02-introdution
自我介绍(self-introduction)
自我介绍(self-introduction)▤▤▤1. Good morning. I am glad to be here for this interview. First let me introduce myself. My name is ***, 24. I come from ******,the capital of *******Province. I graduated from the ******* department of *****University in July ,2001.In the past two years I have been preparing for the postgraduate examination while I have been teaching *****in NO.****middle School and I was a head-teacher of a class in junior grade two.Now all my hard work has got a result since I have a chance to be interview by you . I am open-minded ,quick in thought and very fond of history.In my spare time,I have broad interests like many other youngsters.I like reading books, especially those about *******.Frequently I exchange with other people by making comments in the forum on line.In addition ,during my college years,I was once a Net-bar technician.So, I have a comparatively good command of network application.I am able to operate the computer well.I am skillful in searching for information in Internet.I am a football fan for years.Italian team is my favorite.Anyway,I feel great pity for our country’s team. I always believe that one will easily lag behind unless he keeps on learning .Of course, if I am given a chance to study ****** in this famous University,I will stare no effort to master a good command of advance ******.▤▤▤2.Good afternoon .I am of great hornor to stand here and introduce myself toyou .First of all ,my english name is ...and my chinese name is ..If you are going to have a job interview ,you must say much things which can show your willness to this job ,such as ,it is my long cherished dream to be ...and I am eager to get an opportunity to do...and then give some examples which can give evidence to .then you can say something about your hobbies .and it is best that the hobbies have something to do with the job.What is more important is do not forget to communicate with the interviewee,keeping a smile and keeping your talks interesting and funny can contribute to the success.I hope you will give them a wonderful speech .Good luck to you !▤▤▤3.good morning, my name is jack, It is really a great honor to have this opportunity for a interview, I would like to answer whatever you may raise, and I hope I can make a good performance today, eventually enroll in this prestigious university in september. now I will introduce myself briefly,I am 21 years old,born in heilongjiang province ,northeast of china,and I am curruently a senior student at beijing XX uni.my major is packaging engineering.and I will receive my bachelor degree after my graduation in june.in the past 4 years,I spend most of my time on study,I have passed CET4/6 with an ease. and I have acquired basic knowledge of packaging and publishing both in theory and in practice.besides, I have attend several packaging exhibition hold in Beijing, this is our advantage study here, I have taken a tour to some big factory and company.through these I have a deeply understanding of domestic packaging industry. compared to developed countries such as us, unfortunately, although we have made extraordinary progress since 1978,our packaging industry are still underdeveloped, mess, unstable, the situation of employees in this field are awkard. but I have full confidence in a bright future if only our economy can keep the growth pace still.I guess you maybe interested in the reason itch to law, and what is my plan during graduate study life, I would like to tell you that pursue law is one of my lifelong goal,I like my major packaging and I won't give up,if I can pursue my master degree here I will combine law with my former education. I will work hard in thesefields ,patent ,trademark, copyright, on the base of my years study in department of p&p, my character? I cannot describe it well, but I know I am optimistic and confident. sometimes I prefer to stay alone, reading, listening to music, but I am not lonely, I like to chat with my classmates, almost talk everything ,my favorite pastime is valleyball,playing cards or surf online. through college life,I learn how to balance between study and entertainment. by the way, I was a actor of our amazing drama club. I had a few glorious memory on stage. that is my pride.2. What is your greatest strength?（你最突出的优点是什么？）这是很多面试考官喜欢问的一个问题，这是你展示自己的最佳机会，不要吹嘘自己或过于自负，但要让雇主知道你相信自己，你知道自己的优点。
[英语学习]unit-1-Introduction
![[英语学习]unit-1-Introduction](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/c54459bff7ec4afe05a1df71.png)
展。
• a Panorama of Publishing 出版业概况 • book industry 图书出版业 • book community 书业团体
Questions on part 1
• 1 [+ obj] : to prepare and produce (a book, magazine, etc.) for sale ▪ It's a small company that only publishes about four books a year. ▪ The university press publishes academic titles. ▪ The newspaper is published daily. 2 : to have something you wrote included in a book, magazine, newspaper, etc. [no obj] ▪ There is a lot of pressure for professors to publish regularly. [+ obj] ▪ He has not published anything for a long time. 3 [+ obj] : to include (an article, letter, photograph, etc.) in a magazine or newspaper ▪ The magazine published two of my stories.
3. intriguing
雅思突破6分
判断题解析
▲题干是对原文信息的归纳总结 Example： 剑5 Test 1 Passage 3 P24 题目：Environmentalists take a pessimistic view of the world for a number of reasons. 原文：For many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting worse. They have developed a hit-list of our main fears: that natural resources are running out; that the population is ever growing, leaving less and less to eat; that species are becoming extinct in vast numbers, and that the planet’s air and water are becoming ever more polluted.
判断题解析
▲题干中描述的关系或事实与原文描述不一致 Example: 剑5 Test4 Passage1 P86 题目：Wilderness tourism operates throughout the year in fragile areas. 原文：Consequently, most human activities, including tourism, are limited to quite clearly defined parts of the year.
1
2
划出题干定位词 找同义替换，回原文定位
Example: 剑4 Test4 Passage1 P88 剑5 Test4 Passage3 P94 剑3 Test2 Passage3 P47
《职业综合英语教学课件》unit-4-dinning-etiqu
In recent years, with the globalization of culture, the influence of Eastern food culture on Western food etiquette has become more and more evident.
01
introduction
Course objectives
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01
03
Understanding the importance of dining etiquette
Learning the basic rules of dining etiquette
Improving personal communication skills during a meal
避免误解或不必要的争执。
Thank you and say goodbye
表达感谢
用餐结束后，向服务员表达感谢 ，感谢他们的服务和耐心。
道别
离开餐厅时，向服务员道别，并 表示满意或提出建议，以示礼貌 和尊重。
Handling of tips
小费标准
尊重文化差异
了解当地的小费标准，根据服务质量 给予适当的小费。
Common ground
Try to find common ground with other guests to make them feel comfortable and interested in the conversation. This could include shared interests, recent news, or even the weather.
02 派生词规律-中考英语复习核心词汇分类练习及答案 (通用版)
02 必备派生规律1一、名词变形容词(一)名词+-y结尾1. fog 雾—foggy有雾的2. health 健康—healthy 健康的3. luck 幸运—lucky 幸运的4. cloud 云—cloudy 多云的5. wind 风—windy 有风的6. rain 雨—rainy 多雨的7. snow 雪—snowy 下雪的8. sun 太阳—sunny 阳光灿烂的9. sleep 睡觉—sleepy 昏昏欲睡的10. taste 口味—tasty 美味的11. noise 噪音—noisy 吵闹的12. fun 娱乐—funny 滑稽的13. ice 冰—icy 覆盖着冰的(二)名词+-ly结尾1. friend 朋友—friendly 友好的2. month 月—monthly 每月的3. love 爱—lovely 可爱的4. week 周—weekly 每周的5. day 天—daily 每日的(三)名词加-ful/-less(包含变y为i加-ful)1. beauty 漂亮—beautiful 漂亮的2. cheer 欢呼—cheerful 欢乐的3. pain 疼—painful 疼痛的4. wonder 奇迹—wonderful 美妙的5. colour 颜色—colourful 多彩的6. peace 和平—peaceful 和平的7. home 家—homeless 无家可归的8. success 成功—successful 成功的9. end 结束—endless 无尽的10. power 力量—powerful 强有力的11. use 用—useful 有用的—useless 无用的12. help 帮助—helpful 有益的—helpless 无助的13. harm 害处—harmful 有害的—harmless 无害的14. care 照顾—careful 细心的—careless 粗心的15. hope 希望—hopeful 有希望的—hopeless 无希望的16. meaning 意义—meaningful 有意义的—meaningless 无意义的(四)名词+-al结尾1. medicine 药—medical 医学的2. nature 自然—natural 自然的3. society 社会—social 社会的; 社交的4. person 人—personal 私人的5. nation 民族—national 国家的6. tradition 传统—traditional 传统的7. centre 中心—central 中心的8. education 教育—educational 教育的; 有教育意义的9. music 音乐—musical音乐的(五)名词加-ese/-n/-ish/-ch/-ian/-an(表某国的)1. China中国—Chinese 中国的2. Japan日本—Japanese 日本的3. India印度—Indian 印度的4. Asia亚洲—Asian 亚洲的5. Africa非洲—African 非洲的6. America美国—American 美国的7. Britain英国—British 英国的8. Spain西班牙—Spanish 西班牙的9. England英格兰—English 英语的10. France法国—French 法国的11. Australia澳大利亚—Australian 澳大利亚的12. Canada加拿大—Canadian 加拿大的13. Europe欧洲—European 欧洲的(六)名词加-ous变形容词1. danger—dangerous 危险的2. humor—humorous 幽默的(七)名词加-e(r)n变形容词1. east—eastern 东部的2. gold—golden 金色的3. wood—wooden 木制的4. west—western西部的5. south—southern 南部的6. north—northern 北部的(八)名词加-able变形容词(含去-e)1. fashion—fashionable时髦的2. value—valuable有价值的3. knowledge—knowledgeable知识渊博的(九)其他1. death 死—dead 死的2. pleasure愉快—pleasant/pleased高兴的3. pride骄傲—proud 自豪的4. illness 病; 疾病—ill 有病的; 不健康的5. height 高度—high 高的6. foreigner 外国人—foreign 外国的7. truth 真相—true 真实的二、名词变名词1. art 艺术—artist 艺术家; 画家2. tour 观光—tourist 游客3. science 科学—scientist 科学家4. village 村庄—villager 村民5. friend 朋友—friendship 友谊6. business 商业—businessman 男商人/businesswoman 女商人7. music 音乐—musician 音乐家8. magic 魔术—magician 魔术师9. piano 钢琴—pianist 钢琴家10. violin 小提琴—violinist 小提琴家三、动词变名词(一)动词+-er结尾1. drive 驾驶—driver 驾驶员; 司机2. teach 教—teacher 老师3. work 工作—worker 工人4. write 写—writer 作家5. report 报道—reporter 记者6. win 赢—winner 获胜者7. own 拥有—owner 拥有者; 主人8. manage 经营—manager 经理9. laugh 笑—laughter 笑声10. make 制作—maker 生产者11. paint 画画—painter 画家12. lead 领导—leader 领导者13. climb 攀登—climber 登山者(二)动词+-or结尾1. act 扮演—actor 男演员; 演员2. visit 参观—visitor 观光者3. invent 发明—inventor 发明家4. collect 收藏—collector 收藏者; 收藏家5. direct 引导—director 导演(三)动词+-ress结尾1. act 扮演—actress 女演员2. wait 等待—waitress 女服务员(四)动词+-ment结尾1. agree 同意—agreement 同意2. develop 发展—development 发展3. excite 激动—excitement 激动4. achieve 取得—achievement 成就5. move 移动—movement 移动(五)动词+-tion/sion结尾1. collect 收集—collection 收集2. discuss 讨论—discussion 讨论3. educate 教育—education 教育4. decide 决定—decision 决定5. operate 动手术—operation 手术6. instruct 指导—instruction 指导; 用法说明7. invent 发明—invention 发明8. suggest 建议—suggestion 建议9. invite 邀请—invitation 邀请10. pollute 污染—pollution 污染11. pronounce 发音—pronunciation 发音12. protect 保护—protection 保护13. introduce 介绍—introduction 介绍(六)动词+-ing 结尾1. begin 开始—beginning 开始2. build 建造—building 大楼3. paint 画—painting 绘画4. greet 打招呼—greeting 招呼5. train 训练—training 训练6. meet 会面—meeting 会议7. mean 意思—meaning 意义8. open 打开—opening 开幕式9. say 说—saying 谚语10. feel 感觉—feeling 感情(七)动词+其他1. able 能够—ability能力2. act 行动—activity 活动3. choose 选择—choice选择4. cook做饭—cooker 炊具5. die 死—death 死亡6. fly 飞—flight 飞行; 航班7. know 知道—knowledge 知识8. please 使高兴—pleasure 愉快9. produce 生产—product 产品10. advise 劝告—advice 忠告; 建议11. serve 服务—service 服务12. speak 讲—speech 演讲13. sit 坐—seat 座位14. succeed 成功—success 成功15. tour 旅游—tourist 游客16. weigh 称重—weight 重量17. discover 发现—discovery 发现四、动词变形容词(一)动词加-ful1. care关心—careful 关心的2. forget忘记—forgetful 健忘的3. help帮助—helpful 有益的4. thank感谢—thankful 感激的5. use使用—useful 有用的6. wonder想知道—wonderful 极好的(二)动词加-able(包含去e加-able)1. enjoy欣赏—enjoyable 有乐趣的2. suit适合—suitable 合适的3. comfort安慰—comfortable 舒服的4. avail利用—available 可获得的5. believe相信—believable 令人相信的6. reuse再使用—reusable可重复使用的7. change改变—changeable可改变的(三)动词加-ed/-ing(包含去e加-ed/-ing)1. amaze使惊愕—amazed 大为惊奇的—amazing 令人惊喜的2. bore使厌烦—bored 烦闷的—boring 无聊的3. excite使激动—excited 激动的—exciting 令人激动的4. frighten使惊吓—frightened 惊吓的—frightening 骇人的5. interest使感兴趣—interested 感兴趣的—interesting 有趣的6. relax使放松—relaxed 放松的—relaxing 令人放松的7. develop发展—developed 发达的—developing 发展中的8. surprise使惊奇—surprised 吃惊的—surprising 令人吃惊的9. tire厌倦—tired疲倦的—tiring 令人困倦的(四)动词加-ive(包含去e加-ive)1. act表演—active 积极的2. create创造—creative 有创造力的(五)动词加前缀a-1. live活着—alive 活着的2. sleep睡觉—asleep 睡着的3. wake醒—awake 醒的(六)动词词尾变y为i加-ed1. worry担心—worried 担心的2. marry结婚—married 已婚的3. satisfy使满意—satisfied 满意的(七)特殊情况1. die死亡—dead 死的2. lose丢失—lost 丢失的3. sleep睡觉—sleepy 困倦的4. speak说话—spoken 口语的5. taste品尝—tasty 美味的6. break打破—broken 破损的五、形容词变名词(一)形容词加-ness(包含变y为i加-ness)1. busy忙碌的—business 商业2. ill有病的—illness 疾病3. happy幸福的—happiness 幸福4. sad悲伤的—sadness 悲伤5. sick有病的—sickness 疾病6. kind善良的—kindness 善良7. careless粗心的—carelessness 粗心8. weak弱的—weakness 弱点(二)以t结尾的形容词变t为ce1. confident自信的—confidence 信心2. different不同的—difference 不同点3. patient耐心的—patience 耐心4. silent安静的—silence 安静5. important重要的—importance 重要性(三)特殊情况1. wide宽阔的—width 宽度2. safe安全的—safety 安全3. able有能力的—ability 能力4. true真实的—truth 真相5. difficult困难的—difficulty 困难6. high高的—height 高度六、形容词变副词(一)形容词+ly1. bad 坏的—badly 坏地; 严重地2. bright 明亮的—brightly 明亮地3. clear 清楚的—clearly 清楚地4. correct 正确的—correctly 正确地5. final 最后的—finally 最后6. general 一般的—generally 一般来讲7. loud 大声的—loudly 大声地8. polite 礼貌的—politely 有礼貌地9. proper 恰当的—properly 合适地10. main 主要的—mainly 主要地11. most 多数—mostly 多半, 大多数12. quick 快的—quickly 快地13. quiet 安静的—quietly 安静地14. real 真的—really 真正地15. recent 最近的—recently 最近16. late 迟的—lately 最近; 近来17. sad 难过的—sadly 悲哀地18. slow 慢的—slowly 慢慢地19. normal 正常的—normally 正常地20. sudden 突然的—suddenly 突然地21. soft 柔软的—softly 轻柔地22. usual 平常的—usually 平常地23. brave 勇敢的—bravely 勇敢地24. beautiful 漂亮的—beautifully 漂亮地25. complete 完全的—completely 完全地26. excited 激动的—excitedly 激动地27. rapid 快的—rapidly 快地28. wise 明智的—wisely 明智地29. direct 直接的—directly 直接地30. wide 宽的—widely 广泛地31. serious 严肃的—seriously 严肃地; 认真地32. warm 温暖的—warmly温暖地33. safe 安全的—safely 安全地34. strange 奇怪的—strangely 奇怪地35. strong 强壮的—strongly强壮地(二)以(l)e结尾的去e+y1. possible 可能的—possibly 可能地2. simple 简单的—simply 仅仅; 只; 简单地3. terrible 可怕的—terribly 可怕地4. true 真实的—truly 真实地5. comfortable 舒服的—comfortably舒服地(三)辅音字母+y变ily1. easy 容易的—easily 容易地2. heavy 重的—heavily沉重地3. happy 幸福的—happily快乐地4. angry 生气的—angrily 生气地5. hungry 饥饿的—hungrily 饥饿地6. lucky 幸运的—luckily 幸运地7. noisy 嘈杂的—noisily 嘈杂地8. healthy 健康的—healthily 健康地七、否定前缀(一)形容词加前缀un-1. able能够—unable 不能2. friendly友好的—unfriendly 不友好的3. fair公平的—unfair 不公平的4. happy高兴的—unhappy 不高兴的5. necessary必要的—unnecessary 不必要的6. pleasant令人愉快的—unpleasant 令人不愉快的7. popular受欢迎的—unpopular 不欢迎的8. usual平常的—unusual 不寻常的9. lucky幸运的—unlucky 不幸运的10. comfortable舒服的—uncomfortable 不舒服的(二)形容词加前缀im-(只放于以m、p开头的词前)1. possible可能的—impossible 不可能的2. polite礼貌的—impolite 不礼貌的3. patient耐心的—impatient 没有耐心的(三)动词前加前缀dis-1. appear出现—disappear 消失2. cover覆盖—discover 发现3. like喜欢—dislike 不喜欢八、需双写最后一个字母变现在分词/过去式的动词1. begin 开始—beginning2. cut 切—cutting3. drop 掉—dropping—dropped4. plan 计划—planning—planned5. run 跑—running6. sit 坐下—sitting7. shop 购物—shopping—shopped8. stop 停止—stopping—stopped9. shut 关闭—shutting10. swim 游泳—swimming11. win 赢—winning12. control 控制—controlling—controlled13. cancel 取消—cancelling—cancelled14. regret 后悔—regretting—regretted15. forget 忘记—forgetting16. put 放—putting17. fit 适合; 合身—fitting—fitted18. hug 拥抱—hugging—hugged19. dig 挖—digging20. hit 打; 击—hitting21. nod 点头—nodding—nodded22. set 设置—setting23. prefer 更喜欢—preferring—preferred九、双写最后一个字母再加-er/-est变比较级/最高级的形容词和副词1. wet—wetter—wettest 潮湿的2. mad—madder—maddest 生气的3. sad—sadder—saddest 伤心的4. hot—hotter—hottest 热的5. slim—slimmer—slimmest 苗条的6. thin—thinner—thinnest 稀薄的; 瘦的7. fat—fatter—fattest 胖的8. big—bigger—biggest 大的十、不规则形容词/副词的比较级、最高级1. good—better—best 好的2. little—less—least 少的3. far—farther/further—farthest/furthest 远4. bad/badly/ill—worse—worst坏/严重地/生病的5. many/much—more—most 许多十一、加-es构成动词第三人称单数形式的动词1. pass—passes 通过2. catch—catches 抓住3. match—matches 和……搭配4. reach—reaches 到达5. search—searches 搜寻6. teach—teaches 教7. watch—watches 观看8. brush—brushes 刷9. finish—finishes 完成10. rush—rushes 冲11. push—pushes 推12. punish—punishes 惩罚13. wash—washes 洗14. wish—wishes 希望十二、加-es构成复数的名词1. tomato—tomatoes 西红柿2. potato—potatoes 土豆3. hero—heroes 英雄4. boss—bosses 老板5. class—classes 班级6. glass—glasses 眼镜7. box—boxes 箱子8. fox—foxes 狐狸9. beach—beaches 沙滩10. coach—coaches 教练11. speech—speeches 演讲12. sandwich—sandwiches 三明治13. match—matches 比赛14. watch—watches 手表15. dish—dishes 盘16. wish—wishes 愿望17. brush—brushes 刷子18. church—churches 教堂19. bus—buses 公共汽车20. dress—dresses 连衣裙十三、将f或fe改为v加-es构成复数的名词1. half—halves 一半2. leaf—leaves 树叶3. shelf—shelves 架子4. wolf—wolves 狼5. knife—knives 刀6. life—lives 生命7. scarf—scarves/scarfs 围巾8. wife—wives 妻子十四、复数变化不规则的名词1. foot—feet 脚2. fisherman—fishermen 渔民3. tooth—teeth 牙齿4. mouse—mice 老鼠5. gentleman—gentlemen 绅士6. child—children 孩子7. man—men 男士8. woman—women 女士9. fireman—firemen 消防员10. policeman—policemen 男警察11. postman—postmen 男邮递员12. salesman—salesmen 男售货员13. sheep—sheep 绵羊14. fish—fish/fishes 鱼15. Chinese—Chinese 中国人16. Japanese—Japanese 日本人17. Englishman—Englishmen 英国男士18. Frenchwoman—Frenchwomen 法国女士21. ___________的汉语意思是“不明飞行物”A. RMBB. BBCC. NBAD. UFO2. 表示“英国广播公司”的英文缩写词是________。
微观经济学(平狄克鲁宾费尔德)第六版课后答案--微观经济学 英文原版-CH02PINDYCK
The Basics of Supply and Demand
Introduction
What are supply and demand? What is the market mechanism? What are the effects of changes in market equilibrium? What are elasticities of supply and demand?
Produced Q1 at P1 and Q0 at P2 Now produce Q2 at P1 and Q1 at P2 Supply curve shifts right to S’
P
S S’
P1 P2
Q0
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2
QD QD(P)
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 10
The Demand Curve
Price ($ per unit) The demand curve slopes downward, demonstrating that consumers are willing to buy more at a lower price as the product becomes relatively cheaper.
Q1
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Q2
Chapter 2
Quantity
6
The Supply Curve
Other Variables Affecting Supply
Costs of Production
大学体验英语综合教程
The diversity of listening materials
Listening training should cover various types of materials, such as news, movies, speeches, interviews, etc., to help students adapt to different contexts and language styles.
Cultural understandin
g
To familiarize students with different cultures and help them understand English speaking counties' social, historical, and cultural backgrounds
Mastery of listening skills
Students should master listening skills such as predicting answers, locating key information, and screening irrelevant information to improve listening comprehension and reaction speed.
Improvement of speaking fluency and listening comprehension through role plays, debutes, and group discussions
Teaching method
Lecture
Presentation of key concepts and topics in the subject matter
02 Introduction 介绍
Just call me xiao Dou,please. 就(只是)叫我小窦好了.
I’d like--- 我想，我愿意。常用来表示意愿。
thiis is…这是。介绍他人时的用语。
Let's begin our class让我们开始上课。
Finish unit 5 ,learn unit 6 .完成五单元，学习 六单元。
May I introduce Dr Richard? 我可以介绍一下理查德博士吗?
Let me introduce Judy. 让我来介绍朱迪。
I have heard a lot about you.久闻大名。
Hear & listen to 听到---结果&听的过程
We have met.我们见过面。
Where are you from? 你是哪里人？
Is this your first time to china? 这是你第一次到中国来吗？
How do you like beijing? 你对北京印象如何？
2 Introduction 介绍
2-1 name／neim／(名)姓名
meet ／miI:t／ (动)(经介绍)与……相识，遇见 _
what ／w C t／(代)什么
nice ／nais／(形)美好的
hello,I'm lance. 你好，我是兰斯。
like ／laik／(动)喜欢，希望
may ／mei／(助动)可能．可以，许可
me ／mi：／(代)我(宾格)
mind ／maind／(动)介意
新概念英语第一册ppt课件
tasks, etc
04
Grammar
Simple presence patterns
Subject+Verb
01
02
+The cat sites on the mat
+They like to read books
03
04
Subject+Verb+Object
+John buys a book
05
06
+Mary gives a book to me
Tenses and Voices
Simple present tense +He eats an apple every day
+We go to school by bus
Tenses and Voices
Simple past tense +She worked hard yesterday
Key phrases C
50 key phrases,
including
advanced
presence
structure,
idiomatic expressions,
etc
Vocabulary exercises
Vocabulary exercises A
01
100 exercises, including multiple choices, fill in the blank,
+Before she left, she wrote a letter to her friend
05
Reading comprehension
Lesson 1: Hello, world!
经典六西格玛(6 sigma)培训内部资料I 02-Introduction To 2k Factorial Experiment
14
Definition & Notation 定义 和标识
¾ For the number of runs needed, just multiply 为计算出需要的运行次数，就进行乘积
catalyzer 44
consistence
42
40
38
36
34
32
30
-1
1
-1
1
I 02-3
交互作用
• 原先假设因素的效果不会受其它因素水平的影响，然而在 实际的状况并非如此；当一个因素的效果与其它因素水平 相互影响时，因素间就有交互作用存在。
• 一般可以绘制交互作用图来了解其间之交互作用关系。 • 例子：设有A, B二种药剂，成份完全不同，且两者都能够
使病人状况获得改善；单独使用时都有功效，但合并使 用，病人反而更槽。
19
Interaction 交互作用
If influence of the effect of 1 factor is changed by changing the levels of one or more other factors, we say that an Interaction is found between factors. 在有些实验中，我们发现当改变其他因子的不同水平时， 一个因子的水平的 主效果有所改变。在这种情况下因子间具有交互作用。
Consistence and Catalyze. The output variable is yield
一个因子的主效果定义为一个因子在多水平下的变化导致输
BLAST-Introduction2
Bio-Database SearchingPeter Serocka, PICBNovember 19, 2015Outline• Purpose of Sequence Databases • Queries: Types and Challenges • Practical Introduction to BLAST • Bottom-Up Tour of Algorithms – exact– approximate (BLAST)• Comparison and ConclusionsPurpose of Sequence "Databases"• Collect known protein sequences (hist.) • Genomes (DNA)– sequence mapping– genome assembly• ESTs (transcribed cDNA)– transcriptomics• Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) – multitude of more applications, for examplechromosome conformation capturingPurpose of Sequence "Databases"NCBI BLAST:• Software tool• Website for tool + DB• BLAST databases:– “nt” nucleotide collection– “nr” non-redundant protein– Gathered from GenBank/EMBL/Swissprot/PDB/RefSeq/PIR/PRF– Full reference genomes: human, …Outline• Purpose of Sequence Databases • Queries: Types and Challenges • Practical Introduction to BLAST • Bottom-Up Tour of Algorithms – exact– approximate (BLAST)• Comparison and ConclusionsQueries: Types and Challenges• Words/dictionaries vs. strings/sequences • DNA vs. protein vs. combined• Exact vs. scored vs. approximate• Biological Challenge: Interpretation of sequence similarities• Computer Science Challenges:– make it fast and use less memory!– provide biological useful similaritiesOutline• Purpose of Sequence Databases • Queries: Types and Challenges • Practical Introduction to BLAST • Bottom-Up Tour of Algorithms – exact– approximate (BLAST)• Comparison and ConclusionsOutline• Purpose of Sequence Databases • Queries: Types and Challenges • Practical Introduction to BLAST • Bottom-Up Tour of Algorithms – exact– approximate (BLAST)• Comparison and ConclusionsExact substring searches• Naive search• Boyer-Moore algorithm• Word Lookups: Binary search, hash table • Suffix array• Suffix treeNaive substring searchh e l l o w o r l dw o r l d only l matchesw o r l d no matchesw o r l d no matchesw o r l d only o matchesw o r l d no matchesw o r l d full match, query foundtowards Boyer-Moore Algorithmh e l l o w o r l d Bad-Character-Rule: w o r l d d≠o,shift next o under o w o r l d d≠r,shift next r under rw o r l d full match, query found!Boyer-Moore Algorithmh e l l o w o r l d Good suffix + bad char.:l o l o o≠l, shift next l under ll o l o only lo matches, shift lo under lo l o l o only o matches, shift o under ol o l o o≠l, shift next l under ll o l o o≠d, at end of string: query failed.Word Lookup IA r g e n t i n a Alphabetical Index:B r a s i l perform binary searchC h i l eE s t o n i aF r a n c eG e r m a n y!G e r m a n yI t a l yWord Lookup IIE s t o n i a1Hash table:-2compute index (hash) B r a s i l3for each string.I t a l y4G e r m a n y5!G e r m a n y:5 -6F r a n c e7Suffix Array1b a n a n a a62a n a n a a n a43n a n a a n a n a24a n a b a n a n a15n a n a56a n a n a3 s u f f i x e s s o r t e d S-A.Suffix Array1b a n a n a a62a n a n a a n a43n a n a a n a n a24a n a b a n a n a15n a n a56a n a n a3Similar suffixes get group together (ana + anana, na + nana): - Useful for exact and similar matching,- and for data compression!Comparison of query run-timesDatabase size = m,Query size = n:• Naive: O (m n)• Boyer-Moore: O (m + n)• Hash table: O (n)• Suffix Array: O (n log m)• Suffix Tree: O (m)Alignments (cf. Stefan's Lecture)Database size = m,Query size = n:• Needleman-Wunsch (global): O (m n)• ...with general gap costs: O (max(m,n)^3) • ...with affine gap costs (Gotoh):O (m n)• Smith-Waterman (local): O (m n)Outline• Purpose of Sequence Databases • Queries: Types and Challenges • Practical Introduction to BLAST • Bottom-Up Tour of Algorithms – exact– approximate (BLAST)• Comparison and ConclusionsHeuristic methodsSensitivity:How many (%) true sequences found?Selectivity:How many % of found sequences true?Heuristic:Lower sensitivity and/or selectivity to become faster!Evolution of heuristic methods• 1982 - SEQHP• 1985 - FASTP• 1987 - FASTA• 1990 - BLAST• 1997 - BLAST2, PSI-BLAST• 2002 - BLAT (faster, less sensitive) • 2009 - BLAST+ (better program code) • 2012 - CaBLAST (Compression)FASTP (1985) + FASTA (1987)CaBLAST: Compressed BLASTCaBLAST: Compressed BLAST Build Database(once)CaBLAST: Compressed BLAST PerformQueriesOutline• Purpose of Sequence Databases • Queries: Types and Challenges • Practical Introduction to BLAST • Bottom-Up Tour of Algorithms – exact– approximate• Comparison and ConclusionsComparison BLAST2BLAST2 (gapped BLAST):• 100x faster that S.-W.• 3x faster than BLAST• re-gained nearly full sensitivityComparison CaBLAST(BLAST2)Number of Genomes (Yersinia)Comparison CaBLAST(BLAST2){Drosophila genomes}Conclusions• Heuristics give fastest searches, but can miss hits: speed <-> sensitivity deal• Interpretation needs statistics AND biological knowledge – in particular for remotely related sequences• Algorithms, heuristics and implemenation do matter in making useful softwareBLAST references (also for images/diagrams used)• /Blast.cgi• /books/NBK1763/• /books/NBK21097/• Christiam Camacho et al: BLAST+: architecture and applications, BMC Bioinformatics 2009, 10:421 doi:10.1186/1471-2105-10-421 • Altschul S, Madden T, Schäffer A, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Miller W, Lipman D: Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of pro- tein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res 1997,25(17):3389-3402.• Altschul S, Gish W, Miller W, Myers E, Lipman D: Basic local align- ment search tool. J Mol Biol 1990, 215(3):403-410.• Loh P-R, Baym M, Berger B. Compressive genomics. Nature Biotechnology, Volume 30 Number 7, 2012。
大学英语ppt介绍青春
historical contexts
02
Individual Differences
Each individual experience this period differently, influenced by
their unique background and experiences
03
Continuity vs. Transition
Exploring how language is used to construct and negotiate identity in the context of your culture, including the examination of language variation, slang, and cultural norms specific to different age groups
College English Course Content
• Basic grammar and vocabulary: Courses commonly include grammar rules, vocabulary learning, and presence structure analysis to help students master the basic elements of the English language
Teaching Methods for College English Courses
• Lecture method: This method involves the teacher delivering information to the students, often using PowerPoint presentations or excessive transparency to illustrate key points
02-新北洋产品介绍
混合打印扫描产品及专用扫描产品
身份证卡专用复印机及证卡扫描仪
BST-2008E/BSTBST-2008E/BST-2008ER
BSTBST-2008S
BSTBST-3100/3300
自助服务系统及设备
自助服务系统及设备 以公司的关键基础部件为基础， 以公司的关键基础部件为基础，为各新兴领域提供自 助识别、查询、缴费、取单取卡、 助识别、查询、缴费、取单取卡、展示等自助服务系 统及设备
收据/日志打印机
1、热敏收据/日志打印机 热敏收据/
（1）50mm热敏收据/日志打印机 50mm热敏收据/ 热敏收据
BTPBTPBTP-R356II/ BTP-N58
BTPBTP-R358
BTPBTP-N58II
收据/日志打印机
（2）80mm热敏收据/日志打印机 80mm热敏收据/ 热敏收据
BTPBTP-2002CP BTPBTP-98NP BTPBTP-R580
山东新北洋信息技术股份有限公司
Brief introduction of Shan Dong New Beiyang Information Technology Co., Ltd
2011.10
关键基础零部件
具有打印、扫描、磁读写、RFID读写 读写、 具有打印 、 扫描 、 磁读写 、 RFID 读写 、 货币和支票识别 等功能， 等功能，可作为关键基础零部件嵌入到整机设备
主要包括：高速铁路售检票设备、通信自助服务、交通处罚自助查询缴费、 主要包括：高速铁路售检票设备、通信自助服务、交通处罚自助查询缴费、社保自助缴 费查询系统等各种新兴领域的自助服务系统及设备。 费查询系统等各种新兴领域的自助服务系统及设备。
自助服务系统及设备
TC02_CMSIS_Introduction
Documentation
CMSIS Coding Rule
ANSI standard types defined in the ANSI C header file <stdint.h> are used For each exception/interrupt
An exception/interrupt handler rule
typedef enum IRQn { /****** Cortex-M0 Processor Exceptions Numbers ***************************************************/ NonMaskableInt_IRQn = -14, /*!< 2 Non Maskable Interrupt */ HardFault_IRQn = -13, /*!< 3 Cortex-M0 Hard Fault Interrupt */ SVCall_IRQn = -5, /*!< 11 Cortex-M0 SV Call Interrupt */ PendSV_IRQn = -2, /*!< 14 Cortex-M0 Pend SV Interrupt */ SysTick_IRQn = -1, /*!< 15 Cortex-M0 System Tick Interrupt */ /****** ARMIKMCU Swift specific Interrupt Numbers ************************************************/ BOD_IRQn = 0, WDT_IRQn = 1, EINT0_IRQn = 2, EINT1_IRQn = 3, GPAB_IRQn = 4, GPCDE_IRQn = 5, PWM0_IRQn = 6, PWM1_IRQn = 7, TMR0_IRQn = 8, TMR1_IRQn = 9, TMR2_IRQn = 10, TMR3_IRQn = 11, UART0_IRQn = 12, UART1_IRQn = 13, The interrupt number is defined SPI0_IRQn = 14, SPI1_IRQn = 15, the “NUC1xx.h” file SPI2_IRQn = 16, SPI3_IRQn = 17, I2C0_IRQn = 18, I2C1_IRQn = 19, CAN0_IRQn = 20, CAN1_IRQn = 21, SD_IRQn = 22, USBD_IRQn = 23, PS2_IRQn = 24, ACMP_IRQn = 25, PDMA_IRQn = 26, I2S_IRQn = 27, PWRWU_IRQn = 28, ADC_IRQn = 29, DAC_IRQn = 30, RTC_IRQn = 31 } IRQn_Type;
chapter 2-1-Introduction
Other Properties
Electrical Properties Chemical Resistance Abrasion Properties
Civil Plastics and Engineering Plastics
Civil Plastics (General Plastics, Common Plastics, Commodity Plastics )
Polyethylene
E.W. Fawcett and R.O. Gibson of Imperial Chemical Industries Research Lab
Plastics in modern life
“Plastics are inseparable with our modern life”
2.1.2 History of Plastics Development
first man-made plastic --Parkes invents 1862 Celluloid makes its debut-- John Wesley Hyatt 1866 Rayon and cellophane--Louis Marie Hilaire Bernigaut 1891 in Paris and Dr Jacque Edwin Branbendenberger in 1900 first thermosetting plastics called “Bakelite”-- Leo Baekeland 1907 The Discovery of Nylon--Wallace Hume Carothers of Dupont
(3) Introduction of air to blow the parison to the shape of the mold cavity and simultaneous cooling of the mold and the blown part (4) Opening the mold to remove the blown part (5) Finishing the part by trimming off the flash
EN 2003-02-EC Arsenic
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIESCOMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2003/02/ECof 6 January 2003relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of arsenic (tenth adaptation to technical progress to Council Directive 76/769/EEC)ORIGINAL: ENCOMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2003/02/ECof 6 January 2003relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of arsenic (tenth adaptation totechnical progress to Council Directive 76/769/EEC)(Text with EEA relevance)THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community,Having regard to Council Directive 76/769/EEC of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations1, as last amended by Commission Directive 2002/62/EC2 and in particular Article 2a thereof, introduced by Council Directive 89/678/EEC3,Whereas:(1)Council Directive 89/677/EEC4 amending for the eighth time Directive 76/769/EECplaces certain restrictions on the marketing and use of arsenic.(2) A risk assessment and an analysis of advantages and drawbacks of further restrictionson arsenic in certain wood preservatives5 were carried out in the framework of a review of Community legislation concerning the use of arsenic compounds for wood preservation following the accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden to the European Union in 1995.(3)The risk assessment was referred to the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicityand the Environment (CSTEE) for peer review6 and the CSTEE concluded that the main risks had been identified correctly. These risks included those to human health from the disposal of wood treated with wood preservatives containing copper, chrome and arsenic (CCA) and in particular risks to childrens’ health from the use of CCA-treated wood in playground equipment. A risk to the aquatic environment in certain marine waters was also identified.(4)The CSTEE further advised that in the light of a serious knowledge gap in relation toarsenic-treated wood in landfills it would be advisable to exercise caution by limiting 1OJ L 262, 27.9.1976, p. 201.2OJ L 183 12.7.2002, p. 58.3OJ L 398, 30.12.1989, p. 24.4OJ L 398, 30.12.1989, p. 19.5Assessment of the Risks to Health and to the Environment of Arsenic in Wood Preservatives and of the Effects of Further Restrictions on its marketing and use, 1998.6http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/sct/out18_en.html.the use of arsenic-based wood preservation to those situations where it is absolutely necessary.(5)In a further consideration of the health effects of arsenic7 the CSTEE has concludedthat the substance is both genotoxic and a well-known carcinogen, and that it may be appropriate to consider that no threshold exists for carcinogenic effect.(6)Waste CCA-treated wood has been classified as hazardous waste pursuant toCommission Decision 2000/532/EC of 3 May 2000 replacing Decision 94/3/EC establishing a list of wastes pursuant to Article 1(a) of Council Directive 75/442/EEC on waste and Council Decision 94/904/EC establishing a list of hazardous waste pursuant to Article 1(4) of Council Directive 91/689/EC on hazardous waste8 as last amended by Council Decision 2001/573/EC9.(7)Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 1998concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market10 lays down provisions for harmonising the authorisation of biocides at Community level and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1896/2000 of 7 September 2000 on the first phase of the programme referred to in Article 16 (2) of Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on biocidal products11 requires wood preservatives to be evaluated as a priority in the review programme established under Directive 98/8/EC.Arsenic has been identified and notified as an active substance with in the time-limit set out in Regulation (EC) No 1896/2000. A complete dossier for evaluation of arsenic as an existing substance will have to be presented by 28 March 2004.(8)With regard to the risk assessment and taking account of the precautionary principle,pending harmonisation of rules under Directive 98/8/EC or a Decision pursuant to Article 6 (3) of Regulation No 1896/2000, it is necessary to adapt the restrictions on arsenic in Directive 76/769/EEC to technical progress. This Directive does not apply to CCA-treated wood already in place.(9)This Directive should apply without prejudice to Community legislation laying downminimum requirements for the protection of workers, in particular, Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work12, Council Directive 90/394/EEC of 28 June 1990 on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens at work (Sixth individual Directive within the meaning of article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC)13, as last amended by Directive 1999/38/EC14 and Council Directive 98/24/EC of 7 April 1998 on the protection of workers from chemical agents at work (fourteenth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC)15.7http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/sct/out106_en.html.8OJ L 226, 6.9.2000, p. 3.9OJ L 203, 28.7.2001, p. 1810OJ L 123, 24.4.1998, p. 1.11OJ L 228, 8.9.2000, p. 6.12OJ L 183, 29.6.1989, p. 1.13OJ L 196, 26.7.1990, p. 1.14OJ L 138, 1.6.1999, p. 66.15OJ L 131, 5.5.1998, p. 11.(10)The measures provided for in this Directive are in accordance with the opinion of theCommittee for the adaptation to technical progress of directives on the removal of technical barriers to trade in dangerous substances and preparations,HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:Article 1Annex I to Directive 76/769/EEC is hereby amended as set out in the Annex to this Directive.Article 2Member States shall adopt and publish the provisions necessary to comply with this Directive by 30 June 2003 at the latest. They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof. They shall apply these provisions by 30 June 2004 at the latest.When Member States adopt those provisions, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or be accompanied by such a reference on the occasion of their official publication. Member States shall determine how such reference is to be made.Article 3This Directive shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities.Article 4This Directive is addressed to the Member States.Done at Brussels,For the CommissionErkki LIIKANENMember of the CommissionANNEXAnnex I to Directive 1976/769/EEC, point 20 is replaced by the following:“20. Arsenic compounds 1.May not be used as substances and constituents of preparations intendedfor use:a)To prevent the fouling by micro-organisms, plants or animals of:–the hulls of boats,–cages, floats, nets and any other appliances or equipment used for fish or shellfish farming,–any totally or partly submerged appliances or equipment;b)in the preservation of wood. Furthermore, wood so treated may not beplaced on the market.c)However, by way of derogation:i)Relating to the substances and preparations in the preservation ofwood: these may only be used in industrial installations usingvacuum or pressure to impregnate wood if they are solutions ofinorganic compounds of the copper, chromium, arsenic (CCA) typeC. Wood so treated may not be placed on the market before fixationof the preservative is completed.ii)Relating to wood treated with CCA solutions in industrial installations according to point (i): this may be placed on the marketfor professional and industrial use provided that the structuralintegrity of the wood is required for human or livestock safety andskin contact by the general public during its service life is unlikely:–as structural timber in public and agricultural buildings, office buildings, and industrial premises;–in bridges and bridgework;–as constructional timber in freshwater areas and brackish waters e.g. jetties and bridges;–as noise barriers;–in avalanche control;–in highway safety fencing and barriers;–as debarked round conifer livestock fence posts;–in earth retaining structures;–as electric power transmission and telecommunications poles;–as underground railway sleepers.Without prejudice to the application of other Communityprovisions on the classification, packaging and labelling ofdangerous substances and preparations, all treated wood placed onthe market shall be individually labelled “For professional andindustrial installation and use only, contains arsenic”. In addition,all wood placed on the market in packs shall also bear a labelstating “Wear gloves when handling this wood. Wear a dust maskand eye protection when cutting or otherwise crafting this wood.Waste from this wood shall be treated as hazardous by anauthorised undertaking”.iii)Treated wood referred to under points (i) and (ii) may not be used:–in residential or domestic constructions, whatever the purpose;–in any application where there is a risk of repeated skin contact;–in marine waters;–for agricultural purposes other than for livestock fence posts and structural uses in accordance with point (ii);–in any application where the treated wood may come into contact with intermediate or finished products intended forhuman and/or animal consumption.2.May not be used as substances and constituents of preparations intendedfor use in the treatment of industrial waters, irrespective of their use.”。
大学英语精读(第3版)第3册电子教案
It is recommended to add more reading materials to the teaching plan to meet the needs of different levels of students' reading practice.
It is recommended to design more practical and targeted teaching activities to better suit the characteristics of different students.
Course outline
Development of students' ability to analyze and evaluate the quality of written materials.
01
Introduction to the concept of reading for pleasure and its benefits.
03
The textbook gradually increases the complexity of the language used, helping students to develop their reading comprehension and vocabulary skills.
Table of Contents
A comprehensive table of contents is provided at the beginning of the textbook, outlining the structure and organization of the content.
2-1 Introduction 59张
外
研
答案：He does not smoke or take drugs.
版 英
语
Module 2 No Drugs
3．cause
1)vt. 引起：
Water pollution is caused by waste from factories and
cities.
外
研
水污染是由工厂和城市排放的污水造成的。
cause指导致某种结果的“原因”，是客观的、自然性
的。
reason则是指对某种行为的“解释”或“理由”。
外
excuse“辩解；借口”，指对某种行为所作的解释，
研 版
可以是真的，也可以是托辞。
英 语
①His carelessness is the cause of the accident.
他的粗心大意是这场事故的起因。
heavily的后果，而且句子主语it和cause之间存在主动关系，
所以此处要用动词的ing形式作结果状语。
答案：C
Module 2 No Drugs
即学即用
The United Nations Organization has done a lot for
版
英
语
Module 2 No Drugs
2)n. [C]
(1)原因；起因
①Cattle are one cause of the problem.
牲畜是造成这个问题的原因之一。
外
②It did not take the firefighters long to put out the fire,
研 版
词语辨析：cigar, cigarette, tobacco
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它是马克思主义关于人类认识和改 造自然的已有成果的概括和总结， 它同样随着科学技术的发展演化而 不断丰富和发展，因而它是一种开 放的理论体系。
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第二节
自然辩证法的对象、 自然辩证法的对象、 内容和性质
“自然辩证法”作为一门科学， 它的对象、内容和性质是什么？
作为沟通科学文化和人文文化的桥 梁。 50年代末60年代初，英国学者 C.P.Snow提出了“两种文化”及其 分裂的问题，并成为国际上关注的 热点。 国内状况更为严重。通俗地讲，这 也就是文理沟通的需要。 国内仍然有产生新文化鸿沟的趋势， 例如，有的学者提出“搞科学技术 哲学的学者应该主要注意科学的文 化精神，而不是注意科学技术本 身”。
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哲学分支；组成部分；桥梁； 哲学分支；组成部分；桥梁；交叉学科
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4\自然辩证法又具有交叉学科的 具有交叉学科的 特性： 特性
它在哲学与具体科学之间进行交叉， 在两种文化之间进行沟通，架设桥 梁。
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第三节 学习自然辩证法的意义
有助于树立正确的自然观 有助于深化对于人与自然关系的认 识 有助于深化对于科学技术与社会互 动的认识 有助于提高理论思维能力 有助于培养和发展具备全局的战略 观点
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普及科学知识，提高科学素养，改变单 向度的知识结构。 初步学习和了解作为人类历史组成部分 的科学技术发展史。 学习科学精神、思想、方法、态度、文 化。 在科学领域的研究中借鉴和参考人文社 会科学的思想与方法。
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在方法论上和社会观上
我们是否掌握了可以认识本研究领域的全部工 具呢？专业方法是否提供了完备的认识工具呢？ 你的眼界仅仅在专业里还是扩展到邻近领域呢？ 譬如，我们要从事某种研究，除了研究本身之 外，你要不要与提供研究实验设备的人打交道 呢？要不要与合作者打交道呢？ 就是你自己在研究过程中也不可避免的与其他 科学共同体里的其他人在打交道。论文引证、 审查、发表，讨论，反驳。参加学术会议，等 等。
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二、研究内容
人类视野中的 自然界 科学技术研究 过程中的方法 论 社会框架中的 科学技术发展
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辩证唯物主义 的自然观 辩证唯物主义 的科学技术方 法论 辩证唯物主义 的科学技术观
第二种分类－仅涉及学科领域 不涉及学科性质
内容为：
自然哲学 科学哲学 技术哲学 科学技术社会学 科学技术与社会
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自然辩证法的具体研究内容
1） 2） 3） 4） 5） 6） 自然观研究 人与自然相互关系研究 自然科学中的哲学问题 技术科学与工程技术中的哲学问题 科学哲学与科学方法论研究 技术哲学与技术方法论研究
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一些重要案例
爱因斯坦的公式E=mc2 与“曼 爱因斯坦的公式 哈顿工程：原子弹爆炸” 哈顿工程：原子弹爆炸” 人造地球卫星上天 卡逊《寂静的春天》 卡逊《寂静的春天》与DDT农药 农药 人类基因组国际计划研究
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以DDT为例的污染物的生物富集 为例的污染物的生物富集
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你将来制造的物品是否有可能对环境造 成污染？
美国道康宁公司的硅酮凝胶乳房添塞物案例。
你的行为符合科学共同体的基本规范吗？
案例：真实生活中一个老师与一个学生的谈 话。
老师（谦逊地）我很想拜读一下你的文章； 学生（找出文章，非常高兴）那请您拜读一下吧。 上段话有问题吗？
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培养运用科学的方法和原理进行决策的 能力。 培养以科学的态度和方法思考和参与社 会上与科学技术相关的争论和有关问题 的讨论的能力，培养关注正确利用科学 技术的社会责任感。
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四个把握：观点、能力、 四个把握：观点、能力、精神和视野
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计 算 能 力 的 进 步
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DNA双螺旋结构和人类基因组
20世纪50年代发现DNA，20世纪末初步 完成人类基因组计划。
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但 是， 单纯依赖科学和技术 不能解决 科学、技术与社会 科学、
思考： 思考：
仔细体会， 仔细体会，你觉得通过专业课程的学习可以解决 科学方法训练、能力和视野的问题吗？如果不能， 科学方法训练、能力和视野的问题吗？如果不能， 你认为要学习哪些与专业不同的知识呢？ 你认为要学习哪些与专业不同的知识呢？ 恩格斯《自然辩证法》（导言） 》（导言 恩格斯《自然辩证法》（导言）中有哪些仍然适 用于今天的特别精彩的论断或陈述？ 用于今天的特别精彩的论断或陈述？ 科学和技术研究是个人的事情吗？科学、 科学和技术研究是个人的事情吗？科学、技术与 国家目标的关系如何？ 国家目标的关系如何？ 你对今天的科学技术及其社会后果有哪些看法？ 你对今天的科学技术及其社会后果有哪些看法？
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通过科学技术， 通过科学技术， 我们人类对自然界本质的认识 越愈深刻、 越愈深刻、范围日益扩大
20世纪人类的足迹已经印记在月球上 世纪人类的足迹已经印记在月球上
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宇宙学的理论进步
理工农医及管理类 硕士研究生公共学位课
自然辩证法
吴 彤
清华大学 科学技术与社会研究中心
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绪
论
本部分我们将主要讨论三方面的问题。 一、导言
1、一般导语；2、我们课程要解决什么 问题？
二、自然辩证法的对象、内容和性质； 三、学习自然辩证法的意义。
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相互作用 的问题
这些问题 涉及科学技术道德； 涉及科学技术的社会后果和科学 家、工程师的社会责任； 涉及科学技术政策、发展战略。
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南辕北辙与事倍功半？ 南辕北辙与事倍功半？
如果我们具体从事科学技术研究的 工作者，只埋头于图表、公式和图 纸，埋头于科学理论的建立，而从 不考虑我们所研究的科学技术成果 的社会后果，我们是不是有可能从 事完全违背人类基本原则和良心的 事情呢？
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科学家、历史学家、科学社会学家等 论“科技与社会”
爱因斯坦
科学家不是生活在抽象的空间中， 科学家不是生活在抽象的空间中，而是生活在一定 的社会、道德和政治的气候中， 的社会、道德和政治的气候中，而这种气候是受他 工作所在地那个国土所制约的（《爱因斯坦文集》 （《爱因斯坦文集 工作所在地那个国土所制约的（《爱因斯坦文集》 第三卷， 第三卷，p.380） ） 如果你们想使你们一生的工作有益于人类，那么， 如果你们想使你们一生的工作有益于人类，那么， 你们只懂得应用科学是不够的。关心人本身，应当 你们只懂得应用科学是不够的。关心人本身， 始终成为一切技术上奋斗的主要目标； 始终成为一切技术上奋斗的主要目标；——在你们 在你们 埋头图表和方程时，千万不要忘记这一点（《 （《爱因 埋头图表和方程时，千万不要忘记这一点（《爱因 斯坦文集》第三卷， 斯坦文集》第三卷，p.73）。 ）。
第一节 导 言
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一、导语：我们遇到了哪些专 导语： 业无法解决的问题？ 业无法解决的问题？
让我们还是让事实说话。 首先我们要看看20世纪科学技术带给我们 什么？ 其次我们看看我们从科学技术研究方面得 到什么，还有什么是专业不能解决的问 题。 最后我们可以通过这个课程提供的东西掌 握哪些专业里没有的东西。
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一．研究对象
人类视野中的自然界——自然界的 自然界的 人类视野中的自然界 存在与演化的一般规律 科学技术研究过程中的方法论—— 科学技术研究过程中的方法论 科学技术研究的辩证法 社会框架中科学技术发展演化—— 社会框架中科学技术发展演化 科学技术发展的辩证法
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二、我们的课程要解决什么？ 我们的课程要解决什么？
“自然辩证法”（又称为科学技术 哲学）就是这样一种回答上述问题， 给出一种分析的哲学理论。 它是马克思主义哲学的重要组成部 分，是关于自然界和科学技术发展 的一般规律以及人类认识和改造自 然的一般方法的科学。
三、“自然辩证法”的学科性 自然辩证法” 质
1\自然辩证法按照其学科性质属于 哲学的二级学科。 哲学的二级学科 2\就其地位或学科位置，属于哲学 哲学 与具体科学之间一个独立层次，是 与具体科学之间一个独立层次 哲学与具体科学技术的中介和桥梁。 哲学与具体科学技术的中介和桥梁 3\在马克思主义哲学体系中，它与 历史唯物主义相互并列。
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7） 科学（内部）社会学研究 ） 科学（内部） 8） 技术社会学研究 ） 9） 科学与文化研究 ） 10）科学思想史研究 ） 11）科学技术政策与发展战略研究 ） 12） 科学 、 技术 、 经济 、 社会的相互关 ） 科学、 技术、 经济、 系研究
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概括起来：通过自然辩证法课程的 学习，我们力图培养
一种变化中的发展、联系的观点； 一种善于学习的能力和理解精神； 一种精于容纳的创新精神； 一种把握整体与全局的宽阔视野。
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阅读与思考
阅读： 阅读：
《自然辩证法概论》绪论和恩格斯《自然辩证法》 自然辩证法概论》绪论和恩格斯《自然辩证法》 导言）。 （导言）。
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二十世纪所展示给我们的 最重要的是什么？ 最重要的是什么？
两次世界大战 两大阵营的对抗
—— ——后叶社会主义阵营解体
两大力量：科学和技术的迅猛进步
两大理论革命：相对论和量子力学 信息科技：计算机、互联网 生物科技：DNA，基因组，克隆 空间科技：火箭升空，卫星和哈勃太空望远镜
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科学家、历史学家、科学社会学家等 论“科技与社会”
J.D.贝尔纳 贝尔纳
我们不能再无视这样的事实： 我们不能再无视这样的事实：科学正在影响当代社会 的变革而且也受到这些变革的影响， 的变革而且也受到这些变革的影响，但是为了使这种 认识多少具有实在的内容， 认识多少具有实在的内容，我们需要比已往更仔细分 析两者之间的交互作用（《科学的社会功能》， （《科学的社会功能》，p.37） 析两者之间的交互作用（《科学的社会功能》， ） 科学家即使过去是一种自由自在地力量， 科学家即使过去是一种自由自在地力量，现在却再也 不是了。他现在几乎总是国家的、一家工业企业的、 不是了。他现在几乎总是国家的、一家工业企业的、 或者一所大学之类的， 或者一所大学之类的，直接间接依赖国家或企业的半 独立机构地拿薪金的雇员（《科学的社会功能》， （《科学的社会功能 独立机构地拿薪金的雇员（《科学的社会功能》， p.516）。 ）。