高中英语知识讲解：Unit+3+Australia+2 Unit+3 Section+Ⅱ —Language+Points含答案
高中英语Unit 3 Australia背景知识
Unit 3 AustraliaPart Two: Teaching ResourcesSection 2: Background information for Unit 3 Australia1.Origin and history of the name of AustraliaThe name Australia is derived from the Latin australis, meaning southern. Legends of an "unknown southern land" (terra australis incognita) date back to the Roman times and were commonplace in mediæval geography, but they were not based on any actual knowledge of the continent. The Dutch adjectival form Australische ("Australian," in the sense of "southern") was used by Dutch officials in Batavia to refer to the newly discovered land to the south as early as 1638. The first English language writer to use the word "Australia" was Alexander Dalrymple in An Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean, published in 1771. He used the term to refer to the entire South Pacific region, not specifically to the Australian continent. In 1793, George Shaw and Sir James Smith published Zoology and Botany of New Holland, in which they wrote of "the vast island, or rather continent, of Australia, Australasia or New Holland."View of Port Jackson, taken from the South Head, from A V oyage to Terra Australis. Sydney was established on this site.The name "Australia" was popularised by the 1814 work A V oyage to Terra Australis by the navigator Matthew Flinders. Despite its title, which reflected the view of the Admiralty, Flinders used the word "Australia" in the book, which was widely read and gave the term general currency. Governor Lachlan Macquarie of New South Wales subsequently used the word in his dispatches to England. In 1817 he recommended that it be officially adopted. In 1824, the British Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia.2．Australia - just the factsIn land area, Australia is the sixth largest nation after Russia, Canada, China, the United States of America andBrazil. It has, however, a relatively small population.Australia is the only nation to govern an entire continent and its outlying islands. The mainland is the largest island and the smallest, flattest continent on Earth. It lies between 10° and 39° South latitude.The highest point on the mainland, Mount Kosciuszko, is only 2228 metres. Apart from Antarctica, Australia is the driest continent.Australia is the driest inhabited continent on earth. Its interior has one of the lowest rainfalls in the world and about three-quarters of the land is arid or semi-arid. Its fertile areas are well-watered, however, and these are used very effectively to help feed the world. Sheep and cattle graze in dry country, but care must be taken with the soil. Some grazing land became desert when the long cycles that influence rainfall in Australia turned to drought.The Australian federation consists of six States and two Territories. Most inland borders follow lines of longitude and latitude. The largest State, Western Australia, is about the same size as Western Europe.●EconomyAustralia has had one of the most outstanding economies of the world in recent years. As a high-growth, low-inflation, low interest rate economy, it is more vibrant than ever before. There is an efficient government sector, a flexible labour market and a very competitive business sector.With its abundant physical resources, Australia has enjoyed a high standard of living since the nineteenth century. It has made a comparatively large investment in social infrastructure, including education, training, health and transport.The Australian workforce has seen many improvements over the last decade, leading to the surge in productivity in the 1990s. The complex and centralised award based industrial relations system has given way to a more decentralised one with many employees working under workplace agreements tailored to meet enterprise needs.●ImmigrationAustralia's culturally diverse society includes its Indigenous peoples and settlers from countries all around the world.Immigration is an important feature of Australian society. Since 1945, over six million people from 200 countries have come to Australia as new settlers. Migrants have made a major contribution to shaping modern Australia. People born overseas make up almost one quarter of the total population.The federal government sets immigration intake numbers on a yearly basis. Australia's immigration policies are non-discriminatory and all applicants to migrate must meet the same selection criteria.3．Australia in briefAustralia is an independent Western democracy with a population of more than 20 million. It is one of the world’s most urbanised countries, with about 70 per cent of the population living in the 10 largest cities. Most of the population is concentrated along the eastern seaboard and the south-eastern corner of the continent.Australia’s lifestyle reflects its mainly Western origins, but Australia is also a multicultural society which has been enriched by over six million settlers from almost 200 nations. Four out of ten Australians are migrants or the first-generation children of migrants, half of them from non-English speaking backgrounds.Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people totalled 410 003 at the last census, nearly 2.2 per cent of the population. Two thirds of the indigenous people live in towns and cities. Many others live in rural and remote areas, and some still have a broadly traditional way of life. It is generally thought that Aboriginal people began living on the continent 50 000 to 60 000 years ago, and some authorities believe their occupation may date back 100 000 years.Australia is the only nation to occupy an entire continent. Its land mass of nearly 7.7 million km2 is the flattest and (after Antarctica) driest of continents, yet it has extremes of climate and topography. There are rainforests and vast plains in the north, snowfields in the south east, desert in the centre and fertile croplands in the east, south andsouth west. About one third of the country lies in the tropics. Australia has a coastline of 36 735km.Isolation of the Australian island-continent for 55 million years created a sanctuary for the flora and fauna. Marsupials were saved from competition with more highly developed mammals. Birds unique to Australia also survived, and distinctive trees and plants developed. Australia’s best-known animals are the kangaroo, koala, platypus and spiny anteater. Of more than 700 bird species listed in Australia, 400 - including the large, flightless emu - are found nowhere else. Australia has 20 000 species of plants, including living fossils such as the cycad palm and the grass tree, a nd brilliant wildflowers such as the waratah, Sturt’s desert pea, the flowering cones of banksia trees, and the red and green kangaroo paw. The continent has 700 species of acacia, which Australians call wattle, and 1200 species in the Myrtaceae family which includes eucalypts or gum trees.Australia’s national anthem, Advance Australia Fair, is a revised version of a late 19th-century patriotic song. It was declared the national anthem in April 1984, replacing God Save the Queen, which was designated the royal anthem. In the same year, Australia officially adopted green and gold as its national colours.Australia’s official language is English, by common usage rather than law. Australian English does not differ significantly from other forms of English, although some colloquial and slang expressions are unique.The flag of Australia is the only one to fly over a whole continent. The small Union Jack represents the historical link with Britain, the large seven-pointed star represents the six States and the Territories, and the small stars form the Southern Cross - a prominent feature of the southern hemisphere night sky.Australia’s coat of arms - the official emblem of the Australian Government - was granted by King George V in 1912. The arms consist of a shield containing the badges of the six States. The supporters are native Australian fauna - a kangaroo and an emu. A yellow-flowered native plant, wattle, also appears in the design.Australia’s national day, Australia Day, on 26 January, marks the date in 1788 when Captain Arthur Phillip, of the British Royal Navy, commanding a fleet of 11 ships, sailed into Port Jackson (Sydney Cove). Phillip formally tookpossession of the eastern part of the continent for England and established a settlement, now Australi a’s largest city, Sydney.Air travel and the great variety of Australia’s attractions are combining to bring more international tourists to Australia every year. Overseas tourists are drawn by Australia’s sunshine, sandy beaches, the vast outback, rainforests, the Great Barrier Reef, unique flora and fauna, the Gold Coast of Queensland, and the attractions of the cities, Australia’s friendly, multicultural society, and the safe and welcoming environment. Tourism is one of Australia’s largest and fastest-growing industries. In 2002, 4.8 million international tourists visited Australia, a quarter of them from Japan and another quarter from other countries of East Asia.In 2000, Australian exports grew by 25 per cent to reach a total value of $143 billion, representing the best export growth Australia had experienced for 21 years. This figure increased again in 2000 - 01, to $154 billion. In 2001 - 02, the total value of Australian exports dropped by one per cent, reflecting a more difficult global trading environment. Australia's export structures have changed considerably over the past 10 years.Although trade in commodities remains strong, new services and sophisticated manufacturing export markets have emerged. Merchandise exports were valued at $121 billion in 2001 - 02. During the same year, Australian exports of services totalled $31 billion. Exports have recorded 8 per cent average annual growth since 1991 - 92. They now account for 21 per cent of GDP, compared with around 17 per cent in 1991 - 92.Japan remains Australia's largest single export market, buying 19 per cent of total merchandise exports in 2001 - 02. The United States accounts for 10 per cent, Korea 8 per cent and New Zealand 6 per cent. China, Singapore, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and Indonesia were also significant export markets. (Merchandise exports to East Asia grew by 35 per cent in 2000 and to the Middle East by 38 per cent in the same year. Growth was small in 2001 - 02: to East Asia almost zero, and to the Middle East up just one per cent).Australia's imports have always been dominated by manufactures. In 2001 - 02, 84 per cent of Australia'smerchandise imports were manufactures.4. History of AustraliaThe prehistory of Australia is a term which may be used to describe the period of approximately 40-45,000 years (or more, as is contended by some studies) between the first human habitation of the Australian continent and the first definitive sighting of Australia by Europeans in 1606, which may be taken as the beginning of the recent history of Australia. This era is referred to as prehistory rather than history because there are no written records of human events in Australia which pre-date this contact.●History of Australia before 1901Main article: History of Australia before 1901Records of the discovery of the Australian continent by European expeditions date back to the early 17th century. The first such undisputed sighting was in 1606 by the Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon, who in his ship Duyfken navigated the Gulf of Carpentaria, sighting and making landfall on the western coast of Cape York Peninsula. Other 17th century European voyagers (predominantly Dutch, but also French and English) were to follow suit, and by the start of the 18th century the western and northern coastlines of what had become known as "New Holland" had been charted. No attempts to establish settlements were made, however.In 1770, the expedition of the Endeavour under command of British Royal Navy Lieutenant James Cook navigated and charted the east coast of Australia, making first landfall at Botany Bay on April 29, 1770. Cook continued northwards, and before leaving put ashore on Possession Island in the Torres Strait off Cape York on August 22 1770. Here he formally claimed the eastern coastline he had discovered for the Crown, naming it New South Wales. Given that Cook's discoveries would lead to the first European settlement of Australia, he is often popularly conceived as its European discoverer, although he had been preceded by more than 160 years.The favourable reports of these lands relayed by Cook's expedition upon their return to England generated interest in its offered solution to the problem of penal overcrowding in Britain, which had been exacerbated by the loss ofits American colonies. Accordingly, on May 13 1787 the 11 ships of the First Fleet set sail from Portsmouth, England, bound for Botany Bay.The British Crown Colony of New South Wales started with the establishment of a settlement and penal colony at Port Jackson by Captain Arthur Phillip on 26 January 1788. This date was later to become Australia's national day, Australia Day. Van Diemen's Land, now known as Tasmania, was settled in 1803 and became a separate colony in 1825. Britain formally claimed the western part of Australia in 1829. Separate colonies were created from parts of New South Wales: South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, and Queensland in 1859. The Northern Territory (NT) was founded in 1863 as part of the Province of South Australia. Victoria and South Australia were founded as "free colonies"—that is, they were never penal colonies, although the former did receive some convicts from Tasmania. Western Australia was also founded "free", but later accepted transported convicts due to an acute labour shortage. The transportation of convicts to Australia was phased out between 1840 and 1868.A gold rush began in Australia in the early 1850s, and the Eureka Stockade rebellion in 1854 was an early expression of nationalist sentiment. Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies individually gained responsible government, managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire. The Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, notably foreign affairs, defence and international shipping.●History of Australia since 1901Main article: History of Australia since 1901On 1 January 1901, federation of the colonies was achieved after a decade of planning, consultation and voting, and the Commonwealth of Australia was born, as a Dominion of the British Empire. The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) was formed from New South Wales in 1911 to provide a location for the proposed new federal capital of Canberra (Melbourne was the capital from 1901 to 1927). The Northern Territory was transferred from the control of the South Australian government to the Commonwealth in 1911. Australian troops took part in both world wars. Since World War II Australia has been transformed by a massive immigration programme, and sincethe 1970s and the abolition of the White Australia policy from Asia and other parts of the world; radically transforming Australia's demography, culture and image of itself.The Statute of Westminster 1931 formally ended most of the constitutional links between Australia and Britain, but Australia did not adopt the Statute until 1942. The shock of Britain's defeat in Asia in 1942 and the threat of Japanese invasion caused Australia to turn to the United States as a new ally and protector. Since 1951, Australia has been a formal military ally of the US under the auspices of the ANZUS treaty. The final constitutional ties between Australia and Britain ended in 1986 with the passing of the Australia Act 1986, ending any British role in the Australian States, and ending judicial appeals to the UK Privy Council. Australia remains a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II the Queen of Australia; the 1999 referendum to establish a republic was marginally rejected. Australia's links to its British past are increasingly tenuous. Since the election of the Whitlam Government in 1972, there has been an increasing focus on the nation's future as a part of the Asia-Pacific region.。
高中英语Unit 3 Australia词语学习
Unit 3 AustraliaPart Two: Teaching ResourcesSection 3: Words and expressions from Unit 3 Australiaassociateverb1. [vn] ~ sb/sth (with sb/sth) to make a connection between people or things in your mind: I always associate the smell of baking with my childhood. He is closely associated in the public mind with horror movies. Most people immediately associate addictions with drugs, alcohol and cigarettes. You wouldn’t normally associate these two writers—their styles are completely different.2. [v] ~ with sb to spend time with sb, especially a person or people that sb else does not approve of: I don’t like you associating with those people.3. [vn] ~ yourself with sth (formal) to show that you support or agree with sth: May I associate myself with the Pri me Minister’s remarks? (= I agree with them) I have never associated myself with political extremism. adj. [only before noun]1. (often in titles) of a lower rank, having fewer rights in a particular profession or organization: associate membership of the European Union an associate member / director / editor She was only the associate producer of the movie.2. joined to or connected with a profession or an organization: an associate company in Japannoun1. a person that you work with, do business with or spend a lot of time with: business associates a close political associate of The company is called Landor Associates. He was known to be one of the convicted man’sassociates.2. Associate (US) a person who has an Associate’s degree (= one that is given after completing two years of study at a junior college) barriernoun1. an object like a fence that prevents people from moving forward from one place to another: The crowd had to stand behind barriers. Show your ticket at the barrier. The car crashed into the safety barrier and burst into flames.2. ~ (to sth) a problem, rule or situation that prevents sb from doing sth, or that makes sth impossible: the removal of trade barriers Lack of confidence is a psychological barrier to success. Cost should not be a barrier to the use of legal services. The world of Disney is a magical experience that knows no age barriers.3. ~ (between A and B)| ~ (against sth) something that exists between one thing or person and another and keeps them separate: The Yangtze river is a natural barrier to the north-east. There was no real barrier between reality and fantasy in his mind. Ozone is the earth’s barrier against ultra-violet radiation. the language barrier (= when people cannot communicate because they do not speak the same language)4.a particular amount, level or number which it is difficult to get past: the first player whose earnings passed the $1.0 million barrierdefencenounPROTECTION AGAINST ATTACK1. [U] the act of protecting sb/sth from attack, criticism, etc.: soldiers who died in defence of their country When her brother was criticized she leapt to his defence. What points can be raised in defence of this argument?I have to say in her defence that she knew nothing about it beforehand.2.[C, U] ~ (against sth) something that provides protection against attack from enemies, the weather, illness, etc.: The town walls were built as a defence against enemy attacks. The harbour’s sea defences are in poor condition. The body has natural defence mechanisms to protect it from disease. Humour is a more effective defence than violence.3. [U] the organization of the people and systems that are used by a government to protect a country from attack: (BrE) the Ministry of Defence (NAmE) the Department of Defense Further cuts in defence spending are being considered.SUPPORT4. [C] something that is said or written in order to support sth: a defence of MarxismLAW5. [C] what is said in court to prove that a person did not commit a crime; the act of presenting this argument in court: Her defence was that she was somewhere completely different at the time of the crime. He wanted to conduct his own defence.6. the defence [sing.+ sing./pl. v.] the lawyer or lawyers whose job is to prove in court that a person did not commit a crime IN SPORT7. [sing., U] the players who must prevent the other team from scoring; the position of these players on the sports field: Welford cut through the defence to score the winning goal. (BrE) She plays in defence. (NAmE) He plays on defense.8 [C] a contest, game, etc. in which the previous winner or winners compete in order to try to win again: Milan’s defence of the European Cup policynoun (pl. -ies)1. [C, U] ~ (on sth) a plan of action agreed or chosen by a political party,a bu siness, etc.: the present government’s policy on education The company has adopted a firm policy on shoplifting. We have tried to pursue a policy of neutrality. US foreign / domestic policy They have had a significant change in policy on paternity leave. a policy document 2. [C, U] (formal) a principle that you believe in that influences how you behave; a way in which you usually behave: She is following her usual policy of ignoring all offers of help. (saying) Honesty is the best policy.3. [C] a written statement of a contract of insurance: Check the terms of the policy before you sign. taxnoun [C, U] ~ (on sth) money that you have to pay to the government so that it can pay for public services. People pay tax according to their income and businesses pay tax according to their profits. Tax is also often paid on goods and services: to raise / cut taxes tax increases / cuts changes in tax rates to pay over £1 000 in tax profits before / after tax a tax on cigarettes Income tax will be deducted by your employer. corporation tax, council tax, inheritance tax, poll tax, road tax, sales tax, stealth tax, value added tax, withholding taxverb [vn]1. to put a tax on sb/sth; to make sb pay tax: Any interest payments are taxed as part of your income. His declared aim was to tax the rich.2. (BrE) to pay tax on a vehicle so that you may use it on the roads: The car is taxed until July.3. to need a great amount of physical or mental effort: The questions did not tax me. The problem is currently taxing the brains of the nation’s experts (= making them think very hard).tax sb with sth (formal) to accuse sb of doing sth wrong: I taxed him with avoiding his responsibility as a parent.nationnoun1. [C] a country considered as a group of people with the same language, culture and history, who live in a particular area under one government: an independent nation the African nations2. [sing.] all the people in a country; population: The entire nation, it seemed, was watching TV. citizennoun1. a person who has the legal right to belong to a particular country: She’s Italian by birth but is now an Australian citizen. British citizens living in other parts of the European Union2. a person who lives in a particular place: the citizens of Budapest When you’re ol d, people treat you like a second-class citizen.celebrationnoun1. [C] a special event that people organize in order to celebrate sth: birthday / wedding celebrations2. [U, C] the act of celebrating sth: Her triumph was a cause for celebration. a party in celebration of their fiftieth wedding anniversary The service was a celebration of his life (= praised what he had done in his life).tolerateverb1. to allow sb to do sth that you do not agree with or like; put up with: [vn] Their relationship was tolerated but not encouraged. This sort of behaviour will not be tolerated. [v -ing] She refused to tolerate being called a liar. [also vn -ing]2. [vn] to accept sb/sth that is annoying,unpleasant, etc. without complaining; put up with: There is a limit to what one person can tolerate. I don’t know how you tolerate that noise!3. [vn] to be able to be affected by a drug, difficult conditions, etc. without being harmed: She tolerated the chemotherapy well. Few plants will tolerate sudden changes in temperature.homelandnoun1. [usually sing.] the country where a person was born: Many refugees have been forced to flee their homeland.2. [usually pl.] (in the Republic of South Africa under the apartheid system in the past) one of the areas with some self-government that were intended for a group of black African people to live in: the Transkei homelandsuperbadj. excellent; of very good quality: a superb player The car’s in superb condition. His performance was absolutely superb. You look superb.sowverb (sowed, sown / sowed, sowed)1. ~ sth (in / on sth)| ~ sth (with sth) to plant or spread seeds in or on the ground: [vn] Sow the seeds in rows. The fields around had been sown with wheat. Sow rows of lettuces between other vegetables. [v] Water well after sowing.2. [vn] ~ sth (in sth) to introduce or spread feelings or ideas, especially ones that cause trouble: to sow doubt in sb’s mind to sow confusionsow the seeds of sth to start the process that leads to a particular situation or result: In this way he sowed the seeds of his own success.sow (your) wild oats (of young men) to go through a period of wild behaviourwhile young, especially having a lot of romantic or sexual relationships: He wants to leave home, sow his wild oats and learn about life. correspondverb [v]1. ~ (to / with sth) to be the same as or match sth; agree, tally: Your account of events does not correspond with hers. Your account and hers do not correspond. The written record of the conversation doesn’t correspond to (= is different from) what was actually said.2. ~ (to sth) to be similar to or the same as sth else: The British job of Lecturer corresponds roughly to the US Associate Professor.3. ~ (with sb) (formal) to write letters to sb and receive letters from themoweverb (not used in the progressive tenses)1. ~ sth (to sb) (for sth)| ~ (sb) sth (for sth) to have to pay sb for sth that you have already received or return money that you have borrowed: [vnn, vn] She still owes her father £3. 000. She still owes £3. 000 to he r father [vn] The country owes billions of dollars to foreign creditors. How much do I owe you for the groceries? (figurative) I’m still owed three days' leave.2. ~ sth to sb| ~ sb sth to feel that you ought to do sth for sb or give them sth, especially because they have done sth for you: [vn] I owe a debt of gratitude to all my family. You owe it to your staff to be honest with them. [vnn] You owe me a favour! Thanks for sticking up for me—I owe you one (= I owe you a favour). I think you owe us an explanation. I think we’re owed an apology.3. ~ sth to sb/sth| ~ sb sth to exist or be successful because of the help or influence of sb/sth: [vn] He owes his success to hard work. The play owes much to French tragedy. [vn, vnn] I owe everything tohim. I owe him everything. [vnn] I knew that I owed the surgeon my life.4. [vn] ~ allegiance / loyalty / obedience (to sb) (formal) to have to obey or be loyal to sb who is in a position of authority or power: All serfs owed allegiance to a lord.authoritynoun (pl. -ies)POWER1. [U] the power to give orders to people: in a position of authority She now has authority over the people who used to be her bosses. Nothing will be done because no one in authority (= who has a position of power) takes the matter seriously.2. [U] ~ (to do sth) the power or right to do sth: Only the manager has the authority to sign cheques. We have the authority to search this building.PERMISSION3. [U] official permission to do sth: It was done without the principal’s authority. We acted under the authority of the UN.ORGANIZATION4. [C, usually pl.] the people or an organization who have the power to make decisions or who have a particular area of responsibility in a country or region: The health authorities are investigating the problem. I have to report this to the authorities. the immigration authorities local authorityKNOWLEDGE5. [U] the power to influence people because they respect your knowledge or official position: He spoke with authority on the topic. the moral authority to run the countryEXPERT6. [C] ~ (on sth) a person with special knowledge; specialist: She’s an authority on criminal law.have sth on good authority to be able to believe sth because you trust the person who gave you the information: I have it on good authority that he is going to be promoted.desperateadj.1. feeling or showing that you have little hope and are ready to do anything without worrying about danger to yourself or others: The prisoners grew increasingly desperate. Stores are getting desperate after two years of poor sales. Somewhere out there was a desperate man, cold, hungry, hunted.I heard sounds of a desperate struggle in the next room.2. [usually before noun] (of an action) giving little hope of success; tried when everything else has failed: a desperate bid for freedom She clung to the edge in a desperate attempt to save herself. His increasing financial difficulties forced him to take desperate measures. Doctors were fighting a desperate battle to save the little girl’s life.3. [not usually before noun] ~ (for sth)| ~ (to do sth) needing or wanting sth very much: He was so desperate for a job he would have done anything. I was absolutely desperate to see her. (informal) I’m desperate for a cigarette.4. (of a situation) extremely serious or dangerous: The children are in desperate need of love and attention. They face a desperate shortage of clean water. desperately adv.: desperately ill / unhappy / lonely He took a deep breath, desperately trying to keep calm. They desperately wanted a child. She looked desperately around for a weapon.shrinkverb(shrank ,shrunk / shrunk, shrunk)1. to become smaller, especially when washed in water that is too hot; to make clothes, cloth, etc. smaller in this way: [v] My sweater shrank in the wash. [also vn]2. to become or to make sth smaller in size or amount: [v] The tumour had shrunk to the size of a pea. The market for their products is shrinking. [vn] There was a movie called ‘Honey I shrunk the kids!’. Television in a sense has shrunk the world.3. [v + adv. / prep.] to move back or away from sth because you are frightened or shocked: He shrank back against the wall as he heard them approaching.a shrinking violet (humorous) a way of describing a very shy personshrink from sth to be unwilling to do sth that is difficult or unpleasant: We made it clear to them that we would not shrink from confrontation. [+ -ing] They did not shrink from doing what was right.windverb (wound, wound )1. [+adv. / prep.] (of a road, river, etc.) to have many bends and twists: [v] The path wound down to the beach. [vn] The river winds its way between two meadows.2. [vn + adv. / prep.] to wrap or twist sth around itself or sth else: He wound the wool into a ball. Wind the bandage around your finger.3. ~ (sth) (up) to make a clock or other piece of machinery work by turning a knob, handle, etc. several times; to be able to be made to work in this way: [vn] He had forgotten to wind his watch. [v] It was one of those old-fashioned gramophones that winds up.4. ~ (sth) forward / back to operate a tape, film, etc. so that it moves nearer to its ending or starting position: [vn] He wound the tape back to the beginning. [v] Wind forward to the bitwhere they discover the body. 5. [vn] to turn a handle several times: You operate the trapdoor by winding this handle.noun: Give the handle another couple of winds.wind sth down / wind down sth1. to bring a business, an activity, etc. to an end gradually over a period of time: The government is winding down its nuclear programme. The department is being wound down after the election.2. to make sth such as the window of a car move downwards by turning a handle, pressing a button, etc.: Can I wind my window down?wind up (informal) (of a person) to find yourself in a particular place or situation: I always said he would wind up in prison. [+ -ing] We eventually wound up staying in a little hotel a few miles from town. [+adj] If you take risks like that you’ll wind up dead.wind up/ wind sth up / wind up sth to bring sth such as a speech or meeting to an end: The speaker was just winding up when the door was flung open. If we all agree, let’s wind up the discussion.wind sb up / wind up sb (BrE, informal) to deliberately say or do sth in order to annoy sb: Calm down! Can’t you see he’s only winding you up? That can’t be true! You’re winding me up.—related noun wind-upwind sth up / wind up sth1. to stop running a company, business, etc. and close it completely2. to make sth such as the window of a car move upwards by turning a handle, pressing a button, etc.: Are all the windows wound up?paralyseverb [vn] [often passive]1. to make sb unable to feel or move all or part of their body: The accidentleft him paralysed from the waist down. (figurative) paralysing heat (figurative) She stood there, paralysed with fear.2. to prevent sth from functioning normally: The airport is still paralysed by the strike.recoververbFROM ILLNESS1. [v] ~ (from sth) to get well again after being ill/sick, hurt, etc.: He’s still recovering from his operation.FROM STH UNPLEASANT2. [v] ~ (from sth) to return to a normal state after an unpleasant or unusual experience or a period of difficulty: It can take many years to recover from the death of a loved one. The economy is at last beginning to recover. MONEY3. [vn] ~ sth (from sb/sth) to get back the same amount of money that you have spent or that is owed to you: He is unlikely to ever recover his legal costs.STH LOST / STOLEN4. [vn] ~ sth (from sb/sth) to get back or find sth that was lost, stolen or missing: The police eventually recovered the stolen paintings. Six bodies were recovered from the wreckage.POSITION / STATUS5. [vn] to win back a position, level, status, etc. that has been lost; regain: The team recovered its lead in the second half.SENSES / EMOTIONS6. [vn] to get back the use of your senses, control of your emotions, etc.; regain: It took her a few minutes to recover consciousness. to recover yoursight She seemed upset but quickly recovered herself.snatchverb1. [usually +adv. / prep.] to take sth quickly and often rudely or roughly; grab: [vn] She managed to snatch the gun from his hand. Gordon snatched up his jacket and left the room. [v] Hey, you kids! Don’t all snatch!2. [vn] to take sb/sth away from a person or place, especially by force; to steal sth; steal: The raiders snatched $1.00 from the cash register. The baby was snatched from its parents' car.3. [vn] to take or get sth quickly, especially because you do not have much time: I manage d to snatch an hour’s sleep. The team snatched a dramatic victory in the last minute of the game.snatch at sth1. to try to take hold of sth with your hands: He snatched at the steering wheel but I pushed him away.2. to take an opportunity to do sth: We snatched at every moment we could be together.noun1. a very small part of a conversation or some music that you hear: a snatch of music I only caught snatches of the conversation.2. an act of moving your hand very quickly to take or steal sth: a bag snatch to make a snatch at sth3. (taboo, slang) an offensive word for a woman’s outer sex organsin snatches for short periods rather than continuously: Sleep came to him in brief snatches.。
Unit 3 Australia 重点词语学习
Unit 3 Australia重点词语学习associateverb1.[vn] ~ sb/sth (with sb/sth) to make a connection between people or things in your mind: I always associate the smell of baking with my childhood. He is closely associated in the public mind with horror movies. Most people immediately associate addictions with drugs, alcohol and cigarettes. You wouldn’t normally associate these two writers—their styles are completely different.2. [v] ~ with sb to spend time with sb, especially a person or people that sb else does not approve of:I don’t like you associating with those people.3. [vn] ~ yourself with sth (formal) to show that you support or agree with sth: May I associate myself with the Prime Minister’s remarks? (= I agree with them) I have never associated myself with political extremism.adj. [only before noun]1. (often in titles) of a lower rank, having fewer rights in a particular profession or organization: associate membership of the European Union an associate member / director / editor She was only the associate producer of the movie.2.joined to or connected with a profession or an organization: an associate company in Japannoun1. a person that you work with, do business with or spend a lot of time with: business associatesa close political associate of The company is called Landor Associates. He was known to be one of the convicted man’s associates.2.Associate (US) a person who has an Associate’s degree (=one that is given after completing two years of study at a junior college)barriernoun1. an object like a fence that prevents people from moving forward from one place to another: The crowd had to stand behind barriers. Show your ticket at the barrier. The car crashed into the safety barrier and burst into flames.2. ~ (to sth) a problem, rule or situation that prevents sb from doing sth, or that makes sth impossible: the removal of trade barriers Lack of confidence is a psychological barrier to success. Cost should not be a barrier to the use of legal services. The world of Disney is a magical experience that knows no age barriers.3. ~ (between A and B)| ~ (against sth) something that exists between one thing or person and another and keeps them separate: The Yangtze river is a natural barrier to the north-east. There was no real barrier between reality and fantasy in his mind. Ozone is the earth’s barrier against ultra-violet radiation. the language barrier (= when people cannot communicate because they do not speak the same language)4. a particular amount, level or number which it is difficult to get past: the first player whose earnings passed the $1.0 million barrierdefencenounPROTECTION AGAINST A TTACK1. [U] the act of protecting sb/sth from attack, criticism, etc.: soldiers who died in defence of their country When her brother was criticized she leapt to his defence. What points can be raised in defence of this argument? I have to say in her defence that she knew nothing about it beforehand.2.[C, U] ~ (against sth) something that provides protection against attack fromenemies, the weather, illness, etc.: The town walls were built as a defence against enemy attacks. The harbour’s sea defences are in poor condition. The body has natural defence mechanisms to protect it from disease. Humour is a more effective defence than violence.3. [U] the organization of the people and systems that are used by a government to protect a country from attack: (BrE) the Ministry of Defence (NAmE) the Department of Defense Further cuts in defence spending are being considered.SUPPORT4. [C] something that is said or written in order to support sth: a defence of MarxismLAW5. [C] what is said in court to prove that a person did not commit a crime; the act of presenting this argument in court: Her defence was that she was somewhere completely different at the time of the crime. He wanted to conduct his own defence.6. the defence [sing.+ sing./pl. v.] the lawyer or lawyers whose job is to prove in court that a person did not commit a crimeIN SPORT7.[sing., U] the players who must prevent the other team from scoring; the position of these players on the sports field: Welford cut through the defence to score the winning goal. (BrE) She plays in defence. (NAmE) He plays on defense.8 [C] a contest, game, etc. in which the previous winner or winners compete in order to try to win again: Milan’s defence of the European Cup policynoun (pl. -ies)1.[C, U] ~ (on sth) a plan of action agreed or chosen by a political party, a business, etc.: the present government’s policy on education The c ompany has adopted a firm policy on shoplifting.We have tried to pursue a policy of neutrality. US foreign / domestic policy They have had a significant change in policy on paternity leave. a policy document 2. [C, U] (formal) a principle that you believe in that influences how you behave; a way in which you usually behave: She is following her usual policy of ignoring all offers of help. (saying) Honesty is the best policy.3. [C] a written statement of a contract of insurance: Check the terms of the policy before you sign.taxnoun [C, U] ~ (on sth) money that you have to pay to the government so that it can pay for public services. People pay tax according to their income and businesses pay tax according to their profits. Tax is also often paid on goods and services: to raise / cut taxes tax increases / cuts changes in tax rates to pay over £1 000 in tax profits before / after tax a tax on cigarettes Income tax will be deducted by your employer. corporation tax, council tax, inheritance tax, poll tax, road tax, sales tax, stealth tax, value added tax, withholding taxverb [vn]1.to put a tax on sb/sth; to make sb pay tax:Any interest payments are taxed as part of your income. His declared aim was to tax the rich.2. (BrE) to pay tax on a vehicle so that you may use it on the roads: The car is taxed until July.3.to need a great amount of physical or mental effort: The questions did not tax me. The problem is currently taxing the brains of the nation’s experts (= making them think very hard).tax sb with sth(formal) to accuse sb of doing sth wrong:I taxed him with avoiding his responsibility as a parent.nationnoun1. [C] a country considered as a group of people with the same language, culture and history, who live in a particular area under one government:an independent nation the African nations2. [sing.] all the people in a country; population: The entire nation, it seemed, was watching TV. citizennoun1. a person who has the legal right to belong to a particular country: She’s Italian by birth but is now an Australian citizen. British citizens living in other parts of the European Union2.a person who lives in a particular place:the citizens of Budapest When you’re old, people treat you like a second-class citizen.celebrationnoun1.[C] a special event that people organize in order to celebrate sth:birthday / wedding celebrations2.[U, C] the act of celebrating sth:Her triumph was a cause for celebration. a party in celebration of their fiftieth wedding anniversary The service was a celebration of his life (= praised what he had done in his life).tolerateverb1. to allow sb to do sth that you do not agree with or like; put up with: [vn] Their relationship was tolerated but not encouraged. This sort of behaviour will not be tolerated. [v -ing] She refused to tolerate being called a liar. [also vn -ing]2. [vn] to accept sb/sth that is annoying, unpleasant, etc. without complaining; put up with:There is a limit to what one person can tolerate. I don’t know how you tolerate that noise!3. [vn] to be able to be affected by a drug, difficult conditions,etc. without being harmed: She tolerated the chemotherapy well. Few plants will tolerate sudden changes in temperature.homelandnoun1. [usually sing.] the country where a person was born: Many refugees have been forced to flee their homeland.2. [usually pl.] (in the Republic of South Africa under the apartheid system in the past) one of the areas with some self-government that were intended for a group of black African people to live in: the Transkei homelandsuperbadj. excellent; of very good quality: a superb player The car’s in superb condition. His performance was absolutely superb. You look superb.sowverb (sowed, sown / sowed, sowed)1. ~ sth (in / on sth)| ~ sth (with sth) to plant or spread seeds in or on the ground: [vn] Sow the seeds in rows. The fields around had been sown with wheat. Sow rows of lettuces between other vegetables. [v] Water well after sowing.2. [vn] ~ sth (in sth) to introduce or spread feelings or ideas, especially ones that cause trouble:to sow doubt in sb’s mind to sow confusionsow the seeds of sth to start the process that leads to a particular situation or result: In this way he sowed the seeds of his own success.sow (your) wild oats (of young men) to go through a period of wild behaviour while young, especially having a lot of romantic or sexual relationships: He wants to leave home, sow his wild oats and learn about life.verb [v]1. ~ (to / with sth) to be the same as or match sth; agree, tally: Your account of events does not correspond with hers. Your account and hers do not correspond. The written record of the conversation doesn’t correspond to (= is different from) what was actually said.2. ~ (to sth) to be similar to or the same as sth else: The British job of Lecturer corresponds roughly to the US Associate Professor.3. ~ (with sb) (formal) to write letters to sb and receive letters from themoweverb (not used in the progressive tenses)1. ~ sth (to sb) (for sth)| ~ (sb) sth (for sth) to have to pay sb for sth that you have already received or return money that you have borrowed: [vnn, vn] She still owes her father £3. 000. She still owes £3. 000 to her father [vn] The country owes billions of dollars to foreign creditors. How much do I owe you for the groceries? (figurative) I’m still owed three days' leave.2. ~ sth to sb| ~ sb sth to feel that you ought to do sth for sb or give them sth, especially because they have done sth for you: [vn] I owe a debt of gratitude to all my family. You owe it to your staff to be honest with them. [vnn] You owe me a favour! Thanks for sticking up for me—I owe you one (= I owe you a favour). I think you owe us an explanation. I think we’re owed an apology.3. ~ sth to sb/sth| ~ sb sth to exist or be successful because of the help or influence of sb/sth: [vn] He owes his success to hard work. The play owes much to French tragedy. [vn, vnn] I owe everything to him. I owe him everything. [vnn] I knew that I owed the surgeon my life.4. [vn] ~ allegiance / loyalty / obedience (to sb) (formal) to have to obey or be loyal to sb who is in a position of authority or power: All serfs owed allegiance to a lord.noun (pl. -ies)POWER1. [U] the power to give orders to people: in a position of authority She now has authority over the people who used to be her bosses. Nothing will be done because no one in authority (= who has a position of power) takes the matter seriously.2. [U] ~ (to do sth) the power or right to do sth: Only the manager has the authority to sign cheques. We have the authority to search this building.PERMISSION3. [U] official permission to do sth: It was done without the principal’s authority. We acted under the authority of the UN.ORGANIZATION4. [C, usually pl.] the people or an organization who have the power to make decisions or who have a particular area of responsibility in a country or region: The health authorities are investigating the problem. I have to report this to the authorities. the immigration authorities local authorityKNOWLEDGE5. [U] the power to influence people because they respect your knowledge or official position: He spoke with authority on the topic. the moral authority to run the countryEXPERT6. [C] ~ (on sth) a person with special knowledge; specialist: She’s an authority on criminal law. have sth on good authority to be able to believe sth because you trust the person who gave you theinformation: I have it on good authority that he is going to be promoted.desperateadj.1.feeling or showing that you have little hope and are ready to do anything without worrying about danger to yourself or others: The prisoners grew increasingly desperate. Stores are getting desperate after two years of poor sales. Somewhere out there was a desperate man, cold, hungry, hunted. I heard sounds of a desperate struggle in the next room.2. [usually before noun] (of an action) giving little hope of success; tried when everything else has failed:a desperate bid for freedom She clung to the edge in a desperate attempt to save herself. His increasing financial difficulties forced him to take desperate measures. Doctors were fighting a desperate battle to save the little girl’s life.3. [not usually before noun] ~ (for sth)| ~ (to do sth) needing or wanting sth very much: He was so desperate for a job he would have done anything. I was absolutely desperate to see her. (informal) I’m desperate for a cigarette.4. (of a situation) extremely serious or dangerous: The children are in desperate need of love and attention. They face a desperate shortage of clean water.desperately adv.:desperately ill / unhappy / lonely He took a deep breath, desperately trying to keep calm. They desperately wanted a child. She looked desperately around for a weapon. shrinkverb(shrank ,shrunk / shrunk, shrunk)1. to become smaller, especially when washed in water that is too hot; to make clothes, cloth, etc. smaller in this way: [v] My sweater shrank in the wash. [also vn]2. to become or to make sth smaller in size or amount: [v] The tumour had shrunk to the size of a pea. The market for theirproducts is shrinking. [vn] There was a movie called ‘Honey I shrunk the kids!’. Television in a sense has shrunk the world.3. [v + adv. / prep.] to move back or away from sth because you are frightened or shocked: He shrank back against the wall as he heard them approaching.a shrinking violet (humorous) a way of describing a very shy personshrink from sth to be unwilling to do sth that is difficult or unpleasant: We made it clear to them that we would not shrink from confrontation. [+ -ing] They did not shrink from doing what was right.windverb (wound, wound )1. [+adv. / prep.] (of a road, river, etc.) to have many bends and twists: [v] The path wound down to the beach. [vn] The river winds its way between two meadows.2. [vn + adv. / prep.] to wrap or twist sth around itself or sth else: He wound the wool into a ball. Wind the bandage around your finger.3. ~ (sth) (up) to make a clock or other piece of machinery work by turning a knob, handle, etc. several times; to be able to be made to work in this way: [vn] He had forgotten to wind his watch. [v] It was one of those old-fashioned gramophones that winds up.4.~ (sth) forward / back to operate a tape, film, etc. so that it moves nearer to its ending or starting position: [vn] He wound the tape back to the beginning. [v] Wind forward to the bit where they discover the body.5. [vn] to turn a handle several times: You operate the trapdoor by winding this handle.noun: Give the handle another couple of winds.wind sth down / wind down sth1. to bring a business, an activity, etc. to an end gradually over a period of time: The government is winding down its nuclear programme. The department is being wound down after the election.2.to make sth such as the window of a car move downwards by turning a handle, pressing a button, etc.: Can I wind my window down?wind up (informal) (of a person) to find yourself in a particular place or situation: I always said he would wind up in prison. [+ -ing] We eventually wound up staying in a little hotel a few miles from town. [+adj] If you take risks like that you’ll wind up dead.wind up/ wind sth up / wind up sth to bring sth such as a speech or meeting to an end: The speaker was just winding up when the door was flung open. If we all agree, let’s wind up the discussion. wind sb up / wind up sb(BrE, informal) to deliberately say or do sth in order to annoy sb: Calm down! Can’t you see he’s only winding you up? That can’t be true! You’re winding me up.—related noun wind-upwind sth up / wind up sth1. to stop running a company, business, etc. and close it completely2. to make sth such as the window of a car move upwards by turning a handle, pressing a button, etc.: Are all the windows wound up?paralyseverb [vn] [often passive]1. to make sb unable to feel or move all or part of their body: The accident left him paralysed from the waist down. (figurative) paralysing heat (figurative) She stood there, paralysed with fear.2. to prevent sth from functioning normally: The airport is still paralysed by the strike.recoververbFROM ILLNESS1. [v] ~ (from sth) to get well again after being ill/sick, hurt, etc.: He’s still recovering fro m his operation.FROM STH UNPLEASANT2. [v] ~ (from sth) to return to a normal state after an unpleasant or unusual experience or a period of difficulty: It can take many years to recover from the death of a loved one. The economy is at last beginning to recover.MONEY3. [vn] ~ sth (from sb/sth) to get back the same amount of money that you have spent or that is owed to you: He is unlikely to ever recover his legal costs.STH LOST / STOLEN4.[vn] ~ sth (from sb/sth) to get back or find sth that was lost, stolen or missing: The police eventually recovered the stolen paintings. Six bodies were recovered from the wreckage. POSITION / STATUS5. [vn] to win back a position, level, status, etc. that has been lost; regain: The team recovered its lead in the second half.SENSES / EMOTIONS6. [vn] to get back the use of your senses, control of your emotions, etc.; regain: It took her a few minutes to recover consciousness. to recover your sight She seemed upset but quickly recovered herself.snatchverb1. [usually +adv. / prep.] to take sth quickly and often rudely or roughly; grab: [vn] She managed to snatch the gun from his hand. Gordon snatched up his jacket and left the room. [v] Hey, youkids! Don’t all snatch!2. [vn] to take sb/sth away from a person or place, especially by force; to steal sth; steal: The raiders snatched $1.00 from the cash register. The baby was snatched from its parents' car.3. [vn] to take or get sth quickly, especially because you do not have much time: I managed to snatch an hour’s sleep. The team snatched a dramatic victory in the last minute of the game.snatch at sth1. to try to take hold of sth with your hands: He snatched at the steering wheel but I pushed him away.2. to take an opportunity to do sth: We snatched at every moment we could be together.noun1.a very small part of a conversation or some music that you hear: a snatch of music I only caught snatches of the conversation.2. an act of moving your hand very quickly to take or steal sth: a bag snatch to make a snatch at sth3.(taboo, slang) an offensive word for a woman’s outer sex organsin snatches for short periods rather than continuously: Sleep came to him in brief snatches.。
高中英语Unit 3 Australia词语学习
Unit 3 AustraliaPart Two: Teaching ResourcesSection 3: Words and expressions from Unit 3 Australia associateverb1. [vn] ~ sb/sth (with sb/sth) to make a connection between people or things in your mind: I always associate the smell of baking with my childhood. He is closely associated in the public mind with horror movies. Most people immediately associate addictions with drugs, alcohol and cigarettes. You wouldn’t normally associate these two writers—their styles are completely different.2. [v] ~ with sb to spend time with sb, especially a person or people that sb else does not approve of:I don’t like you associating with those people.3. [vn] ~ yourself with sth (formal) to show that you support or agree with sth: May I associate myself with the Prime Minister’s remarks? (= I agree with them) I have never associated myself with political extremism.adj. [only before noun]1.(often in titles) of a lower rank, having fewer rights in a particular profession or organization: associate membership of the European Union an associate member / director / editor She was only the associate producer of the movie.2.joined to or connected with a profession or an organization: an associate company in Japannoun1. a person that you work with, do business with or spend a lot of time with: business associates a close political associate of The company is called Landor Associates. He was known to be one of the convicted man’s associates.2.Associate (US) a person who has an Associate’s degree (= one that is given after completing two years of study at a junior college)barriernoun1. an object like a fence that prevents people from moving forward from one place to another: The crowd had to stand behind barriers. Show your ticket at the barrier. The car crashed into the safety barrier and burst into flames.2. ~ (to sth) a problem, rule or situation that prevents sb from doing sth, or that makes sth impossible: the removal of trade barriers Lack of confidence is a psychological barrier to success. Cost should not be a barrier to the use of legal services. The world of Disney is a magical experience that knows no age barriers.3. ~ (between A and B)| ~ (against sth) something that exists between one thing or person and another and keeps them separate: The Yangtze river is a natural barrier to the north-east. There was no real barrier between reality and fantasy in his mind. Ozone is the earth’s barrier against ultra-violet radiation. the language barrier (= when people cannot communicate because they do not speak the same language)4. a particular amount, level or number which it is difficult to get past: the first player whose earnings passed the $1.0 million barrierdefencenounPROTECTION AGAINST A TTACK1. [U] the act of protecting sb/sth from attack, criticism, etc.: soldiers who died in defence of their country When her brother was criticized she leapt to his defence. What points can be raised in defence of this argument? I have to say in her defence that she knew nothing about it beforehand.2.[C, U] ~ (against sth) something that provides protection against attack from enemies, the weather, illness, etc.: The town walls were built as a defence against enemy attacks. The harbour’s sea defences are in poor condition. The body has natural defenc e mechanisms to protect it from disease. Humour is a more effective defence than violence.3. [U] the organization of the people and systems that are used by a government to protect a country from attack: (BrE) the Ministry ofDefence (NAmE) the Department of Defense Further cuts in defence spending are being considered. SUPPORT4. [C] something that is said or written in order to support sth: a defence of MarxismLAW5. [C] what is said in court to prove that a person did not commit a crime; the act of presenting this argument in court:Her defence was that she was somewhere completely different at the time of the crime. He wanted to conduct his own defence.6. the defence [sing.+ sing./pl. v.] the lawyer or lawyers whose job is to prove in court that a person did not commit a crimeIN SPORT7. [sing., U] the players who must prevent the other team from scoring; the position of these players on the sports field: Welford cut through the defence to score the winning goal. (BrE) She plays in defence. (NAmE) He plays on defense.8 [C] a contest, game, etc. in which the previous winner or winners compete in order to try to win again: Milan’s defence of the European Cuppolicynoun (pl. -ies)1. [C, U] ~ (on sth) a plan of action agreed or chosen by a political party, a business, etc.: the present government’s policy on education The company has adopted a firm policy on shoplifting. We have tried to pursue a policy of neutrality. US foreign / domestic policy They have had a significant change in policy on paternity leave. a policy document2. [C, U] (formal) a principle that you believe in that influences how you behave; a way in which you usually behave: She is following her usual policy of ignoring all offers of help. (saying) Honesty is the best policy.3. [C] a written statement of a contract of insurance: Check the terms of the policy before you sign.taxnoun [C, U] ~ (on sth) money that you have to pay to the government so that it can pay for public services. People pay tax according to their income and businesses pay tax according to their profits. Tax is also often paid on goods and services: to raise / cut taxes tax increases / cuts changes in tax rates to pay over £1 000 in tax profits before / after tax a tax on cigarettes Income tax will be deducted by your employer. corporation tax, council tax, inheritance tax, poll tax, road tax, sales tax, stealth tax, value added tax, withholding taxverb [vn]1.to put a tax on sb/sth; to make sb pay tax:Any interest payments are taxed as part of your income. His declared aim was to tax the rich.2. (BrE) to pay tax on a vehicle so that you may use it on the roads: The car is taxed until July.3.to need a great amount of physical or mental effort: The questions did not tax me. The problem is current ly taxing the brains of the nation’s experts (= making them think very hard).tax sb with sth(formal) to accuse sb of doing sth wrong: I taxed him with avoiding his responsibility as a parent. nationnoun1.[C] a country considered as a group of people with the same language, culture and history, who live in a particular area under one government: an independent nation the African nations2. [sing.] all the people in a country; population: The entire nation, it seemed, was watching TV.citizennoun1. a person who has the legal right to belong to a particular country: She’s Italian by birth but is now an Australian citizen. British citizens living in other parts of the European Union2. a person who lives in a particular place: the citizens of Budap est When you’re old, people treat you like a second-class citizen.celebrationnoun1. [C] a special event that people organize in order to celebrate sth: birthday / wedding celebrations2. [U, C] the act of celebrating sth: Her triumph was a cause for celebration. a party in celebration of their fiftieth wedding anniversary The service was a celebration of his life (= praised what he had done in his life).tolerateverb1. to allow sb to do sth that you do not agree with or like; put up with: [vn] Their relationship was tolerated but not encouraged. This sort of behaviour will not be tolerated. [v -ing] She refused to tolerate being called a liar. [also vn -ing]2. [vn] to accept sb/sth that is annoying, unpleasant, etc. without complaining; put up with: There is a limit to what one person can tolerate. I don’t know how you tolerate that noise!3. [vn] to be able to be affected by a drug, difficult conditions, etc. without being harmed: She tolerated the chemotherapy well. Few plants will tolerate sudden changes in temperature.homelandnoun1. [usually sing.] the country where a person was born: Many refugees have been forced to flee their homeland.2. [usually pl.] (in the Republic of South Africa under the apartheid system in the past) one of the areas with some self-government that were intended for a group of black African people to live in: the Transkei homelandsuperbadj. excellent; of very good quality: a superb player The car’s in superb condition. His performance was absolutely superb. You look superb.sowverb (sowed, sown / sowed, sowed)1. ~ sth (in / on sth)| ~ sth (with sth) to plant or spread seeds in or on the ground: [vn] Sow the seeds in rows. The fields around had been sown with wheat. Sow rows of lettuces between other vegetables. [v] Water well after sowing.2. [vn] ~ sth (in sth) to introduce or spread feelings or ideas, especially ones that cause trouble: to sow doubt in sb’s mind to sow confusionsow the seeds of sth to start the process that leads to a particular situation or result: In this way he sowed the seeds of his own success.sow (your) wild oats (of young men) to go through a period of wild behaviour while young, especially having a lot of romantic or sexual relationships: He wants to leave home, sow his wild oats and learn about life. correspondverb [v]1. ~ (to / with sth) to be the same as or match sth; agree, tally: Your account of events does not correspond with hers. Your account and hers do not correspond. The written record of the conversation doesn’t correspond to (= is different from) what was actually said.2. ~ (to sth) to be similar to or the same as sth else: The British job of Lecturer corresponds roughly to the US Associate Professor.3.~ (with sb) (formal) to write letters to sb and receive letters from themoweverb (not used in the progressive tenses)1. ~ sth (to sb) (for sth)| ~ (sb) sth (for sth) to have to pay sb for sth that you have already received or return money that you have borrowed: [vnn, vn] She still owes her father £3. 000. She still owes £3. 000 to her father [vn] The country owes billions of dollars to foreign creditors. How much do I owe you for the groceries? (figurative) I’m still owed three days' leave.2. ~ sth to sb| ~ sb sth to feel that you ought to do sth for sb or give them sth, especially because they have done sth for you: [vn] I owe a debt of gratitude to all my family. You oweit to your staff to be honest with them. [vnn] You owe me a favour! Thanks for sticking up for me—I owe you one (= I owe you a favour). I think you owe us an explanation. I think we’re owed an apology. 3. ~ sth to sb/sth| ~ sb sth to exist or be successful because of the help or influence of sb/sth: [vn] He owes his success to hard work. The play owes much to French tragedy. [vn, vnn] I owe everything to him. I owe him everything. [vnn] I knew that I owed the surgeon my life.4. [vn] ~ allegiance / loyalty / obedience (to sb) (formal) to have to obey or be loyal to sb who is in a position of authority or power: All serfs owed allegiance to a lord.authoritynoun (pl. -ies)POWER1. [U] the power to give orders to people: in a position of authority She now has authority over the people who used to be her bosses. Nothing will be done because no one in authority (= who has a position of power) takes the matter seriously.2. [U] ~ (to do sth) the power or right to do sth: Only the manager has the authority to sign cheques. We have the authority to search this building.PERMISSION3. [U] official permission to do sth: It was d one without the principal’s authority. We acted under the authority of the UN.ORGANIZATION4. [C, usually pl.] the people or an organization who have the power to make decisions or who have a particular area of responsibility in a country or region: The health authorities are investigating the problem. I have to report this to the authorities. the immigration authorities local authorityKNOWLEDGE5.[U] the power to influence people because they respect your knowledge or official position: He spoke withauthority on the topic. the moral authority to run the countryEXPERT6. [C] ~ (on sth) a person with special knowledge; specialist: She’s an authority on criminal law.have sth on good authority to be able to believe sth because you trust the person who gave you the information: I have it on good authority that he is going to be promoted.desperateadj.1. feeling or showing that you have little hope and are ready to do anything without worrying about danger to yourself or others: The prisoners grew increasingly desperate. Stores are getting desperate after two years of poor sales. Somewhere out there was a desperate man, cold, hungry, hunted. I heard sounds of a desperate struggle in the next room.2.[usually before noun] (of an action) giving little hope of success; tried when everything else has failed:a desperate bid for freedom She clung to the edge in a desperate attempt to save herself. His increasing financial difficulties forced him to take desperate measures. Doctors were fighting a des perate battle to save the little girl’s life.3. [not usually before noun] ~ (for sth)| ~ (to do sth) needing or wanting sth very much: He was so desperate for a job he would have done anything. I was absolutely desperate to see her. (informal) I’m desper ate for a cigarette.4. (of a situation) extremely serious or dangerous: The children are in desperate need of love and attention. They face a desperate shortage of clean water.desperately adv.:desperately ill / unhappy / lonely He took a deep breath, desperately trying to keep calm. They desperately wanted a child. She looked desperately around for a weapon.shrinkverb(shrank ,shrunk / shrunk, shrunk)1. to become smaller, especially when washed in water that is too hot; to make clothes, cloth, etc. smaller in thisway: [v] My sweater shrank in the wash. [also vn] 2. to become or to make sth smaller in size or amount: [v] The tumour had shrunk to the size of a pea. The market for their products is shrinking. [vn] There was a movie called ‘Honey I shrunk the kids!’. Television in a sense has shrunk the world.3. [v + adv. / prep.] to move back or away from sth because you are frightened or shocked: He shrank back against the wall as he heard them approaching.a shrinking violet (humorous) a way of describing a very shy personshrink from sth to be unwilling to do sth that is difficult or unpleasant: We made it clear to them that we would not shrink from confrontation. [+ -ing] They did not shrink from doing what was right.windverb (wound, wound )1. [+adv. / prep.] (of a road, river, etc.) to have many bends and twists: [v] The path wound down to the beach. [vn] The river winds its way between two meadows.2. [vn + adv. / prep.] to wrap or twist sth around itself or sth else: He wound the wool into a ball. Wind the bandage around your finger.3. ~ (sth) (up) to make a clock or other piece of machinery work by turning a knob, handle, etc. several times; to be able to be made to work in this way: [vn] He had forgotten to wind his watch. [v] It was one of those old-fashioned gramophones that winds up.4. ~ (sth) forward / back to operate a tape, film, etc. so that it moves nearer to its ending or starting position: [vn] He wound the tape back to the beginning. [v] Wind forward to the bit where they discover the body.5. [vn] to turn a handle several times: You operate the trapdoor by winding this handle.noun: Give the handle another couple of winds.wind sth down / wind down sth1. to bring a business, an activity, etc. to an end gradually over a period of time: The government is winding down its nuclear programme. The department is being wound down after the election.2.to make sth such as thewindow of a car move downwards by turning a handle, pressing a button, etc.: Can I wind my window down? wind up (informal) (of a person) to find yourself in a particular place or situation: I always said he would wind up in prison. [+ -ing] We eventually wound up staying in a little hotel a few miles from town. [+adj] If you take risks like that you’ll wind up dead.wind up/ wind sth up / wind up sth to bring sth such as a speech or meeting to an end: The speaker was just winding up when the door was flung open. If we all agree, let’s wind up the discussion.wind sb up / wind up sb(BrE, informal) to deliberately say or do sth in order to annoy sb: Calm down! Can’t you see he’s only winding you up? That can’t be true! You’re winding me up.—related noun wind-upwind sth up / wind up sth1. to stop running a company, business, etc. and close it completely2. to make sth such as the window of a car move upwards by turning a handle, pressing a button, etc.: Are all the windows wound up?paralyseverb [vn] [often passive]1. to make sb unable to feel or move all or part of their body: The accident left him paralysed from the waist down. (figurative) paralysing heat (figurative) She stood there, paralysed with fear.2. to prevent sth from functioning normally: The airport is still paralysed by the strike.recoververbFROM ILLNESS1. [v] ~ (from sth) to get well again after being ill/sick, hurt, etc.: He’s still recovering from his operation.FROM STH UNPLEASANT2. [v] ~ (from sth) to return to a normal state after an unpleasant or unusual experience or a period of difficulty: Itcan take many years to recover from the death of a loved one. The economy is at last beginning to recover. MONEY3. [vn] ~ sth (from sb/sth) to get back the same amount of money that you have spent or that is owed to you: He is unlikely to ever recover his legal costs.STH LOST / STOLEN4. [vn] ~ sth (from sb/sth) to get back or find sth that was lost, stolen or missing: The police eventually recovered the stolen paintings. Six bodies were recovered from the wreckage.POSITION / STATUS5.[vn] to win back a position, level, status, etc. that has been lost; regain: The team recovered its lead in the second half.SENSES / EMOTIONS6.[vn] to get back the use of your senses, control of your emotions, etc.; regain:It took her a few minutes to recover consciousness. to recover your sight She seemed upset but quickly recovered herself.snatchverb1. [usually +adv. / prep.] to take sth quickly and often rudely or roughly; grab: [vn] She managed to snatch the gun from his hand. Gordon snatched up his jacket and left the room. [v] Hey, you kids! Don’t all snatch!2. [vn] to take sb/sth away from a person or place, especially by force; to steal sth; steal: The raiders snatched $1.00 from the cash register. The baby was snatched from its parents' car.3.[vn] to take or get sth quickly, especially because you do not have much time:I managed to snatch an hour’s sleep. The team snatched a dramatic victory in the last minute of the game.snatch at sth1. to try to take hold of sth with your hands: He snatched at the steering wheel but I pushed him away.2. to take an opportunity to do sth: We snatched at every moment we could be together.noun1. a very small part of a conversation or some music that you hear: a snatch of music I only caught snatches of the conversation.2. an act of moving your hand very quickly to take or steal sth: a bag snatch to make a snatch at sth3.(taboo, slang) an offensive word for a woman’s outer sex organsin snatches for short periods rather than continuously: Sleep came to him in brief snatches.。
高中英语知识讲解：Unit+3+Australia+3 Unit+3 Section+Ⅲ 含答案
Section ⅢLearning about Language & Using Language1．rainfall n．降雨；降雨量2．agriculture n. 农业；农学3．shrink v t.&v i. 收缩；(使)皱缩；缩短4．wind v t. 绕；缠5．paralyze v t. 使瘫痪；使麻痹6．snatch v t. 攫取；抢走7．desperate adj. 不顾一切的；绝望的8．bachelor n. 单身汉；(文理)学士9．amongst prep. 在……中间；在……之中10．sow v t.&v i. 播种；传播11．authority n. 权力；权威；当局12．funnel n. 漏斗1．correspond with 与……通信2．owe ...to 把……归功于；欠3．talk...into．.. 说服某人做某事4．be unconscious of/about 没有意识到……5．recover from 从……中恢复；从……中获得1．A few varieties，however，can kill humans，so it_is_just_as_well_that snakes are very shy and usually attack only if they are disturbed and feel threatened.不过，还有少数几种蛇能致人于死地。
好在蛇都胆小怕事，通常只有被打搅和感到威胁时才会出击。
2．However，although they look dangerous because of their wide mouths and sharp teeth，all_but two or three kinds are harmless to humans.然而，虽然由于它们的大嘴和尖牙使它们看起来非常危险，但是除了两三种以外，其他的鲨鱼都不会对人类有害。
高中英语Unit 3 Australia
Unit 3 Australia〔一〕教材分析：本单元的中心话题是“澳大利亚〞，主要内容涉及澳大利亚的地理、历史、主要城市、自然风光、野生动植物、风俗习惯等内容。
语言技能和语言知识都是围绕这一中心设计的。
热身〔Warming-up〕部分用几幅关于澳洲的大城市和著名的风景点的图画，过渡到这个单元的课题，并引出与下面阅读课文相关的词汇和背景知识。
读前部分旨在训练学生的阅读技巧，要求学生快速浏览五篇短文后，回答前面的这个部分设计的三个问题。
阅读部分包含五篇主题相同却风格各异的短文，百科全书选段、新闻报道、广告、明信片、旅游手册文章，从多角度概叙了澳大利亚的国家全貌。
理解部分由三项练习组成，练习1和“读前〞部分相呼应，也是要求学会快速阅读课文，旨在训练略读技巧。
练习2要求学生仔细回答仔细细读课文，同时标出自己以前不了解的一些关于澳大利亚的信息，列出其中最有意思的五项，并与同伴交流讨论。
这个练习从形式上看比较简单，但他能使学生对文某某息进行主动加工，从认知层面提升到思维层面，从而书本上的知识纳入了自己的知识体系。
练习3是对课文内容的拓展，训练学生的逻辑思维能力和表达能力。
由于五篇短文大多是陈述性和描叙性的语言，而没有表达个人的观点的语句，因此，该练习借用文中提到的一些事实发问，以激发学生对文章内容的深沉思考。
问题的答案不能从文中直接找到，要求学生有理有据地说出自己的观点。
“语言学习〞部分由词汇和语法两部分组成。
词汇部分练习1匙一个含11个空的语篇，要求学生用课文中出现的生词填空。
练习2也是个语篇题，内容是关于澳大利亚早期移民的艰苦生活。
这个练习要求学生首先阅读短文，看看其中画线单词是否认识，不要着急查词典，先试试猜一猜的它的意思，并写在“你的释义〞一栏中。
最后，再查英英词典，将你不认识的单词的定义写在“定义〞一栏中。
这项练习包含了两种重要的词汇策略：1〕根据上下文猜测生词的意思；2〕。
用英语给英语单词下定义。
高中英语 选修九 Unit 3 Australia 知识精讲 新人教版
高三英语新课Unit3 Australia知识精讲一. 本周教学内容：高三新课：Unit 3（II）—Australia二. 知识总结与归纳：1. It was probably once connected to South America, but the continents separated as the earth’s plates moved.澳洲很可能曾经同南美洲连在一起，但是随着地球板块的活动而分离开了。
connect to / with ：与……有联系／连接The chil d connected the moon with a fairy tal e his grandma tol d him.separate：分离短语：separate…from….2. Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals that cannot be found anywhere else in the world.因为澳大利亚同其他大陆已经分离了几百万年了，所以澳大利亚与许多动植物是世界其他地方找不到的。
Having been separated from other continents for millions of years：现在分词的完成式做原因状语。
Having put up the tent, they started to cook their supper.3. One strange animals lay eggs yet feeds its young on its milk.有一种动物很奇特，会下蛋，而又给她的幼崽喂奶。
lay egg：下蛋。
lay的其他意思：摆放；把……归于相关的短语：lay out：布置；安排；lay d own：放下；lay aside：把……放在一边；lay off：裁员；lay the foundation of ….：奠定……的基础feed sb. on sth. ：用……喂养；＝feed sth to sb.feed on….：以……为食In winter they feed the horses on hay and corn.Chinese people feed on rice chiefly.You can feed these turnips to the rabbits.其他短语：feed …with…：用……补给……be fed up with = be tired of…厌倦……He fed the fire with some l ogs.I have fed up with these boring meeting.4. In area, it is approximately the same size as the USA（without Alaska）which, however, has more than fourteen times as many people.澳大利亚的面积大致相当于美国（不含阿拉斯加）。
人教版高中英语选修九第三单元知识精讲新人教版选修9
高三英语新课 Unit3 Australia知识精讲一. 本周教学内容：高三新课：Unit 3（II）—Australia二. 知识总结与归纳：1. It was probably once connected to South America, but the continents separated as the earth’s plates moved.澳洲很可能曾经同南美洲连在一起，但是随着地球板块的活动而分离开了。
connect to / with ：与……有联系／连接The child connected the moon with a fairy tale his grandma told him.separate：分离短语：separate…from….2. Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals that cannot be found anywhere else in the world.因为澳大利亚同其他大陆已经分离了几百万年了，所以澳大利亚与许多动植物是世界其他地方找不到的。
Having been separated from other continents for millions of years：现在分词的完成式做原因状语。
Having put up the tent, they started to cook their supper.3. One strange animals lay eggs yet feeds its young on its milk.有一种动物很奇特，会下蛋，而又给她的幼崽喂奶。
lay egg：下蛋。
lay的其他意思：摆放；把……归于相关的短语：lay out：布置；安排；lay down：放下；lay aside：把……放在一边；lay off：裁员；lay the foundation of ….：奠定……的基础feed sb. on sth. ：用……喂养；＝feed sth to sb.feed on….：以……为食In winter they feed the horses on hay and corn.Chinese people feed on rice chiefly.You can feed these turnips to the rabbits.其他短语：feed …with…：用……补给……be fed up with = be tired of…厌倦……He fed the fire with some logs.I have fed up with these boring meeting.4. In area, it is approximately the same size as the USA（without Alaska） which, however, has more than fourteen times as many people.澳大利亚的面积大致相当于美国（不含阿拉斯加）。
高中英语Unit 3 Australia(2)
Unit 3 Australia（2）Period 2 Language PointsⅠ. Teaching aims:Target Languagebackgrounds, nation, citizens, tolerance, Aboriginal, homelands, migrants, adequate, sow, hardship, bachelor, correspond, oweAbility goalsEnable Ss to use the new words in the text or passagesEnable Ss to give correspondent definition of each new wordEnable Ss to learn useful strategy to expand their vocabularyⅡ. Teaching important points:Enable Ss to use the new words in contextEnable Ss to give correspondent definition of each new wordEnable Ss to learn useful strategy to expand their vocabularyⅢ. Teaching difficult points:Enable Ss to give correspondent definition of each new wordEnable Ss to learn useful strategy to expand their vocabularyⅣ. Teaching methods:Cooperative learning, task-based learningⅤ. Teaching aids:A computer, a blackboard, a tape-recordedⅥ. Teaching procedures:StepⅠ GreetingsStepⅡ Lead-inT: Yesterday we read five short texts which introduce certain aspects of Australia, each short text is written in a different style, and so do you know what styles are they?StepⅢ Word StudyEx1 on page 24. First show the words on the screen and check Ss’ understanding of each word. Then do the exercise, that is, ask each Ss to read out a sentence and figure out what words should be filled in each blank, and then translate it into good Chinese.Ex2 on page 25. Ask the Ss to read the text and try to guess the meaning of each bolded words in the context and try to explain them in English. Then ask them to look up the words in English-English dictionary, and check whether their former definitions are right or wrong.3. Ex3 on page 25. Ask Ss to follow the example and try to write down as many words related to each of the following words as possible.tax: taxation, taxed, taxable, taxman, taxpayerhome: homework, homely, homeland, homeless, homemaker, homecoming, homesick rust: rusty, rustprooftime: timely, timing, timekeeper, timer, timepiece, timesaving, timetable, timelessStepⅣ Consolidating ExerciseChoose the correct words to complete the following sentences.The young woman seemed to be asleep, but in fact she was _____________.The house looked old form outside, but inside it was ____________.The knife appeared _____________, but it proved to be extremely sharp.The name of the place sounds like English, but it is _____________.The fruit smelled bad, but it turned out to be very ___________.The food and water seemed __________ quality, but they made us sick.The situation seemed _________ quality, but it proved to be hopeful.This island appears to be an independent country, but actually it is to be a(n)________ region within the country.Keys: unconscious superb rusty aboriginal tasty adequate desperate autonomousStep V. HomeworkDo Exercise in the workbook page68-69 Ex1, 2, 3, 4.。
高中英语Unit 3 Australia(2)
Unit 3 Australia〔2〕Period 2 Language PointsⅠ. Teaching aims:Target Languagebackgrounds, nation, citizens, tolerance, Aboriginal, homelands, migrants, adequate, sow, hardship, bachelor, correspond, oweAbility goalsEnable Ss to use the new words in the text or passagesEnable Ss to give correspondent definition of each new wordEnable Ss to learn useful strategy to expand their vocabularyⅡ. Teaching important points:Enable Ss to use the new words in contextEnable Ss to give correspondent definition of each new wordEnable Ss to learn useful strategy to expand their vocabularyⅢ. Teaching difficult points:Enable Ss to give correspondent definition of each new wordEnable Ss to learn useful strategy to expand their vocabularyⅣ. Teaching methods:Cooperative learning, task-based learningⅤ. Teaching aids:A computer, a blackboard, a tape-recordedⅥ. Teaching procedures:StepⅠ GreetingsStepⅡ Lead-inT: Yesterday we read five short texts which introduce certain aspects of Australia, each short text is written in a different style, and so do you know what styles are they?StepⅢ Word StudyEx1 on page 24. First show the words on the screen and check Ss’ understanding of each word. Then do the exercise, that is, ask each Ss to read out a sentence and figure out what words should be filled in each blank, and then translate it into good Chinese.Ex2 on page 25. Ask the Ss to read the text and try to guess the meaning of each bolded words in the context and try to explain them in English. Then ask them to look up the words in English-English dictionary, and check whether their former definitions are right or wrong.3. Ex3 on page 25. Ask Ss to follow the example and try to write down as many words related to each of the following words as possible.tax: taxation, taxed, taxable, taxman, taxpayerhome: homework, homely, homeland, homeless, homemaker, homecoming, homesickrust: rusty, rustprooftime: timely, timing, timekeeper, timer, timepiece, timesaving, timetable, timelessStepⅣ Consolidating ExerciseChoose the correct words to complete the following sentences.The young woman seemed to be asleep, but in fact she was _____________.The house looked old form outside, but inside it was ____________.The knife appeared _____________, but it proved to be extremely sharp.The name of the place sounds like English, but it is _____________.The fruit smelled bad, but it turned out to be very ___________.The food and water seemed __________ quality, but they made us sick.The situation seemed _________ quality, but it proved to be hopeful.This island appears to be an independent country, but actually it is to be a(n) ________ region within the country.Keys: unconscious superb rusty aboriginal tasty adequate desperate autonomous Step V. HomeworkDo Exercise in the workbook page68-69 Ex1, 2, 3, 4.。
涛浙学校高中英语Unit 3 Australia背景知识
烧烛州烟递市涛浙学校Unit 3 Australia Part Two: Teaching ResourcesSection 2: Background information for Unit 3 Australia1.Origin and history of the name of AustraliaThe name Australia is derived from the Latin australis, meaning southern. Legends of an "unknown southern land" (terra australis incognita) date back to the Roman times and were commonplace in mediæval geography, but they were not based on any actual knowledge of the contin ent. The Dutch adjectival form Australische ("Australian," in the sense of "southern") was used by Dutch officials in Batavia to refer to the newly discovered land to the south as early as 1638. The first English language writer to use the word "Australia" was Alexander Dalrymple in An Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean, published in 1771. He used the term to refer to the entire South Pacific region, not specifically to the Australian continent. In 1793, George Shaw and Sir James Smith published Zoology and Botany of New Holland, in which they wrote of "the vast island, or rather continent, of Australia, Australasia or New Holland." View of Port Jackson, taken from the South Head, from A Voyage to Terra Australis. Sydney was established on this site.The name "Australia" was popularised by the 1814 work A Voyage to Terra Australis by the navigator Matthew Flinders. Despite its title, which reflected the view of the Admiralty, Flinders used the word "Australia" in the book, which was widely read and gave the term general currency. Governor Lachlan Macquarie of New South Wales subsequently used the word in his dispatches to England. In 1817 he recommended that it be officially adopted. In 1824, the British Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia.2．Australia - just the factsIn land area, Australia is the sixth largest nation after Russia, Canada, China, the United States of America and Brazil. It has, however, a relatively small population.Australia is the only nation to govern an entire continent and its outlying islands. The mainland is the largest island and the smallest, flattest continent on Earth. It lies between 10° and 39° South latitude.The highest point on the mainland, Mount Kosciuszko, is only 2228 metres. Apart from Antarctica, Australia is the driest continent.Australia is the driest inhabited continent on earth. Its interior has one of the lowest rainfalls in the world and about three-quarters of the land is arid or semi-arid. Its fertile areas are well-watered, however, and these are used very effectively to help feed the world. Sheep and cattle graze in dry country, but care must be taken with the soil. Some grazing land became desert when the long cycles that influence rainfall in Australia turned to drought.The Australian federation consists of six States and two Territories. Most inland borders follow lines of longitude and latitude. The largest State, Western Australia, is about the same size as Western Europe.●EconomyAustralia has had one of the most outstanding economies of the world in recent years. As a high-growth, low-inflation, low interest rate economy, it is more vibrant than ever before. There is an efficient government sector, a flexible labour market and a very competitive business sector. With its abundant physical resources, Australia has enjoyed a high standard of living since thenineteenth century. It has made a comparatively large investment in social infrastructure, including education, training, health and transport.The Australian workforce has seen many improvements over the last decade, leading to the surge in productivity in the 1990s. The complex and centralised award based industrial relations system has given way to a more decentralised one with many employees working under workplace agreements tailored to meet enterprise needs.●ImmigrationAustralia's culturally diverse society includes its Indigenous peoples and settlers from countries all around the world.Immigration is an important feature of Australian society. Since 1945, over six million people from 200 countries have come to Australia as new settlers. Migrants have made a major contribution to shaping modern Australia. People born overseas make up almost one quarter of the total population.The federal government sets immigration intake numbers on a yearly basis. Australia's immigration policies are non-discriminatory and all applicants to migrate must meet the same selection criteria.3．Australia in briefAustralia is an independent Western democracy with a population of more than 20 million. It is one of the world’s most urbanised countries, with about 70 per cent of the population living in the 10 largest cities. Most of the population is concentrated along the eastern seaboard and the south-eastern corner of the continent.Australia’s lifestyle reflects its mainly Western origins, but Australia is also a multicultural society which has been enriched by over six million settlers from almost 200 nations. Four out of ten Australians are migrants or the first-generation children of migrants, half of them from non-English speaking backgrounds.Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people totalled 410 003 at the last census, nearly 2.2 per cent of the population. Two thirds of the indigenous people live in towns and cities. Many others live in rural and remote areas, and some still have a broadly traditional way of life. It is generally thought that Aboriginal people began living on the continent 50 000 to 60 000 years ago, and some authorities believe their occupation may date back 100 000 years.Australia is the only nation to occupy an entire continent. Its land mass of nearly 7.7 million km2 is the flattest and (after Antarctica) driest of continents, yet it has extremes of climate and topography. There are rainforests and vast plains in the north, snowfields in the south east, desert in the centre and fertile croplands in the east, south and south west. About one third of the country lies in the tropics. Australia has a coastline of 36 735km.Isolation of the Australian island-continent for 55 million years created a sanctuary for the flora and fauna. Marsupials were saved from competition with more highly developed mammals. Birds unique to Australia also survived, and distinctive trees and plants developed. Australia’s best-known animals are the kangaroo, koala, platypus and spiny anteater. Of more than 700 bird species listed in Australia, 400 - including the large, flightless emu - are found nowhere else. Australia has 20 000 species of plants, including living fossils such as the cycad palm and the grass tree, and brilliant wildflowers such as the waratah, Sturt’s desert pea, the floweringcones of banksia trees, and the red and green kangaroo paw. The continent has 700 species of acacia, which Australians call wattle, and 1200 species in the Myrtaceae family which includes eucalypts or gum trees.Australia’s national anthem, Advance Australia Fair, is a revised version of a lat e 19th-century patriotic song. It was declared the national anthem in April 1984, replacing God Save the Queen, which was designated the royal anthem. In the same year, Australia officially adopted green and gold as its national colours.Australia’s offici al language is English, by common usage rather than law. Australian English does not differ significantly from other forms of English, although some colloquial and slang expressions are unique.The flag of Australia is the only one to fly over a whole continent. The small Union Jack represents the historical link with Britain, the large seven-pointed star represents the six States and the Territories, and the small stars form the Southern Cross - a prominent feature of the southern hemisphere night sky.Aus tralia’s coat of arms - the official emblem of the Australian Government - was granted by King George V in 1912. The arms consist of a shield containing the badges of the six States. The supporters are native Australian fauna - a kangaroo and an emu. A yellow-flowered native plant, wattle, also appears in the design.Australia’s national day, Australia Day, on 26 January, marks the date in 1788 when Captain Arthur Phillip, of the British Royal Navy, commanding a fleet of 11 ships, sailed into Port Jackson (Sydney Cove). Phillip formally took possession of the eastern part of the continent for England andestablished a settlement, now Australia’s largest city, Sydney.Air travel and the great variety of Australia’s attractions are combining to bring more inte rnational tourists to Australia every year. Overseas tourists are drawn by Australia’s sunshine, sandy beaches, the vast outback, rainforests, the Great Barrier Reef, unique flora and fauna, the Gold Coast of Queensland, and the attractions of the cities, Australia’s friendly, multicultural society, and the safe and welcoming environment. Tourism is one of Australia’s largest and fastest-growing industries. In 2002, 4.8 million international tourists visited Australia, a quarter of them from Japan and another quarter from other countries of East Asia. In 2000, Australian exports grew by 25 per cent to reach a total value of $143 billion, representing the best export growth Australia had experienced for 21 years. This figure increased again in 2000 - 01, to $154 billion. In 2001 - 02, the total value of Australian exports dropped by one per cent, reflecting a more difficult global trading environment. Australia's export structures have changed considerably over the past 10 years.Although trade in commodities remains strong, new services and sophisticated manufacturing export markets have emerged. Merchandise exports were valued at $121 billion in 2001 - 02. During the same year, Australian exports of services totalled $31 billion. Exports have recorded 8 per cent average annual growth since 1991 - 92. They now account for 21 per cent of GDP, compared with around 17 per cent in 1991 - 92.Japan remains Australia's largest single export market, buying 19 per cent of total merchandise exports in 2001 - 02. The United States accounts for 10 per cent, Korea 8 per cent and New Zealand 6 per cent. China, Singapore, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and Indonesia were alsosignificant export markets. (Merchandise exports to East Asia grew by 35 per cent in 2000 and to the Middle East by 38 per cent in the same year. Growth was small in 2001 - 02: to East Asia almost zero, and to the Middle East up just one per cent).Australia's imports have always been dominated by manufactures. In 2001 - 02, 84 per cent of Australia's merchandise imports were manufactures.4. History of AustraliaThe prehistory of Australia is a term which may be used to describe the period of approximately 40-45,000 years (or more, as is contended by some studies) between the first human habitation of the Australian continent and the first definitive sighting of Australia by Europeans in 1606, which may be taken as the beginning of the recent history of Australia. This era is referred to as prehistory rather than history because there are no written records of human events in Australia which pre-date this contact.●History of Australia before 1901Main article: History of Australia before 1901Records of the discovery of the Australian continent by European expeditions date back to the early 17th century. The first such undisputed sighting was in 1606 by the Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon, who in his ship Duyfken navigated the Gulf of Carpentaria, sighting and making landfall on the western coast of Cape York Peninsula. Other 17th century European voyagers (predominantly Dutch, but also French and English) were to follow suit, and by the start of the 18th century the western and northern coastlines of what had become known as "New Holland" had been charted. No attempts to establish settlements were made, however.In 1770, the expedition of the Endeavour under command of British Royal Navy Lieutenant JamesCook navigated and charted the east coast of Australia, making first landfall at Botany Bay on April 29, 1770. Cook continued northwards, and before leaving put ashore on Possession Island in the Torres Strait off Cape York on August 22 1770. Here he formally claimed the eastern coastline he had discovered for the Crown, naming it New South Wales. Given that Cook's discoveries would lead to the first European settlement of Australia, he is often popularly conceived as its European discoverer, although he had been preceded by more than 160 years.The favourable reports of these lands relayed by Cook's expedition upon their return to England generated interest in its offered solution to the problem of penal overcrowding in Britain, which had been exacerbated by the loss of its American colonies. Accordingly, on May 13 1787 the 11 ships of the First Fleet set sail from Portsmouth, England, bound for Botany Bay.The British Crown Colony of New South Wales started with the establishment of a settlement and penal colony at Port Jackson by Captain Arthur Phillip on 26 January 1788. This date was later to become Australia's national day, Australia Day. Van Diemen's Land, now known as Tasmania, was settled in 1803 and became a separate colony in 1825. Britain formally claimed the western part of Australia in 1829. Separate colonies were created from parts of New South Wales: South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, and Queensland in 1859. The Northern Territory (NT) was founded in 1863 as part of the Province of South Australia. Victoria and South Australia were founded as "free colonies"—that is, they were never penal colonies, although the former did receive some convicts from Tasmania. Western Australia was also founded "free", but later accepted transported convicts due to an acute labour shortage. The transportation of convicts to Australia was phased out between 1840 and 1868.A gold rush began in Australia in the early 1850s, and the Eureka Stockade rebellion in 1854 was an early expression of nationalist sentiment. Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies individually gained responsible government, managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire. The Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, notably foreign affairs, defence and international shipping.●History of Australia since 1901Main article: History of Australia since 1901On 1 January 1901, federation of the colonies was achieved after a decade of planning, consultation and voting, and the Commonwealth of Australia was born, as a Dominion of the British Empire. The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) was formed from New South Wales in 1911 to provide a location for the proposed new federal capital of Canberra (Melbourne was the capital from 1901 to 1927). The Northern Territory was transferred from the control of the South Australian government to the Commonwealth in 1911. Australian troops took part in both world wars. Since World War II Australia has been transformed by a massive immigration programme, and since the 1970s and the abolition of the White Australia policy from Asia and other parts of the world; radically transforming Australia's demography, culture and image of itself.The Statute of Westminster 1931 formally ended most of the constitutional links between Australia and Britain, but Australia did not adopt the Statute until 1942. The shock of Britain's defeat in Asia in 1942 and the threat of Japanese invasion caused Australia to turn to the United States as a new ally and protector. Since 1951, Australia has been a formal military ally of the US under the auspices of the ANZUS treaty. The final constitutional ties between Australia and Britain ended in 1986 with the passing of the Australia Act 1986, ending any British role in the AustralianStates, and ending judicial appeals to the UK Privy Council. Australia remains a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II the Queen of Australia; the 1999 referendum to establish a republic was marginally rejected. Australia's links to its British past are increasingly tenuous. Since the election of the Whitlam Government in 1972, there has been an increasing focus on the nation's future as a part of the Asia-Pacific region.。
高中英语 Unit3 Australia 知识点汇总 新人教版选修9
Unit 3 AustraliaNew words1.associate 使联系；结交；合伙人；同事associate…with 把。
和。
联系起来associate with与。
交往associated (adj)有关联的，有联系的association (n)联合；交往2.adequate 适当的；足够的be adequate for/to适合；能满足于be adequate to do 足够做某事adequacy (n)适合；足够【相关链接】adequate和 enough的辨析adequate 通常指数量上和质量上满足要求enough偏重数量的足够The prisoners received adequate food.犯人们领取相当好的食物。
（质好或量足）The prisoners received enough food.犯人们领取足够吃的食物。
（指量）3.defence 防卫；辩护in defence of 保卫；保护；为。
辩护out of defence for 处于为。
辩护defence against 对。
的防御come/rush/leap/spring to sb’s defence挺身为某人辩白defenceless (adj )无防御的defend (vt)防卫；保护4.tax (n) 税，税款，负担，压力 (vt) 对。
征税pay/impose/introduce/levy/put a tax on 对。
征税pay money in tax付税金taxable (adj)可征税的5.celebration (c/u)庆祝，庆典hold a celebration 举行庆祝会in celebrati on of 庆祝celebrate(vt) sth庆祝某事【相关链接】congratulate (vt) sb on sth祝贺某人某事congratulations (pl.) to sb on (doing)sth6.tolerate 忍受，容忍tolerate /bear/stand doing sth容许做某事tolerance /toleration(n)忍受；容忍；宽容tolerant (adj)忍受的；容忍的tolerable (adj)可忍受的，可宽容的7.migrant(c)移居者，移民，候鸟migration(c/u)移居migrate(vt)移居8.out of respect处于尊敬out of respect for出于对。
人教版高中英语选修9Unit3Australiaword知识点汇总
Unit 3 AustraliaNew words1.associate 使联系；结交；合伙人；同事associate…with 把。
和。
联系起来associate with与。
交往associated (adj)有关联的，有联系的association (n)联合；交往2.adequate 适当的；足够的be adequate for/to适合；能满足于be adequate to do 足够做某事adequacy (n)适合；足够【相关链接】adequate和 enough的辨析adequate 通常指数量上和质量上满足要求enough偏重数量的足够The prisoners received adequate food.犯人们领取相当好的食物。
（质好或量足）The prisoners received enough food.犯人们领取足够吃的食物。
（指量）3.defence 防卫；辩护in defence of 保卫；保护；为。
辩护out of defence for 处于为。
辩护defence against 对。
的防御come/rush/leap/spring to sb’s defence挺身为某人辩白defenceless (adj )无防御的defend (vt)防卫；保护4.tax (n) 税，税款，负担，压力 (vt) 对。
征税pay/impose/introduce/levy/put a tax on 对。
征税pay money in tax付税金taxable (adj)可征税的5.celebration (c/u)庆祝，庆典hold a celebration 举行庆祝会in celebrati on of 庆祝celebrate(vt) sth庆祝某事【相关链接】congratulate (vt) sb on sth祝贺某人某事congratulations (pl.) to sb on (doing)sth6.tolerate 忍受，容忍tolerate /bear/stand doing sth容许做某事tolerance /toleration(n)忍受；容忍；宽容tolerant (adj)忍受的；容忍的tolerable (adj)可忍受的，可宽容的7.migrant(c)移居者，移民，候鸟migration(c/u)移居migrate(vt)移居8.out of respect处于尊敬out of respect for出于对。
(精品)019-2020年高中英语-Unit3-Australia-知识点汇总-新人教版选修9111
2019-2020年高中英语 Unit3 Australia 知识点汇总新人教版选修9 New words1.associate 使联系；结交；合伙人；同事associate…with 把。
和。
联系起来associate with与。
交往associated (adj)有关联的，有联系的association (n)联合；交往2.adequate 适当的；足够的be adequate for/to适合；能满足于be adequate to do 足够做某事adequacy (n)适合；足够【相关链接】adequate和 enough的辨析adequate 通常指数量上和质量上满足要求enough偏重数量的足够The prisoners received adequate food.犯人们领取相当好的食物。
（质好或量足）The prisoners received enough food.犯人们领取足够吃的食物。
（指量）3.defence 防卫；辩护in defence of 保卫；保护；为。
辩护out of defence for 处于为。
辩护defence against 对。
的防御e/rush/leap/spring to sb’s defence挺身为某人辩白defenceless (adj )无防御的defend (vt)防卫；保护4.tax (n) 税，税款，负担，压力 (vt) 对。
征税pay/impose/introduce/levy/put a tax on 对。
征税pay money in tax付税金taxable (adj)可征税的5.celebration (c/u)庆祝，庆典hold a celebration 举行庆祝会in celebration of 庆祝celebrate(vt) sth庆祝某事【相关链接】congratulate (vt) sb on sth祝贺某人某事congratulations (pl.) to sb on (doing)sth6.tolerate 忍受，容忍tolerate /bear/stand doing sth容许做某事tolerance /toleration(n)忍受；容忍；宽容tolerant (adj)忍受的；容忍的tolerable (adj)可忍受的，可宽容的7.migrant(c)移居者，移民，候鸟migration(c/u)移居migrate(vt)移居8.out of respect处于尊敬out of respect for出于对。
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Section ⅡWarming Up & Reading—Language PointsWhich of the pictures below do you associate with the following places in Australia?下面哪些图画和澳大利亚的地域有联系？①I feel honored to have the chance to live, work and associate with them.我觉得很荣幸有机会和他们一起生活、工作和相处。
②The first step to making friends is associating with other people.交朋友的第一步就是要跟他人联系。
[自我探究]associate是及物动词，意为使发生联系；使联合；结交，常与介词with连用。
(1)associate sb./sth. with sb./sth. 把……和……联系在一起；由……联想到……be associated with... 和……有关associate with sb. 与某人交往或打交道(2)association n. 联合；联想；交往；协会；团体in association with... 与……合伙/合作③He is closely associated in the public mind with horror movies.在公众心目中，他总是和恐怖电影紧密联系在一起。
[巧学活用]——一句多译汤姆有许多与头痛相关的症状。
(1)Tom has a lot of symptoms ________________________________．(使用定语从句)(2)Tom has a lot of symptoms ________________________________．(使用分词短语作定语)(3)Tom has a lot of symptoms ____________________________．(使用介词短语作定语)答案：(1)which are associated with headache(2)associated with headache(3)in association with headacheIt is a mainly dry country with only a few coastal areas that have adequate rainfall to support a large population.这是一个以干旱为主的国家，只有少数沿海地区有足够的降水来养活其庞大的人口。
①Is the water supply adequate?水的供应足够吗？②We had adequate food for a week’s journey.我们有足够的食物可以做一星期的旅行。
[自我探究]adequate是形容词，意为足够的，充分的，适当的。
adequate adj.有以下几种含义：(1)足够的，适当的(2)可以胜任的(3)差强人意的，过得去的③The research can’t be completed without adequate funding.没有足够的资金，这项研究就无法完成。
④I hope he will prove adequate to the job.我希望他将证明自己能胜任这项工作。
⑤Her performance was adequate but lacked originality.她的表演还过得去，但缺乏独创性。
单词意义区别adequate当“足够的，充分的”讲时，无比较级、最高级的变化，后常接介词for或不定式。
adequate表示符合某一客观标准，兼有适当的意思，也表示“充裕”enough偏重数量上的足够，有“充分的，足够的”之意，不强调质量的好坏⑥The prisoners received adequate food.犯人们领取了充足的食物。
(质量好或足量)⑦The prisoners received enough food.犯人们的食物足够吃。
(指量)Australia Day celebrations that include people from so many birthplaces are an excellent way to encourage tolerance，respect and friendship among all the people of Australia.澳大利亚日，一个包括来自许多诞生地的人组成的庆典，是一个在全体澳大利亚人之间鼓励宽容、尊重和友谊的极好方式。
(1)celebrationa birthday celebration生日庆典①The day deserves a celebration.这个日子值得庆祝。
②There will be a reception in celebration of the Fund’s 50th anniversary.为庆祝基金会成立五十周年将举行一个招待会。
[自我探究]celebration是celebrate的名词形式，意为庆祝，庆典。
celebrate v．庆祝，庆贺③We’ll hold a party to celebrate our teacher’s 70th birthday.＝We’ll hold a celebration party on our teacher’s 70th birthday.为了庆祝老师七十大寿，我们将要举行一个晚会。
(2)tolerance①I have a low alcohol tolerance.我酒量不好。
[自我探究]tolerance是名词，意为耐性；容忍；宽容。
(1)tolerance n. (对疼痛、困苦、严寒等的)忍耐力，耐久力，常与介词of/to连用。
容忍，默许，宽容，包容力(2)tolerate v t. 容许；宽容；默许；宽大地处理tolerate＋n./doing sth. 容忍……(3)tolerant adj. 宽容的，容忍的；宽大的；有雅量的；宽容……的；对……宽大的(4)tolerantly ad v. 宽大地②This sort of behavior will not be tolerant.这种行为是不能容许的。
③Few plants will tolerate sudden changes in temperature.很少有植物能经受住气温的突然变化。
④I can’t tolerate your carelessness.我不能宽容你的粗心大意。
⑤I can’t to lerate you (your) bullying your younger brother.我不能容许你欺负你弟弟。
On this 4，352-km journey from Sydney to Perth via Adelaide you’ll view some of Australia’s unique scenery from the superb Blue Mountains to the treeless plains of the Nullarbor.在经由阿德莱德从悉尼到珀斯4 352公里的旅程中，你会看见诸如从杰出的蓝山到不长树木的纳勒博平原等一些澳大利亚独一无二的风景。
(1)viavia air mail以航空邮寄①He flew Europe via the North Pole.他经由北极飞往欧洲。
②We flew to Athens via Paris.我们经由巴黎飞往雅典。
③I sent a message to Kitty via her sister.我通过基蒂的妹妹给基蒂捎去口信。
[自我探究]via是介词，意为经由，经过，通过。
(2)superba superb view极好的景致a superb palace壮丽的宫殿The dinner was superb.那顿晚餐极好(很丰盛)。
[自我探究]superb是形容词，意为极好的；卓越的；杰出的；壮丽的。
[巧学活用]——完成句子(1)他们打算经由香港去东京。
They are going to Tokyo________________．(2)在孩子们看来，那是一场出色的表演。
That was________________in children’s eyes.答案：(1)via Hong Kong(2)a superb performanceI’ll be back in Sydney in a fortnight because I’ve made a reservation on the Indian Pacific train to Perth.我会在两个星期后返回悉尼，因为我已经预定好了印度洋——太平洋号前往珀斯的火车票。
①Is reservation necessary at that restaurant?那家餐厅需要预订吗？[自我探究]reservation是名词，意为预订，预约；其动词形式是reserve。
make a reservation 预订without reservation 毫无保留地have/express reservations about 对……质疑reserve v. 预订，预约reserve sth.for sb. 为某人保留某物in reserve 备用reserved adj. 沉默寡言的；矜持的②Customers are advised to make seat reservations well in advance.建议顾客提前订好座位。
③I’d like to reserve a table for two.我想预订一张两人的餐桌。
④The management reserves the right to refuse admission.管理部保留拒绝人员入内的权利。
⑤We always keep some money in reserve，just in case.我们总是存一些钱以防万一。
[巧学活用]——完成句子这些座位是留给老人和残疾人的。
The seats________________the elderly and disabled.答案：are reserved forApproximately 80% of Australians live in the south-eastern coastal area，which includes Australia’s two largest cities－Melbourne and Sydney.大约80%的澳大利亚人生活在东南沿海地区，这儿包括澳大利亚最大的两个城市——墨尔本和悉尼。