SOFTWARE QUALITY IN 2002 A SURVEY OF THE STATE OF THE ART

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软件工程(外文翻译文献)

外文文献资料1、Software EngineeringSoftware is the sequences of instructions in one or more programming languages that comprise a computer application to automate some business function. Engineering is the use of tools and techniques in problem solving. Putting the two words together, software engineering is the systemtic application of tools and techniques in the development of computer-based applications.The software engineering process describes the steps it takes to deelop the system. We begin a development project with the notion that there is a problem to be solved via automation. The process is how you get from problem recognition to a working solution. A quality process is desirable because it is more likely to lead to a quality product. The process followed by a project team during the development life cycle of an application should be orderly, goal-oriented, enjoyable, and a learning experience.Object-oriented methodology is an approach to system lifecycle development that takes a top-down view of data objects, their allowable actions, and the underlying communication requirement to define a system architecture. The data and action components are encapsulated, that is , they are combined together, to form abstract data types Encapsulation means that if I know what data I want ,I also know the allowable processes against that data. Data are designed as lattice hierarchies of relationships to ensure that top-down, hierarchic inheritance and side ways relationships are accommodated. Encapsulated objects are constrained only to communicate via messages. At a minimum, messages indicate the receiver and action requested. Messages may be more elaborate, including the sender and data to be acted upon.That we try to apply engineering discipline to software development does not mean that we have all the answers about how to build applications. On the contrary, we still build systems that are not useful and thus are not used. Part of the reason for continuing problems in application development, is that we are constantly trying to hita moving target. Both the technology and the type of applications needed by businesses are constantly changing and becoming more complex. Our ability to develop and disseminate knowledge about how to successfully build systems for new technologies and new application types seriously lags behind technological and business changes.Another reason for continuing problems in application development is that we aren’t always free to do what we like and it is hard to change habits and cultures from the old way of doing things, as well as get users to agree with a new sequence of events or an unfamiliar format for documentation.You might ask then, if many organizations don’t use good software engineering practices, why should I bother learning them? There are two good answers to this question. First, if you never know the right thing to do, you have no chance of ever using it. Second, organizations will frequently accept evolutionary, small steps of change instead of revolutionary, massive change. You can learn individual techniques that can be applied without complete devotion to one way of developing systems. In this way, software engineering can speed changee in their organizations by demonstrating how the tools and techniques enhance th quality of both the product and the process of building a system.2、Data Base System1、IntroductionThe development of corporate databases will be one of the most important data-processing activities for the rest of the 1970s. Date will be increasingly regarded as a vital corporate resource, which must be organized so as to maximize their value. In addition to the databases within an organization, a vast new demand is growing for database services, which will collect, organize, and sell data.The files of data which computers can use are growing at a staggering rate. The growth rate in the size of computer storage is greater than the growth in the size or power of any other component in the exploding data processing industry. The more data the computers have access to, the greater is their potential power. In all walks of life and in all areas of industry, data banks will change the areas of what it is possiblefor man to do. In the end of this century, historians will look back to the coming of computer data banks and their associated facilities as a step which changed the nature of the evolution of society, perhaps eventually having a greater effect on the human condition than even the invention of the printing press.Some most impressive corporate growth stories of the generation are largely attributable to the explosive growth in the need of information.The vast majority of this information is not yet computerized. However, the cost of data storage hardware is dropping more rapidly than other costs in data processing. It will become cheaper to store data on computer files than to store them on paper. Not only printed information will be stored. The computer industry is improving its capability to store line drawing, data in facsimile form, photo-graphs, human speech, etc. In fact, any form of information other than the most intimate communications between humans can be transmitted and stored digitally.There are two main technology developments likely to become available in the near future. First, there are electromagnetic devices that will hold much more data than disks but have much longer access time. Second, there are solid-state technologies that will give microsecond access time but capacities are smaller than disks.Disks themselves may be increased in capacity somewhat. For the longer term future there are a number of new technologies which are currently working in research labs which may replace disks and may provide very large microsecond-access-time devices. A steady stream of new storage devices is thus likely to reach the marketplace over the next 5 years, rapidly lowering the cost of storing data.Given the available technologies, it is likely that on-line data bases will use two or three levels of storage. One solid-state with microsecond access time, one electromagnetic with access time of a fraction of a second. If two ,three ,or four levels of storage are used, physical storage organization will become more complex ,probably with paging mechanisms to move data between the levels; solid-state storage offers the possibility of parallel search operation and associativememory.Both the quantity of data stored and the complexity of their organization are going up by leaps and bounds. The first trillion bit on-line stores are now in use . in a few year’s time ,stores of this size may be common.A particularly important consideration in data base design is to store the data so that the can be used for a wide variety of applications and so that the way they can be changed quickly and easily. On computer installation prior to the data base era it has been remarkably difficult to change the way data are used. Different programmers view the data in different ways and constantly want to modify them as new needs arise modification , however ,can set off a chain reaction of changes to existing programs and hence can be exceedingly expensive to accomplish .Consequently , data processing has tended to become frozen into its old data structures .To achieve flexibility of data usage that is essential in most commercial situations . Two aspects of data base design are important. First, it should be possible to interrogate and search the data base without the lengthy operation of writing programs in conventional programming languages. Second ,the data should be independent of the programs which use them so that they can be added to or restructured without the programs being changed .The work of designing a data base is becoming increasing difficult , especially if it is to perform in an optimal fashion . There are many different ways in which data can be structured ,and they have different types of data need to be organized in different ways. Different data have different characteristics , which ought to effect the data organization ,and different users have fundamentally different requirements. So we need a kind of data base management system(DBMS)to manage data.Data base design using the entity-relationship model begins with a list of the entity types involved and the relationships among them. The philosophy of assuming that the designer knows what the entity types are at the outset is significantly different from the philosophy behind the normalization-based approach.The entity-relationship(E-R)approach uses entity-relationship diagrams. The E-Rapproach requires several steps to produre a structure that is acceptable by the particular DBMS. These steps are:(1) Data analysis(2) Producing and optimizing the entity model.(3) Logical schema development(4) Physical data base design process.Developing a data base structure from user requirements is called data bases design. Most practitioners agree that there are two separate phases to the data base design process. The design of a logical database structure that is processable by the data base management system(DBMS)d escribes the user’s view of data, and is the selection of a physical structure such as the indexed sequential or direct access method of the intended DBMS.Current data base design technology shows many residual effects of its outgrowth from single-record file design methods. File design is primarily application program dependent since the data has been defined and structured in terms of individual applications to use them. The advent of DBMS revised the emphasis in data and program design approaches.There are many interlocking questions in the design of data-base systems and many types of technique that one can use is answer to the question so many; in fact, that one often sees valuable approaches being overlooked in the design and vital questions not being asked.There will soon be new storage devices, new software techniques, and new types of data bases. The details will change, but most of the principles will remain. Therefore, the reader should concentrate on the principles.2、Data base systemThe conception used for describing files and data bases has varied substantially in the same organization.A data base may be defined as a collection of interrelated data stored together with as little redundancy as possible to serve on or more applications in an optimal fashion; the data are stored so that they are independent of programs which use thedata; a common and controlled approach is used in adding new data and in modifying and retrieving existing data within the data base. One system is said to contain a collection of data bases if they are entirely separate in structure.A data base may be designed for batch processing, real-time processing, or in-line processing. A data base system involve application program, DBMS, and data base.One of the most important characteristics of most data bases is that they will constantly need to change and grow. Easy restructuring of the data base must be possible as new data types and new applications are added. The restructuring should be possible without having to rewrite the application program and in general should cause as little upheaval as possible. The ease with which a data base can be changed will have a major effect on the rate at which data-processing application can be developed in a corporation.The term data independence is often quoted as being one of the main attributes of a data base. It implies that the data and the application programs which use them are independent so that either may be changed without changing the other. When a single set of data items serves a variety of applications, different application programs perceive different relationships between the data items. To a large extent, data-base organization is concerned with the representation of relationship between data items and records as well as how and where the data are stored. A data base used for many applications can have multiple interconnections between the data item about which we may wish to record. It can describes the real world. The data item represents an attribute, and the attribute must be associated with the relevant entity. We design values to the attributes, one attribute has a special significance in that it identifies the entity.An attribute or set of attribute which the computer uses to identify a record or tuple is referred to as a key. The primary key is defined as that key used to uniquely identify one record or tuple. The primary key is of great importance because it is used by the computer in locating the record or tuple by means of an index or addressing algorithm.If the function of a data base were merely to store data, its organization would be simple. Most of the complexities arise from the fact that is must also show the relationships between the various items of data that are stored. It is different to describe the data in logical or physical.The logical data base description is referred to as a schema .A schema is a chart of the types of data that one used. It gives the names of the entities and attributes, and specifics the relations between them. It is a framework into which the values of the data-items can be fitted.We must distinguish between a record type and a instance of the record. When we talk about a “personnel record”,this is really a record type.There are no data values associated with it.The term schema is used to mean an overall chart of all of the dataitem types and record types stored in a data he uses. Many different subschema can be derived from one schema.The schema and the subschema are both used by the data-base management system, the primary function of which is to serve the application programs by executing their data operations.A DBMS will usually be handing multiple data calls concurrently. It must organize its system buffers so that different data operations can be in process together. It provides a data definition language to specify the conceptual schema and most likely, some of the details regarding the implementation of the conceptual schema by the physical schema. The data definition language is a high-level language, enabling one to describe the conceptual schema in terms of a “data model” .The choice of a data model is a difficult one, since it must be rich enough in structure to describe significant aspects of the real world, yet it must be possible to determine fairly automatically an efficient implementation of the conceptual schema by a physical schema. It should be emphasized that while a DBMS might be used to build small data bases, many data bases involve millions of bytes, and an inefficient implementation can be disastrous.We will discuss the data model in the following.3、Three Data ModelsLogical schemas are defined as data models with the underlying structure of particular database management systems superimposed on them. At the present time, there are three main underlying structures for database management systems. These are :RelationalHierarchicalNetworkThe hierarchical and network structures have been used for DBMS since the 1960s. The relational structure was introduced in the early 1970s.In the relational model, the entities and their relationships are represented by two-dimensional tables. Every table represents an entity and is made up of rows and columns. Relationships between entities are represented by common columns containing identical values from a domain or range of possible values.The last user is presented with a simple data model. His and her request are formulated in terms of the information content and do not reflect any complexities due to system-oriented aspects. A relational data model is what the user sees, but it is not necessarily what will be implemented physically.The relational data model removes the details of storage structure and access strategy from the user interface. The model provides a relatively higher degree of data. To be able to make use of this property of the relational data model however, the design of the relations must be complete and accurate.Although some DBMS based on the relational data model are commercially available today, it is difficult to provide a complete set of operational capabilities with required efficiency on a large scale. It appears today that technological improvements in providing faster and more reliable hardware may answer the question positively.The hierarchical data model is based on a tree-like structure made up of nodes and branches. A node is a collection of data attributes describing the entity at that point.The highest node of the hierarchical tree structure is called a root. The nodes at succeeding lower levels are called children .A hierarchical data model always starts with a root node. Every node consists of one or more attributes describing the entity at that node. Dependent nodes can follow the succeeding levels. The node in the preceding level becomes the parent node of the new dependent nodes. A parent node can have one child node as a dependent or many children nodes. The major advantage of the hierarchical data model is the existence of proven database management systems that use the hierarchical data model as the basic structure. There is a reduction of data dependency but any child node is accessible only through its parent node, the many-to –many relationship can be implemented only in a clumsy way. This often results in a redundancy in stored data.The network data model interconnects the entities of an enterprise into a network. In the network data model a data base consists of a number of areas. An area contains records. In turn, a record may consist of fields. A set which is a grouping of records, may reside in an area or span a number of areas. A set type is based on the owner record type and the member record type. The many-to many relation-ship, which occurs quite frequently in real life can be implemented easily. The network data model is very complex, the application programmer must be familiar with the logical structure of the data base.4、Logical Design and Physical DesignLogical design of databases is mainly concerned with superimposing the constructs of the data base management system on the logical data model. There are three mainly models: hierarchical, relational, network we have mentioned above.The physical model is a framework of the database to be stored on physical devices. The model must be constructed with every regard given to the performance of the resulting database. One should carry out an analysis of the physical model with average frequencies of occurrences of the grou pings of the data elements, with expected space estimates, and with respect to time estimates for retrieving and maintaining the data.The database designer may find it necessary to have multiple entry points into a database, or to access a particular segment type with more than one key. To provide this type of access; it may be necessary to invert the segment on the keys. Thephysical designer must have expertise in knowledge of the DBMS functions and understanding of the characteristics of direct access devices and knowledge of the applications.Many data bases have links between one record and another, called pointers. A pointer is a field in one record which indicates where a second record is located on the storage devices.Records that exist on storage devices is a given physical sequence. This sequencing may be employed for some purpose. The most common pupose is that records are needed in a given sequence by certain data-processing operations and so they are stored in that sequences.Different applications may need records in different sequences.The most common method of ordering records is to have them in sequence by a key —that key which is most commonly used for addressing them. An index is required to find any record without a lengthy search of the file.If the data records are laid out sequentially by key, the index for that key can be much smaller than they are nonsequential.Hashing has been used for addressing random-access storages since they first came into existence in the mid-1950s. But nobody had the temerity to use the word hashing until 1968.Many systems analysis has avoided the use of hashing in the suspicion that it is complicated. In fact, it is simple to use and has two important advantages over indexing. First, it finds most records with only one seek and second, insertion and deletions can be handled without added complexity. Indexing, however, can be used with a file which is sequential by prime key and this is an overriding advantage, for some batch-pro-cessing applications.Many data-base systems use chains to interconnect records also. A chain refers to a group of records scatters within the files and interconnected by a sequence of pointers. The software that is used to retrive the chained records will make them appear to the application programmer as a contiguous logical file.The primary disadvantage of chained records is that many read operations areneeded in order to follow lengthy chains. Sometimes this does not matter because the records have to be read anyway. In most search operations, however, the chains have to be followed through records which would not otherwise to read. In some file organizations the chains can be contained within blocked physical records so that excessive reads do not occur.Rings have been used in many file organizations. They are used to eliminate redundancy. When a ring or a chain is entered at a point some distance from its head, it may be desirable to obtain the information at the head quickly without stepping through all the intervening links.5、Data Description LanguagesIt is necessary for both the programmers and the data administrator to be able to describe their data precisely; they do so by means of data description languages. A data description language is the means of declaring to data-base management system what data structures will be used.A data description languages giving a logical data description should perform the folloeing functions:It should give a unique name to each data-item type, file type, data base and other data subdivision.It should identify the types of data subdivision such as data item segment , record and base file.It may define the type of encoding the program uses in the data items (binary , character ,bit string , etc.)It may define the length of the data items and the range of the values that a data item can assume .It may specify the sequence of records in a file or the sequence of groups of record in the data base .It may specify means of checking for errors in the data .It may specify privacy locks for preventing unauthorized reading or modification of the data .These may operate at the data-item ,segment ,record, file or data-base level and if necessary may be extended to the contents(value) of individual data items .The authorization may , on the other hand, be separate defined .It is more subject to change than the data structures, and changes in authorization proceduresshould not force changes in application programs.A logical data description should not specify addressing ,indexing ,or searching techniques or specify the placement of data on the storage units ,because these topics are in the domain of physical ,not logical organization .It may give an indication of how the data will be used or of searching requirement .So that the physical technique can be selected optimally but such indications should not be logically limiting.Most DBMS have their own languages for defining the schemas that are used . In most cases these data description languages are different to other programmer language, because other programmer do not have the capability to define to variety of relationship that may exit in the schemas.附录 B 外文译文1、软件工程软件是指令的序列，该指令序列由一种或者多种程序语言编写，它能使计算机应用于某些事物的运用自动化。

四川大学软件质量保证与测试(双语)Software Quality Assurance and Testing教学大纲

College of Software EngineeringUndergraduate Course Syllabus Course ID Course ID31112440 Course Name Course Name Software maintenance and test CourseAttribute Attribute Compulsory □ Selective Course Language □English ChineseCredit Hour Credit Hour5 Period 80 S emester □First Fall □First Spring □Second Fall □Second Spring□Third Fall Third Spring □Fourth Fall □Fourth SpringInstructor Instructors s Mei.Hong Wu.Huang Shu.HuDescription Description Background Background：：Software maintenance and testing is the important part in software engineering. The software correctness is always the problem in software development. When we can’t verify the software correctness by enumerating all conditions, we only find a proximate method to detect the software fault as possible and modify the errors for falling the software risk, this is software testing.Contents Contents::The course introduces the whole contents of software testing, includes six parts: 1.The background and concept of software testing; 2. The software testing methods: static/dynamicblack-box testing, static/dynamic white-box testing; 3. The software testing application:configuration testing, compatibility testing, foreign-language testing, usability testing and website testing; 4. The automated testing and test tools; 5. Working with the test documentation, test plan, report and evaluation; 6. Software quality assurance.Goal GoalLet students know the panorama of software testing, master various basic concepts of software testing; know the static/dynamic black and white-box testing methods and skills; can plan the software testing and use some tools for testingRequire RequireAttend course, practice, do a testing projectPrerequisites Prerequisites Have some knowledge of software engineering, some program experience is more better Textbook Textbook 《Software Testing 》second edition, Ron Patton, China machine press, 2006.1, ISBN:7-111-177703-3Resource Resource 1.《Black-Box Testing 》Boris Beizer J ohn Wiley & Sons Inc ，2005.6，ISBN: 0471120944 2.《Software Testing 》Paul C. Jorgensen CRC press ，2002，ISBN: 0-8493-0809-7 3.《Effective Methods for Software Testing 》William E. Perry 清华大学出版社，2008.1，ISBN: 978-7-302-16692-44. /5. /6. /~wazmo/qa/7. /Grading Grading Peacetime (10%), practice (30%), final exam (60%)Topics Topics 1. Introduce the background and importance of software maintenance and testing, and then thecourse arrangement. Important point is let students know the importance of the course and would like study the course. 5 credit hour2. Introduce simply the software development process, include some development mode incommon use, and then introduce some software testing axioms and definition. Important point is let students know the relationship between software development and software testing. 5 credit hours3. Introduce software testing fundamentals, include the concept, specification and skill ofstatic/dynamic black-box testing, we can know gradually the software testing from here. 5 credit hours4. Introduce the concept, specification and skill of static/dynamic white-box testing. Staticwhite-box testing is examining the design and codes each other; dynamic white-box testing is testing software in condition of knowing the software architecture and design. 5 credit hours5. Introduce the concept, approach and skill of configuration testing. 2credit hoursPractice : static black-box testing a small program, for example: calc.exe 3credit hours6. Introduce the concept, approach and skill of compatibility testing. 2credit hoursPractice : dynamic black-box testing a small program, for example: calc.exe 3credit hours7. Introduce the concept, approach and skill of foreign-language testing. 2credit hours Practice : static white-box testing a small custom program 3credit hours8. Introduce the concept, approach and skill of usability testing. 2credit hoursPractice : dynamic white-box testing a small custom-build program 3credit hours9. Introduce the concept, approach and skill of website testing. 2credit hoursPractice : Testing a public website, for example: 3credit hours10. Introduce automated testing and some test tools. Important point is let students know theautomated testing principle and use the test tools afterwards. 2credit hoursPractice : Introduce general software testing tools and practice its. 3credit hours11. Introduce planning the testing work, include testing goal and strategy. 2 credit hours Practice : Introduce Concurrent Version System (CVS) and practice it. 3credit hours12. Introduce writing and tracking test cases. Test cases is important, it can organize, repeat, trackand proof of testing. 2 credit hoursPractice : Write software application for software testing. 3credit hours13. Introduce report what you find in software testing, include getting bugs fixed, isolating andreproducing bugs, and then introduce bug’s life cycle. 2 credit hoursPractice : write testing plan and cases for your application software. 3credit hours14. Introduce measuring test result using the information in the bug tracking database. 2 credithoursPractice : Test your application by the testing plan and cases. 3credit hours15. Introduce software quality assurance, some knowledge about capability maturity model(CMM ) and ISO 9000. 2 credit hoursPractice : Analyze your testing result and write the testing report. 3credit hours16. Introduce career as a software tester, review and answer questions. 5 credit hoursTools &Environment EnvironmentVisual studio 2005 or eclipseProjec Projects ts ts Management system for library Management system for libraryDescribe:Describe:Students develop a simple application, for example: drawing program or chart program, then test the application using software testing methods studding in the courses, record the testing result, analyze the testing result and write a testing report .Require RequireThe project is a chance for practicing knowledge of software testing. Require students program and test application normally, test application each other, then write testing report. Developing environment Developing environment：：Visual studio or eclipsePhase 1Phase 1Goal: study and exercise basic software testing methods, for example: black and white-box testing, be familiar software testing methods and skills.Procedure Procedure: : test foregone application, for example: wordpad.exe, calc.exe, using black-box testing . You can use white-box testing test yourself programDeliverables Deliverables: : The testing report.Due on Apr.1 in classPhase 2Phase 2Goal: Program a meaning application for testing, the program include calculating and drawing function.Procedure: Program the tested application.Deliverables: The tested applicationDue on May.1 in classPhase 3Phase 3Goal: Test the custom-build application and write the testing reportProcedure: Write the testing plan and cases, test the custom-build application according to the plan and cases, record the testing result, then analyze the result and finish the testing report. Deliverables: The testing reportDue on before finished the course.Version No Version No：： 1.0Author Author：： Wu.Huang Date Date：： 20020099-2 -4Auditor Auditor：： Date Date：： 20020099-2-8 Signature of leader Signature of leader：：Date Date：： 20020020099-2-8。

软件产品英文测试报告范文

软件产品英文测试报告范文Software Product English Test Report SampleSoftware testing is a critical component of the software development lifecycle, ensuring the quality and functionality of the final product. In the context of software products targeting international markets, English testing plays a crucial role in validating the accuracy and fluency of the user-facing content. This report presents the findings of an English test conducted on a software product, highlighting the key areas of focus, the testing methodology, and the recommendations for improvements.The software product under evaluation is a cloud-based project management application designed for small to medium-sized businesses. The application offers a range of features, including task management, team collaboration, and reporting tools. The target audience for this product includes English-speaking users from various regions, making the quality of the English content a top priority.The English testing process was divided into several phases, each focusing on a specific aspect of the product's user interface and documentation. The first phase involved a comprehensive review of the application's menus, buttons, and other user interface elements to ensure the consistent use of English terminology, grammar, and spelling. The second phase focused on the in-app help content, user guides, and other supporting documentation to assess the clarity, flow, and overall quality of the English writing.During the user interface review, the testing team identified several instances of inconsistent terminology usage, grammatical errors, and spelling mistakes. For example, the term "project" was sometimes referred to as "job" or "task" in different parts of the application, creating confusion for users. Additionally, several buttons and menu items contained spelling errors, such as "Calender" instead of "Calendar."The review of the supporting documentation revealed a more significant number of issues, ranging from poor sentence structure and awkward phrasing to the use of colloquial or regional expressions that may not be understood by a global audience. The user guides, in particular, were found to be overly technical and lacked a clear, user-friendly tone, which could hinder the onboarding process for new users.To address these findings, the testing team provided detailed recommendations for improvements, including the following:1. Establish a comprehensive style guide: Develop a detailed style guide that outlines the preferred terminology, grammar, and writing style to be used throughout the product's user interface and documentation. This guide should be consistently applied across all content, ensuring a unified and professional tone.2. Implement a rigorous content review process: Implement a content review process that involves multiple rounds of editing and proofreading by native English speakers. This will help to identify and correct any remaining issues with grammar, spelling, and overall clarity before the content is finalized.3. Enhance the user guide structure and tone: Restructure the user guides to be more user-centric, with a focus on providing clear, step-by-step instructions and explanations. The tone should be more conversational and approachable, making it easier for users to understand and follow the documentation.4. Conduct regular English proficiency testing: Establish a routine process for testing the English proficiency of the product's user interface and documentation, both during the development phase and after major updates. This will help to maintain a high level ofquality and consistency over time.5. Leverage professional translation services: Consider working with professional translation services to ensure that any content that requires localization, such as user interface elements or regional-specific information, is accurately and effectively translated into the target languages.By implementing these recommendations, the software product can significantly improve the quality and consistency of its English content, providing a more seamless and user-friendly experience for its global audience. The investment in high-quality English testing and content development will not only enhance the product's reputation and customer satisfaction but also contribute to its overall success in international markets.。

ISO25000 SoftWare Quality Measurement

page 6
Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute
SQuaRE: Architecture
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All Ballots closing Mid-April to Early May
Editors assigned but no drafts out 25010, Quality Model 25023, External Quality Measures

软件测试英语面试题及答案

软件测试英语面试题及答案### 软件测试英语面试题及答案1. What is software testing?Software testing is the process of evaluating a software application or system to determine whether it meets the specified requirements and to identify any defects or issues that might be present. It is a key phase in the software development life cycle and plays a crucial role in ensuring the quality and reliability of the software product.Answer: Software testing is a systematic process that involves verifying and validating a software application to ensure it meets the requirements and is free from defects. It is essential to improve the quality of the software and to ensure that it functions correctly under various conditions.2. What are the different types of software testing?There are several types of software testing, including:- Functional Testing: Testing individual components or features for both expected and unexpected inputs and comparing the actual results with the expected results.- Non-functional Testing: Evaluating the performance, reliability, usability, and other attributes of the software. - Regression Testing: Ensuring that new changes to thesoftware have not adversely affected existing features.- Integration Testing: Testing the combination of software components to ensure they work together as expected.- System Testing: Testing the complete, integrated software system to evaluate its compliance with the specified requirements.- Acceptance Testing: The final testing stage where the software is tested to ensure it meets the user's acceptance criteria.Answer: The various types of software testing are designed to cover different aspects of software quality. They include functional, non-functional, regression, integration, system, and acceptance testing, each serving a specific purpose in the overall testing process.3. What is the difference between white box testing and black box testing?- White Box Testing: Also known as structural testing or code-based testing, it involves testing the software with knowledge of its internal structure and workings. It is used to check the internal logic and flow of the program.- Black Box Testing: This type of testing is performed without any knowledge of the internal workings of the application. It focuses on the functionality of the software and how it responds to inputs.Answer: White box testing requires an understanding of the software's internal code and structure, while black box testing is based on the software's functionality and externalbehavior. The choice between the two depends on the testing objectives and the information available to the tester.4. What is the purpose of test cases and test suites?Test cases are detailed descriptions of the test scenarios that are designed to verify specific aspects of the software. They include the input, expected results, and the steps to execute the test. A test suite is a collection of test cases that are grouped together to cover a particular feature or functionality of the software.Answer: Test cases and test suites are essential for structured testing. They provide a systematic approach to testing, ensuring that all aspects of the software are evaluated. Test cases help in identifying defects, while test suites help in organizing and prioritizing the testing efforts.5. How do you handle a situation where you find a bug that is not reproducible?When a bug is not reproducible, it can be challenging to diagnose and fix. The steps to handle such a situation include:- Documenting the Bug: Record all the details about the bug, including the steps taken, the environment, and any error messages.- Analyzing the Bug: Try to understand the conditions under which the bug might occur by analyzing the logs, code, andsystem state.- Isolating the Bug: Attempt to isolate the bug by changing one variable at a time to see if the bug can be reproduced. - Communicating with the Team: Discuss the bug with the development team to get insights and possible solutions.- Prioritizing the Bug: If the bug cannot be reproduced, it may be necessary to prioritize it based on its impact and the likelihood of it occurring again.Answer: Reproducibility is key to resolving bugs. However, when a bug is not reproducible, thorough documentation, analysis, isolation, communication, and prioritization are crucial steps in managing the issue effectively.6. How do you prioritize testing efforts?Prioritizing testing efforts is essential to ensure that the most critical parts of the software are tested first. The factors that influence prioritization include:- Risk Assessment: Testing areas with the highest risk of failure first.- Business Value: Prioritizing features that provide the most value to the business.- User Impact: Focusing on features that impact the user experience the most.- Resource Availability: Considering the availability of testing resources.- Development Progress: Aligning testing with the development schedule to ensure that testing is completed in time.Answer: Effective prioritization of testing efforts is a balance between risk, value, user impact, resource availability, and development progress. It's important to have a clear understanding。

软件测试中英文对照

国内软件质量与软件测试标准化研究

25摘　要：软件产业是引领新一轮科技革命的关键力量，在全球经济发展中占据重要地位。

软件质量对促进软件产业健康有序发展具有重要意义，软件测试是保证软件质量的可靠手段。

标准化作为规范软件质量与软件测试的技术手段，可以提高软件产品质量、减少软件开发与测试费用，为软件行业的发展提供引领与支撑。

本文详细给出了国内软件质量与软件测试的标准化情况，并分析了国内软件质量与软件测试标准之间的关系，最后总结了国内软件质量与测试标准存在的问题及建议。

该论文有利于需方、开发方、独立评价方以及质量保证与控制人员更好地理解、使用软件质量与测试的相关标准。

关键词：软件质量，软件测试，标准化，SQuaRE标准，GB/T 38634DOI编码：10.3969/j.issn.1674-5698.2021.04.003Research on Domestic Standardization of Software Qualityand Software TestingZHAO Yi HU Yun GONG Jia-yu* CUI Jian（Shanghai Key Laboratory of Computer Software Testing & Evaluating, Shanghai Development Center of Computer Software Technology ）Abstract: Software industry is a key force leading a new round of technological revolution and occupies an important position in the development of the global economy. Software quality is of great significance to promote the healthy and orderly development of the software industry, and software testing is a reliable means to ensure software quality. However, standardization as a technical means to regulate software quality and software testing, can improve software product quality, reduce software development and testing costs. It can also provide guidance and support for the development of the software industry. This paper gives a detailed description of the standardization of domestic software quality and software testing, and analyzes the relationship between domestic software quality and software testing standards. Finally, it summarizes the problems and suggestions of domestic software quality and testing standards. This paper is beneficial for demanders, developers, independent evaluation parties, quality assurance and control personnel to understand and use the relevant standards of software quality and testing. Keywords: software quality, software testing, standardization, SQuaRE standards, GB/T 38634国内软件质量与软件测试标准化研究赵毅胡芸龚家瑜* 崔健（上海计算机软件技术开发中心，上海市计算机软件评测重点实验室）基金项目：本文受国家重点研发计划项目（项目编号：2018YFB1403404）资助。

软件工程专业毕业设计外文文献翻译

软件工程专业毕业设计外文文献翻译1000字本文将就软件工程专业毕业设计的外文文献进行翻译，能够为相关考生提供一定的参考。

外文文献1: Software Engineering Practices in Industry: A Case StudyAbstractThis paper reports a case study of software engineering practices in industry. The study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The study investigated the company’s software development process, practices, and techniques that lead to the production of quality software. The software engineering practices were identified through a survey questionnaire and a series of interviews with the company’s software development managers, software engineers, and testers. The research found that the company has a well-defined software development process, which is based on the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The company follows a set of software engineering practices that ensure quality, reliability, and maintainability of the software products. The findings of this study provide a valuable insight into the software engineering practices used in industry and can be used to guide software engineering education and practice in academia.IntroductionSoftware engineering is the discipline of designing, developing, testing, and maintaining software products. There are a number of software engineering practices that are used in industry to ensure that software products are of high quality, reliable, and maintainable. These practices include software development processes, software configuration management, software testing, requirements engineering, and project management. Software engineeringpractices have evolved over the years as a result of the growth of the software industry and the increasing demands for high-quality software products. The software industry has developed a number of software development models, such as the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI), which provides a framework for software development organizations to improve their software development processes and practices.This paper reports a case study of software engineering practices in industry. The study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The objective of the study was to identify the software engineering practices used by the company and to investigate how these practices contribute to the production of quality software.Research MethodologyThe case study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The study was conducted over a period of six months, during which a survey questionnaire was administered to the company’s software development managers, software engineers, and testers. In addition, a series of interviews were conducted with the company’s software development managers, software engineers, and testers to gain a deeper understanding of the software engineering practices used by the company. The survey questionnaire and the interview questions were designed to investigate the software engineering practices used by the company in relation to software development processes, software configuration management, software testing, requirements engineering, and project management.FindingsThe research found that the company has a well-defined software development process, which is based on the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The company’s software development process consists of five levels of maturity, starting with an ad hoc process (Level 1) and progressing to a fully defined and optimized process (Level 5). The company has achieved Level 3 maturity in its software development process. The company follows a set of software engineering practices that ensure quality, reliability, and maintainability of the software products. The software engineering practices used by the company include:Software Configuration Management (SCM): The company uses SCM tools to manage software code, documentation, and other artifacts. The company follows a branching and merging strategy to manage changes to the software code.Software Testing: The company has adopted a formal testing approach that includes unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. The testing process is automated where possible, and the company uses a range of testing tools.Requirements Engineering: The company has a well-defined requirements engineering process, which includes requirements capture, analysis, specification, and validation. The company uses a range of tools, including use case modeling, to capture and analyze requirements.Project Management: The company has a well-defined project management process that includes project planning, scheduling, monitoring, and control. The company uses a range of tools to support project management, including project management software, which is used to track project progress.ConclusionThis paper has reported a case study of software engineering practices in industry. The study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The study investigated the company’s software development process,practices, and techniques that lead to the production of quality software. The research found that the company has a well-defined software development process, which is based on the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The company uses a set of software engineering practices that ensure quality, reliability, and maintainability of the software products. The findings of this study provide a valuable insight into the software engineering practices used in industry and can be used to guide software engineering education and practice in academia.外文文献2: Agile Software Development: Principles, Patterns, and PracticesAbstractAgile software development is a set of values, principles, and practices for developing software. The Agile Manifesto represents the values and principles of the agile approach. The manifesto emphasizes the importance of individuals and interactions, working software, customer collaboration, and responding to change. Agile software development practices include iterative development, test-driven development, continuous integration, and frequent releases. This paper presents an overview of agile software development, including its principles, patterns, and practices. The paper also discusses the benefits and challenges of agile software development.IntroductionAgile software development is a set of values, principles, and practices for developing software. Agile software development is based on the Agile Manifesto, which represents the values and principles of the agile approach. The manifesto emphasizes the importance of individuals and interactions, working software, customer collaboration, and responding to change. Agile software development practices include iterative development, test-driven development, continuous integration, and frequent releases.Agile Software Development PrinciplesAgile software development is based on a set of principles. These principles are:Customer satisfaction through early and continuous delivery of useful software.Welcome changing requirements, even late in development. Agile processes harness change for the customer's competitive advantage.Deliver working software frequently, with a preference for the shorter timescale.Collaboration between the business stakeholders and developers throughout the project.Build projects around motivated individuals. Give them the environment and support they need, and trust them to get the job done.The most efficient and effective method of conveying information to and within a development team is face-to-face conversation.Working software is the primary measure of progress.Agile processes promote sustainable development. The sponsors, developers, and users should be able to maintain a constant pace indefinitely.Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design enhances agility.Simplicity – the art of maximizing the amount of work not done – is essential.The best architectures, requirements, and designs emerge from self-organizing teams.Agile Software Development PatternsAgile software development patterns are reusable solutions to common software development problems. The following are some typical agile software development patterns:The Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)The Open/Closed Principle (OCP)The Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)The Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)The Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)The Model-View-Controller (MVC) PatternThe Observer PatternThe Strategy PatternThe Factory Method PatternAgile Software Development PracticesAgile software development practices are a set ofactivities and techniques used in agile software development. The following are some typical agile software development practices:Iterative DevelopmentTest-Driven Development (TDD)Continuous IntegrationRefactoringPair ProgrammingAgile Software Development Benefits and ChallengesAgile software development has many benefits, including:Increased customer satisfactionIncreased qualityIncreased productivityIncreased flexibilityIncreased visibilityReduced riskAgile software development also has some challenges, including:Requires discipline and trainingRequires an experienced teamRequires good communicationRequires a supportive management cultureConclusionAgile software development is a set of values, principles, and practices for developing software. Agile software development is based on the Agile Manifesto, which represents the values and principles of the agile approach. Agile software development practices include iterative development, test-driven development, continuous integration, and frequent releases. Agile software development has many benefits, including increased customer satisfaction, increased quality, increased productivity, increased flexibility, increased visibility, and reduced risk. Agile software development also has some challenges, including the requirement for discipline and training, the requirement for an experienced team, the requirement for good communication, and the requirement for a supportive management culture.。

2024版ISO9001 Quality Management System

目录
• Certification and Supervision of ISO9001 Quality Management System
• Integration of ISO9001 Quality Management System with Other Management Systems
ISO 9001 has come one of the most widely used international standards in the world, with millions of organizations in over 170 countries certified to the standard
Full participation
Engaging employees in quality management: The organization should involve employees at all levels in the quality management process, empowering them to take ownership of quality and contribute to its improvement
Continuous improvement
Adopting a continuous improvement culture
The organization should cultivate a culture that resources employees to continuously seek opportunities for improvement and innovation
Using data and analysis for improvement

调研软件英语作文模板

调研软件英语作文模板英文回答：Software Survey: A Comprehensive Guide。

Introduction。

In the rapidly evolving world of technology, software plays a pivotal role in shaping our daily lives. From operating systems to business applications and entertainment platforms, software has become an indispensable part of modern society. To ensure efficient and effective software development, it is crucial to conduct thorough software surveys to gather valuable insights and make informed decisions.What is a Software Survey?A software survey is a systematic method of collecting information about software products, including theirfeatures, functionality, performance, and user experience. By conducting surveys, organizations can gain a comprehensive understanding of the software landscape, identify areas for improvement, and make strategic decisions regarding software selection and development.Types of Software Surveys。

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A Survey of Software Refactoring

A Survey of Software RefactoringTom Mens,Tom Tourw´eAbstract—This paper provides an extensive overview of existing research in theﬁeld of software refactoring.This re-search is compared and discussed based on a number of dif-ferent criteria:the refactoring activities that are supported; the speciﬁc techniques and formalisms that are used for sup-porting these activities;the types of software artifacts that are being refactored;the important issues that need to be taken into account when building refactoring tool support; and the eﬀect of refactoring on the software process.A run-ning example is used throughout the paper to explain and illustrate the main concepts.Keywords—D.2.3Coding Tools and Techniques;D.2.6Programming Environments/Construction Tools;D.2.7.m Restructuring,reverse engineering,and reengi-neeringI.IntroductionA N intrinsic property of software in a real-world envi-ronment is its need to evolve.As the software is en-hanced,modiﬁed and adapted to new requirements,the code becomes more complex and drifts away from its orig-inal design,thereby lowering the quality of the software. Because of this,the major part of the total software de-velopment cost is devoted to software maintenance[1],[2], [3].Better software development methods and tools do not solve this problem,because their increased capacity is used to implement more new requirements within the same time frame[4],making the software more complex again.To cope with this spiral of complexity there is an urgent need for techniques that reduce software complexity by in-crementally improving the internal software quality.The research domain that addresses this problem is referred to as restructuring[5],[79]or,in the speciﬁc case of object-oriented software development,refactoring[6],[7]. According to the taxonomy of Chikofsky and Cross[8], restructuring is deﬁned as“the transformation from one representation form to another at the same relative abstrac-tion level,while preserving the subject system’s external behaviour(functionality and semantics).A restructuring transformation is often one of appearance,such as alter-ing code to improve its structure in the traditional sense of structured design.While restructuring creates new versions that implement or propose change to the subject system,it does not normally involve modiﬁcations because of new re-quirements.However,it may lead to better observations of the subject system that suggest changes that would improve aspects of the system.”The term refactoring was originally introduced by William Opdyke in his PhD dissertation[6].Refactoring is basically the object-oriented variant of restructuring:“the Tom Mens(tom.mens@umh.ac.be),Universit´e de Mons-Hainaut, Avenue du Champ de Mars6,B7000Mons,Belgium.Tom Tourw´e(tom.tourwe@cwi.nl),Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica,P.O.Box94079,NL1090GB Amsterdam,The Nether-lands.process of changing a[object-oriented]software system in such a way that it does not alter the external behaviour of the code,yet improves its internal structure”[7].The key idea here is to redistribute classes,variables and methods across the class hierarchy in order to facilitate future adap-tations and extensions.In the context of software evolution,restructuring and refactoring are used to improve the quality of the soft-ware(e.g.,extensibility,modularity,reusability,complex-ity,maintainability,eﬃciency).Refactoring and restruc-turing are also used in the context of reengineering[9], which is the examination and alteration of a subject sys-tem to reconstitute it in a new form and the subsequent implementation of the new form[8].In this context,re-structuring is needed to convert legacy code or deteriorated code into a more modular or structured form[10],or even to migrate code to a diﬀerent programming language or even language paradigm[11].The remainder of this paper is structured as follows.Sec-tion II explains general ideas of refactoring by means of an illustrative example.Section III identiﬁes and explains the diﬀerent refactoring activities.Section IV provides an overview of various formalisms and techniques that can be used to support these refactoring activities.Section V sum-marises diﬀerent types of software artifacts for which refac-toring support has been provided.Section VI discusses essential issues that have to be considered in developing refactoring tools.Section VII discusses how refactoring ﬁts in the software development process.Finally,Section VIII concludes.II.Running exampleIn this section we introduce a running example that will be used throughout the paper.The example illustrates a typical non-trivial refactoring of an object-oriented de-sign.The initial design depicted in Figure1represents an object-oriented class hierarchy.It shows a Document class that is reﬁned into three speciﬁc subclasses ASCIIDoc,PS-Doc and PDFDoc.A document provides preview and print facilities,which are realised by invoking the appropriate methods in the associated Previewer and Printer classes, respectively.Before these methods can be invoked,some preprocessing or conversion needs to be done,which is re-alized diﬀerently for each of the Document subclasses.In Figure1this is represented by the diﬀerent code fragments A,B,C and X,Y,Z,respectively.This design is not optimal because diﬀerent function-alities of the Document class are distributed over all the subclasses.In order to add a new functionality to the Doc-ument class,such as a text search or a spell checker,we need to change every subclass of Document and we need to deﬁne the appropriate helper classes.Moreover,manyFig.1.Document class hierarchy and helper classessuch evolutions increase the complexity and reduce the un-derstandability of the design,because the Document class has many associations and no explicit relationship between all helper classes exists,although their roles are similar. To overcome these problems,the design needs to be refactored.By introducing a so-called Visitor design pat-tern[12],the same functionality can be achieved in a more localised fashion,while at the same time the understand-ability of the design is improved.This is illustrated in Figure2.The idea is to introduce a Visitor class hierar-chy,that groups all helper classes and deﬁnes a common interface for them(the visit*methods).At the same time, a generic accept method is implemented in all classes of the Document hierarchy.The accept method in each subclass calls a method,speciﬁcally deﬁned for that subclass,of the Visitor hierarchy interface.In this refactored design model,new functionality can be added by simply creating a new subclass of Visitor,and implementing the visit*methods appropriately.As can be seen in Figure2,the implementations of the print and pre-view methods previously in subclasses of Document(i.e., A,B,C,X,Y,Z)have been moved to the visit*meth-ods of the Printer and Previewer classes(i.e.,A’,B’,C’, X’,Y’,Z’).Although the above example is relatively simple,it al-ready requires over twenty primitive refactorings to intro-duce the Visitor design pattern:1.The print method in each Document subclass(3occur-rences)is moved to class Printer using a MoveMethod refactoring2.To avoid name conﬂicts,each of the3moved print meth-ods needs to be renamedﬁrst to a visit*method using a RenameMethod refactoring3.The preview method in each Document subclass (3occurrences)is moved to class Previewer using a MoveMethod refactoring4.To avoid name conﬂicts,each of the3moved preview methods needs to be renamedﬁrst to a visit*method usinga RenameMethod refactoring5.An abstract Visitor class is introduced as superclass for Printer and Previewer using an AddClass refactoring6.Three abstract visit*methods are introduced in the new Visitor class using an AddMethod refactoring7.An accept method is introduced in all three subclasses of Document by extracting it from the print method and preview methods,using an ExtractMethod refactoring 8.All preview and print methods now call the accept method with an instance of the appropriate Visitor sub-class.Therefore,their deﬁnition can be pulled up to the Document class,by using a PullUpMethod refactoring. The refactorings in the above list are referred to as primitive refactorings.They are elementary behaviour-preserving transformations that can be used as building blocks to create the so-called composite refactorings[6],[13].These composite refactorings are usually deﬁned asa sequence of primitive refactorings,and reﬂect more com-plex behaviour-preserving transformations that are more meaningful to the user.For example,the six refactorings in steps1and2of the above enumeration can be combined into the single composite refactoring MoveMethodsTo-Visitor shown in Figure3.In a similar way,steps3and 4in the above enumeration can be combined into a single composite refactoring.posite refactoring for renaming and moving print meth-ods from the Document subclasses to the Printer classIII.Refactoring activitiesThe refactoring process consists of a number of distinct activities:1.Identify where the software should be refactored;2.Determine which refactoring(s)should be applied to the identiﬁed places;3.Guarantee that the applied refactoring preserves be-haviour;4.Apply the refactoring;5.Assess the eﬀect of the refactoring on quality character-istics of the software(e.g.,complexity,understandability, maintainability)or the process(e.g.,productivity,cost,ef-fort);6.Maintain the consistency between the refactored pro-gram code and other software artifacts(such as documen-tation,design documents,requirements speciﬁcations,tests and so on)As will be illustrated below,each of these activities can be supported by diﬀerent tools,techniques or formalisms.Fig.2.Refactored design model for the Document class hierarchyA.Identifying where to apply which refactoringsAﬁrst decision that needs to be made here is to deter-mine the appropriate level of abstraction to apply the refac-toring.Should the refactorings be applied to the program itself(i.e.,the source code),or to more abstract software artifacts such as design models or requirements documents, for example?1We will tackle this particular question in de-tail in Section V,and restrict ourselves to the subdomain of program refactoring here.In this subdomain,the activity of identifying the parts of the program that require refac-toring(activity1),and proposing refactorings that should be applied to these(activity2),are usually combined. Kataoka et al.implemented the Daikon tool to indicate where refactorings might be applicable by automatically detecting program invariants[14].One invariant may be that a certain parameter of a method is always constant, or is a function of the other parameters of a method.In that case,it might be possible to apply a removeParameter refactoring.The main problem with this approach is that it requires dynamic analysis of the runtime behaviour:the application needs to be executed to infer the program in-variants.To this extent,the tool uses a representative set of test suites.It is however impossible to guarantee that a test suite covers all possible runs of a program.Therefore, the invariants may not hold in general.Nonetheless,very good results have been obtained in practice.Moreover,the approach is complementary to other approaches that rely on static information.Probably the most widespread approach to detect pro-gram parts that require refactoring is the identiﬁcation of bad smells.According to Kent Beck,bad smells are“struc-tures in the code that suggest(sometimes scream for)the possibility of refactoring”[7].As a concrete example of a bad smell,reconsider the Document class hierarchy design in Figure1of Section II.By analysing the code fragments A,B,C and X,Y,Z,respectively,it is very likely that one can detect a signiﬁcant amount of code duplication.This 1As a terminological side note,when we use to term program in the remainder of this paper,we speciﬁcally refer to the source code or executable code.In contrast,when we use the term software,we refer to any type of software artifact(including code,design models, requirements speciﬁcations,and so on).is a typical example of a bad smell,since code duplication should be avoided,as it decreases maintainability.Balazin-ska et e a clone analysis tool to identify duplicated code that suggests candidates for refactoring[15].Ducasse et al.sketch an approach to detect duplicated code in soft-ware and propose refactorings that can eliminate this du-plication[16].The approach is based on an object-oriented meta model of the source code and a tool that is capable of detecting duplication in code.The proposed refactor-ings consist of removing duplicated methods,extracting duplicated code from within a method and inserting an intermediate subclass to factor out the common code. Martin Fowler informally links bad smells to refactor-ings[7].Tourw´e and Mens use a semi-automated approach based on logic meta programming to formally specify and detect these bad smells,and to propose refactoring oppor-tunities that remove these bad smells[17].A more ad hoc approach to detect structural weaknesses in object-oriented source code and solve them by refactorings is proposed by Dudziak and Wloka[19].van Emden and Moonen com-bine the detection of bad smells in Java with a visuali-sation mechanism[18].Simon et e object-oriented metrics to identify bad smells and propose adequate refac-torings[20].They focus on use relations to propose move method/attribute and extract/inline class refactorings.The key underlying concept is the distance-based cohesion met-ric,which measures the degree to which methods and vari-ables of a class belong together.Especially in combination with software visualisation,the use of object-oriented met-rics seems well suited to detect places in the source code that are in need of refactoring[20],[21].Aﬁnal but important issue is that identiﬁcation of which refactorings to apply can be highly dependent on the par-ticular application domain.If we restrict ourselves to,for example,web-based software the question of“where and why”to refactor is partially answered by the high-level refactorings from[22].B.Guaranteeing that the refactoring preserves software be-haviourBy deﬁnition,a refactoring should not alter the be-haviour of the software.Unfortunately,a precise deﬁnitionof behaviour is rarely provided,or may be ineﬃcient to bechecked in practice.The original deﬁnition of behaviour preservation as sug-gested by Opdyke[6]states that,for the same set ofinput values,the resulting set of output values shouldbe the same before and after the refactoring.Opdykesuggests to ensure this particular notion of behaviourpreservation by specifying refactoring preconditions.Asa concrete example of such a refactoring precondition,reconsider the primitive refactorings in the running ex-ample of Section II.Theﬁrst refactoring suggestedis MoveMethod(print,ASCIIDoc,Printer).It has anumber of necessary preconditions:the classes ASCIIDocand Printer should be deﬁned;the method print shouldbe implemented in ASCIIDoc;the method signature ofprint should not be present in class Printer.As can beseen in Figure1,the third precondition is not satisﬁed,which is precisely why the refactoring RenameMethod(print,ASCIIDoc,visitASCII)was suggested to avoidthe method signature conﬂict.In many application domains,requiring the preservationof input-output behaviour is insuﬃcient,since many otheraspects of the behaviour may be relevant as well.This im-plies that we need a wider range of deﬁnitions of behaviourthat may or may not be preserved by a refactoring,de-pending on domain-speciﬁc or even user-speciﬁc concerns:•For real-time software,an essential aspect of the be-haviour is the execution time of certain(sequences of)op-erations.In other words,refactorings should preserve allkinds of temporal constraints;•For embedded software,memory constraints and power consumption are also important aspects of the behaviour that may need to be preserved by a refactoring;•For safety-critical software,there are concrete notions of safety(e.g.,liveness)that need to be preserved by a refactoring.One may deal with behaviour preservation in a very prag-matic way,for example by means of a rigorous testing disci-pline.If we have an extensive set of test cases,and all thesetests still pass after the refactoring,there is a good evidencethat the refactoring preserves the program behaviour.Un-fortunately,some refactorings will invalidate existing tests,even if the refactoring does no alter the behaviour[23],[24].The reason for this is that the tests may rely on theprogram structure that is modiﬁed by the refactoring.Another pragmatic,but slightly more formal,approachis to adopt a weaker notion of behaviour preservation thatis insuﬃcient to formally guarantee the full preservationof program semantics,but that works well in many prac-tical situations.For example,we can deﬁne a notion ofcall preservation,which guarantees that all method callsare preserved by the refactoring[25].In the presence ofa type system,one can show that a refactoring preservestype correctness[26].A more fundamental approach is to formally prove that refactorings preserve the full program semantics.For a lan-guage with a simple and formally deﬁned semantics,such as the logic programming language Prolog,one can prove that some refactorings that improve the eﬃciency actually preserve the program semantics[27].For more complex languages such as C++,where a formal semantics is ex-tremely diﬃcult to deﬁne,we typically have to put restric-tions on the allowed language constructs or refactorings, and the applicability of a refactoring tool may be limited to a particular version of a particular compiler[28].C.Assessing the eﬀect of refactoring on qualityFor any piece of software we can specify its external qual-ity attributes(such as robustness,extensibility,reusability, performance).Refactorings can be classiﬁed according to which of these quality attributes they aﬀect.This allows us to improve the quality of software by applying the rele-vant refactorings at the right places.To achieve this,each refactoring has to be analysed according to its particular purpose and eﬀect.Some refactorings remove code redun-dancy,some raise the level of abstraction,some enhance the reusability,and so on.This eﬀfect can be estimated to a certain extent by expressing the refactorings in terms of the internal quality attributes they aﬀect(such as size, complexity,coupling and cohesion).An important software quality characteristic that can be aﬀected by refactoring is performance.It is a common misconception that improving the program structure has a negative eﬀect on the program performance.In the context of logic and functional programs,restructuring transforma-tions typically have the goal to improve program perfor-mance while preserving the program semantics[27],[29]. In the context of object-oriented programs,Demeyer[30] investigated the eﬀect of refactorings that replace condi-tional logic by polymorphism.He concludes that the pro-gram performance gets better after the refactoring,because of the eﬃcient way in which current compiler technology optimises polymorphic methods.To measure or estimate the impact of a refactoring on quality characteristics,many diﬀerent techniques can be used.Examples include,but are not limited to,software metrics,empirical measurements,controlled experiments and statistical techniques.Kataoka et al.propose cou-pling metrics as an evaluation method to determine the eﬀect of refactoring on the maintainability of the program [31].Tahvildari et al.encode design decisions as soft-goal graphs to guide the application of the transformation pro-cess[32].These soft-goal graphs describe correlations be-tween quality attributes.The association of refactorings with a possible eﬀect on soft-goals addresses maintainabil-ity enhancements through primitive and composite refac-torings.Tahvildari et e a catalogue of object-oriented metrics as indicator to detect automatically where a par-ticular refactoring can be applied to improve the software quality[33].This is achieved by analysing the impact of each refactoring on these object-oriented metrics.D.Maintaining consistency of refactored software Typically,software development involves a wide range of software artifacts such as requirements speciﬁcations, software architectures,design models,source code,docu-mentation,test suites,and so on.If we refactor any of these software artifacts,we need mechanisms to maintain their consistency.Since the activity of inconsistency man-agement is a research area in its own right[34],[35],[36], we will not treat it in detail here.We only discuss a few approaches that relate consistency maintenance to refac-toring.Bottoni et al.propose to maintain consistency between the program and design models by describing refactoring as coordinated graph transformation schemes[37].These schemes have to be instantiated according to the speciﬁc code modiﬁcation and applied to the design models aﬀected by the change.Within the same level of abstraction,there is also a need to maintain consistency.For example,if we want to refac-tor source code,we have to ensure that the corresponding unit tests are kept consistent[23].Similarly,if we have diﬀerent kinds of UML design models,and any of these is being refactored,the others have to be kept consistent. Van Der Straeten et al.suggest to do this by means of logic rules[39].Rajlich uses the technique of change propagation to cope with inconsistencies between diﬀerent software artifacts [38].This technique deals with the phenomenon that,when one part of a software is changed,dependent parts of the software may need to be changed as well.IV.Refactoring techniques and formalismsA wide variety of formalisms and techniques have been proposed and used to deal with one or more refactoring activities.We discuss two such techniques in detail:the use of assertions(preconditions,postconditions and invari-ants)and the use of graph transformation.Next,we discuss how formalisms can help us to guarantee program correct-ness and preservation in the context of refactoring.Finally, we provide an indicative,but inevitably incomplete,list of other useful techniques to support refactoring activities.A.Invariants,pre-and postconditionsA refactoring’s deﬁnition often includes invariants that should remain satisﬁed and pre-and postconditions that should hold before and after the refactoring has been applied.These constitute a lightweight and automati-cally veriﬁable means to ensure that(certain parts of) the behaviour of the software is preserved by the refac-toring.A concrete example of the use of preconditions was already presented for the refactoring MoveMethod (print,ASCIIDoc,Printer)in Section III-B.A set of postconditions for the same refactoring would be:(1)the print method must be implemented in Printer after the refactoring;(2)the method signature of print does not ex-ist in ASCIIDoc after the refactoring.An example of an invariant is the fact that classes ASCIIDoc and Printer are deﬁned before and after the refactoring.The use of preconditions and invariants has been sug-gested repeatedly in research literature as a way to address the problem of behaviour preservation when restructuring or refactoring software artifacts.In the context of object-oriented database schemas(which are similar to UML class diagrams),Banerjee and Kim identiﬁed a set of invariants that preserve the behaviour of these schemas[40].Opdyke adopted this approach to object-oriented programs,and additionally provided preconditions or enabling conditions for each refactoring[6].He argued that these preconditions preserve the invariants.Roberts usedﬁrst order predicate calculus to specify these preconditions in a formal way[41]. The notion of preconditions or applicability conditions is also available in the formal restructuring approach of Ward and Bennett,using the formal language WSL[42]. Preconditions may vary depending on the complexity of the language studied.More complex languages typically re-quire more preconditions on the refactoring in order to pre-serve the invariants.Unfortunately,there are some prac-tical problems with preconditions.One problem is that the static checking of some preconditions may require very expensive analysis,or may even be impossible.Another problem is that the preconditions do not consider the size or structure of the program[6].For example,C++pro-grams may perform integer arithmetic with the address of a variable in a class,which is problematic if the refactoring changes the physical ordering of the variables in that class.A number of suggestions have been made to overcome the above problems with preconditions.Tip et al.suggest to use type constraints to eﬃciently verify preconditions that depend on interprocedural relationships between vari-able types[26].This is particularly useful for refactorings that are concerned with generalisation.Roberts suggests to augment refactorings with postconditions[41].These postconditions are particularly useful for those invariants that rely on dynamic information that is diﬃcult to ex-press,or expensive to check statically,with preconditions. Postconditions can also be used to increase the eﬃciency of a refactoring tool.From a theoretical point of view it can be shown that a set of postconditions can be trans-lated into an equivalent set of preconditions[43].Roberts provided an algorithm to perform this translation for se-quences of program transformations.´O Cinn´e ide extended this algorithm to deal with iteration and conditional con-structs[13].B.Graph transformationTraditionally,refactorings are speciﬁed as parameterized program transformations along with a set of pre-and post-conditions that guarantee behavior preservation if satisﬁed [6],[44].If we adopt this view,there is a direct corre-spondence between refactorings and graph transformations. Programs(or other kinds of software artifacts)can be ex-pressed as graphs,refactorings correspond to graph pro-duction rules,the application of a refactoring corresponds to a graph transformation,refactoring pre-and postcondi-tions can be expressed as application pre-and postcondi-tions[43],[45].Table I summarises some formal properties of graph transformation that may be used to address im-portant issues in refactoring.TABLE ICorrespondence between refactoring and graphtransformationRefactoring Graph transformation software artifact graphrefactoring graph production composite refactoring composition of graph pro-ductionsrefactoring application graph transformation refactoring precondition application precondition refactoring postcondition application postcondition(in)dependence between refactorings in a sequence parallel or sequential (in)dependenceconﬂict between refactor-ings applied in parallel to the same software artifact conﬂuency and critical pair analysisHence,it is not surprising that the theory of graph trans-formations has been used to provide more formal support for software refactoring.Mens et e the graph rewrit-ing formalism to prove that refactorings preserve certain kinds of relationships(updates,accesses and invocations) that can be inferred statically from the source code[25]. Bottoni et al.describe refactorings as coordinated graph transformation schemes in order to maintain consistency between a program and its design when any of them evolves by means of a refactoring[37].Heckel[43]uses graph trans-formations to formally prove the claim(and correspond-ing algorithm)of Roberts[41]that any set of refactoring postconditions can be translated into an equivalent set of preconditions.Van Eetvelde and Janssens[46]propose a hierarchical graph transformation approach to be able to view and manipulate the software and its refactorings at diﬀerent levels of detail.The properties of sequential and parallel(in)dependence of graph transformations are also extremely suitable to rea-son about the dependence between refactorings.Two refac-torings are independent if they can be applied in any order, i.e.,the order in which they are applied does not aﬀect the end result.This gives rise to a whole range of useful appli-cation scenarios.One scenario is the serialisation of refactorings that have been applied in parallel to the same software artifact[102]. During this serialisation process,it is possible that conﬂicts arise because the refactorings make incompatible changes. To detect and resolve such conﬂicts,one can rely on existing results about parallelism and conﬂuence[110]and critical pair analysis[111].Analysis of sequential dependencies can also be used to reorder a given sequence of refactorings,for example,to normalise the sequence,to identify refactorings that an-nihilate each other’s eﬀect,to regroup subsequences into predeﬁned composite refactorings,and so on.When building composite refactorings it is useful to de-termine which refactorings have to be applied sequentially and which refactorings are mutually independent[41].For example,the composite refactoring shown in Figure3of Section II consists of a sequence of6primitive refactorings, but there are only3sequential dependencies(represented by straight arrows):each MoveMethod refactoring has to be preceded by a Rename refactoring.The order in which the three(Rename,MoveMethod)pairs have to be applied,however,is irrelevant.This is represented by dashed arrows.This means that,to increase the eﬃciency of the refactoring,one may decide to apply these3pairs of primitive refactorings in parallel.C.Formalisms for program correctness and preservation Formal approaches are needed to guarantee that certain program properties remain invariant to a program transfor-mation.We will make a distinction between the property of program correctness and the property of preservation.2 Program correctness is the property that a program will work without errors.The preservation property of a pro-gram transformation guarantees that(some aspect of)the program behaviour is preserved by the transformation. Obviously,any program transformation should preserve the syntactic rules(or well-formedness rules)of the pro-gramming language.After the transformation,the soft-ware should still be syntactically correct.This can be checked by using a scanner and a parser.The semantics of the program should also remain correct,i.e.,the program should not give rise to run-time errors.Unfortunately,the correctness property is in general undecidable.Gupta et al.showed that we cannot prove,for an arbitrary running program and an arbitrary update to it,that the update is valid in the sense that it will eventually result in a reach-able program state of the newly added program code[63]. Because of the undecidability of this property,we can only take a conservative approach.For example,if we only con-sider restructurings of the same algorithm(as opposed to changes to program functionality),a syntactic analysis of the old and new program code can identify program points that preserve update validity.The preservation property can either be checked stati-cally or dynamically.The checking of refactoring precon-ditions[6],[41]can be considered as a static approach. However,the preconditions that are expressed inﬁrst-order predicate logic are only a conservative approximation,and hence rule out many legal refactorings.Mens et al.sug-gest other notions of behaviour preservation that can be checked statically and show how this can be realised using a graph transformation formalism[25].Access preserva-tion means that all variable accesses should be preserved by the refactoring.Update preservation means that all vari-able updates should be preserved by the refactoring.Call 2This distinction is not made in the domain of program transforma-tion for functional languages[29].In this domain,the term correct-ness is used to indicate that a program transformation preserves the extensional meaning of programs.We will not use correctness in this sense,because it leads to confusion with the more widely accepted deﬁnition of program correctness.。

软件质量审核工作内容

软件质量审核工作内容Software quality audit is a crucial process in the software development lifecycle that aims to evaluate the quality of the software product to ensure that it meets the required standards and specifications. 软件质量审核是软件开发生命周期中的关键流程，旨在评估软件产品的质量，以确保其符合所需的标准和规范。

During a software quality audit, various aspects of the software product are thoroughly examined, including its functionality, performance, reliability, usability, security, and maintainability. 在软件质量审核过程中，会对软件产品的各个方面进行彻底检查，包括其功能性、性能、可靠性、可用性、安全性和可维护性。

One of the key objectives of a software quality audit is to identify any defects or issues in the software product and provide recommendations for improvement. 软件质量审核的关键目标之一是识别软件产品中的任何缺陷或问题，并提出改进建议。

By conducting a software quality audit, organizations can ensure that the software product meets the expectations of customers andstakeholders, which ultimately leads to increased customer satisfaction and trust in the product. 通过进行软件质量审核，组织可以确保软件产品符合客户和利益相关者的期望，从而最终提高客户对产品的满意度和信任度。

软考系统架构+英语词汇

软考系统架构+英语词汇The Importance of System Architecture in Software Development.In the realm of software development, system architecture plays a pivotal role in ensuring the success of a project. It is the foundation upon which the entire software system is built, dictating its structure, functionality, and scalability. Understanding the intricacies of system architecture is crucial for any software developer, as it equips them with the knowledge and skills necessary to create robust, efficient, and sustainable software solutions.System architecture, at its core, is the process of designing the high-level structure of a software system. This involves identifying the various components and subsystems that will make up the system, as well asdefining their relationships and interactions. It is a complex task that requires a deep understanding of both thebusiness requirements and the technical capabilities of the team.One of the most important aspects of systemarchitecture is its ability to meet the unique requirements of a given project. Whether it's a web application, a mobile app, or a complex enterprise system, each project has its own unique set of challenges and requirements. The system architect must take these into account when designing the architecture, ensuring that the system will be able to handle the workload, scale as needed, and provide a seamless user experience.Another crucial aspect of system architecture is its impact on the development process. A well-designed architecture can significantly streamline the development process, enabling teams to work more efficiently and effectively. It can help to minimize redundancy and duplication of effort, improve code quality and maintainability, and reduce the risk of bugs and other issues.Moreover, system architecture plays a vital role in ensuring the long-term sustainability of a software system. As businesses and technologies evolve, systems must be able to adapt and grow with them. A flexible and modular architecture that can easily accommodate changes and new features is crucial for ensuring the longevity of a software system.In conclusion, system architecture is an integral part of any software development project. It is the backbonethat supports the entire system, ensuring its stability, scalability, and sustainability. By investing in understanding and mastering the principles of system architecture, software developers can create robust, efficient, and future-proof software solutions that meet the unique needs of their users and businesses.。

信息系统知识—计算机专业英语_真题-无答案

信息系统知识—计算机专业英语(总分14,考试时间90分钟)1. 从供选择的答案中选出应填入英语文句中()的正确的答案。

Software products may be(A) into four basic types: application programs, programming language processors, operating systems, and system utilities.Application programs are programs that(B) useful tasks such as solving statistical problems, or keeping **pany's books.Programming language processors are programs that(C) the use if a computer language in a computer system. They are tools for the development of application programs.Operating systems are programs that(D) the system resources and enable you to run application programs.System utilities are special programs that(E) the usefulness of or add capabilities to a computer.A～E: ① manage ② perform ③ support ④ reduce⑤ divided ⑥ enhance ⑦ implemented ⑧ introduce⑨ ranked ⑩ run2. 从供选择的答案中选出应填入英语文句中()的正确的答案。

QI Macros SPC Software for Excel - Quality Expo in

For Immediate Release Contact: Jay Arthur, KnowWare Int’l Inc.(303) 756-9144************************ QI Macros SPC Software for Excel Exhibiting at Quality Expo in Fort Worth, March 14-15, 2012KnowWare International Inc., developers of the QI Macros Lean Six Sigma SPC Software for Excel, will showcase the product at the Quality Expo in Fort Worth, Texas on March 14-15, 2012. Statistical software is a key ingredient in improving and maintaining product quality in manufacturing by reducing delay, defects, and deviations as well as monitoring other key performance indicators (KPI).The QI Macros SPC Software works in Excel 2000-2011 and is available for immediate download. The QI Macros have been simplifying process improvement and Lean Six Sigma for tens of thousands of customers since 1996. Thousands of manufacturers both small and large use the QI Macros to improve product quality. Thousands of businesses ranging from automotive suppliers to state and Federal government use the QI Macros to help reduce costs and boost productivity and profitability.The QI Macros are the “Swiss Army Knife” of tools for companies embracing Lean Six Sigma which combines the speed and quality of the Toyota Production System (TPS). The QI Macrosare an addin for Microsoft Excel that does the math and draws the graphs required for SPC—Statistical Process Control. It also includes fill-in-the-blank templates for more exotic Six Sigma tools like Design of Experiments (DOE) and Quality Function Deployment (QFD)—two key elements of Design for Six Sigma.The QI Macros SPC Software contains 30+ charts and over 90+ fill-in-the-blank templates for simplifying the complexities of Lean Six Sigma. And at only $199 +S&H, they are the least expensive, most robust solution available on the market.Readers can download a free, 30-day evaluation copy and user guide at /freestuff.html. They can also signup for our free Lean Six Sigma Lessons on line and webinars.。

产品防错能力英语

产品防错能力英语以下是关于“产品防错能力”的英语相关内容：**一、英语释义**The ability of a product to prevent errors or mistakes. **二、短语**1. Product error-proofing capability2. Error prevention ability of the product3. Product's capacity for error avoidance**三、单词**1. Error-proof 防错的2. Prevent 预防；阻止3. Avoid 避免；避开4. Capability 能力；才能5. Capacity 容量；能力6. Mistake 错误；失误7. Fault 故障；过错8. Defect 缺陷；缺点9. Prevention 预防；防止10. Detection 检测；察觉11. Correction 改正；纠正12. Safeguard 保护；保卫13. Assurance 保证；担保14. Quality control 质量控制15. Reliability 可靠性16. Durability 耐久性17. Robustness 坚固性；稳健性18. Resilience 恢复力；适应力19. Stability 稳定性20. Consistency 一致性；连贯性**四、用法**1. “Error-proof”常作为形容词，如“error-proof design”（防错设计）。

2. “Prevent”是动词，常用搭配“prevent sth. from happening”（阻止某事发生）。

3. “Avoid”后接名词或动名词，如“avoid mistakes”（避免错误），“avoid making mistakes”（避免犯错）。

4. “Capability”和“capacity”都有“能力”的意思，但“capability”更强调潜在的能力或才能，“capacity”更侧重于容量或承受力。

就业市场的英语

就业市场的英语一、单词1. Job market- 英语释义：The overall environment in which jobs are available, and employers seek employees, including factors such as supply and demand of labor, types of jobs, and employment trends.- 用法：作名词短语，可在句中作主语、宾语等。

例如：The job market is highly competitive these days.（如今就业市场竞争非常激烈。

）- 双语例句：- The job market has changed a great deal in the past decade.（在过去十年里就业市场发生了很大变化。

）- Many fresh graduates are struggling in the job market.（许多应届毕业生在就业市场中挣扎。

）2. Employment- 英语释义：The state of having a paid job; the act of giving work to people in return for wages.- 用法：作名词，例如：Full - time employment is his goal.（全职就业是他的目标。

）- 双语例句：- The government is trying to boost employment.（政府正在努力促进就业。

）- Employment opportunities are scarce in this area.（这个地区的就业机会很稀缺。

）3. Unemployment- 英语释义：The state of being without a job, especially involuntarily.- 用法：作名词，如：Unemployment is a major social problem.（失业是一个主要的社会问题。

软件工程学科评议组

软件工程学科评议组The Software Engineering Disciplinary Evaluation Group serves as a vital body responsible for assessing and guiding the development of software engineering education and research. It plays a crucial role in ensuring the quality and relevance of software engineering programs, keeping pace with the rapidly evolving field of technology.软件工程学科评议组作为关键机构，负责评估和指导软件工程教育与研究的发展。

它在确保软件工程课程质量及其与快速发展的技术领域的契合度方面发挥着至关重要的作用。

The group comprises experts and scholars from diverse backgrounds, encompassing both academia and industry. Their combined expertise enables them to provide insightful feedback and recommendations on curriculum design, teaching methodologies, and research directions. By doing so, they contribute to the advancement of software engineering practices and the cultivation of a skilled workforce capable of meeting the challenges of the digital era.该评议组由来自不同背景的专家和学者组成，涵盖了学术界和工业界。

eue的翻译

eue的翻译EUE是一种常见的翻译术语，表示"End User Experience"，即"最终用户体验"。

它主要用于描述用户使用产品或服务时的感受和满意度。

以下是一些关于EUE的中英文对照例句和用法：1. EUE is a key factor in determining the success of a software application.最终用户体验是决定软件应用成功与否的关键因素。

2. We conducted a survey to measure the EUE of our website.我们进行了一项调查，以衡量我们网站的最终用户体验。

3. Improving EUE can lead to higher customer satisfaction and loyalty.改善最终用户体验可以提高客户满意度和忠诚度。

4. The company invested in user interface upgrades to enhance EUE.公司投资于用户界面升级，以提升最终用户体验。

5. The EUE of this mobile app is excellent, with intuitive navigation and fast loading times.这款移动应用的最终用户体验很好，具有直观的导航和快速的加载速度。

6. The EUE metrics showed a decline in user engagement after the latest update.最终用户体验指标显示，最新更新后用户参与度有所下降。

7. Our team is dedicated to continuously monitoring and improving EUE.我们的团队致力于不断监测和改进最终用户体验。

8. The EUE testing revealed some areas for improvement in the product design.最终用户体验测试揭示了产品设计需要改进的一些方面。

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• Defect Severity Levels
– fatal, serious, minor, cosmetic
Copyright © 2002 by SPR. All Rights Reserved. SWQUAL97\4
FUNDAMENTAL SOFTWARE QUALITY METRICS (cont.)
$5,000
Copyright © 2002 by SPR. All Rights Reserved.
SWQUAL97\9
HAZARDS OF “DEFECTS PER KLOC” METRICS Defects per KLOC
Software defects are found in: • Requirements • Design • Source code • User documents • Bad fixes (secondary defects) Requirements and design defects often outnumber code defects. The metric “Defects per KLOC” ignores the complexity and importance of all deliverables other than code.
U.S. AVERAGES FOR SOFTWARE QUALITY
(Data expressed in terms of defects per function point)
Defect Origins Requirements Design Coding Documents Bad Fixes TOTAL
Copyright © 2002 by SPR. All Rights Reserved.
SWQUAL97\2
BASIC DEFINITIONS
SOFTWARE QUALITY USER SATISFACTION DEFECT PREVENTION DEFECT REMOVAL BAD FIXES
Requirements contain > 15% of software errors. Requirements sometimes grow at > 2% per month. Do you conform to requirements errors? Do you conform to totally new requirements?
Copyright © 2002 by SPR. All Rights Reserved.
SWQUAL97\7
HAZARDOUS QUALITY METRICS
Cost per Defect
• • Approaches infinity as defects near zero Conceals real economic value of quality
• Duplicate Defects • Invalid Defects • Defect Removal Effort and Costs
– – – – preparation execution repairs and rework effort on duplicates and invalids
Copyright © 2002 by SPR. All Rights Reserved.
SWQUAL97\12
BEST IN CLASS SOFTWARE QUALITY
(Data expressed in terms of defects per function point)
Defect Origins Requirements Design Coding Documents Bad Fixes TOTAL
Defect Potential 1.00 1.25 1.75 0.60 0.40 5.00
Removal Efficiency 77% 85% 95% 80% 70% 85%
Delivered Defects 0.23 0.19 0.09 0.12 0.12 0.75
(Function points show all defect sources - not just coding defects)
SWQUAL97\3
FUNDAMENTAL SOFTWARE QUALITY METRICS • Defect Potentials
– requirements errors, design errors, code errors, document errors, bad fix errors, test plan errors, and test case errors
• Defects Removed
– Characteristics » By origin » By development stage
• before testing • during testing • during deployment
• Defect Removal Efficiency
– ratio of defects removed to defect potentials
– Identification – Removal or redevelopment – Repairs and rework
Copyright © 2002 by SPR. All Rights Reserved.
SWQUAL97\6
HAZARDOUS QUALITY DEFINITIONS
Should quality mean “conformance to requirements?”
Copyright © 2002 by SPR. All Rights Reserved.
SWQUAPENALIZES QUALITY
A Poor Quality Function Points Bugs Discovered Initial work Defect detection Defect repair Total Cost per Defect Removed Cost per Function Point 100 500 $5,000 $5,000 $25,000 $35,000 $70 $350 B Good Quality 100 50 $5,000 $2,500 $5,000 $12,500 $250 $125 C Excellent Quality 100 5 $5,000 $1,000 $1,000 $7,000 $1,400 $70 $50 $ $ D Zero Defects 100 0 $5,000 0 0
• Revised Software Cost of Quality
– – – – Defect Prevention Non-Test Defect Removal Testing Defect Removal Post-Release Defect Removal
• Error-Prone Module Effort
Copyright © 2002 by SPR. All Rights Reserved.
FUNDAMENTAL SOFTWARE QUALITY METRICS (cont.)
• Standard Cost of Quality
– Prevention – Appraisal – Failures
Software Productivity Research
an Artemis company
SOFTWARE QUALITY IN 2002: A SURVEY OF THE STATE OF THE ART
Capers Jones, Chief Scientist Emeritus
Six Lincoln Knoll Lane Burlington, Massachusetts 01803
Copyright © 2002 by SPR. All Rights Reserved.
SWQUAL97\10
FOUR LANGUAGE COMPARISON OF SOFTWARE DEFECT POTENTIALS
Defect Origin Function points KLOC Requirements Design Code Documents Bad Fixes TOTAL DEFECTS Assembly 100 30 20 50 150 25 20 265 Ada 100 7.5 20 50 45 25 10 150 20.0 2.0 C ++ 100 5.5 20 35 35 25 7 122 22.2 1.22 C++ and Reuse 100 2.5 20 15 15 25 4 79 31.6 0.79
• Supplemental Quality Metrics
– – – – complexity test case volumes test case coverage IBM’s orthogonal defect classification (Ram Chillarege)
SWQUAL97\5
July 23, 2002
Copyright © 2002 by SPR. All Rights Reserved.
SOURCES OF SPR’S QUALITY DATA
SPR clients from 1984 through 2002
• About 600 companies (150 clients in Fortune 500 set) • About 30 government/military groups • About 12,000 total projects • New data = about 75 projects per month • Data collected from 24 countries • Observations during more than a dozen lawsuits