Parts of speech illiterate n, illiteracy n7. ingenious adj.Very clever and imaginativeAnn thought up an ingenious way to keep other people from acci-dentally taking her pens.Parts of speech ingenuity n, ingeniously adv8. inscription n.Something written into a piece of rock or metalThe inscription on my ring says “August 1,” because that was theday of our wedding.Parts of speech inscribe v9. phonetic adj.Related to the sounds in a languageChildren learning to write often make up phonetic spellings, based on the way a word sounds.Parts of speech phonetics n, phonetically adv188Culture10. symbolic adj.Acting as a sign for some other thing or ideaSince the 1970s, yellow ribbons have been symbolic of hope thatsomeone will return from a dangerous situation.Usage tips Symbolic is often followed by an of phrase indicating the meaning of a symbol.Parts of speech symbolize v, symbol n, symbolically adv TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank.1. advent(a)approach or arrival2. decipher(b)newly invented in a clever way3. ingenious(c)to figure out the meaning4. inscription(d)related to spoken sounds5. phonetic(e)something written into a hardsurfaceTOEFL Prep II Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with the best word from the list. Change the form of the word if nec-essary. Use each word only once.ambiguous connotation denote illiterate symbolic1. If my father told me to be quiet, the __________ was “I have aheadache.”2. The president’s response,“Wait and see,” was __________, meaningthat perhaps he would take action, perhaps not.3. In English writing, a mark called an apostrophe usually __________a missing letter, as in isn’t for is not.4. A circle with a plus attached (U) is __________ of “woman” and ofthe planet Venus.5. Farley was a poor, __________ boy from a remote area who latertaught himself to read and write.The Written Word 189TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you havelearned. Answer the questions that follow.Johannes Gutenberg’s ingenious use of movable type in his printing press had a wide range of effects on European societies. Most obviously,readers no longer had to decipher odd handwriting, with ambiguous lettering, in order to read a written work. Gutenberg gave each letter standard forms, a move that had connotations far beyond the printing business. The inscriptions on tombstones and roadside mileposts, forexample, could now be standardized. The cost of books decreased. Even illiterate people benefited indirectly from the advent of this invention, as the general level of infor-mation in society increased. However, Gutenberg’s press was of limited use for languages that used picture-like symbols for writing instead of a phonetic system. Systems of symbolic pictographs, each of which denotes a word, require many thousands of characters to be cast into lead type by the printer. Phonetic systems, like the Latin alphabet, use the same few characters, recombined in thousands of ways to make different words.1. According to this reading, how did the invention of the printing press benefit illiterate people? a. It helped them learn to read.b. It raised the level of information in a society.c. It lowered the cost of books.d. It saved them from having to read ambiguous handwriting.2. Why was Gutenberg’s press not very practical for languages that use picture-like symbols? a. because character-based languages are made of pictographs b. because phonetic alphabets are clearerc. because there are too many characters to make movable type for each oned. because Gutenberg was European, so he didn’t know any character -based languagesBonus Structure — Most obviously introduces aneasy-to-see effectand implies thatless-clear effects will come later.190CultureLesson 38 The Written WordTOEFL Prep I 1.a 2.c 3.b 4.e 5.dTOEFL Prep II 1.connotation 2.ambiguous 3.denote4. symbolic5. literateTOEFL Success 1.b 2.c。
托福听力400词
1 Food Crops 庄稼1. abandon 抛弃 6. Intensify 加强2. Adversely 不利的7. Irrigation 灌溉3. aggregate 聚集，合计8. Obtain 获得4. cultivation 耕作9. Photosynthesis 光合作用5. fertilize 使受精，施肥10. Precipitation 沉淀，降落2 Disaster 灾难1. Anticipate 预料 6. Flood 洪水2. catastrophic 灾难性的7. Impact 冲击，影响3. collide 互撞8. Persevere 坚持不懈4. eruption 爆发9. Plunge 投入，下跌5. Famine饥荒10. Unleash发出，发动3 Evolution and Migration 改革和移民1. Adapt 适应，改编 6. Inherent 内在，固有的2. diverse 多种多样的7. Migration 移居3. evolve 演变，发展8. Physical 物质的4. Feature 特点特征9. Process 进展5. generation 一代人10. Survive幸免Petroleum Alternatives汽油替代品1. constraint 约束，限制 6. Emission 尾气排放2. contamination 污染，垃圾7. Extinction 灭绝3. deplete 耗尽8. Reservoir 水库，蓄水池4. dispose of 处理9. Shrink 缩水5. Elementally原始的10. Stable马厩，稳定的Time Efficiency时间效率1. adjust 调整 6. Maximize 最大化2. Arbitrary 任意的，武断的7. Parallel 与....平行，类似3. denominator 分母8. Proportion 比例4. Exponentially 以指数形式的9. Rate 比率5. infinitesimal 极微小的10. Sequence顺序Ancient Life 古代生物1. accuracy 精确，准确 6. Integrally 整体的2. adjacent 邻近的7. Overlap 重叠3. compress 扼要叙述，压缩8. Retain 保留，保存4. Feasible 可能的9. Seep 渗出，逐渐消失5. gut 肠，直觉10. Structure结构Computers 计算机1. circulate 循环，散步 6. Implement 工具，实施2. corrode 腐蚀，侵蚀7. Innovative 革新的3. derive 剥夺8. Installation 安装，设施4. detection 察觉，探测9. Maintenance 抚养费，维护5. expeditiously 迅速的，敏捷的10. Simulation模拟，仿真Energy 能量1. combustion 燃烧 6. Permeate 遍布，充满2. component 组成成分7. Rotate 旋转3. Convey 表达8. Solar 太阳能4. Discretely 独立的，各自的9. Source 能源5. Nucleus细胞核10. Trigger引起，促使Memory 记忆1. Acquisition 添加物 6. Indisputable 不容置疑的2. anomaly 畸形，反常7. Intervene 干涉，调停3. Consciously 有意，存心的8. Intuitively 直觉，本能的4. degrade 破坏，恶化，降解9. Recede 后退，远去5. gap 缝隙10. Retrieve获得Spirituality 精神性，灵性1. Agnostic 不知真实与否的 6. Deify 神化2. animism 万物有灵论7. Ecclesiastical 教会的3. Atheist 无神论者8. Exalt 追捧，提高4. be inclined to 倾向于9. Pious 虚伪的5. Contemplate打算，沉思10. Sacrifice牺牲Illness 疾病1. Aggravate 激怒，恶化 6. Persist 持续，执意2. decrepit 年久失修的7. Prognosis 预测3. Disease 疾病8. Terminal 终端，致命的4. fatally 致命的9. Vein 静脉，风格，心境5. forensics 法医学10. Wound伤口Surgery外科手术1. anesthesia 6. Implant 移植2. augment 扩大，增加7. Inject 注射3. Certifiably 疯的，蠢的8. Obese 肥胖4. Complication 并发症9. Procedure 治疗5. cure 治疗10. Scar伤疤Ghosts 鬼1. astrological 占星术的 6. Invoke 恳求，唤起2. divination 占卜，算命7. Meditate 加入药物3. Haunt 困扰8. Phantom 鬼魂，幻觉的4. horror 恐惧，震惊9. Psychic 生理的5. intermediary 调解人10. self-perpetuating 自我保持Anthropology人类学1. assimilate 同化 6. Relic 遗物，遗迹2. cremation 火葬7. Rite 宗教仪式3. domesticate 使爱家和热爱生活8. Ritually 仪式的4. folklore 民俗9. Saga 家世小说5. fossilize 使石化，僵化10. Vestige 残余，遗迹Social Inequality社会不平衡1. amend 修补 6. Discriminate 歧视2. biased 有偏见的7. Notion 观念看法3. burden 负担8. Oppress 压迫，使焦虑4. Counter 相反，对立的9. Paradigm 范例，示例5. de facto 10. Prejudiced 有偏见的Expertise技能，专长1. curriculum 课程 6. Parochial 教区的2. distinctly 明显，分明的7. Rigor 严峻，严密3. erudite 博学的8. Roster 名单4. fortify 增强，加固9. Secular 世俗的，非宗教的5. implicitly 绝对的10. Suspend 暂停，中止Military Operations 军事行为1. allegiance 效忠，忠诚 6. in the trenches 深沟2. artillery 炮兵部队7. Mobilize 调动动员3. battle 战争8. Rank 行，列，列入4. cease 停火，停止9. Ratio 比率5. hierarchy 等级制度10. Strategic 战略性的War and Conquest战争和征服1. annex 并吞 6. Invasive 侵犯的2. apex 顶点，顶端7. Prevailing 流行的，优势的3. collapse 坍塌8. Resist 抵触4. conquest 征服9. Severely 严厉的，简朴的5. devise 策划，发明10. Violation 违背，违反History历史1. Chronologically 按年月排序的 6. Diminish 缩小，贬低2. coincide 巧合，与....一直7. Longitude 经度3. consequence 后果8. Milieu 出生背景，周围环境4. core 核心，精髓9. Orwellian5. Deny否定10. Reconciliation 和解，顺从Financial Systems金融体系1. Allocate 分配 6. Net 网，捕捉2. commodity 商品7. per capita 人均资本3. decline 下降，减少8. Regulate 控制，调节4. Equity 公平，公正9. Subsidy 补贴，补助5. inflation 通货膨胀10. tangibleWealth and Social Class 实际财富和社会等级Money 金钱1. accumulate 累积，积聚 6. Nobility 崇尚，高尚2. affluence 丰富7. Prestige 威信，影响力3. elite 上层人士，精英8. Privileged 有特权的4. impoverish 使贫困9. Prosper 繁荣5. luxury 奢华10. working class 工人阶级Personal Property个人财产1. acquire 获得 6. Lease 合同，租约2. assess 评估7. Liability 责任，义务3. asset 资产8. Proprietor 业主4. hazardous 危险地9. Safeguard 保护，保卫措施5. Jointly 联合的10. Sole 唯一的Employment 雇佣1. compensate 补偿 6. Industrious 勤奋的2. dynamic 有活力的7. Marginal 少量的3. enterprising 有进取心的8. Merit 优点，价值4. exploit 剥削，利用9. Promote 升职，促销5. incentive 刺激，鼓励10. Resign 辞职International Trade 国际贸易1. distill 蒸馏 6. Merchant 商人2. entrepreneurial 企业家的7. Proportionately 按比例的3. extract 提炼8. Prototype 原型4. haggle 争论，讨价还价9. Reward 奖品5. intrepid 勇猛的10. Shuttle 穿梭往返Politics 政治1. advocate 拥护，主张 6. Contest 竞赛，比赛2. authority 权威7. Election 选举，竞选3. bitterly 悲痛的，极度的8. Inaugurate 正式启用，就职4. candidate 候选人9. Policy 政策5. coalition 联盟10. Poll民意测验A Reasonable Doubt 合理的怀疑1. accuse 控告，谴责 6. Offense 进攻2. allegedly 被指控的7. Peer 同龄人3. civil 文明的8. Suspect 怀疑，不信任4. convict 罪犯9. Verdict 评价5. guilty 内疚的10. Witness 目击，注意到The Police 警方1. apprehend 拘留，领悟 6. Implicate 牵连，涉及2. ascertain 查明，确定7. Inquiry 询问3. bureaucratic 官僚的8. Intrusively 侵入，打扰的4. condemn 批评，迫使9. Seize 抓住5. evidence 证据10. Surveillance 监视，监督Investigating Crimes 投资犯罪1. analyze 分析 6. Inference 推论，推断2. assail 袭击，攻击7. Objectively 客观的3. contrary 相反8. Suspicious 怀疑的4. hypothesize 假设9. Tolerate 容忍5. impair 损害，减少10. Versus 以...为对手Government Corruption 政府腐败1. bribery 行贿受贿 6. Integrity 正直2. cynically 怀疑7. Prevalent 流行的，普遍的3. erode 侵蚀8. Reform 改革，改造4. evade 逃避，躲开9. Scandal 丑闻5. grotesque 奇形怪状的10. Unmask 揭露Crimes at Sea 海上犯罪1. abduction 绑架，有轨 6. Intentionally 故意的2. coerce 强迫，迫使7. Piracy 海盗，盗版3. detain 扣留，耽搁8. Predicament 困境，尴尬处境4. deviant 变态的，不正常的9. Smuggle 走私，非法运输5. distort 扭曲，曲解10. Villainy 凶型，恶行The War on Drugs 毒品战争1. addictive 使上瘾 6. Misconception 错误想法2. cartel 同业联盟7. Modify 修饰，改造3. concentrated 聚精会神的8. Potent 强有力的，有效力的4. interdisciplinary 跨学科的9. Residual 残余，剩余的5. Juxtapose 并置10. Subtly 微妙，含蓄的Family Relationships 家庭关系1. ancestral 祖先的，祖传的 6. Legitimate 合法的2. cohesion 凝聚力7. Paternal 父亲的3. descendant 子孙后代8. Proximity 接近4. inheritance 继承，遗传9. Sentiment 温情，观点5. kin 家属10. Sibling 兄弟姐妹Friendship 友谊1. affection 喜爱 6. Exclusive 独家的，唯一的2. associate 联系，联想7. Fluctuate 波动3. bond 粘合剂，结合8. in common 共同的4. clique 小集团，派系9. Solidarity 团结一致5. confide 吐露，信赖10. Willing 愿意的Passion 激情1. complex 复杂 6. Loyal 忠诚的2. despondent 沮丧的7. Passion 激情3. devotion 忠实，热爱8. Proliferation 激增4. dilemma 两难境地9. Reciprocity 互惠，对等5. engender 造成10. Vanish消失Negative Emotions 负面情绪1. antipathy 反感，憎恶 6. Humiliation 羞辱2. arrogantly 傲慢的7. Obnoxious 惹人讨厌的3. berate 严责，训斥8. Shame 羞耻4. contemptuous 轻视的9. Stigmatize 侮辱5. despise 厌恶，鄙视10. Vitriolic 尖刻，强烈的Social Rebels 社会反叛1. adolescent 青少年 6. Hedonistic 享乐的2. cause 引起7. Hypocritically 虚伪的3. conflict 冲突8. Manipulation 操纵，控制4. delinquency 失职，违法行为9. Rebel 反叛，造反5. fringe 边缘10. status 地位，现状Painting and Sculpture 绘画和雕塑1. abstract 抽象的 6. Intrinsic 固有的，本质的2. context 语境，上下文7. Perspective 视角，观点3. depict 描绘8. Portrayal 描述4. dimension 部分，特点9. Realism现实主义5. esthetically 审美的10. Spectrum光谱，范围The Written Word 书写1.advent 来临，出现 6. Illiterate 文盲的，未受教育的2. ambiguous 模棱两可的7. Ingenious 灵巧，巧妙地3. connotation 内涵意义8. Inscription 题词4. decipher 辨认，破译9. Phonetic 语音的5. denote 代表，体现10. Symbolic 象征性的Entertainment 娱乐1. amateurish 业余的，不熟练的 6. Improvisation 即兴创作2. cast 投射，加于7. Incompetent 没能力的3. charismatic 富有超凡魅力的8. Medium媒体4. gala 欢庆，盛会9. Skit 幽默短剧5. hilarious 欢闹的10. Zeal 热心，热情Risky Fashions1. bulk 大量的 6. Minimum 最小的2. Capricious 变幻无常的，任性的7. Striking 显著，惊人的3. cumbersome 笨重的，难使用的8. Trend 趋势4. exotic 奇异的9. Vanity 虚荣心5. inhibit 抑制，约束10. Vulnerable 脆弱的，易受影响的400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFLAbandon 抛弃Abduction 绑架，诱拐Abstract 抽象的Accumulate 积累Accuracy 精确度Accuse 谴责Acquire 获得Acquisition 添加物Adapt 使适应，改编Addictive 上瘾的Adjacent 毗邻的Adjust 调节Adolescent 青少年Advent 来临，出现Adversely 对立的Advocate 拥护，主张Affection 喜爱Affluence 丰富Aggravate 使恶化Aggregate 聚集，合计Agnostic 不知正确与否的Allegedly 被指控地Allegiance 忠诚Allocate 定位Amateurish 业余的Ambiguous 模糊的Amend 改正，修正Analyze 分析Ancestral 祖先的Anesthesia 上午Animism 犯灵论Annex 并吞Anomaly 异常，不规则Anticipate 预料Antipathy 反感，憎恶Apex 优惠价售票Apprehend 理解Arbitrary 武断的Arrogantly 傲慢的Artillery 大炮，炮兵部队Ascertain 查明，确定Assail 攻击Assess 评估Asset 断言，坚持Assimilate 吸收，同化Associate 联系，联想Astrological 占星术的Atheist 无神论者Augment 扩大，增加Authority 权威Battle 战争Be inclined to 倾向于Berate 严责，训斥Biased 有偏见的Bitterly 强烈的，悲痛的Bond 联系Bribery 行贿，受贿Bulk 大量的Burden 负担Bureaucratic 官僚主义的Candidate 候选人Capricious 任性的Cartel 同业联盟Cast 投射Catastrophic 灾难性的Cause 引起Cease 停止Certifiably 疯的，蠢的Charismatic 富有超凡魅力的Chronologically 按年月顺序的Circulate 循环Civil 文明的，有礼貌的Clique 小集团Coalition 联合，联盟Coerce 强迫，迫使Cohesion 凝聚力Coincide 巧合Collapse 坍塌Collide 猛撞Combustion 燃烧Commodity 商品，有用的品质Compensate 赔偿Complex 复杂Complication 并发症，使事情复杂的事Component 组成成分Compress 压紧，压缩Concentrated 聚精会神的Condemn 批评，判刑Confide 吐露，信任Conflict 冲突Connotation 隐含意义Conquest 征服，击败Consciously 有意的Consequence 后果Constraint 约束，限制Contamination 污染Contemplate 打算，沉思Contemptuous 轻视的Contest 争取，竞赛Context 上下文Contrary 相反的Convey 表达Convict 罪犯，宣判有罪Core 核心Corrode 腐蚀Counter 柜台，相反的Cremation 火葬Cultivation 培养Cumbersome 笨重的，难使用的Cure 治疗Curriculum 课程Cynically 怀疑的de factoDecipher 辨认，破译Decline 下降，衰弱Decrepit 老弱，年久失修的Degrade 破坏，恶化Deify 神化Delinquency 失职，违法行为Denominator 分母Denote 代表，体现Deny 否定Depict 描绘Deplete 耗空Derive 得到，获救Descendant 后代，子孙Despise 厌恶，鄙视Despondent 沮丧，泄气的Detain 扣留，耽搁Detection 察觉，探测Deviant 不正常的Devise 策划，设计Devotion 忠实，热爱Dilemma 两难的境地Dimension 尺寸，特点，思维方式Diminish 减少，缩减Discretely 独立的，各自的discriminatediseasedispose ofdistilldistinctlydistortdiversedivinationdomesticatedynamic ecclesiastical election elementally elite emission engender enterprising entrepreneurial equityerodeerudite eruption esthetically evade evidence evolveexalt exclusive exotic expeditiously exploitexponentially extinction extract famine fatally feasibly feature fertilize flood fluctuate folklore forensics fortify fossilize fringegalagap generation grotesque guiltygutHagglehaunt hazardous hedonistic hierarchy hilarious horror humiliation hypocritically hypothesize illiterate impact impair implant Implement implicate implicitly impoverish improvisation in commonin the trenches inaugurate incentiveincompetent indisputable industrious inference infinitesimal inflation ingenious inherent inheritance inhibit inject innovative inquiry inscription installation integrally integrity intensify intentionally interdict intermediary interveneintrinsic intrusively intuitively invasive invoke irrigation jointly juxtapose kinlease legitimate liability longitude loyal luxury maintenance manipulation marginal maximize meditate mediummeritmigrationmilieuminimummisconceptionmobilizemodifynetnobilitynotionnucleusobeseobjectivelyobnoxiousobtainoffenseoppressOrwellianoverlap202 400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL paradigmparochial passion paternalpeerper capita permeate persevere persist perspective phantom phonetic photosynthesis physical piouspiracy plungepolicypoll portrayal potent precipitationpredicament prejudiced prestige prevailing prevalent privileged procedure process prognosis proliferation promote proportion proportionately proprietor prosper prototype proximity psychicrankrateratiorealismrebelrecedereciprocity reconciliationreformregulaterelicreservoirresidualresignresistretainretrieveReward 奖励Rigor 精密严密，严峻Rite 仪式Ritually 程序的，仪式的Roster 名单Rotate 旋转Sacrifice 牺牲Safeguard 保护Saga 家世小说Scandal 丑闻Scar 伤疤Secular 世俗的Seep 渗漏，逐渐消失Seize 抓住，攫取self-perpetuatingsentimentsequenceseverelyshameshrinkshuttlesibling400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL 203 Simulation 模拟Skit 假装幽默短剧Smuggle 走私，非法偷运Solar 学者Sole 单独，唯一的Solidarity 团结一致Source 来源Spectrum 光谱，范围Stable 稳定的status quota 地位额度Stigmatize 侮辱Strategic 有策略的Striking 显著，惊人的Structure 结构Subsidy 补助金，津贴Subtly 微妙，含蓄的Surveillance 监视，监督Survive 存活Suspect 怀疑，不信任Suspend 暂停，中止Suspicious 怀疑的Symbolic 有象征意义的Tangible 实际的，可触摸的Terminal 终端的Tolerate 容忍，忍耐Trend 趋势Trigger 引发Unleash 发出，发动Unmask 揭露，暴露Vanish 消失Vanity 虚荣心，虚夸Vein 静脉，特色，心境情绪Verdict 评价Versus 以...为对手Vestige 残余，遗迹Villainy 凶恶Violation 违反，违背Vitriolic 辛辣尖刻的，强烈的Vulnerable 容易受伤的Willing 意愿Witness 目击working class 工人阶级Wound 伤口Zeal 热情。
保蕾教你写——400个托福写作高分词组
汇总1~4001、be a huge factor in determining ... 对…起着决定性作用＝ be a decisive/determining factor*To pursue a hobby outside work, disposable time and money can be a decisive factor. 为了在工作外追求一个爱好，有钱和时间起着决定性作用。
2、to a large extent 很大程度上*Some believe that taking a part-time job can benefit future careers to a large extent. 有些人认为兼职工作可以在很大程度上对未来职业发展有利。
3、to look at this issue more closely 仔细研究一下这个问题（一般接在转折后）= to take a closer look*Some believe old buildings should be knocked down because they are useless. However, if you take a closer look, with some small repairs, they can be as good as new. 有些人觉得老建筑应该被拆除因为他们没用了。
但如果你仔细想想这个问题，只要稍加修补它们就完好如初。
4、sth is a breeze 轻而易举，小菜一碟*Apply what you’ve learned in job preparation, the work will be a breeze. 把就业指导课学到的都利用起来，工作会变得轻而易举。
5、in full swing 活跃，全力进行中*This year the parties are in full swing. 今年的聚会如火如荼的进行着。
托福考试词汇讲解
托福考试词汇讲解托福考试必备词汇讲解学习专看文学书，也是不好的。
先前的文学青年，往往厌恶数学理化史地生物学，以为这些都无足轻重，后来变成连常识也没有。
以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的托福考试必备词汇讲解，希望能给大家带来帮助!词根cap=head头说词：词根cap来源于拉丁语，大写字母在在一个单词的“头”，因此capital有大写字母之意;一个国家的首都就是一个国家的“头”所在，也是capital;capital还有资本的意思，与cattle牛群同源，在最初的时候，人们对财富资本都是家里牛的头数来计算，即有多少“头”;cap帽子，就是戴在头上的东西;capital n. 首都，首府，省会;大写字母;资本，资金; adj. 死刑的;极严重的;大写的capitalism n. 资本主义capitalist n. 资本家captain n. 船长，机长;上尉;队长precipitate /prɪ'sɪpɪteɪt/ n. 沉淀物，凝结物(如雨﹑露等)cape n. 斗篷，披肩;海角chapter n. 章，回，篇escape /ɪ'skeɪp/ v./n. 逃跑，逃避decapitate /dɪ'kæpɪteɪt/ v. 斩首，杀头;解雇capsize /kæp'saɪz/ v.(使船)翻, 倾覆recapitulate /ˌriːkə'pɪtjʊleɪt/ v. 重述或概括(讨论等)的要点★ capital n. 首都，首府，省会;大写字母;资本，资金; adj. 死刑的;极严重的;大写的a capital offence. 死罪a capital error. 大错说词：你发现都和“头”相关。
★ capitalism n.资本主义★ capitalist n. 资本家★ captain n. 船长，机长;上尉;队长说词：不管是船长还是机长，还是队长，反正就“头”，老大。
通向成功托福的400个必备单词
400 Must-HaveWords for the TOEFLabandon analyzeabduction ancestralabstract anesthesiaaccumulate animismaccuracy annexaccuse anomalyacquire anticipateacquisition antipathyadapt apexaddictive apprehendadjacent arbitraryadjust arrogantlyadolescent artilleryadvent ascertainadversely assailadvocate assessaffection assetaffluence assimilateaggravate associateaggregate astrologicalagnostic atheistallegedly augmentallegiance authority allocateamateurishambiguous battle amend be inclined toberate conquest biased consciously bitterlyconsequenc ebond constraint briberycontaminati onbulk contemplate burdencontemptuo usbureaucratic contestcontextcontrary candidate convey capricious convict cartel corecast corrode catastrophic counter cause cremation cease cultivation certifiablycumbersom echarismatic cure chronologically curriculum circulate cynically civilcliquecoalition de facto coerce decipher cohesion decline coincide decrepit collapse degrade collide deify combustion delinquency commoditydenominato rcompensate denote complex deny complication depict component deplete compress derive concentrated descendant condemn despise confide despondent conflict detain connotation detectiondeviant extinction devise extract devotiondilemmafamine dimensionfatally diminishfeasibly discretelyfeature discriminatefertilize diseaseflood dispose offluctuate distillfolklore distinctlyforensics distortfortify diversefossilize divinationfringe domesticatedynamicgalagap ecclesiastical generation election grotesqueelementally guiltyelite gut emissionengenderhaggle enterprisingentrepreneurhauntialhazardous equityhedonistic erodehierarchy eruditehilarious eruptionhorror estheticallyhumiliation evadehypocritically evidencehypothesize evolveexaltexclusive illiterate exotic impact expeditiously impair exploit implant exponentially implementimplicate kin implicitlyimpoverishimprovisation leasein common legitimate in the trenches liability inaugurate longitude incentive loyal incompetent luxury indisputableindustriousinferencemaintenanc einfinitesimalmanipulatio ninflation marginal ingenious maximize inherent meditate inheritance medium inhibit merchant inject merit innovative migration inquiry milieu inscription minimum installationmisconcepti onintegrally mobilize integrity modifyintensifyintentionallyinterdict net intermediary nobility intervene notion intrepid nucleus intrinsicintrusivelyintuitively obese invasive objectively invoke obnoxious irrigation obtainoffenseoppress jointly Orwellian juxtapose overlapparadigm rank parallel rate parochial ratio passion realism paternal rebelpeer recedeper capita reciprocity permeate reconciliation persevere reform persist regulate perspective relic phantom reservoir phonetic residual photosynthesis resign physical resistpious retain piracy retrieve plunge reward policy rigorpoll rite portrayal ritually potent roster precipitation rotate predicamentprejudicedprestige sacrifice prevailing safeguard prevalent saga privileged scandal procedure scar process secular prognosis seepproliferation seizepromote self-perpetuating proportion sentiment proportionately sequence proprietor severely prosper shame prototype shrink proximity shuttlepsychic siblingsimulation trendskit trigger smugglesolarsole unleash solidarity unmask sourcespectrumstable vanish status quo vanity stigmatize vein strategic verdict striking versus structure vestige subsidy villainy subtly violation surveillance vitriolic survive vulnerable suspectsuspendsuspicious willing symbolic witnessworkingclasswound tangibleterminaltolerate zeal。
400+托福词汇的中文翻译本
400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL第一课60个词Chapter 1 Nature 20-371 Food CropsTarget Words1. ab and on 放弃2. ad ver sely 相反地con ver selyver转；versatilecon ver tible《converselyuniversityuniverseuniversally3. agg re gate合计把egg 不断re在gate里面合计总数。
你究竟有几个好哥哥4. cul tivation 教化；培养熟词cultiv ate，cul=culture—三流的企业靠技巧二流的企业靠管理一流的企业靠文化5. fer ti lize施肥；使丰饶fertilizer 肥料6. in ten si fy 加剧intensive class7. irri gation8. ob tainNo pain，no gain^9. photo synthesis 光和作用photo；synthetic 合成的10. prec i p i tat i on 降水量2 DisasterTarget Words1. anti cipate预期=part icipate 参加2. cat astrophic [ˌkætə'strɔfik]adj. 灾难的; 悲惨的; 激变的; 惨败的3. co llide 碰撞co-teach；co habit￥4. e rupt ion 爆发rupt 破裂bankruptcorrupt5. fa mine ['fæmin]father 在mine 里很饥饿6. flood 洪水7. im pact 影响=influence=effect have an impact on8. per severe 坚持[pə:sə'viə] persist=insist|男人应该对自己狠一点，坚持到底9. plu n ge [plʌndʒ]和plus 哥，一起跳河10. un leash ['ʌn'li:ʃ;ʌn'li:ʃ] 解开lease 合同约束rent3 Evolution and MigrationTarget Words1. ad a pt 改编；适应a djustad o pt 收养嘴巴吃饭的人[2. di ver se 多种多样的diversi ty=melting pot3. evolve 进化viv 活的vivid4. f eat ure以….为特色；以….为主演；兰州吃的很有特色This week's broadcast features a report on victims of domestic violence.5. gene ration6. in here nt adj/固有的；内在的；与生俱来的in ner peace7. mi grationim migrate （immigration intention）e migrate8. physicalPhysical Educationphysically and mentally9. pro cess；progress10. sur viv e%4 Petr ole um Alter nativesTarget Words1. cons train t 强制train 训练都是强制的2. conta min ationmine污染大3. de plete 耗尽de crease; de scendcomplete,4. dis pose of 处置miss；dismiss5. ele mental 基本的elementary school6. e mission 排放量7. extinctionex tin ct 灭绝的8. reserv oir 水池reserve；well-reserved9. sh rink 收shou缩10. s table*Chapter 2 ScienceTime EfficiencyTarget Words1. adjust 调整一下使其正好2. ar bi tr ary 任意的;武断的Art 艺术在try 的时候都比较任意\恣意3. de nominator 分母de 下面的(numerator 分子)4. ex p one ntially 成倍地5. infini te simal 特小的@6. max imize7. para ll el；para phrase8. pro port ion9. rate；interest rates；exchange rate10. se quence 序列consequenceAncient LifeTarget Words1. ac cura cy；cure；accurate…2. adj a cent 和钱很接近3. com press4. f easi bly 可行的5. gut 勇气，剧情plot6. inte g ral7. over lap重叠laptop8. re tain 保持9. see p漏，渗出；看，有纰漏10. s truct ure；construction|第二课400托福词汇之二ComputersTarget Words1. circ ulate ; circulation流通2. cor rode腐蚀e rode熟词cor rupt3. derive4. detection ; detectivetect=pect=spect=look,spector；repect5. ex ped itiously 敏捷地ex(向外)+ped(足，脚掌，走) pedal 踏板6. im plement 实施compl i ment 表扬compl e ment 补充7. in nov ative；le nov o；legend8. install ation9. main ten ance*10. simu lation 仿真sames t imu lationE ner gyTarget Words1. com bus tion 燃烧2. com ponent 元件3. con vey4. dis crete ly 分别创造（分离地）5. nucleus 原子核…nuclear原子核的6. per meat e7. rotate 旋转rotation（NBA）8. solarlunar9. source10. tri gger 触发Memory&Target Words1. acquisitionacquire2. anomaly 反常abnormal=per ver ted3. consciously=unknowingly subconsciousness4. de grade（inferior）5. gap6. indisputable《dispute 争论7. inter vene8. in tui tively ；tuition直觉地9. re cede10. re tri eveSpiritualityTarget Words1. ag no stic 不可知论的|igno rancenotorious2. animi sm灵气论animation卡通cartoon3. a the ist 只崇拜he自己的人，无神论者4. be inclined to ；be subjected to5. con templ ate6. dei fy敬如神，像见到自己的dad7. ecc lesia stical 拉萨有教会的@8. ex alt 到外面赞扬9. p i ous=religious10. sa cri ficeIllnessTarget Words1. ag grav ate恶化grave2. de crepit 衰退3. dis ease~4. fatally5. fo ren sics 对人的一种科学（辩论学）6. per sist7. pro gnosis 诊断8. term inal；terminate9. vein 静脉veil 面纱pre vail10. w ound；hurt；injury$第三课托福必考400词汇之三SurgeryTarget Words1. a nest hesia 麻醉剂进入Bird Nest 像打了麻醉剂2. aug men t 增大August, 孩子都八个月了,一定很大了3. certifi ably 可证明的4. complicat ion 混乱；并发症；=chaoscomplicated=complex5. cure{6. im plant种植implement7. inject8. obese 远离妹妹的眼球，因为太肥胖了（噢必死, 肥胖必死）9. proce dureprocess10. s carGhostsTarget Words1. astro logical`astro- is used to form words which refer to things relating to the stars or to outer space.2. di vi nation玄学(相信数字占卜未来的国家)3. h aunt4. horror5. intermedi ary 媒介的；中间的6. in vo ke 恳求7. medi t ate 深思mediate 调停在table上深思调停的方法8. phan tom n. 幽灵adj. 幻觉的【Tom 是个幽灵9. psychic 灵魂的10. self-perpetuating；eternal; eternityadj. 能使自身永久存在的An thropologyTarget Words1. as simil ate 同化，吸收2. cre mat ion 火化，火葬3. domestic ate 教化；驯养(4. folklore 民间传说5. fossilize 使成化石6. re lic 废墟；遗物回收re7. rite 仪式right8. ritually 仪式上的9. saga 冒险故事(巴嘎)10. vest ige 遗迹(哥哥的背心)Social Inequality#Target Words1. amend 改善2. bia sed 有偏见的; dis tort3. burden 使负担4. counter 柜台; count on=live off counterpart5. de fact o （法）实际上地6. dis crim inate 歧视7. notion；note8. op press压迫;9. para digm 范例10. pre judice 偏见ExpertiseTarget Words1. cu rri cu lum （see you, see you）2. distinct 明显的; instinct3. e rud ite 博学的学好english 让rude 的人变的博学4. fortify:5. implicitly 含蓄地imply; timid；6. pa rochial 教区father7. rigor 严厉rigid 德国人严厉而睿智8. roster 花名册roast 烧烤9. secu lar 牧师确保人内心安全的人—10. sus pend延迟三思再花钱suspectsuspicionMilitary OperationsTarget Words1. all egiance 忠诚ally 盟友2. art illery）使用大炮是一种艺术3. battle4. cease 停止cancel lease5. hier arch y 等级制度architect6. t ren ch 沟渠又是人又是车7. mo bilize; motivation; self-motivated8. ran k；9. ratio=rate10. strate gic；tactic国家state 层面的，一定是战略性的War and ConquestTarget Words1. an nex 附属物next；=access ory2. apex 顶点&ape猿人很高到了顶点<金刚>3. col lap se ; laptop4. conquestconquer5. de vi se6. invasiveinvade; evade7. pre vail ing8. re sis t9. severely《10. violation 违背400托福必考词汇之四HistoryTarget Words1. chronologicchro nicle；chao；chaos2. coincidecoincidence3. consequence和sese的queen在一起, 结果很严重【4. core5. de ny6. di mini sh 减少7. long itude 经度grat itudegratuityat titudea l titude8. milieu 环境弥留之间依然对环境sensitive|9. recon ciliation 和谐和解, 讲和【记】源于: reconcile(v 使和解), re反复, conciliate(v 安慰)Financial SystemsTarget Words1. al locate使座落于2. commo dity3. de c line 拒绝4. equity 公平}5. in flat ion6. net7. per capita 人均8. regulate9. subsidy10. tangible 有形的River 跳探戈很有形Wealth and Social ClassTarget Words【1. accumulate2. af fluence富裕3. elite4. impoverish 使贫穷poverty5. luxury6. nobility；note7. pre stige=re putation=fame8. pri vilege9. prosper 使繁荣@prosperous10. working classmainstream；middle class；grassroot Personal PropertyTarget Words1. acquire2. ass e ss；poss e ssion3. as set资产settlement4. hazardous$horizon 开阔视野,必有风险enwiden；shorten；strengthen；broaden di ver sity5. jointlyjointly vent ure6. lease=rent；c ease；cozy7. liability 责任reliable8. proprietor 业主priority; real estate; property；9. safeguard10. sole 单独的EmploymentTarget Words1. com pen sate2. dynamic 动态的;有活力的dynasty 朝代必然有变动drama tic3. enterprising 有事业心的~entrepreneurs4. ex ploit 开采；explore；5. in cent ive；annual6. industrious =diligent勤奋的7. margin alize8. merit 优点我总是对的drawback9. pro mo te10. re signre tire！International TradeTarget Words1. dis t ill滴下(病了,打点滴) Tears distilled slowly from her eyes.泪水从她的眼睛里慢慢地滴下来。
托福成功之路400单词详解与练习第12课
托福成功之路400单词详解与练习第12课第12课 SurgeryTarget Words1. anesthesia 6.implant2. augment7.inject3. certifiably8.obese4. complication9.procedure5. cure10.scarDefinitions and Samples1. anesthesia n.Techniques for reducing sensation and feeling, especiallyto control painThe Civil War was the first American war when anesthesia was widely used in surgery on soldiers.Usage tips Anesthesia and anesthetic are often used interchangeably. Parts of speech anesthetic n, adj2. augment v.To make bigger or better by adding toIn some types of popular cosmetic surgery people augment parts oftheir bodies.The college augmented its course offerings because students com-plained that there were too few choices.Parts of speech augmentation nCopyright ? 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.Surgery 573. certifiably adv. In a manner that is officially recognizedHe couldn’t be institutionalized until he was declaredcertifiably insane.Parts of speech certify v, certification n, certificate n, certifiable adj4. complication n.complexThe surgeons could not easily stop the bleeding because of complications related to the patient’s diabetes.complicate v5. cure v. To restore to healthThey say laughter can help cure many illnesses.cure n6. implant v. To set in firmly; to insert in the body surgically The actress had cheek implants to make her face look fuller.implantation n7. inject v. To insert a liquid by means of a syringeThe doctor used a needle to inject the medicine slowly into her arm.injection n8. obese adj. Excessively overweightMore Americans are obese now because U.S. culture encourages overeating and discourages exercise.obesity n9. procedure n. A specific way of performing or doing somethingThe flight attendant explained the emergency evacuation procedure.Parts of speech proceed v, procedural adjParts of speech Parts of speech Parts of speech Parts of speech Parts of speechA factor that makes something more difficult or58Mind and Body10. scar n.A mark on the skin left after a wound has healed;a lasting signof damage, either mental or physicalThe surgery was successful, but it left a large scar across her abdomen.Parts of speech scar vTOEFL Prep I For each word, choose the word or phrase that has the most similar meaning.Write the letter of your choice on the line.1.scar(a) bandage(b) mark(c) shine(d) cover2.augment(a) take away(b) discuss(c) use(d) add to/doc/e26058763.html,plication(a) added difficulty(b) improved performance(c) method of training(d) prediction about results4.obese(a) attractive(b) healthy(c) very overweight(d) high5.cure(a) heal(b) study(c) diagnose(d) tie upTOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.1. The (procedure / scar) to prepare for the surgery took four hours.2. Only seriously (certifiable / obese) people should get their stomachssurgically reduced.3. He almost died during the operation because the doctors did not givehim the right kind of (anesthesia / complication).4. Doctors are now able to (cure / implant) many types of sickness thatwere usually fatal in the past.5. Before (augmenting / injecting) a painkiller, the dentist rubbed cloveson the woman’s gums to numb them.Surgery 59TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you havelearned. Answer the questions that follow.Since 1992, the number of cosmetic surgery procedures has risen 175 percent in the United States.Two of the most popular are liposuction and breast augmentation. In liposuction,the doctor inserts a small tube into theskin that sucks fat from the body. And while it may sound easy, it isn’t. Liposuction is so painful that people are often given anesthesia. What’s more, lip osuction is not really a cure for obesity. Rather, it should be used when diet andexercise do not reduce fat in certain “trouble spots.” Another common cosmetic procedure is breast aug- mentation. In this procedure, an implant is inserted through the armpit, making the breasts appear larger. Breast augmentation usually leaves only a small scar. Some common complications include the effects of anesthesia, infection, swelling, redness, bleeding, and pain. To reduce these risks, consumers are advised to be sure that their surgeon is board -certified.1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this passage? a. Cosmetic surgery is dangerous.b. Many people do not have cosmetic surgery because of the pain.c. Cosmetic surgery is increasing in popularity in the United States.d. Breast reduction is almost as popular as breast augmentation. 2. In the underlined sentence, trouble spots refers to a. places where people are commonly overweight b. methods of exercise that aren’t effectivec. parts of the body where liposuction doesn’t workd. specific areas on the body where fat is hard to minimizeLesson 12 SurgeryTOEFL Prep I 1. b 2. d 3. a 4. c 5. aTOEFL Prep II 1. procedure 2. obese 3. anesthesia 4. cure5. injectingTOEFL Success 1. c 2. dimpor tantly.”even moremeans “in addition;What’s more Bonus Structure —。
托福阅读必备资料之——高频单词题400题
TOEFL词汇题精选001.Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers,activists working for women's right to vote,or authors,and were not representative at all of the great of ordinary women.The word"representative"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)typical(B)satisfied(C)supportive(D)distinctive002.In the United States,Louis Comfort Tiffany(1843-1933)was the most noted exponent of this style,producing a great variety of glass forms and surfaces,which were widely copied in their time and are highly prized today.The word"prized"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)valued(B)universal(C)uncommon(D)preserved003.The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from1895until1915, although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920's.It was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present since the turn of the century.The word"overtaken"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)surpassed(B)inclined(C)expressed(D)applied004.During most of their lives,surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers,traveling perhaps only a couple of inches per day.However,at intervals of10to100years,these glaciers move forward up to100times faster than usual. The word"intervals"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)records(B)speeds(C)distances(D)periods005.The increasing water pressure under the glacier might lift it off its bed,overcoming the friction between ice and rock,thus freeing the glacier,which rapidly sliders downhill.Surge glaciers also might be influenced by the climate, volcanic heat,or earthquakes.The word"freeing"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)pushing(B)releasing(C)strengthening(D)draining006.A flood of ice would then surge into the Southern Sea.With the continued rise in sea level,more ice would plunge into the ocean, causing sea levels to rise even higher,which in turn would release more ice and set in motion a vicious cycle.The word"plunge"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)drop(B)extend(C)melt(D)drift007.Group members look to instrumental leaders to"get things done."Expressive leadership,on the other hand,is leadershipthat emphasizes the collective well-being of aTPO小站专业托福一对一保分指导social group's members.The word"collective"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)necessary(B)typical(C)group(D)particular008.They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline,are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor,and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group.The word"resolve"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)avoid repeating(B)talk about(C)avoid thinking about(D)find a solution for009.Thousands of tons were extracted before 1875,when it was first noticed that the tar contained fossil remains.Major excavations were undertaken that established the significance of this remarkable site.The word"noticed"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)predicted(B)announced(C)corrected(D)observed010.Since then,over100tons of fossils,1.5 million from vertebrates,2.5million from invertebrates,have been recovered,often in densely concentrated tangled masses.The word"tangled"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)buried beneath(B)twisted together(C)quickly formed(D)easily dated011.The asphalt at La Brea seeps to the surface, especially in the summer,and forms shallow puddles that would often have been concealed by leaves and dust.The word"concealed"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)highlighted(B)covered(C)transformed(D)contaminated012.The ocean bottom---a region nearly2.5 times greater than the total land area of the Earth---is a vast frontier that even today is largely unexplored and uncharted,until about a century ago,the deep-ocean floor was completely inaccessible,hidden beneath waters averaging over3,600meters deep.The word"inaccessible"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)unrecognizable(B)unreachable(C)unusable(D)unsafe013.The DSDP's drill ship,the Glomar Challenger,was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean's surface and drill in very deep waters,extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.The word"extracting"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)breaking(B)locating(C)removing(D)analyzing014.Today,largely on the strength of evidence gathered during the Glomar Challenger's voyages,nearly all earth scientists agree on the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift that explain many of the geological processes that shape the Earth.The word"strength"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)basis(B)purposeTPO小站专业托福一对一保分指导(C)discovery(D)endurance015.For every three Canadians in1945,there were over five in1966.In September1966 Canada's population passed the20million mark.Most of this surging growth came from natural increase.The word"surging"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)new(B)extra(C)accelerating(D)surprising016.When the prairies were being settled, undoubtedly,the good economic conditions of the1950's supported a growth in the population,but the expansion also derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an increase in the average size of families.The word"trend"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)tendency(B)aim(C)growth(D)directive017.After the peak year of1957,the birth rate in Canada began to decline.It continued falling until in1966,it stood at the lowest level in25 years.The word"peak"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)pointed(B)dismal(C)mountain(D)maximum018.Although the growth in Canada's population had slowed down by1966(the increase the first half of the1960's was only nine percent),another large population wave was coming over the horizon.It would be composed of the children who were born during the period of the high birth rate prior to1957.The phrase"prior to"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)behind(B)since(C)during(D)preceding019.Advocates of organic foods---a term whose meaning varies greatly---frequently proclaim that such products are safer and more nutritious than others.The word"Advocates"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)Proponents(B)Merchants(C)Inspectors(D)Consumers020.There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones,that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs,that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains,and the like.The word"unsubstantiated"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)unbelievable(B)uncontested(C)unpopular(D)unverified021.But in many cases consumers are misled if they believe organic foods can maintain health and provide better nutritional quality than conventionally grown foods.So there is real cause for concern if consumers, particularly those with limited incomes, distrust the regular food supply and buy only expensive organic foods instead.The word"maintain"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)improve(B)monitorTPO小站专业托福一对一保分指导(C)preserve(D)restore022.In addition,there were performers and since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. The word"considerable"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)thoughtful(B)substantial(C)relational(D)ceremonial023.In addition,there were performers and since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. The word"enactment"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)establishment(B)performance(C)authorization(D)season024.Staggering tasks confronted the people of the United States,North and South,when the Civil War ended.About a million and a half soldiers from both sides had to be demobilized, readjusted to civilian life,and reabsorbed by the devastated economy.The word"Staggering"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)specialized(B)confusing(C)various(D)overwhelming025.About a million and a half soldiers from both sides had to be demobilized,readjusted to civilian life,and reabsorbed by the devastated economy.The word"devastated"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)developing (B)ruined(C)complicated(D)fragile026.Some botanists hypothesized that the living cells of plants acted as pumps.But many experiments demonstrated that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killed can still move water to appreciable heights.The word"demonstrated"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)ignored(B)showed(C)disguised(D)distinguished027.As water is lost from the surface of the leaves,a negative pressure,or tension,is created.The evaporated water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant in unbroken columns that extend from the top of a plant to its roots.The same forces that create surface tension in any sample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns of water.The word"extend"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)stretch(B)branch(C)increase(D)rotate028.By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion,the omnibuses,horse railways,commuter trains,and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant from city centers than they were in the premodern era.The word"vast"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)large(B)basic(C)new(D)urbanTPO小站专业托福一对一保分指导029.The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between1890and1920,for example,some 250,000new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago,most of them located in outlying areas.The word"sparked"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)brought about(B)surrounded(C)sent out(D)followed030.Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting,real estate developers added800,000potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years-lots that could have housed five to six million people.The word"potential"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)certain(B)popular(C)improved(D)possible031.The quality of preservation is outstanding,but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos.The word"outstanding"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)extensive(B)surprising(C)vertical(D)excellent032.Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from6different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzamden,suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time.The word"site"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)example(B)location(C)development(D)characteristic033.The quality of preservation is almost unmatched,and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.The phrase"account for"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)record(B)describe(C)equal(D)explain034.In the seventeenth century the organ,the clavichord,and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group,a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century.The words"a supremacy"in line9are closestin meaning to(A)a suggestion(B)an improvement(C)a dominance(D)a development035.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it,the perfection of a metal frame,and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound,from a liquid,singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.The word"myriad"is closest in meaning toTPO小站专业托福一对一保分指导which of following?(A)noticeable(B)many(C)loud(D)unusual036.Each one was virtually a stone town, which is why the Spanish would later call them pueblos,the Spanish word for towns.These pueblos represent one of the Anasazis' supreme achievements.At least a dozen large stone houses took shape below the bluffs of Chiaco Canyon in northwest New Mexico.The word"supreme"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)most common(B)most outstanding(C)most expensive(D)most convenient037.They functioned as sanctuaries where the elders met to plan festivals,perform ritual dances,settle pueblo affairs,and impart tribal lore to the younger generation.The word"settle"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)sink(B)decide(C)clarify(D)locate038.Then,to connect the pueblos and to give access to the surrounding tableland,the architects laid out a system of public roads with stone staircases for ascending cliff faces.The word"ascending"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)arriving at(B)carving(C)connecting(D)climbing039.Within a very short time,however,the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent,and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.The word"solemn"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)simple(B)serious(C)short(D)silent040.Certain films had music especially composed for them.The most famous of these early special scores was that composed and arranged for D.W.Griffith's film Birth of a Nation,which was released in1915.The word"composed"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)selected(B)combined(C)played(D)createdThe word"scores"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)totals(B)successes(C)musical compositions(D)groups of musicians041.The Earth comprises three principal layers:the dense,iron-rich core,the mantle made of silicate rocks that are semimolten at depth,and the thin,solid-surface crust.The word"comprises"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)adapts to(B)benefits from(C)consists of(D)focuses on042.These plates move over the semimolten lower mantle to produce all of the major topographical features of the Earth.Active zones where intense deformation occurs are confined to the narrow,interconnecting boundaries of contact of the plates.The word"intense"is closest in meaning toTPO小站专业托福一对一保分指导which of following?(A)surface(B)sudden(C)rare(D)extreme043.New oceanic crust is formed along one or more margins of each plate by material issuing from deeper layers of the Earth's crust, for example,by volcanic eruptions of lava at midocean ridges.The word"margins"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)edges(B)peaks(C)interiors(D)distances044.If at such a spreading contact the two plates support continents,a rift is formed that will gradually widen and become flooded by the sea.The Atlantic Ocean formed like this as the American and Afro-European plates move in opposite directions.The word"support"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)separate(B)create(C)reduce(D)hold045.Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity,the number of species in a particular ecosystem,to the health of the Earth and human well-being.The word"appreciation"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)ignorance(B)recognition(C)tolerance(D)forgiveness046.An alien exploring Earth would probably give priority to the planet's dominant,most-distinctive feature-the ocean.Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues.The word"bias"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)concern(B)disadvantage(C)attitude(D)prejudice047.The prevailing winds in the Great Basin are from the west.Warm,moist air from the Pacific Ocean is forced upward as it crosses the Sierra Nevada.The word"prevailing"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)most frequent(B)occasional(C)gentle(D)most dangerous048.There seem to have been several periods within the last tens of thousands of years when water accumulated in these basins.The rise and fall of the lakes were undoubtedly linked to the advances and retreats of the great ice sheets that covered much of the northern part of the North American continent during those times. The word"accumulated"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)dried(B)flooded(C)collected(D)evaporated049.All living creature,especially human beings,have their peculiarities,but everything about the little sea cucumber seems unusual. What else can be said about a bizarre animal that,among other eccentricities,eats mud, feeds almost continuously day and night but can live without eating for long periods,and can be poisonous but is considered supremely edible by gourmets?TPO小站专业托福一对一保分指导The phrase"bizarre"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)odd(B)marine(C)simple(D)rare050.Its major enemies are fish and crabs, when attacked,it squirts all its internal organs into the water.It also casts off attached structures such as tentacles.The sea cucumber will eviscerate and regenerate itself if it is attacked or even touched;it will do the same if the surrounding water temperature is too high or if the water becomes too polluted.The phrase"casts off"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)grows again(B)grabs(C)gets rid of(D)uses as a weapon051.A folk culture is small,isolated,cohesive, conservative,nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race,with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals.The word"homogeneous"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)uniform(B)general(C)primitive(D)traditional052.Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada.Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in Anglo-America is the Amish,a German American farming sect that largely renounces the products and labor saving devices of the industrial age.The phrase"largely renounces"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)generally rejects(B)greatly modifies (C)loudly declares(D)often criticizes053.Secular institutions,of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order,and a money-based economy prevails.Because of these contrasts,"popular"may be viewed as clearly different from"folk".The word"prevails"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)dominates(B)provides(C)develops(D)invests054.Conventional computer models of the atmosphere have limited value in predicting short-lived local storms like the Edmonton tornado,because the available weather data are generally not detailed enough to allow computers to discern the subtle atmospheric changes that precede these storms.The word"subtle"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)complex(B)regular(C)imagined(D)slightmunications satellites can transmit data around the world cheaply and instantaneously,and modern computers can quickly compile and analyzing this large volume of weather information.The word"compile"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)put together(B)look up(C)pile high(D)work over056.Meteorologists and computer scientists now work together to design computer programs and video equipment capable ofTPO小站专业托福一对一保分指导transforming raw weather data into words, symbols,and vivid graphic displays that forecasters can interpret easily and quickly. The word"raw"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)stormy(B)inaccurate(C)uncooked(D)unprocessed057.People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nation's economy would bring social chaos. The word"Prospect"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)regret(B)possibility(C)theory(D)circumstance058.Although the birth rate continued to decline from its high level of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century,the population roughly doubled every generation during the rest of the nineteenth centuries.As the population grew,its makeup also changed. The word"roughly"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)harshly(B)surprisingly(C)slowly(D)approximately059.Rapid industrialization and increased geographic mobility in the nineteenth century had special implications for women because these changes tended to magnify social distinctions.As the roles men and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did the roles they played in the home.The word"magnify"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)solve(B)explain (C)analyze(D)increaseThe word"distinctions"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)differences(B)classes(C)accomplishments(D)characteristics060.In science,a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related.A theory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced.The word"related"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)connected(B)described(C)completed(D)identified061.If observations confirm the scientists' predictions,the theory is supported.The word"supported"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)finished(B)adjusted(C)investigated(D)upheld062.The ice trade grew with the growth of cities.Ice was used in hotels,taverns,and hospitals,and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat,fresh fish,and butter. The phrase"forward-looking"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)progressive(B)popular(C)thrifty(D)well-established063.Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose.In the early nineteenth century,the knowledge of theTPO小站专业托福一对一保分指导physics of heat,which was essential to a science of refrigeration,was rudimentary.The word"rudimentary"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)growing(B)undeveloped(C)necessary(D)uninteresting064.Aside from perpetuating itself,the sole purpose of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters is to"foster,assist and sustain an interest"in literature,music, and art.The word"sole"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)only(B)honorable(C)common(D)official065.One award subsidizes a promising American writer's visit to Rome.There is even an award for a very good work of fiction that failed commercially-once won by the young John Updike for The Poorhouse Fair and,more recently,by Alice Walker for In Love and Trouble.The word"subsidizes"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)assures(B)finances(C)schedules(D)publishesmittee membership rotates every year,so that new voices and opinions are constantly heard.The word"rotates"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)alternates(B)participates(C)decides(D)meets 067.One important line of evidence comes from flaking patterns of stone cores used in tool making:implements flaked with a clockwise motion(indicating a right-handed toolmaker)can be distinguished from hose flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation (indicating a left-handed toolmaker).The word"implements"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)tools(B)designs(C)examples(D)pieces068.Even scratches found on fossil human teeth offer clues.Ancient humans are thought to have cut meat into strips by holding it between their teeth and slicing it with stone knives,as do the present-day Inuit.The word"clues"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)solutions(B)details(C)damage(D)information069.The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities.Such studies,as well as studies of tool use,indicate that right-or left-sided dominance is not exclusive to modern Homo sapiens.The word"hemispheres"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)differences(B)sides(C)activities(D)studies070.Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists.The phrase"subject to"is closest in meaning toTPO小站专业托福一对一保分指导which of following?(A)susceptible to(B)classified by(C)attractive to(D)strengthened by071.The external surfaces of plants,in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle,often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes,which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae.The word"puncture"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)pierce(B)pinch(C)surround(D)cover072.Orchids are unique in having the most highly developed of all blossoms,in which the usual male and female reproductive organs are fused in a single structure called the column. The word"fused"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)combined(B)hidden(C)fertilized(D)produced073.To lure their pollinators from afar, orchids use appropriately intriguing shapes, colors,and scents.At least50different aromatic compounds have been analyzed in the orchid family,each blended to attract one,or at most a few,species of insects or birds.The word"lure"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)attract(B)recognize(C)follow(D)help074.Once the right insect has been attracted, some orchids present all sorts of one-way obstacle courses to make sure it does not leave until pollen has been accurately placed or removed.The word"placed"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)estimated(B)measured(C)deposited(D)identified075.By such ingenious adaptations to specific pollinators,orchids have avoided the hazards of rampant crossbreeding in the wild,assuring the survival of species as discrete identities. At the same time they have made themselves irresistible to collectors.The word"discrete"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)complicated(B)separate(C)inoffensive(D)functional076.The public school system suddenly found itself overtaxed.While the number of schoolchildren rose because of wartime and postwar conditions,these same conditions made the schools even less prepared to cope with the flood.The word"overtaxed"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)well prepared(B)plentifully supplied(C)heavily burdened(D)charged too much077.Therefore,in the1950's and1960's,the baby boom hit an antiquated and inadequate school system.Consequently,the"custodial rhetoric"of the1930's and early1940's no longer made sense;that is,keeping youths aged sixteen and older out of the labor market by keeping them in school could no longer be a high priority for an institution unable to find space and staff to teach younger children agedTPO小站专业托福一对一保分指导。
托福成功之路400单词详解与练习第26课
托福成功之路400单词详解与练习第26课第26课 A Reasonable DoubtTarget Words1. accuse 6.offense2. allegedly7.peer3. civil8.suspect4. convict9.verdict5. guilty10.witnessDefinitions and Samples1. accuse v.To say that someone did something wrong (e.g., committed acrime)Jordan was accused of using a stolen credit card to buy about $300worth of electronic equipment.Usage tips Accuse is often used in the passive voice.Parts of speech accusation n, accuser n2. allegedly adv.According to what people sayThe chief financial officer of the company allegedly took companymoney for his personal use.Parts of speech allege v, allegation n3. civil adj.Involving a dispute between two citizens, not a criminal chargeIn a civil suit against his neighbor, Barney claimed that the neigh-bor’s dog had bitten him.Copyright ? 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.A Reasonable Doubt129 Usage tips In a court context,civil almost always appears in one ofthe following phrases: civil suit, civil action, civil court, civil proceedings, and civil penalties.4. convict v.To decide that someone is guilty of a crimeDean was convicted of assault after the jury saw a video of himstriking another man.Usage tips Convict is often used in the passive voice.Parts of speech convict n, conviction n5. guilty adj.Responsible for doing something badThe jury found that the director was guilty of embezzlement.Usage tips Guilty is often followed by an of phrase that names acrime or bad deed.Parts of speech guilt n, guiltily adv6. offense n. A specific act that breaks the lawConvicted twice of reckless driving,Victor will lose his license if hecommits another serious traffic offense.Parts of speech offender n, offensive adj7. peer n. A person who is one’s social equalIn requiring judgment by “a jury of one’s peers,” U.S. law meant to protect lower-class defendants from the possibly biased judgment of upper-class juries.8. suspect n.Someone who, in the opinion of the police, might have com-mitted a certain crimeThe police were investigating the activities of five suspects in theliquor-store robbery.Parts of speech suspect v, suspicion n, suspiciousadj, suspiciously adv130Government and Justice9. verdict n. A judgment in a court caseIt took the jury only 30 minutes to reach a verdict of “guilty.”Usage tips Verdict is often the object of the verbs reach orarrive at.10. witness v.To see something, especially a crime, happenAfter witnessing the car theft, Rodney called the police.witness nParts of speechTOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in mean-ing to each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank.1. accuse(a)to determine that someone isguilty2. convict(b)responsible for a crime3. civil(c) a social equal4. guilty(d)being related to a personaldispute, not a crime5. peer(e) to say someone did a badthingTOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.1. The most likely (suspect / witness) in the murder was the victim’sbrother, but no one actually saw the crime.2. The new president (allegedly / guiltily) had his main opponents killed,but he denies it.3. At one time in the United States, possession of marijuana was a minor(verdict / offense).4. The (witness / peer) made a poor impression on the jury because hecouldn’t remember many details about the crime scene.5. Juries are instructed to arrive at a unanimous (verdict / convict), oneagreeable to all members of the jury.A Reasonable Doubt 131TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you havelearned. Answer the questions that follow.One of the most controversial murder cases of the twentieth century was that involving the death of Marilyn Sheppard in 1954. Her husband, Dr. Sam Sheppard, was accused of killing her and then injuring himself. An unlikely suspect, Sheppard was highly respected by his peers in the medical world. Still, there were odd aspects to the murder that Sheppard could not explain away. Unfortunately for Sheppard, none of his supporters actually witnessed the crime, so nobody could back up Sheppard’s claim that the real killer was a bushy -haired man whom Sheppard had chased across his lawn and fought with briefly.Sheppard was eventually convicted of the offense, but many people doubt ed the verdict. With aggressive help from a lawyer named F. Lee Bailey, Sheppard got a new trial. Bailey suggested many alternatives to Sheppard’s guilt, enough that the new jury could not say he was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Sheppard was released from prison but diedsoon afterward. His son, Chip, pursued thecase through several civil and criminal proceedings in an attempt to find out the truth about his mother’s murder. Late in the 1990s, new DNA analysis techniques proved that someone other than Sam Sheppard and his family had been in the house that night. Sheppard’s story about the bushy-haired man had probably been accurate all along.1. Why was the Sheppard case unusual?a. A husband was accused of murdering his wife.b. The murder occurred in 1954.c. Doubt about the guilty verdict led to a second trial.d. The accused murderer said he didn’t do it.2. The author of this article implies that Sam Sheppard __________ a. did not kill his wifeb. lied about the bushy-haired manc. did not love his wifed. married again after he got out of prison Bonus Structure — The clause con-taining but and doubt signals that arguments against the verdict will be given.132Government and JusticeLesson 26 A Reasonable DoubtTOEFL Prep I1. e 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. cTOEFL Prep II 1. suspect 2. allegedly 3. offense 4. witness5. verdictTOEFL Success 1. c 2. a。
托福成功之路400单词详解与练习第34课
第34课 PassionTarget Words1. complex 6.loyal2. despondent7.passion3. devotion8.proliferation4. dilemma9.reciprocity5. engender10.vanishDefinitions and Samples1. complex adj.Not simple; involving many parts that work togetherA modern car engine is too complex for most car owners to repair bythemselves.Parts of speech complexity n2. despondent adj.Extremely sad and without hope for the futureAfter his girlfriend left him, Johnson was despondent and wouldn’t talk to anyone.3. devotion n. A willingness to keep supporting someone you admireGrant showed great devotion to his wife, supporting her during herlong illness.Usage tips Devotion is often followed by a to phrase.Parts of speech devote v, devotee nCopyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.Passion1674. dilemma n. A difficult choice between two thingsI was caught in a dilemma between traveling by airplane and taking atrain, which is slower but more comfortable.5. engender v.To bring into being; to cause to existThe government’s warnings about terrorism engendered fearthroughout the nation.Usage tips Engender is often followed by a noun for an emotion.6. loyal adj.FaithfulCarter was loyal to his girlfriend and would not date anyone else. Usage tips Loyal is often followed by a to phrase.Parts of speech loyalty n, loyally adv7. passion n.An extremely strong emotion, like love or angerDebbie complained that there was no passion in her marriage.Parts of speech passionate adj, passionately adv8. proliferation n.An increase in the number of something and in thenumber of places it can be foundThe proliferation of fast-food restaurants has made it harder forAmericans to eat healthy lunches.Usage tips Proliferation is very often followed by an of phrase. Parts of speech proliferate v9. reciprocity n.Doing as much for another as he or she has done for youDan was giving a lot of attention to Kelly, but he felt no reciprocity in their relationship.Parts of speech reciprocate v, reciprocal adj10. vanish v.To disappear suddenlyWhen the sun came out, last night’s light snowfall vanished.168RelationshipsTOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the let-ter in the blank.1. complex(a)an easy choice2. dilemma(b)simple3. loyal(c)a decrease4. proliferation(d)appear5. vanish(e)unfaithfulTOEFL Prep II Choose the word from the list that is closest in meaning to the underlined part of each sentence. Write it in the blank.despondent devotion to engender passion reciprocity1. In a good relationship, there is a lot of give and take.2. Mr. Foster’s strong love for teaching makes him suc-cessful.3. Rhonda was extremely sad after the death of her cat.4. Sometimes, a small characteristic, like a nice smile, cancause love.5. My continuing support for the candidate is based on myadmiration for her.TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the new vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow.Perhaps no emotion is more complex than passion.Passion can show itself in a negative way as a burst of anger, or in a more pleasant way, as love. Passion can engender blind devotion for a lover or plunge a person into despondent misery if he or she feels a lack of reciprocity in the relationship. Passion and love cause innumerable dilemmas,and people constantly seek out ways to understand these emotions, as evidenced byPassion169the proliferation of articles, books, talk shows, and Web pages devoted to relationships. Many of these forums have loyal followings and have become cultural fixtures. The endless flow of information and opinions about the complex situations aroused by passion will probably not vanish anytime soon.1. According to this article, which statement about passion is true?a. It can have good or bad effects.b. It can be easily explained.c. It helps people decide what to do.d. It is irrational.2. According to the reading, why are there so many books and otherworks about passion?a. because people want a lot of advice about loveb. because many people want to write about their own passionc. because reading about passion is relaxingd. because passion can also show itself as a burst of angerLesson 34 PassionTOEFL Prep I1. b 2. a 3. e 4. c 5. dTOEFL Prep II 1. reciprocity 2. passion 3. despondent4. engender5. devotion toTOEFL Success 1. a 2. a。
托福成功之路400单词详解与练习第7课
托福成功之路400单词详解与练习第7课第七课 ComputersTarget Words1. circulate 6.implement2. corrode7.innovative3. derive8.installation4. detection9.maintenance5. expeditiously10.simulationDefinitions and Samples1. circulate v.To move throughout an area or group; to move along asomewhat circular routeThe gossip circulated quickly through the small town.Blood circulates more quickly during physical exercise.Usage tips Circulate is often followed by through.Parts of speech circulation n2. corrode v.To be slowly weakened by chemical reactionsSitting in salt water, the old coins corroded and became very easy to break.Usage tips A familiar kind of corrosion produces rust, the reddish coating on iron or steel that has been exposed to air and water.Parts of speech corrosion nCopyright ? 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.Computers333. derive v.To come from, usually through a long, slow processThe Cyrillic alphabet was derived from the Greek alphabet.Usage tips Derive is often followed by from.Parts of speech derivation n, derivative adj4. detection n.Discovering something that cannot easily be found Withnew medical technology, the detection of cancer is much easiernowadays.Usage tips Detection is often followed by an of phrase.Parts of speech detect v, detectable adj5. expeditiously adv.Quickly and efficientlyUsing carrier pigeons, the military commanders exchanged mes-sages expeditiously.Parts of speech expedite v, expedition n, expeditious adj6. implement v.To make use of; to carry outNot until after the new software was installed could we implementthe new filing system.Parts of speech implement n, implementation n7. innovative adj.Ahead of the times; novelThe innovative use of props and lighting drew many favorablecomments.Parts of speech innovation n8. installation n.Setting something into position for useInstallation of the new software takes only four minutes.Parts of speechinstall v9. maintenance n.The act of keeping something in good condition Theonly problem with living in such a big house is that it requires a lot ofmaintenance.Parts of speech maintain v34Science10. simulation n.An imitation or representationTo test car safety, automobile makers study crash simulations.Parts of speech simulate v, simulator nTOEFL Prep I Circle the most likely meaning of the word part that is shared within each set of words.1. circulate, circumnavigate, circuitThe root circ / circum probably meansa. aroundb. brokenc. faird. straight2. innovative, novel, renovateThe root nov probably meansa. clearb. oldc. newd. sweet3. installation, implement, imprisonThe prefix in-/im- probably meansa. asideb. behindc. ind. outTOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.1. Please make sure this information (circulates / derives) throughout theoffice quickly.2. The (installation / simulation) of the new telephones took three days.3. In order to stay on schedule, we need to complete this project as(expeditiously / innovatively) as possible.Computers354. The smuggler moved cautiously through the airport to avoid (detection/ maintenance).5. Years of neglect had caused the building’s water pipes to (corrode /implement).TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow.As dependence on computers increases, so does the need for technical support. From installation of software to detection of viruses, computers require constant vigilance. Most larger companies find it most expeditious to maintain in-house computer staff. Many smaller companies, however, can’t fund their own full-time, in-house technical help. Instead, many of them assign the task of computer maintenance to a current employee who may not have any formal training. Rather, these “computer buffs” have derived their skills through practice and self-training. These self-appointed tech specialists, however, often cannot solve bigger problems. What’s more, they may see their office relations corrode when they are swamped with basic user quest ions that they simply don’t have time to address. Forthese reasons, many small companies choose to employ a freelance technical assistant who circulates among clients on an as-needed basis. With their professional training, these consultants may propose innovative solutions to users’ unique needs, which could vary from tracking inventory to simulating mechanized processes. They can implement new programs, train personnel, and escape the workplace before being asked,“How can I cut this file and paste it somewhere else?”1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this passage?a. Larger companies are better off using freelance technical consultants.b. Computer maintenance and troubleshooting cuts into employeeproductivity.c. Self-trained technical support personnel are often as effective astrained professionals.d. Smaller companies may benefit from hiring occasional technicalsupport.36Science2. The article implies that the question How do I cut and paste a file? isa. too basic to require professional attentionb. a good question to give to in-house tech supportc. appropriate for a freelancer to addressd. a good topic for a training programLesson 7 ComputersTOEFL Prep I1. a 2. c 3. cTOEFL Prep II 1. circulate 2. installation 3. expeditiously4. detection5. corrodeTOEFL Success 1. d 2. a。
托福成功之路400单词详解与练习第15课
第15课 Social InequalityTarget Words1.amend 6.discriminate2.biased7.notion3. burden8.oppress4. counter9.paradigm5. de facto10.prejudicedDefinitions and Samples1. amend v.To change for the betterThe residents voted to amend their neighborhood policy on fences.amendment n2. biased adj.Leaning unfairly in one directionHer newspaper article was criticized for being heavily biasedtoward the mayor’s proposal.bias n3. burden n.Something that is carried; a source of stress or worryThe donkey walked slowly under the burden of its heavy load.The failing company faced the burden of bad debts and a poorreputation.Parts of speech burden vCopyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.Social Inequality734. counter v.To act in opposition to; to offer in responseThe hockey player countered the punch with a smashing blow from his hockey stick.Jane countered every accusation with a specific example of herachievements.Parts of speech counter n, counter adj5. de facto adj.Truly doing a job, even if not officiallyPopular support established the Citizens Party as the de factogovernment.Parts of speech de facto adv6. discriminate To choose carefully among optionsThe governor wisely discriminated between urgent issues and thosethat could wait.Parts of speech discriminatory adj, discriminate adj7. notion n. A belief; a fanciful impulseThe notion that older office equipment is unreliable is inaccurate.One morning, she suddenly took the notion to paint her kitchen red. Usage tips Notion can be followed by a that clause or a to phrase.8. oppress v.To keep down by force; to weigh heavily onFactory management oppressed workers through intimidation.Parts of speech oppression n9. paradigm n. A pattern or model; a set of assumptionsThe usual paradigm for economic growth in developed countriesdoes not apply to some poor nations.Usage tipsParadigm is often followed by for.74Society10. prejudiced adj.Causing to judge prematurely and unfairlyMany consumers are prejudiced against commercial goods made inthird-world countries.Parts of speech prejudice v, prejudice nTOEFL Prep I Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with the best word from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary. Use each word only once.biased counter de facto notion paradigm1. During the trial, the defense lawyer __________ each claim with anopposite charge.2. The basketball coach was naturally __________ toward the tallerplayers.3. After we saw the fancy car that the Jacobses bought, we gave up the__________ that they could not afford the basic things in life.4. The battle was successful, as judged by the prevailing __________ ofthat era.5. Even though Jovie was a cleaner, not a nanny, she was the baby’s__________ caregiver because his parents worked so many hours. TOEFL Prep II Find the word or phrase that is closest in mean-ing to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank.1. amend(a)relieve2. burden(b)allow to operate freely3. oppress(c)leave as is4. indiscriminately(d)unbiased5. prejudiced(e)by making careful choicesSocial Inequality 75TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow.Nelson Mandela devoted his life to fighting prejudice in South Africa. Mandela traveled his state, organizing a fight against discriminatory laws and racial bias. He encouraged civil disobedience as a tool against the oppression of Blacks. As deputy president of the African National Congress, Mandela encouraged his fellow citizens to challenge the prevailing paradigm of power. Mandela believed that prejudice burdened not only the oppressed, but also the oppressors. The government countered Mandela’s activities with a criminal conviction. Still, Mandela’s de facto leadership gained him respect and authority among his fellow citizens. Mandela’s courage and popularity worried the ruling class, who did not want to share power. What’s more, they refused to amend the state’s laws. So when Mandela returned from an overseas trip to gain support for his cause in 1962, he was arrested, jailed, and sentenced to life in prison for various crimes. This only fueled Mandela’s notions about inequality and justice. He took his demands to jail, where hedemanded the same dress and safety gear for Black prisoners as for White prisoners. After 28 years in prison, Mandela was released, returning immediately to public life. In 1994, he was elected the president of South Africa.1. Which of the following best expresses the essential information of this passage?a. Nelson Mandela used illegal means to achieve his ends.b. Nelson Mandela fought prejudice in South Africa.c. Nelson Mandela inspired Blacks around the world.d. Nelson Mandela was driven primarily by his religious beliefs.2. In the passage, the word amend is closest in meaning toa. ignoreb. write downc. changed. discussBonus Structure — The ruling class means those whoheld power mostly because of the families they wereborn into.76SocietyLesson 15 Social InequalityTOEFL Prep I1. countered 2. biased 3. notion 4. paradigm5. de factoTOEFL Prep II 1. c 2. a 3. b 4. e 5. dTOEFL Success 1. b 2. c。
托福成功之路400单词详解与练习第31课
第31课 The War on DrugsTarget Words1. addictive 6.misconception2. cartel7.modify3. concentrated8.potent4. interdict9.residual5. juxtapose10.subtlyDefinitions and Samples1. addictive adj.Making someone want it so much that the person feels illwithout itSome drugs, like heroin or methamphetamines, are addictive to al-most everyone who tries them.Parts of speech addict v, addict n, addiction n2. cartel n. A small group controlling a certain area of businessThe world’s major oil producers formed a cartel to control the priceand supply of petroleum.3. concentrated adj.Strong because large amounts are in a certain spaceConcentrated lemon juice is very sour, so I mix it with water when Imake lemonade.Parts of speech concentrate v, concentration n, concentrate nCopyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.152Government and Justice4. interdict v.To keep something from reaching a certain placeWith faster patrol boats, the Coast Guard can more easily interdictdrugs being smuggled by sea.Parts of speech interdiction n5. juxtapose v.Place next to one anotherIf you juxtapose these two similar flowers, you can see clear differ-ences between them.Parts of speech juxtaposition n6. misconception n. A mistaken beliefA common misconception about rabbits is that they are a kind ofrodent.7. modify v.Make small changes in order to get a certain resultPeople who live in high mountains often modify their car engines to run well in the thinner air.Parts of speech modification n, modifier n8. potent adj.PowerfulA very potent type of marijuana with surprisingly strong effects be-came available in Burrytown.Parts of speech potency n9. residual adj.Left behind after most of a thing has goneIn the airplane, agents found residual traces of heroin.Usage tips Residual is often followed by trace, amount,orsome other word referring to “quantity.”Parts of speech residue n10. subtly adv.In a quiet, hard-to-notice wayBy subtly changing the soft drink’s formula, we improved its tasteand made production cheaper.Parts of speech subtlety n, subtle adjThe War on Drugs 153TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning toeach word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank.1. cartel (a) stop2. interdict (b) remaining3. juxtaposed (c) next to4. residual (d) without drawing attention5. subtle (e) a kind of groupTOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.1. With a (subtle / residual) nod of his head, the inspector signaled his agents.2. Sunlight is a (concentrated / potent) source of energy for electricity generation, but it can be expensive to collect and store.3. Things other than drugs can be (addictive / subtle), such as gambling or even television.4. A security official tries to (modify / interdict) foreign terrorists before they can enter the country.5. Your advertisement created the (misconception / cartel) that every-thing was on sale for 50 percent off.TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you havelearned. Answer the questions that follow.Illegal addictive drugs, like heroin or cocaine, come from plants grown and harvested mostly by poor farmers.Their small farmhouses juxtaposed with the mansions of billionaire drug lords illustrate the unequal payoutsto various players in the drug trade.The farmers sell their product cheaply to a drug-distribution cartel that is ownedby the drug lords. People working for the cartel then refine the drugs into a concentrated form, or even modify them chemically to make them more potent and therefore more valuable. Other cartel members then transport the drugs todistributors for sale, smuggling them over huge distances, includinginternational borders. Governments try to interdict smugglers, using bothBonus Structure —Because this readingdescribes a system of operations, the word then appears very often.154Government and Justicenew technology and old (like sniffer dogs) to find residual traces of drugs.Their occasional successes have led to a popular misconception that antidrug campaigns are close to stopping the flow of illegal drugs. On the contrary, as long as drug lords can make vast fortunes in their illegal trade, smugglers will come up with ever-more-subtle ways of concealing their goods, and the War on Drugs goes on.1. Who makes the most money from the drug trade?a. rural farmersb. people who refine drugsc. drug lordsd. antidrug officers2. Schematic table:Write the letter of each phrase in either column A orcolumn B, based on which one it relates to according to the reading.a. subtle ways of hiding drugsb. sniffer dogsc. high-tech detectiond. concentrate drugs to make them potente. pay farmers to grow plants that yield drugsLesson 31 The War on DrugsTOEFL Prep I1. e 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. dTOEFL Prep II 1. subtle 2. potent 3. addictive 4. interdict5. misconceptionTOEFL Success 1. c 2. Column A: a, d, e Column B: b, c。
托福成功之路400单词详解与练习第0220课
第22课个人财产Personal PropertyTarget Words1. acquire 6.lease2. assess7.liability3. asset8.proprietor4. hazardous9.safeguard5. jointly10.soleDefinitions and Samples1. acquire v.To get something, usually something with special value ormeaningBart hoped to acquire the 1898 D Indian Head penny, which wouldmake his collection complete.Unlike get, acquire implies that a possession has special value or meaning.Parts of speech acquisition n, acquisitive adj2. assess v.To estimate the value of somethingThe Barnes building was assessed at $1.3 million, but it can proba-bly sell for much more than that.Parts of speech assessor n, assessment n3. asset n. A possession that has positive valueUsage tips Some examples of assets are real estate, cash, and stock shares.Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.1078. proprietor n. Owner, usually of a business or a building The proprietor of Hekman’s Windows is Nels Hekman, grandson of the people who established the factory.Usage tips Very often, proprietor is followed by an of phrase. Parts of speech proprietary adj9. safeguard v. To protectA burglar-alarm system safeguards our house when we go away on vacation.Usage tips Safeguard implies continuous protection over a long time.6. lease v. To rent something for a long time (several months or years) Some drivers prefer to lease a car rather than buy one.Parts of speech lease n, lessor n, lessee n7. liability n. Legal responsibility for harming a person or property; a dis-advantageBefore you go river rafting, you sign a document releasing the trip leaders from liability in case of injury.Henderson is just a liability to our work team, because he never fin-ishes anything on time.Usage tips In its second meaning, liability is often followed by a tophrase.Parts of speech liable adjParts of speechjoin v, joint nPersonal Property4. hazardous adj. DangerousParents have to be careful not to buy children’s clothes and toys made of hazardous materials.Parts of speech hazard n, hazardously adv5. jointly adv. Together with one or more other partiesIn most states, a husband and wife are assumed to own all their possessions jointly.108Money10. sole adj.OnlyMany people have wanted to invest in Harry’s publishing business, but he remains the sole owner.Usage tips Sole almost always appears before the noun it modifies. It does not come after a linking verb like be.Parts of speech solely advTOEFL Prep I Find the word that is closest in meaning to each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank.1. assess(a)dangerous2. hazardous(b)evaluate3. jointly(c)protect4. liability(d)responsibility5. safeguard(e)togetherTOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.1. The building company is trying to (safeguard / acquire) the wholeneighborhood so it can put up a mall.2. To the average farm family, every child was (an asset / a liability), onemore set of hands to gather eggs or plant beans.3. Gary’s Cookie Shop has to move because the owner of the buildingwon’t renew the (lease / asset).4. The (hazardous / sole) adult influence on Sarah as she grew up was hergrandmother.5. Some people are born with the disease, but others (acquire / assess) itlater in life.TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow.It is not easy to make a living as the proprietor of apartment buildings.There is a huge initial expense, not only to acquire the properties but to assess the buildings and to remove any hazardous materials like lead-Personal Property 109based paint. A landlord also has to buy the best liability insurance available just to safeguard the investment. Otherwise, one tragic accident could wipe out the value of the entire asset. Because of this expense, it’s rare to find a sole individual owning such a property. The risk is more often taken on jointly by a group of investors who then split the profits from the leases.1. What is the main idea of this reading? a. Being a landlord is enjoyable.b. It costs a lot of money to be a landlord.c. Friendships can be destroyed by owning property jointly.d. Income from leases is greater than a landlord’s expenses.2. Which of the following is not an expense mentioned in the reading?a. property taxesb. insurancec. making the property safed. buying the building you hope to rentLesson 22 Personal PropertyTOEFL Prep I 1. b 2. a 3. e 4. d 5. cTOEFL Prep II 1. acquire 2. asset 3. lease 4. sole 5. acquireTOEFL Success 1. b 2. acommon.”opposite of “it’s It’s rare is theBonus Structure —。
托福考试400道单词题81-60
400道单词题81-160081. These writers, who can genuinely be saidto have created a genre, the "railroad novel," are now mostly forgotten, their names having faded from memory.The words "faded from" in line 21 are closest in meaning to(A)grew in(B)disappeared from(C)remained in(D)developed from082. The engine that became standard on western steamboats was of a different and novel design. It was the work primarily of an unsung hero of American industrial progress, Oliver Evans (1755-1819) .The word "novel" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)fictional(B)intricate(C)innovative(D)powerful083. The self-educated son of a Delaware farmer, Evans early became obsessed by the possibilities of mechanized production and steam power. As early as 1802 he was using a stationary steam engine of high-pressure design in his mill. Engines of this type were not unknown, but before Evans they were generally considered impractical and dangerous.The word "stationary" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)single(B)fixed(C)locomotive(D)modified084. In shallow western rivers the weight of vessel and engine was important; a heavy engine added to the problem of navigation.The word "vessel" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)fuel(B)crew(C)cargo(D) craft085. The key concepts emerged about 1957. Townes and Arthur Schawlow, then at Bell Telephone Laboratories, wrote a long paper outlining the conditions needed to amplify stimulated emission of visible light waves.The word "emerged" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)increased(B)concluded(C)succeeded(D)appearedThe word "outlining" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)assigning(B)studying(C)checking(D)summarizing086. On this perfect surface, the artist would sketch a composition with chalk, refine it with inks, and then begin the deliberate process of applying thin layers of egg tempera paint (egg yolk in which pigments are suspended) with small brushes.The word "deliberate" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)decisive(B)careful(C)natural(D)unusual087. The quick-drying tempera demanded that the artist know exactly where each stroke be placed before the brush met the panel, and it required the use of fine brushes.The word "demanded" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)ordered(B)reported(C)required(D)questioned088. The painter or master who is creditedwith having created the painting may have designed the work and overseen its production, but it is highly unlikely that the artist's hand applied every stroke of the brush. More likely, numerous assistants, who had been trained to imitate the artist's style, applied the paint.The word "imitate" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)copy(B)illustrate(C)promote(D)believe in089. On the other hand, when it comes to substantive-particularly behavioral-information, crows are less well known than many comparably common species and, for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones: the endangered California condor, to cite one obvious example. There are practical reasons for this.The word "comparably" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)interestingly(B)similarly(C)otherwise(D)sometimes090. Being so educable, individual birds have markedly different interests and inclinations, strategies and scams.The word "inclination" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)tricks(B)opportunities(C)preferences(D)experiences091. The confusion and congestion of individual citizens looking for their letters was itself enough to discourage use of the mail. It is no wonder that, during the years of these cumbersome arrangements, private letter-carrying and express businesses developed.The word "cumbersome" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)burdensome(B)handsome(C)loathsome(D)quarrelsome092. But this delivery service was at first confined to cities, and free home delivery became a mark of urbanism. As late as 1887, a town had to have 10,000 people to be eligible for free home delivery.The word "Confined" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)granted(B)scheduled(C)limited(D)recommended093. They were, by training, social scientists, not historians, and their work tended to reflect this bias. The questions they framed and the techniques they used were designed to help them understand, as scientists, how people behaved.The word "framed" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)read(B)avoided(C)posed094. In Kingston, New York, for example, evidence has been uncovered that indicates that English goods were being smuggled into that city at a time when the Dutch supposedly controlled trading in the area.The word "supposedly" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)ruthlessly(B)tightly(C)barely(D)seemingly095. And in Sacramento an excavation at the site of a fashionable nineteenth-century hotelrevealed that garbage had been stashed in the building's basement despitesanitation laws to the contrary.The word "sanitation" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)city(B)housing(C)health(D)trade096. When Jules Verne wrote Journey to the Center of the Earth in 1864, there were many conflicting theories about the nature of the Earth's interior. Some geologists thought that it contained a highly compressed ball of incandescent gas, while others suspected that it consisted of separate shells, each made of a different material.The word "conflicting" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)controlling(B)outdated(C)opposing(D)important097. Beyond a depth of around 2,900 kilometers, a great change takes place and the mantle givesto the core.< Some seismic waves cannot pass through the core and others are bent by it. From this and other evidence, geologists conclude that the outer core is probably liquid, with a solid center. It is almost certainly made of iron, mixed with smaller amount of other elements such as nickel.The phrase "gives way to" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)runs along(B)rubs against(C)turns into(D)floats on098. Although scientists can speculate about its nature, neither humans nor machines will ever be able to visit it.The word "speculate" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)report(B)learn(C)worry(D)hypothesize99. Farmers could get better prices for their crops if the alternative existed of sending them directly eastward to market, and merchants could sell larger quantities of their manufactured goods if these could be transported more directly and more economically to the west.The word "alternative" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) option(B) transition(C) intention(D) authorization100. The distance was more than 350 miles, and there were ridges to cross and a wilderness of woods and swamps to penetrate.The word "penetrate" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) cut down(B) go through(C) fill up(D) take over101.The range of the New York canal system was still further extended when the states of Ohio and Indiana, inspired by the success of the Erie Canal, provided water connections between Lake Erie and the Ohio River.The word "extended" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) increased(B) constructed(C) deepened(D) measured102. The answer lay in a resource that unknowing Americans had trampled underfoot in their haste to cross the "Great AmericanDesert" to reach lands that sometimes proved barren. In the eastern parts of the United States, the preferred grass for forage was a cultivated plant.The word "barren" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)lonely(B)dangerous(C)uncomfortable(D)infertile103. In the eastern parts of the United States, the preferred grass for forage was a cultivated plant. It grew well with enough rain, then when cut and stored it would cure and become nourishing hay for winter feed.The word "preferred" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) ordinary(B) available(C) required(D) favored104. They were not juicy like the cultivated eastern grasses, but had short, hard stems.The word "hard" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) firm(B) severe(C) difficult(D) bitter105. Nevertheless, most domestic architecture of the first three-quarters of the eighteenth century displays a wide divergence of taste and freedom of application of the rules laid down in these books.The word "divergence" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) description(B) development(C) difference(D) display106. New England still favored wood, though brick houses became common in Boston and other towns, where the danger of fire gave an impetus to the use of more durable material. A few houses in New England were built of stone, but only in Pennsylvania and adjacent areas was stone widely used in dwellings.The word "durable" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)attractive(B)expensive(C)refined(D)long-lastingThe word "dwelling" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)houses(B)towns(C)outbuildings(D)rural areas107. Doorways were larger and more decorative. Fireplaces became decorative features of rooms. Walls were made of plaster or wood, sometimes elaborately paneled.The word "elaborately" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) done in great detail(B) put together carefully(C) using many colors(D) reinforced structurally108. Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises. A chance conversation with stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged in education from infancy on.The word "chance" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) unplanned(B) unusual(C) lengthy(D) lively109. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term. It is should be an integral part of one's entire life.The word "integral" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)an equitable(B)a profitable(C)a pleasant(D)an essential110. For example, the edge of the Pacific Ocean has been called the "Ring of Fire" because so many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes happen there. Before the 1960's, geologists could not explain why active volcanoes and strong earthquakes were concentrated in that region.The word "concentrated" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)allowed(B) clustered(C) exploded(D) strengthened111. In the United States in the early 1800's, individual state governments had more effect on the economy than did the federal government. States chartered manufacturing, banking, mining, and transportation firms and participated in the construction of various internal improvements such as canals, turnpikes, and railroads.The word "effect" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) value(B) argument(C) influence(D) restraint112.The states encouraged internal improvements in two distinct ways: first, by actually establishing state companies to build such improvements; second, by providing part of the capital for mixed public-private companies setting out to make a profit.The word "distinct" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)separate(B)innovative(C)alarming(D)provocative113. Finally, state governments experimented with direct labor and business regulation designed to help the individual laborer or consumer, including setting maximum limits on hours of work and restrictions on price-fixing by businesses.The word "setting" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) discussing(B) analyzing(C) establishing(D) avoiding114. Although the states dominated economic activity during this period, the federal government was not inactive. Its goals were the facilitation of western settlement and the development ofnative industries. Toward these ends the federal government pursued several courses of action. The word "ends" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) benefits(B) decisions(C) services(D) goals115. What forms of life were able to make such a drastic change in lifestyle? The traditional view of the first terrestrial organisms is based on mega fossils-relatively large specimens of essentially whole plants and animals.The word "drastic" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) widespread(B) radical(C) progressive(D) risky116. It turns out that some fossils can be extracted from these sediments by putting the rocks in an acid bath. The technique has uncovered new evidence from sediments that were deposited near the shores of the ancient oceans-plant microfossils and microscopic pieces of small animals.The word "extracted" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) located(B) preserved(C) removed(D) studied117. The technique has uncovered new evidence from sediments that were deposited near the shores of the ancient oceans-plant microfossils and microscopic pieces of small animals. In many instances the specimens are less than one-tenth of a millimeter in diameter.The word "instances" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) methods(B) processes(C) cases(D) reasons118. In many instances the specimens are less than one-tenth of a millimeter in diameter. Although they were entombed in the rocks for hundreds of millions of years, many of the fossils consist of the organic remains of the organism.The word "entombed" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) crushed(B) trapped(C) produced(D) excavated119. Citizens of prosperous, essentially middle-class republics --- whether ancient Romans,seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans --- have always shown a marked taste for portraiture.The word "marked" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)pronounced(B)fortunate(C)understandable(D)mysterious120. In 1839 the daguerreotype was introduced to America, in the age of photography, and within a generation the new invention put an end to the popularity of painted portraits. Once again an original portrait became a luxury, commissioned by the wealthy and executed by the professional. The phrase "ushering in" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)beginning(B)demanding(C)publishing(D)increasingThe word "executed" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)sold(B)requested(C)admired(D)created121. Local crafts people-sign, coach, and house painters-began to paint portraits as a profitable sideline; sometimes a talented man or woman who began bysketching family members gained a local reputation and was besieged with requests for portraits; artists found it worth their while to pack their paints, canvases, and brushes and to travel the countryside, often combining house decorating with portrait painting.The word "sketching" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)drawing(B)hiring(C)helping(D)discussing122. Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the Civil War, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.The word "domains" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) fields(B) locations(C) organizations(D) occupations123. The development of the railroad and telegraph systems during the middle third of thenineteenth century led to significant improvements in the speed, volume, and regularity of shipments and communications, making possible a fundamental transformation in the production and distribution of goods.The word "fundamental" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) possible(B) basic(C) gradual(D) unique124. To be sure, there were still small workshops, where skilled craftspeople manufactured products ranging from newspapers to cabinets to plumbing fixtures.The word "skilled" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) hardworking(B) expert(C) well-paid(D) industrial125. And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presidedover what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single building.The words "presided over" in line 20 are closest in meaning to(A)managed(B)led to(C)worked in(D)produced126. Objects in the universe show a variety of shapes: round planets (some with rings) , tailed comets, wispy cosmic gas and dust clouds, ringed nebulae, pinwheel-shaped spiral galaxies, and so on. But none of the shapes on this list describes the largest single entities in the universe.The word "entities" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) factors(B) processes(C) objects(D) puzzles127. Stone carvers engraved their motifs of skulls and crossbones and other religious icons of death into the gray slabs that we still see standing today in old burial grounds.The word "motifs" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) tools(B) prints(C) signatures(D) designs128. Although they often achieved expression and formal excellence in their generally primitivestyle, they remained artisans skilled in the craft of carving and constituted a group distinct from what we normally think of as "sculptors" in today's use of the word.The word "distinct" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) separate(B) assembled(C) notable(D) inferior129. n the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired, Americans turned to foreign sculptors, as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina, commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pill.The word "rare" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) festive(B) infrequent(C) delightful(D) unexpected130. Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body temperature. Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles.The word "maintaining" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) measuring(B) inheriting(C) preserving(D) delaying131. Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for nonadapted animals. The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its body weight as water without harm to itself, whereas human beings die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of their body weight.The word "tolerate" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) endure(B) replace(C) compensate(D) reduce132. The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage in the desert, as animals do not have to remain near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse and far-flung pastures.The word "obtain" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)digest(B)carry(C)save(D)get133. In 1979 Santa Monica's municipal government ordered landlords to rollback their rents to the levels charged in 1978. Future rents could only go up by two thirds as much as any increase in the overall price level.The phrase "roll back" in lines 11-12 is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) credit(B) measure(C) vary(D) reduce134. In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1) promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing.The word "stimulating" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) experimenting with(B) identifying(C) estimating(D) encouraging135. One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent Controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability-rents.The word "depressed" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) saddened(B) created(C) lowered(D) defeated136. In the same year, in San Francisco, California, only 2,000 units were built. San Francisco has only a 1. 6 percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws.The word "stringent" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) straightforward(B) strict(C) expanded(D) efficient137. For example, sometimes the shape or veining in a piece of stone or wood suggests, perhaps even dictates, not only the ultimate form, but even the subject matter.The word "dictates" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) reads aloud(B) determines(C) includes(D) records138. In 1905 he was sent to Paris as an apprentice to an art dealer, and in the years that followedhe witnessed the birth of Cubism, discovered primitive art, and learned the techniques of woodcarving from a frame maker.The word "witnessed" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) influenced(B) studied(C) validated(D) observed139. The plank's form dictated the rigidly frontal view and the low relief. Even its irregular shape must have appealed to Laurent as with a long-standing tradition that required a sculptor to work within a perfect rectangle or square.The phrase "a break with" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)a destruction of(B)a departure from(C)a collapse of(D)a solution to140. )In winter especially, it is important for birds to keep warm at night and conserve precious food reserves.The word "conserve" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) retain(B) watch(C) locate(D) share141.One way to do this is to find a sheltered roost. Solitary roosters shelter in dense vegetation or enter a cavity-horned larks dig holes in the ground and ptarmigan burrow into snow banks-but the effect of sheltering is magnified by several birds huddling together in the roosts, as wrens, swifts, brown creepers, bluebirds, and anis do.The word "magnified" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) caused(B) modified(C) intensified(D) combined142. The second possible benefit of communal roots is that they act as "information centers." During the day, parties of birds will have spread out to forage over a very large area. When they return in the evening some will have fed well, but others may have found little to eat.The word "forage" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) fly(B) assemble(C) feed(D) rest143. Finally, there is safety in numbers at communal roosts since there will always be afew birds awake at any given moment to give the alarm. But this increased protection is partially counteracted by the fact that mass roosts attract predators and are especially vulnerable if they are on the ground.The word "counteracted" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)suggested(B)negated(C)measured(D)shielded144. Drying, smoking, and salting could preserve meat for a short time, but the availability of fresh meat, like that of fresh milk, was very limited; there was no way to prevent spoilage.The word "prevent" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) estimate(B) avoid(C) correct(D) confine145. he icebox became a fixture in most homes and remained so until the mechanized refrigerator replaced it in the 1920's and 1930's. Almost everyone now had a more diversified diet.The word "fixture" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) luxury item(B) substance(C) commonplace object(D) mechanical device146. Some people continued to eat mainly foods that were heavy in starches or carbohydrates, and not everyone could afford meat. Nevertheless, many families could take advantage of previously unavailable fruits, vegetables, and dairy products to achieve more varied fare.The word "Nevertheless" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)therefore(B)because(C)occasionally(D)however147. readily change its orientation, or phase. Cats know this instinctively, but scientists could not be sure how it happened until they increased the speed of their perceptions a thousand fold.The word "readily" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)only(B)easily(C)slowly(D)certainly148. The changing profile of a city in the United States is apparent in the shifting definitions usedby the United States Bureau of the Census. In 1870 the census officially distinguished the nation's "urban" from its "rural" population for the first time.The word "distinguished" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) differentiated(B) removed(C) honored(D) protected149. Each SMSA would contain at least (a) one central city with 50,000 inhabitant or more or (b) two cities having shared boundaries and constituting, for general economic and social purposes, a single community with a combined population of at least 50,000, the smaller of which must have a population of at least 15,000.The word "constituting" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) located near(B) determined by(C) calling for(D) making up150. The Anasazi lived in houses constructed ofadobe and wood. Anasazi houses were originally built in pits and were entered from the roof.The word "pits" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A)stages(B)scars(C)seeds(D)holes151. Each kiva had a fire pit and hole that was believed to lead to the underworld. The largest pueblos had five stories and more than 800 rooms.The word "stories" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) articles(B) tales(C) levels(D) rumors152. The village chief dealt with landdisputes and religious affairs. The war chief led the men in fighting during occasional conflicts that broke out with neighboring villages and directed the men in community building projects.The word "disputes" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) discussions(B) arguments(C) developments(D) purchases153. This had a considerable effect on cattle ranching, since the herds no longer had unrestricted。
托福作文写作范文详解tenti
托福作文写作范文详解题目：Successful sports professionals can earn a great deal more money than people in other important professions. Some people think this is fully justified while others think it is unfair. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.话题和题型分类工作类；双边讨论题型题目分析运动员收入高是否公平思路提示A. 公平运动员年轻的时候体力消耗大，年老后患有职业病没有一技之长，退役后很难找工作为国家做贡献，给青少年起着榜样作用B. 不公平工资的高低应有所承担的社会责任来决定科学家和国家领导人的贡献比运动员更大Sample AnswerAs a result of constant media attention, sports professionals have become stars and celebrities, and those at the top are paid huge salaries. Some people think this is fully justified for successful sports professionals to earn much more money than people in other important professions while other hold an opposite views. I am in favor of the view that it is fair for sports professionals to earn a great deal of money.（首段开篇摆明观点:成功的运动员获得巨额的收入是合乎情理的）Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when comparing these super salaries with those of top surgeons or research scientists, or even leading politicians who have the responsibility of governing the country. However, athletes’salaries are not determined by considering the contribution to society a person makes, or the level of responsibility he or she holds. Instead, they reflect the public popularity of the sport in general and the level of public support that successful stars can generate. So the notion of “fairness”is not the issue.（文章第二段从作者观点的反面切入，再进行正面论述，使得论述更加客观辩证）Those who feel that sports stars’salaries are justified might argue that the number of professionals with real talent is very few, and the money is recognition of the skills and dedication a person needs to be successful. Competition is constant and a player is tested every time they perform in their relatively short career. The pressure from the media is intense and there is little privacy out of the spotlight. Thus all of these factors may justify the huge earnings.（本段是文章第三段列出三个论据论证作者观点）Personally, I think that the amount of money such sports stars is justified not only because of the burden from media and the public, but also because of the intensity of training and competition. The huge salary also indicates that our society places much value on sport.（最后一段总结全文突出观点）满分要素剖析：语言表达本文的语言简洁明了，观点清晰,文中一系列的连接词使得文章更加连贯：however, so, instead,thus, but。
托福写作成就类常用词罗列归纳
托福写作成就类常用词罗列归纳托福写作词汇分类汇总成就类常用词罗列归纳决心 n. determination座右铭 n. motto家喻户晓的名字 a household name有一定成就的(形容人) adj. established辉煌的 adj. glorious绝望 n. vi. despair适应能力强的 adj. adaptable名望 n. fame(很高的)声望 n. prestige名声 n. reputation不幸 n. misfortune概率 n. probability残疾的 adj. disabled在某方面成功 succeed in sth.态度 n. attitude毅力 n. tenacity/ perseverance一种直接而且被证明有效的去除……的方法 a proven and straightforward way to do sth.努力去做的事情 n. commitment/ undertaking/ endeavor很有本事极容易成功的人 go-getter很多人都希望得到的 adj. highly-sought-after逆境 n. adversity/ hardship很渴望得到…… have a yearning/ longing/ craving for sth.个人通过自身努力获得更高社会地位的可能性 upward mobility优秀的 adj. rema rkable→e_cellent→outstanding→disting uished意志力 n. willpower挫折 n. setback坚忍不拔的 adj. rugged顽固的 adj. stubborn决定性的,有决断力的 adj. decisive不可逾越的 adj. insurmountable某方面技能很高 be adept in不知名的,默默无闻的 adj. obscure身份和地位的象征 status symbol战略,行动安排 n. strategy坚持 adhere to对手 n. rival不切实际的幻想 n. illusion不可缺少的,绝对必要的 adj. indispensable深思熟虑的 adj. well-thought-out从贫穷到富有的成功故事 a rags-to-riches story昙花一现 be a flash in the pan长处 n. (pl.) strengths弱点 n. (pl.) weaknesses重大的过错 n. blunder可以原谅的错误 n. peccadillo有魅力的 adj. charismatic托福写作:题库范文附思路解析1. Why people remember special gifts they have received?People remember special gifts or presents that they have received. Why? Usespecific reasons and e_amples to support your answer.『分析』因为特殊的礼物带来的特殊的意义,或者特殊的改变.相关题目:[33].[_2]『范文』One custom that is prevalent in all societies around the globe is that ofgift-giving. This is a time-honored tradition in all countries, and evokesdifferent feelings or emotions in all of us. Gift-giving has many differentfunctions in Chinese culture. One can receive a gift as a token of affection, orone can receive or give a gift to stimulate business opportunities. In both ofthese cases, the gifts are always well received, and serve the function of amemento.Perhaps the most common situation in which a gift is given is on a specialday, for e_ample, one s birthday or an anniversary. These gifts come to a personfrom loved ones, and usually symbolize affection or admiration.These gifts can be large or small. For e_ample, my father bought me adigital camera for my last birthday. This was a great present, and was quitee_pensive. I did not appreciate the gift because of its monetary value, however.I valued it because it was a very thoughtful gift, as my father knew I wasinterested in photography. Other gifts have less monetary value, but are stilljust as meaningful. An e_ample of this is when a boyfriend buys flowers for hisgirlfriend. The flowers do not cost a lot of money, but they evoke feelings ofhappiness and love.Gifts can also be given to stimulate business. For e_ample, many businessmen in China will take their most important clients on a specialvacation to see the sights of another city. This trip does not relate directlyto business, as in many cases, the business at hand is not discussed. Instead,the businessman will offer such a trip as a token of trust and respect. Theclient appreciates this gesture, as it shows him/her that the businessman isserious about work, and values him/her as a customer.In both of these cases, the gifts signify to the receiver that he/she iscared about and is important. It is always a treat to receive a gift, and mostpeople view this as a sign of friendship-Gifts serve as mementos of the peoplewho give them, which is why we hold them in special places in our hearts.2. Do famous athletes and entertainers deserve high salaries?Some famous athletes and entertainers earn millions of dollars every year.Do you think these people deserve such high salaries? Use specific reasons ande_amples to support your opinion.『分析』尽管是有一些不公平,但是这些人收入高是有其道理的.每个行业的薪酬不同是正常的现象娱乐.体育行业(industry)是市场最广阔的行业,也就是说是销售额最大的行业,而这样的行业,薪酬很高根本不奇怪.很多人认为歌星只不过唱一首歌就可以赚很多钱,非常不公平,这是肤浅的看法.要知道明星成名背后的辛苦.每个国家都征收所得税(income ta_),要知道很多明星收入的60%是用来交税的.他们对社会的贡献也非常大.『范文』There are many famous entertainers and athletes who gross millions ofdollars every year. I tend to believe that they in a sense do deserve such highpaying salaries. Being a famous entertainer or athlete requires copious amountsof hard work. This job also forces one to give up all of their privacy.Moreover, working in these fields means that one must be the very best. To become famous, whether in the sports industry or the movie industry,takes a lot of hard work. One must train for years and years to make it to thelevel of a professional. Not only is this tiring, it also costs a lot ofmoney.If one hopes to reach the level of a superstar, he/she must spend money ontraining and bettering himself/herself.This is not an easy lifestyle, and requires dedication, which many peopledo not have.Second, these stars deserve to make a lot of money because they must giveup their privacy to serve the public.As soon as stars leave their homes, they are subjected to constantly beingpestered by people who want their autograph or want to take pictures of them.Famous people must undergo the intense scrutiny of the media; television andnewspaper reporters take note of every action these people do, and publicize it.Again, this is a difficult lifestyle to lead, as one must constantly be carefulof what one says in public.Finally, working in these industries means that one was born with natural talent. They have harnessed a skill that very few others can call upon.If therewere no people in society who could play such a role, the entertainment industrywould quickly fall into oblivion. We need these people s skills to entertainus.In conclusion, I think that famous athletes and movie stars deserve theirpay. While it seems like too much money when we first hear how much they make,after careful consideration, we realize that they must put a lot of work intotheir careers, much more than ordinary people do in many cases.3. Is literacy more important today than in the past?Is the ability to read and write more important today than in the past? Whyor why not? Use specific reasons and e_amples to support your answer.『分析』一定程度上,同意这个说法.(In a sense, it is true that…)阅读并理解(Comprehend)的能力,在信息过度丰富的今天,更加重要.现代人的阅读量要比过去高出许多倍(过去大学生就是很高的学历,现在博士后[posttoral]才算是高学历).需要更多的能力去辨别真伪.写作的能力更是如此,比如在工作中,写报告是一项重要内容,公司的规模越大,越是如此.没有写作能力,就等于没有升迁机会.『范文』As the world becomes smaller and smaller due to the process ofglobalization, it becomes more and more important that everyone learns how toread and write. If one is to keep up with the fast pace of the world, literacyskills are of utmost importance.Technology is e_panding at an ever-increasing rate. Computers, and theInternet, have become common terms in almost all nations in the world. If onewants to be able to communicate with others using this efficient method, onemust learn the basics of reading and writing. The objects we have in our homeare also becoming increasingly more complicated. For e_ample, if one wants touse a DVD player with their television, one must be able to read the manual tolearn how to work it. Even the most basic technologies come with aninstructionguide: if one is unable to read, they will constantly be struggling to figureout how to work these technologies.As mentioned above, the world is becoming much smaller. More people arefinding it necessary to leave their homes in small towns and villages, moving tothe big cities where there is more opportunity. Some of these people find itquite difficult to navigate around the city, as one must know how to read inorder to understand the street signs. If one cannot find the place where one hasto report for work, it would be very difficult to make a living.Finally and perhaps most importantly, being able to read and write gives usthe opportunity to think for ourselves. Wherever we are, people in authoritypositions tell us what we should believe. However, in many cases, it is not inour own best interest to follow the leader s ideas. People must learn to readand then e_amine the information for themselves. This is the only way thatculture can evolve. Therefore, I think the skills of reading and writing are ofvast importance, no matter where one lives in the world. The world populationwill continue to grow, and the only way to keep ahead is to learn to read andwrite.托福写作:题库范文附思路解析1. What events make a person an adult?People recognize a difference between children and adults. What events(e_periences or ceremonies)make a person an adult? Use specific reasons ande_amples to e_plain your answer.『分析』Difference between children and adults:成熟(mature);独立(independent);独立思考(critical thinking);解决问题(problemsolving);自我责任(self-responsible)……; Event: 毕业典礼._岁生日……『范文』People have many different ways e_pressing, celebrating and legislating ourpassage from childhood into adulthood. I believe that there is no single momentthat defines when a child becomes an adult. Becoming an adult is based on avariety of events, namely, when one s body changes, when one s mind e_pands, andwhen one accumulates e_periences.Small children are usually referred to as cherub like. They are allbeautiful with rosy cheeks, bright eyes, and tender skin. As a child grows intoan adolescent, they grow taller, but their frames remain quite small. Once ayouth grows from an adolescent to an adult, frames develop substantially. Theirshoulders broaden and they are able to form defined muscles. This physicalchange is the most obvious sign of a child becoming an adult.The second modification that occurs is the e_pansion of one s mind. Whenone is an adult, they are able to comprehend much more advanced thought processes. They start to be able to think for themselves, and make decisions that are best for them. Children are not capable of making comple_ decisions regarding their lives or their future. They do not have a mind capable ofcarefully weighing all of the options and deducing the right choice.This e_pansion of the mind is a result of the numerous e_perience a personhas on his/her way to becoming an adult. As one moves through the world, theygather important information about how the world works. This information becomesone s personal database of knowledge: such a database is absolutely necessary ifone is to grow past childhood. The e_periences of which I speak are thehappenings in our day-to-day lives. We are constantly placed in situations wherewe must choose one path or another. Of course, one will make mistakes along theway. These mistakes are an important learning tool, which help us become wiseadults.In conclusion, children become adults when they have sufficiently matured.Their bodies, their minds, and the number of e_periences they have had mustgrow. Once this process is complete, they can rightfully claim to be adults.2. Should school buy computers or books?Your school has enough money to purchase either computers for students orbooks for the library. Which should your school choose to buy —computers orbooks? Use specific reasons and e_amples to support your recommendation.『分析』资金分配问题,参见:[_]的分析. 选择书籍,理由更多一些:计算机会贬值;计算机并不万能;没有好的软件,就是废物,而软件又是很大的花费网络资料不完整,无权威性;『范文』There are many difficult decisions that school supervisors must make inorder to ensure the success of their students. One of these decisions is how tospend money when it is available. Quite often, e_tra funds are spent on eithercomputers or books. Given the choice, I believe that money is best spent oncomputers.New technology is being created faster and faster. Each year, IBM developsa new super computer that is hundreds of times faster than the previous model.With this constantly changing technology, it is easy for schools to be leftbehind because they cannot afford new gear. Students deserve to learn on thebest technology available, so schools should always upgrade their computerswhenever possible. Computers also offer students a wealth of information,perhaps more than books can provide. It is now possible to buy e-books,dictionaries and encyclopedias for a computer. These computer versions ofpopular research tools are much better than their hardcover predecessors. Fore_ample, a computer encyclopedia takes up no space in the library, it allowsstudents to access the information instantly, and it is much more cost effectivethan buying the entire series on paper. Also, the Internet allows students tofind information on anything their hearts desire.Finally, spending school funds on computers is more beneficial thanspending money on books because computers prepare the students for the workingworld. In today s society, to attain a high paying position in a company it isnecessary to have basic computer skills. If students do not have the ability tolearn such skills, they will be left behind while others succeed in theirplace.Accordingly, I feel it is better for schools to spend money on computers ratherthan books. In addition to the reasons listed above, it is important to notethat most major cities have e_tensive libraries that a local school would behard-pressed to match. However, libraries frequently do not house computers, andif they do, they are constantly in use by other patrons. In many cases, the onlychance a young person has to use a computer is at his/her school.托福写作成就类常用词罗列归纳。
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第40课 Risky FashionsTarget Words1.bulk 6.minimum2.capricious7.striking3. cumbersome8.trend4. exotic9.vanity5. inhibit10.vulnerableDefinitions and Samples1. bulk rgeness and a heavy appearanceThe bulk of Kevin’s athletic body was too great for one small chair, so he sat on a bench.Parts of speech bulky adj2. capricious adj.Moving unpredictably from one thing to anotherYour college studies will go on too long if you make capriciousjumps from one major to another.Usage tips Capricious comes from a Latin word meaning “goat” and implies a motion like the jumping of a goat.Parts of speech capriciousness n, capriciously adv3. cumbersome adj.Difficult to wear or carry because of weight or shapeTo make it to the top of the mountain before dark, the hikersdumped their cumbersome tent.Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.1964. exotic adj. placeI walked into the restaurant and smelled the exotic aromas of Malaysian spices.Parts of speech exoticism n, exotically adv5. inhibit v. To discourage or to slow downThis lotion will inhibit the itching caused by mosquito bites. inhibition n 6. minimum n. The smallest possible amount or levelThe minimum for being accepted to Cavill University is a score of 60 on the test.Parts of speech minimize v, minimum adj, minimaladj, minimally adv7. striking adj. Very noticeable; easily attracting attentionGordon had a striking new attitude after he learned self-discipline at the army academy.Usage tips Striking comes from a verb that means “to hit.”Parts of speech strike v, strikingly adv8. trend n. A movement in one direction or a widespread change in fashionThe trend among some young men is to wear their caps with the bill off to one side.Parts of speech trend v, trendy adj9. vanity n. An excessive concern for one’s appearanceMark’s vanity led him to spend far too much money on haircuts and new clothes.Parts of speech vain adjParts of speechInteresting or unusual because of coming from a faraway CultureRisky Fashions19710. vulnerable adj.Exposed to possible harmBabies and very old people are especially vulnerable to the newdisease.Usage tips Vulnerable is often followed by a to phrase.Parts of speech vulnerability n, vulnerably advTOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the let-ter in the blank.1. capricious(a)encourage2. exotic(b)maximum3. inhibit(c)ordinary4. minimum(d)predictable5. vulnerable(e)well protectedTOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes the sentence.1. The (trend / bulk) of his sweater made him look fatter than he reallywas.2. Some analysts see a relationship between fashion (trends / vanity) andthe ups and down of the economy.3. The outfits worn by firefighters are (vulnerable / cumbersome) andheavy.4. Her necklace was especially (cumbersome / striking) because of thediamonds it contained.5. (Vanity / Bulk) led my grandfather to dye his hair and to dress likesomeone 40 years younger.TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow.The fashion industry encourages people to spend far too much time and money on clothes. It’s natural for humans to use clothing as a mark ofCulturebelonging to a group and to try to keep up with style trends. The fashion industry exploits this natural desire and turns it into a capricious, impractical, and expensive rush from one style to another. For example, in one recent year, fashion did an abrupt about-face. Early in the year, fashionable outfits showed a minimum amount of fabric and a maximum amount of skin. By late summer, famous fashion designers were drowning people in bulky, cumbersome outfits that looked five sizes too big. Vanity inhibits people from looking realistically at exotic clothing fads. A striking new style catches their eye, they look at the clothes they’re wearing, and they are suddenly vulnerable to the manipulation of the fashion industry.1. Which word best describes the fashion industry, according to the author?a. strikingb. minimumc. capriciousd. vulnerable2. What is one reason people buy the latest fashions, according to the author?a. Because they want to feel like they are part of the group.b. Because they enjoy spending money.c. Because the fashion world is bizarre.d. Because their clothes from last year don’t fit.Lesson 40 Risky FashionsTOEFL Prep I 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. eTOEFL Prep II 1. bulk 2. trends 3. cumbersome 4. striking5.VanityTOEFL Success 1. c 2. aBonus Structure — It’s natural forintroduces an aspect of fashion that’s not bad, but it implies that an “unnatural” aspectwill come next.198。