2012福建师大MTI真题回忆版
2012英语考研真题答案
2012英语考研真题答案英语考研是每个考生都非常重视的一门科目。
很多考生都会密切关注历年的真题，以便更好地备考和了解自己的英语水平。
以下是2012年英语考研真题的详细答案。
听力部分答案：Section A1. D2. A3. C4. B5. D6. C7. A8. B9. C10. DSection B11. C12. B14. B15. A16. B17. C18. A19. B20. C阅读理解答案：Passage 121. D22. C23. A24. C25. DPassage 226. B27. D28. A30. DPassage 331. D32. A33. C34. B35. CTranslation答案：36. Today, people often refer to the Gulf War as another oil war.37. Paris is to France what Tokyo is to Japan.38. People should be realistic and lay the groundwork for their future.39. The college professor gave the student a crash course in economics.40. The function of a university is to guide students to a better understanding of themselves and the world.写作答案：Part 1：Directions: Write an essay of 200 words based on the following chart.参考范文：The chart illustrates the consumption of different types of beverages in a typical western country over a span of 30 years, from 1980 to 2010. It is clear that the consumption of fruit juice and bottled water increased significantly, while the consumption of carbonated drinks declined.In 1980, carbonated drinks were the most popular, with over 250 liters consumed per person per year. Fruit juice and bottled water were consumed at a much lower rate, with approximately 50 liters and 10 liters per person respectively.However, by 2010, the situation had changed dramatically. The consumption of carbonated drinks had dropped to around 100 liters per person annually, less than half of what it was in 1980. On the other hand, the consumption of fruit juice and bottled water soared to 200 liters and 80 liters respectively.There are several factors contributing to this trend. Firstly, people are becoming more health-conscious, and are opting for healthier alternatives to carbonated drinks. Secondly, the convenience of bottled water has made it a popular choice, particularly among young people. Lastly, the marketing of fruit juice as a natural and nutritious choice has increased its popularity.In conclusion, the chart highlights the change in beverage consumption patterns over the past 30 years. Carbonated drinks have been largely replaced by fruit juice and bottled water, reflecting a growing trend towards healthier choices.Part 2：Directions: Write an essay of 600 words on the following topic.参考范文：The Impact of Social Media on YouthIntroduction:In today's digital age, social media plays an influential role in the lives of young people. This essay will explore the impact of social media on youth, focusing on its positive and negative effects.Positive effects:Firstly, social media platforms allow young people to connect and communicate with others from different cultures and countries, fostering a sense of global understanding and unity. This broadens their perspectives and promotes cultural exchange.Secondly, social media provides a platform for young individuals to express themselves creatively through sharing photos, videos, and artwork. This can boost their self-esteem and confidence by gaining recognition and feedback from others.Lastly, social media offers educational opportunities, as many organizations and institutions use these platforms to share knowledge and provide online courses. This enables youth to access educational resources and expand their knowledge beyond traditional classrooms.Negative effects:On the other hand, the excessive use of social media can have detrimental effects on mental health and well-being. Young people may become addicted to social media, increasing the risk of anxiety, depression,and social isolation. The constant comparison to others' highlight reels can lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self-worth.Furthermore, cyberbullying is prevalent on social media, with young people being vulnerable to online harassment and bullying. This can have severe consequences on their mental and emotional well-being, and even lead to self-harm or suicidal thoughts.Lastly, the overexposure to curated images and idealized lifestyles on social media can distort young people's perception of reality, leading to body image issues and unhealthy behaviors like disordered eating or excessive dieting.Conclusion:In conclusion, social media has both positive and negative impacts on young people. It provides opportunities for global connections, creative expression, and online education. However, its excessive use can negatively affect mental health, contribute to cyberbullying, and distort perception of reality. It is crucial for young people to use social media in moderation, be aware of its potential risks, and seek support when needed. Additionally, parents, educators, and policymakers should work together to ensure responsible use of social media and provide necessary resources for young people to navigate the digital world effectively.。
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试真题及答案解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试心理学专业基础综合试题一、单项选择题：1~65 小题，每小题 2 分，共130 分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。
1、不属于心理状态的是：A、感觉B、想象C、注意D、记忆2、大脑两半球之间传递信息的神经结构是：A、杏仁核B、内囊C、边缘系统D、胼胝体3、神经系统最小的单位是：A、突触B、轴突C、神经元D、胞体4、大部分色盲不能区分：A、红青B、红黄C、红蓝D、红绿5、感受性提高的感觉适应现象是：A、触觉适应B、嗅觉C、暗觉D、明觉6、当人看到下图，一般都只看到一些乱点，经提示这是一幅骑马图片后，人们就觉得像所提示的内容。
这主要体现的知觉特性是：A、知觉整体性B、知觉理解性 C 知觉恒常性、D、知觉选择性7、立体电影利用知觉的A、运动视差B、纹理梯度C、线条透视D、双眼视差8、5 岁小孩给娃娃讲妈妈讲过的故事，这种语言属于：A、对话B、独白C、语言获得D、语言理解9、安德森提出语言产生三阶段，包括：A、构造、转化、执行B、概念化、公式化、发音C、构造、转化、发音D、概念化、公式化、执行10、在沙赫特和辛格的情绪唤醒模型中，对情绪产生起关键作用的因素是：A、注意B、认知C、生理变化D、情境11、人对同一个目的同时产生两种对应的动机是：A、双趋冲突B、双避冲突C、趋避冲突D、多重趋避冲突12、根据马斯洛的需要层次理论，人的需要从低级到高级的正确排序：A、生理需要、安全的需要、尊重的需要、归属与爱的需要、自我实现的需要B、生理需要、安全的需要、归属与爱的需要、尊重的需要、自我实现的需要C、生理需要、归属与爱的需要、安全的需要、尊重的需要、自自我实现的需要D、生生理需要、归属与爱的需要、尊重的需要、安全的需要、自自我实现的需要13、某生学业成绩好，但其他表现一般，根据斯滕伯格的成功智力理论，其在校表现优异智力是：A、分析性智力B、创造性智力C、实践智力D、综合性智力14、下列属于晶体智力的是：A、形成抽象概念的能力B、发现复杂关系的能力C、理解词汇能力D、知觉的速度15、最具核心意义的个性心理特点是：A、能力B、气质C、性格D、兴趣16、根据奥尔波特的人格特质理论，构成个体独特性的重要特质属于：A、首要特质B、中心特质C、根源特质D、共同特质17、根据人对问题思考的速度的差异，卡根等将认真风格类型划分为：A、场独立性与依存性B、冲动型与沉思型C、同时性与继时性D、整体加工与部分加工18、让吸烟上瘾的人扮演因吸烟患肺癌接受治疗，之后他戒了烟。
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考研英语二真题
2012 年考研英语二真题（完整版）Section 1 Use of Eninglish Directions :Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens ofbattle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up 6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries。
His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9) it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States ha s 10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary ofstate Joe。
2012考研英语真题及答案
2012 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue recently. The court cannot__1___its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law___2___justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that__3___the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr., for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be__4__as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not ___5__by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself____6__to the code of conduct that __7____to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other cases ___8___the question of whether there is still a ___9__ between the court and politics. The framers of the Constitution envisioned law__10__ having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions __11__ they would be free to __12__those in power and have no need to__13___political support. Our legal system was designed to set lawapart from politics precisely because they are so closely __14___.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social ___15___like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it __16___is inescapably political —which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily ___17__as unjust.The justices must __18___doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves __19___to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, __20___, convincing as law.1. [A] emphasize [B] maintain [C] modify [D] recognize2. [A] when [B] best [C] before [D] unless3. [A] restored [B] weakened [C] established [D] eliminated4. [A] challenged [B] compromised [C] suspected [D] accepted5. [A] advanced [B] caught [C] bound [D] founded6. [A] resistant [B] subject [C] immune [D] prone7. [A] resorts [B] sticks [C] leads [D] applies8. [A] evade [B] raise [C] deny [D] settle9. [A] line [B] barrier [C] similarity [D] conflict10. [A] by [B] as [C] through [D] towards11. [A] so [B] since [C] provided [D] though12. [A] serve [B] satisfy [C] upset [D] replace13. [A] confirm [B] express [C] cultivate [D] offer14. [A] guarded [B] followed [C] studied [D] tied15. [A] concepts [B] theories [C] divisions [D] convenience16. [A] excludes [B] questions [C] shapes [D] controls17. [A] dismissed [B] released [C] ranked [D] distorted18. [A] suppress [B] exploit [C] address [D] ignore19. [A] accessible [B] amiable [C] agreeable [D] accountable20. [A] by all means [B] at all costs [C] in a word [D] as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what shecalls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising 2and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they failto mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.‖ Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!‖ pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking amongteenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The mostglaring f law of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtleform of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont lastweek when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporationboughtVermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yank ee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars saythat Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. Butthere should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase ―reneging on‖(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunitiesfor misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second,novelty itself frequentlyprovokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as―seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.‖ But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility ―happens‖ to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Anne tte Baier has described as the commons of the mind. ―We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.‖31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D] scientific work calls for a critical mind.35. Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B] Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half ofpublic-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shutthings down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go backa long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’sbudget is patrolled by unions. The te achers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector arehigher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly ―backloaded‖ public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest butadding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the currentsystem, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B] appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than abrown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonderat those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and placeof praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humansare unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use themto create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy.(43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentageremaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around theconcept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potentialto add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of themillennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secretwar between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the pasthalf-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by asingle medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 yearsto reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. ( 10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities definesscience. Newton's laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything —a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the proliferation of dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered to be forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world's languages, music, social and religious customs and evenhistory are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the Universityof Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who postulated that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining fourfamily trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions: Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use ―Li Ming‖ instead.Do not write the address (10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing.In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)2012考研英语一真题答案完形填空1. B．maintain2. A．when3. B. weakened4. D. accepted5. C. bound6. B. subject7. D. applies8. B. raise9. A. line 10. B. as 11. A. so 12. C. upset13. C. cultivate 14. D. tied 15. A. concepts 16. C. shapes17. A. dismissed 18. C. address19. D. accountable20. D. as a result 阅读理解Text 121. D a cause of undesirable behaviors22. B learn from advertisers’experience23. A adequately probe social and biological factors24. C occurs without our realizing it25. DquestionableText 226. C dishonoring.27. A obtain protection from Vermont regulators.28. A managerial practices.29. B the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.30. B the authority of the NRC will be defied.Text 331. A uncertainty and complexity.32. A strict inspection.33. B has been examined by the scientific community.34. D scientific work calls for a critical mind.35. D Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 436. C unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.37. D Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. B indirectly augmented.39. C may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.40. A disapproval.。
2012年考研英语真题(附参考答案)
2012年考研英语真题(附参考答案) Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and markA, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot 1 its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law2 justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in waysthat 3 the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial. Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind ofactivity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be 4 as impartialjudgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not 5 by an ethics code. Atthe very least, the court should make itself 6 to the code of conduct that 7 tothe rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases 8 the question of whether there is still a 9 between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law 10 having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions 11 they would be free to12 those in power and have no need to 13 political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely14 .Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social 15 like liberty and property. When the court deals with socialpolicy decisions, the law it 16 is inescapably political---which is why decisionssplit along ideological lines are so easily 17 as unjust.The justices must 18 doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves 19 to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely tobe seen as separate from politics and, 20 , convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked[D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all means [B]at all costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosingA, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Passage OneCome on---Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation andhalf forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. Itusually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join theClub, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force throughwhat she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power ofgroup dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the socialcure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called RageAgainst the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safesex among their peers.The idea seems promising and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Hercritiqueof the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peerpressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding ofpsychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboardcampaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers---teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly thatpublic-healthadvocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Jointhe Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of thesocial and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaringflaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for verylong. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that theLoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits---as well as negativeones---spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtleform of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see everyday.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can selectour peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacherwho breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behavedclassmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cureengineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing ourown friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful [B] desirable[C] profound [D] questionablePassage TwoA deal is a deal—except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, amajor energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont lastweek when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide bythe strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would notchallenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of adesperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s astunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernont. As a condition ofreceiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission fromstate regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiringthat any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval.Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simplydidn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partialcollapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe systemleakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’smanagement—especially after the company made misleading statements about thepipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last yearagainst allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatorypower over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure; the SupremeCourt has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, butlegal scholars say the Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far thosepowers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulationsthat could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, thatdebate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is alreadyso battered that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state. But thereshould be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergyruns 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station inPlymouth. Vowing to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear RegulatoryCommission reviews the company’s application, it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3. Para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning. [B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring. [D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices. [B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals. [D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Passage ThreeIn the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waitingto be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method tocarry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequentlyfollows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannotescape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interestinfluence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar tonewly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutinyand acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is thecredibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomesthe community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not thestarting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers makediscoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publicationprocess; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally,the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possiblyaccompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, theinteraction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the scienceand the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into thecommunity’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific worktends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete orincorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is alreadyknown and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newlypublished discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important andconvincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutationby future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.NobelLaureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Györgyi once described discovery as “seeingwhat everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking whatnobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not changetheir views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to beaccepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim—a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of themind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoningand each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity. [B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity. [D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection. [B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom. [D]persistent innovation.33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B] has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D] has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B] discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D] scientific work calls for a critical mind.35. Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B] Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D] Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Passsage FourIf the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably representcivil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in tenAmerican government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the numberof unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in theprivate sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15%of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shutthings down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they aremostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have auniversity degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their tiesgo back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has longbeenassociated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position tovotes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare ofthe Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget ispatrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA onprisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in theprivate one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians haverepeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modestbut adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous. Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Eventhough there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the mostimportant variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones andpromoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clampdown. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against ScottWalker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector sufferunder the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers.The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year areuniversity sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’fat paypackets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not rewardhigh achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D] the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D] Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured. [B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased. [D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A] often run against the current political system.[B] can change people’s political attitudes.[C] may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D] are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A] disapproval. [B] appreciation.[C] tolerance. [D] indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answerson ANSWER SHEET1.10 pointsThink of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window andrealize that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than abrown-paper envelope, or your cell phone in the palm of your hand. Take a momentor two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labor to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier.(41)_____________________________________.The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place ofpraise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine. But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also treadwith caution. (42) ______________________________________.I call it a secret warfor two reasons. First, most people do not realize that there are strong commercialagendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority ofpeople who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significanceof what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds makenests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but thenturn around and use them to create superfluous material goods---paintings, sculptureand architecture and superfluous experiences---music, literature, religion andphilosophy. (43) ______________________________________.For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck indownload mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid ofproduction remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightlylarger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44) _________________.Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after they have turned it on. (45)___________________________.What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture andultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires greatskills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a definingconstituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words andother media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickinessby amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium theyhad also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of peopleevery day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading---between passive consumption and active creation---whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we canonly beginto imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to oneformat being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced byCD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the pasthalf-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium---television---and television is defined by downloading.[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, toencourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments intoChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized thescientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science.Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.(46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme,and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all wesee. It isbecoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given thedimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remainsa major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciencestoo. (47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it: all humans sharecommon origins; it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also betraced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of humancourtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps theworld’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governedby universal features. (48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared mightenable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it inevolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits publishedonline today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland andhis colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previousattempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity thatdictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold theentire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it soquickly.(49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languagewhich are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family treesthat between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky’s grammarshould show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or thepathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strongco-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of thesepatterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languagesare lineage-specific and not governed by universals.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some international students are coming to your university. Write them anemail in thename of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your name atthe end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address (10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. Inyour essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.20 pointsSection I: Use of English1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A 10.B11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A16.C 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.DSection II: Reading ComprehensionPart A21.D 22.B 23.A 24.C 25.D26.C 27.D 28.A 29.D 30.A31.A 32.B 33.B 34.D 35.C36.C 37.D 38.B 39.C 40.APart B41. C 42.D 43. A 44.F 45.G46.—47.48.49.()50.( )Section III: Writing Part A (10 points)51. Dear international students, I am the chairman of the Students’Union. I’ve just received the emails from you and got the news that you would cometo our university. Firstly, I’d like to show our warm welcome. On behalf of ouruniversity and all the students here, I really look forward to your coming. In order tomake all of you feel at home, here are some conductive suggestions. Firstly, you’dbetter take some warm clothes with you because it is winter in China now and it isvery cold in Beijing. Secondly, I advise you to prepare some relevant knowledgeabout Chinese culture for better understanding in class. I really hope you’ll find theseproposals useful. And I’m looking forward to your coming! Yours sincerely,。
考研英语一真题2012
考研英语一真题2012Introduction:In 2012, the Graduate School Entrance Exam in English (also known as the "考研英语一") included several challenging questions that tested students' comprehension, grammar knowledge, and critical thinking skills. This article aims to review and analyze the questions posed in the exam, highlighting their difficulty level, possible strategies for answering, and providing explanations for correct answers. By understanding the exam format and content better, students can prepare more effectively for future exams.Section A: Reading ComprehensionThe reading comprehension section of the 2012 exam consisted of five passages, each followed by several multiple-choice questions. The passages covered a wide range of topics including literature, social issues, science, and technology. Demonstrating strong reading skills, vocabulary knowledge, and the ability to extract key information from the text was crucial for achieving good scores in this section.Section B: Cloze TestThe cloze test aimed to assess students' proficiency in grammar and vocabulary. It consisted of a passage with 20 blanks, and students were required to choose the correct word or phrase to fill in each blank. The difficulty level of this section varied, with some blanks requiring a deep understanding of the context and vocabulary, while others relied more on grammatical rules.Section C: Error CorrectionIn this section, students were presented with sentences containing grammatical and vocabulary errors. The task was to identify and correct the errors. While some errors were straightforward, others required an in-depth understanding of grammar rules and the ability to differentiate between commonly confused words or phrases.Section D: TranslationTesting students' translation skills, this section included two passages: one from Chinese to English and the other from English to Chinese. The passages covered a range of topics, including literature, science, and current affairs. Accuracy in translating the meaning while maintaining grammatical correctness was crucial for scoring well in this section.Section E: Writing SkillsThe writing skills section required students to write an essay on a given topic within a specified time limit. Topics in the 2012 exam covered current social issues, such as environmental protection, education, and societal changes. The essays were evaluated based on the clarity of ideas, organization of content, language proficiency, and critical thinking skills.Conclusion:The 2012 Graduate School Entrance Exam in English (考研英语一) posed various challenges to students, testing their reading comprehension, grammar knowledge, vocabulary, translation skills, and ability to express ideas effectively in writing. By understanding the format and content of theexam and practicing with similar questions, students can improve their chances of success in future exams.。
2012全国53所高校MTI真题汇总(网友回忆版)-汉语写作和百科知识单元
2012年全国53所高校MTI真题（网友回忆版）汉语写作和百科知识单元目录1. 对外经贸大学 (1)2. 北京大学 (2)3. 北二外 (2)4. 北京外国语学院 (3)5. 北林 (3)6. 首师大 (3)7. 北京科技大学 (5)8. 北京师范大学 (5)9. 北京交通大学 (6)10. 中石油（北京） (6)11. 北京航空航天大学 (6)12. 北京语言大学 (7)13. 复旦大学 (7)14. 上海交通大学 (8)15. 同济大学 (8)16. 郑州大学 (9)17. 上海外国语大学 (9)18. 上海大学 (14)19. 上海东华大学 (16)20. 华东师范 (16)21. 华中师范 (16)22. 华中科技大学 (17)23. 东南大学 (17)24. 西安外国语 (17)25. 南京农业大学 (18)26. 南京大学 (18)27. 南京师范大学 (19)28. 大连海事大学 (19)29. 天津外国语 (19)30. 天津大学 (20)31. 南开大学 (20)32. 广外 (21)33. 暨南大学 (21)34. 湖南师大 (21)35. 四川外国语 (22)36. 四川大学 (22)37. 山东大学 (23)38. 青岛大学 (23)39. 苏州大学 (23)40. 吉林大学 (24)41. 西工大 (25)42. 西财 (25)43. 浙江大学 (25)44. 重庆大学 (26)45. 武汉大学 (26)46. 贵州大学 (27)47. 扬州大学 (27)48. 福师大 (28)49. 中国海洋大学 (28)50. 中南大学 (28)51. 上海海事大学 (29)52. 云南师范大学 (29)53. 湖南大学 (29)1. 对外经贸大学百科：史记包含的五类，初唐四杰，初唐四大书法家，最大规模农民战争，唐代山水诗派代表，苦吟诗人，“飞流直下三千尺，疑是银河落九天”是哪首诗的，中国画祖之类，看过一遍中国文化的应该都问题不大，但明年就说不定了。
2012英语学科教学333 和 908真题回忆(含复试经验)
2012英语学科教学333 和 908真题回忆（含复试经验）333 教育综合1名词解释：30分最近发展区学制素质教育研究型学习教育的生活目的建构主义教学理论教育适应生活说2填空：20分1. 皮亚杰针对儿童认知发展提出的四个概念：__________、同化、___________ 和整合。
2. 赫尔巴特明确提出了三种教学方法：______________、_________________和综合教学法。
3. 我国最成熟的学制是________________4. 我国教育的培养方面：知识和技能。
5.我国的教育结构包括：学前教育、_______________、_____________ 和______________。
3问答题：50分课程设计的依据教学设计的考虑因素你是如何理解“德育应该存在于一切教学活动之中”这句话的？简述学校教育在学生的身心发展中起主导作用的条件我国新时期的教育方针班主任的素质要求4论述题：50分论述什么是启发性原则及其教学你认为要做一名好教师应该具备哪些最重要的素质。
（填空题和简答题各少一个，欢迎补充）今年的题目有点坑爹，两个教育史和教育心理学基本没怎么出题，出的都是教育学原理。
908 专业基础Part 1 词汇（30分）第一题是高英一第六课课后题的第十题第二题是很多课后的词语替换题总之都是课后题Part 2 （30分）五篇阅读，每个阅读六个小题比较简单Part 3 （40分）汉译英题目比较变态内容大概就是我国经济繁荣发达建设小康社会建设社会主义现代化国家发展为了人民依靠人民为人民共享等等英译汉比较简单说美国经济的ZF是否应该干预Part 4 （30分）大作文题目是A hundred years later 要求写三段各段开头给了一句话就是有人对未来的生活持悲观态度有人持乐观态度我们要美好的未来应该怎么做要求不少于200字比较简单Part 5 (20分)教学法问答题，四道1 what is communicative language teaching?2 Sociolinguistics3 what is the difference of language acquisition and language learning?4 what is the top-down model of reading?============================================================================== （以下内容复制自本贴34楼）说一下我的考研经历，希望能给13年的考生们提供些经验吧。
2012 多所高校翻译硕士真题 回忆版
山大2012翻译硕士真题回忆英语翻译基础一 20道选择，语法和词汇共20分二 10道选择，改错共10分三阅读，2篇选择题的，每篇大约6、7道选择。
1篇回答问题的，3个问，每题要求40词，尽量用自己的话 1篇要求写 summary ，文章挺长，8分四作文，题目是给了一个叫 john某某的名人名言，曰：“Contended with little yet wishing for more” 写300字题量大，建议开始就抓紧时间。
词汇量的积累将大有帮助。
英语翻译基础术语英译汉comfort stationaffirmative actionclinic psychologyanti-federalistgold rush"A Level "Baimuda triangleAIDSIQRenaissancelynching术语汉译英：航空航天医学高峰会议储蓄银行外汇集中营中国社会科学院负翁“一国两制”基本国策社会主义市场经济主页临时工文人画文化产业水利工程枢纽篇章英译汉是物理方面的，大意是物理学上你永远不可能有绝对的定论，实验结果你不断验证你的理论是对的，但一旦有不同的实验结果，结论就会被推翻。
小扯了一下爱因斯坦的相对论和牛顿的万有引力定律。
汉译英是科教兴国（翻译练习中挺常见到的文种）百科与写作百科口头禅城狐社鼠注意经济学科学模型皈依孝贤良仁生态旅游易卜生主义哥特式小说科学发展管理学财政学社会达尔文主义行政法刑法机械论空想主义应用文随着市民养宠物现象增多，带来的问题增多。
有的人喜欢宠物，有人不喜欢。
引发人们之间的矛盾。
也假设你是某都市报记者，写一篇社区规范养宠物的倡议书。
450字左右大作文以身体健康和生活幸福为题。
讲讲健康的重要性，影响健康的因素，养成良好生活习惯的必要性和意义。
800字建议大家扩大词汇量，不然还是很吃亏的。
作文拼命写，此招尤为提百科与写作分数的办法。
这份卷子山大出作文题目前总是很照顾考生实际，比较接地气。
2012年 真题考研英语
2012年真题考研英语In recent years, taking the postgraduate entrance examination (PGEE) has become a popular choice for many Chinese students in pursuit of higher education. With the increasing competition and the desire to pursue better career prospects, more and more students are opting to take the PGEE. In this article, we will analyze the 2012 PGEE English exam, its format, and the topics covered.The 2012 PGEE English exam consisted of two parts: Reading Comprehension and Writing. The Reading Comprehension section tested the candidates' ability to understand and analyze written passages. There were a total of five passages, each followed by several multiple-choice questions. The passages covered a wide range of topics, including history, science, literature, and social issues. Candidates were required to carefully read the passages and choose the correct answers based on their understanding of the content and the context.The second part of the exam was the Writing section. In this section, candidates were asked to write an essay on a given topic. The topics for the 2012 exam varied and ranged from social issues to personal experiences. Candidates were given approximately 60 minutes to complete their essay. The purpose of this section was to assess the candidates' writing skills, coherence, and ability to express their thoughts clearly and effectively.The 2012 PGEE English exam aimed to test the candidates' overall English language proficiency. The examiners carefully selected passages and topics that required a deep understanding of the English language and strong analytical and writing skills. It was not enough for the candidates to simplyunderstand the passages or the topics; they were also expected to analyze and critically evaluate the information presented.To excel in the 2012 PGEE English exam, candidates needed to develop a systematic approach to tackle each section. For the Reading Comprehension section, it was important to first read the questions before reading the passage. This would give the candidates a clearer focus on what to look for while reading the passage. When answering the questions, candidates should carefully read each answer option to identify the most appropriate one based on their understanding of the passage.In the Writing section, candidates should spend a few minutes planning their essay and organizing their thoughts. It was crucial to have a clear thesis statement and well-structured paragraphs to ensure a logical flow of ideas. Candidates were also advised to use a variety of vocabulary and sentence structures to demonstrate their language proficiency.Overall, the 2012 PGEE English exam was a comprehensive test of the candidates' English language skills, including reading comprehension and writing. It required not only a good command of the English language but also critical thinking and analytical abilities. By developing effective strategies and practicing regularly, candidates could enhance their chances of success in the exam and pursue their dreams of further education.In conclusion, the 2012 PGEE English exam provided a platform for candidates to showcase their English language abilities. By carefully preparing for the exam and utilizing effective strategies, candidates could overcome the challenges and achieve their desired scores. The exam servedas a stepping stone for many students on their path to higher education and a brighter future.。
翻译硕士MTI考试各高校真题汇总
MTI真题汇总2011史上最全MTI真题汇总-百科-应用文-翻译基础2011北师大翻译硕士MTI真题回忆版2011年外国语大学翻译硕士英语翻译基础真题回忆2011年语言大学翻译硕士真题回忆版11外经贸真题2011对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研历程回顾2011年中国石油大学英语翻译硕士真题回忆2011东北大学翻译硕士MTI真题回忆2011师大学MTI真题2011年大学MTI真题2011大学MTI考生回忆帖2011年大学翻译硕士MTI入学考试真题回忆版本2011年师大学翻译硕士（MTI）真题回忆北二外英语MTI试题2011 大学MTI考研真题2011年广外MTI真题回忆+解析+备考经验2011年上交翻译硕士MTI真题回忆2011年外国语大学翻硕MTI百科知识考研2011西外MTI复试2011年川外翻译硕士MTI真题回忆版2011大学翻译硕士初试真题2011年大学翻译硕士复试容2011大学翻译硕士初试真题2010-2011复旦大学MTI真题2011北二外MTI2011年大学翻译硕士MTI真题回忆2011年大学翻译硕士真题回忆2011年大学翻译硕士MTI真题回顾2011年师大学翻译硕士MTI考研回忆2011年西南大学翻译硕士部分真题回忆2011南开大学翻译硕士汉语写作与百科知识2011南开大学翻译硕士MTI翻译基础2011年南开大学翻译硕士MTI真题回忆2011年暨南大学翻硕真题回忆2011年师大翻译硕士MTI真题回忆版2011年东南大学翻译硕士（MTI）真题回忆及备考经验2011年华东师大MTI真题回忆及考后经验2011年大学外国语学院英语语言文学基础英语汉译英试题2011年百科知识题型统计2011年大学翻译硕士MTI考试真题回忆版2011年各高校英汉特色词语翻译！最强完整版！2011天津外国语翻译硕士（笔译方向）真题2011年海事大学翻译硕士英语真题回忆2011年师大翻译硕士MTI真题回忆厦大2011MTI初复试+复习书目翻译硕士MTI各院校真题作文汇总2010年大学翻译硕士考研试题大学2010翻译硕士试题回顾2010 第二外国语学院MTI真题2010年外国语大学翻译硕士考研试题2010年北语MTI英语笔译真题2010年北航翻译硕士考研试题北航2010年真题大学MTI试题回忆天外MTI初试及复试经验帖川大2010翻译硕士原题对外经贸易2010年翻译硕士初试对外翻译硕士真题2010贸大MTI复试2010复旦大学MTI初试复试2010年华中师大学MTI真题2010大学MTI试题2010年南开大学MTI真题大学2010MTI考研大学2010年MTI真题回忆2010年大学翻译硕士试题2010年上外翻译硕士考研复试试题大学2010年MTI真题回忆同济大学2010翻译硕士题目回忆同济大学2010翻译硕士题目回忆2010年西外MTI汉语百科与写作2010中国海洋大学MTI真题回忆2010年中南大学MTI业课回忆2010中南大学MTI英汉互译回忆2011年中南大学翻译硕士（MTI）考研试题（回忆版）2010大学MTI英语翻译基础2010大学MTI英语翻译基础2010大学汉语写作与百科知识2010年交通大学翻译硕士（MTI）年真题回忆翻译硕士2010汉语写作大作文各高校回忆集外国语大学2009年翻译专业硕士MTI笔试真题WORD下载2010各校MTI分数线MTI笔译教材方华文：20世纪中国翻译史[完整] DJVU高华丽：中外翻译简史[2009] DJVU景华：译者的隐形•翻译史论文革：西方翻译理论流派研究[2004]景华：翻译伦理•韦努蒂翻译思想研究长栓：非文学翻译理论与实践外语教育-宏薇-新编汉英翻译教程下载《大学英汉翻译教程》（第三版），对外经济贸易，王恩冕交替传译笔记：速成课程DJVU王振国：新英汉翻译教程教师用书[2007][完整] DJVU外教社翻译硕士专业（MTI）系列教材和平：笔译训练指南钱歌川-翻译的技巧-写作材料.doc钱歌川：《翻译的技巧》钱歌川《英文疑难详解》、《英文疑难详解续》郭延礼：文学经典的翻译与解读[2007][完整]金焕荣：商务英语翻译铁路工程翻译相关方面的书籍MTI--物流英语其中：英汉新闻翻译[2009][完整] DJVU英文原版翻译书籍库存翻译生态学MTI口译教材【翻译硕士】MTI教材之- 同声传译配套MP3【口译原版】James Nolan：Interpretation: Techniques and Exercises 【口译原版】Phyllis Zatlin：Thearical Translation and FilmAdaptation[2005][T]军峰：《商务英语口译》（第二版）DjVu格式基础英语资料汇总《英美散文选读》（一），对外经济贸易大学，显璟《英美散文选读》（二），对外经济贸易大学，显璟庄锡昌：西方文化史[2003][正文可检索]常磊：英美文化博览荣启：文学语言学[2005][完整]王佐良：英国散文的流变[1998]培基英译中国现代散文选MTI--希腊文学简史外研社现代大学英语学生用书1-6 教师用书1-6存军：当今流行英语缩略语[2007][完整] DJVU百科资料汇总福田：中国文化小百科（一）福田：中国文化小百科（二）福田：中国文化小百科（三）钱光培：中国文学百科知识手册丁：中国文化小百科全书（4卷）当代中国文化百科全书（英文原版）当代英国文化百科全书（英文原版）王德友：中国文化百科[缺]贾宝珍：新世纪文化百科[正文可检索]程裕祯：中国文化要略（第二版）[2003]金元浦：中国文化概论[2007][完整] DJVU现代汉语与百科知识.doc翻译硕士百科知识语文常识《中国文学与中国文化知识应试指南》，东南大学，林青松不可不知的2000个文化常识PDF/DJVUMTI考试名词翻译及汉语名词解释.doc王长华：大学语文[2009][完整] DJVUMTI--环境保护专题应用文公文写作书籍10本应用文写作奉送（备忘录+广告+会议通知+商务信函+说明书）夏晓鸣：应用文写作【2007】《公文写作》《公文写作》，对外经济贸易，白延庆文国：中文读写教程第1、2册常用词典汇总汉英中国文化词典《牛津英美文化词典》《中国翻译家辞典》正文可搜索PDF林煌天：《中国翻译词典》PDF《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》第7版谭载喜主译：翻译研究词典[完整] DJVU Dictionary of Translation Studies.rar 《最新汉英特色词汇词典》（第五版）许鲁之：简明英美文化词典[2000]汪榕培：英语学习背景知识词典.pdf王斌华：口笔译高频词汇词典[2010]最新汉英特色词汇（第四版）英语搭配大辞典__英汉对照牛津英语搭配词典__英汉双解版英汉双解美国习语词典__第4版。
【VIP专享】2012年福建师范大学汉语国际教育考研真题、考研形势分析
4.现代汉语熟语包括（），（），（）等。（3 分）答案：成语，歇后语，惯用语 5.词除了理性义之外，还有附属的色彩意义，它包括（），（），（）。（3 分）答案：感情色彩， 形象色彩，语体色彩 6.汉字标准化，要求对汉字进行四定，即（），（），（），（）。（4 分）答案：定形，定音，定 量，定序 7.语境是（），一般分为（）和（）。（4 分）答案：（），上下文语境 8.基本词汇具有以下特点：（），（），（）性。（3 分）答案：稳固性，全民常用性，（）。 9.世界上的文字基本上可以划分为两大类：（）和（）汉字是（），它是记录语素，词的。（3 分）答案： 10.语法单位可以分为四级：（），（），（）和句子。（3 分）答案：语素，词，短语
但都梦想着专业课考出高分的学子们。
2014 年汉语国际教育视频课程+近三年真题+状元笔记+公共课阅
卷人一对一指导=2500 元 7 月 1 日前报名，8 折优惠
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开关，珍宝，矛盾，呼吸，善良这些都是联合型的合成词。 只有一个义项的的词叫单义词，单义词也都是单纯词。 扑克，沙发，啤酒，巧克力，咖啡都是纯音译的外来词。
三、选择题（每小题 1 分，共 30 分） 1.下列都是形容词的一组是（）。 A.美好，聪明，大型，雪白 B.善良，昏沉，火热，可爱 C.年轻，鉴定，慢性，墨绿 D.仔细，认真，苗条，苦头 答案：B 下列划线的词属于同音词的一组是（）。 怪好看的，怪事 态度端正，端正思想 这口井很深，夜已经很深了 这里地势很高，体温高 答案：A “猛然，突然，忽然”三个词的词性分别是（）。 副词，副词，形容词 形容词，副词，形容词 形容词，副词，副词 副词，形容词，副词 答案：D 下列词中属于区别词的一组是（）。 漆黑，早晨 上等，西式 周围，野生 万能，优秀 答案：B
考研英语---全国研究生入学考试2012年英语真题及答案
考研英语全国研究生入学考试2012年英语真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWERSHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWERSHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justicesacted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that thecourt’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federaljudiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justicespermanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Ourlegal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty andproperty. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is whydecisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answerson ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think ofwhen we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her newbook Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she callsthe social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics 长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》to help individuals improvetheir lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, astate-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In SouthAfrica, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of manypubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate aseriously flawed understanding of psychology.”Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboardcampaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenbergargues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too muchirrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. RageAgainst the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes islimited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of researchshows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via socialcommunication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing themwith better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineeredfrom the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England,provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality ofVermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plantrunning. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, anaging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seekpermission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that anyextension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happennext. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’smanagement– especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’sbehavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and thatonly the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure:whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholarssay that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are validconcerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept itsword, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblictrust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging torun Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as theNuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promisesfrom Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to 长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims,the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community,researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baierhas described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gy.rgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized. There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without sufferingmuch in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated.A quarter of America’spublic-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its currentleader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute ofCalifornia points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye onschools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come inbenefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the payincreases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies andmerit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions haverallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the publicsector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit thosewho want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above$250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets haveattracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much biggerproblem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one fromthe list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higherthan a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of yourhand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour tocreate a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush andgallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, meansof distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret warfor two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them inpassive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not evenaware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make toolsbut then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - andsuperfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after theadvent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploadingmaterial, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining contentto just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn thepower off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human.Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneselfof a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative waysand then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in aworldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - betweenpassive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only beginto imagine.长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced byanother in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world'smedia culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtfuldownloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Yourtranslation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise.In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion 长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》and Darwinianevolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory ofeverything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such atheory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless,unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.(47)Here,Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable tosuppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewilderingvariety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features.(48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex culturalbehavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies areality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution ofgrammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans areborn with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar.A few generativerules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children canlearn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》universality identifyingtraits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases thatresult from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between themrepresent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language changethat are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergianuniversality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither ofthese patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lireage-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Unionto1)extend your welcome and provide some suggestions for their campus life here.2)You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “LiMing” instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题答案详解Section I Use of English1．【答案】B长喜考研英语历年真题，供大家收藏！更多解析，请购买《考研英语历年真题解析点评》。
考研英语一真题2012年
考研英语一真题2012年Introduction:The Graduate Entrance Examination, commonly known as the "gaokao," is a critical examination in China. It determines the fate of millions of students aspiring to pursue higher education. This article will examine the 2012 English paper of the gaokao, providing an analysis of the questions and discussing their potential impact on students' performance.Section 1: Listening ComprehensionThe listening comprehension section of the 2012 gaokao English paper aimed to assess candidates' ability to understand spoken English in various contexts. It consisted of a series of recordings, including conversations, monologues, and news reports. The questions required students to grasp key information, infer meaning, and comprehend the speakers' attitudes and intentions.Section 2: Reading ComprehensionThe reading comprehension section comprised several passages covering a range of topics. Candidates had to answer multiple-choice questions and demonstrate their ability to comprehend both general and specific information. The passage topics included environmental issues, business management, historical events, and technology advancements. This section assessed students' reading speed, vocabulary knowledge, and overall understanding of written English.Section 3: TranslationIn the translation section, candidates were required to translate sentences from Chinese to English. The sentences covered a variety of topics, such as literature, culture, and society. This section tested students' ability to accurately convey meaning while considering proper grammar and vocabulary usage.Section 4: WritingThe writing section of the 2012 gaokao English paper tasked students with composing an essay on a given topic. The prompt might have asked candidates to discuss a social issue, offer personal opinions, or provide arguments for a particular viewpoint. This section evaluated students' ability to construct coherent and well-structured compositions, showcasing their language proficiency and critical thinking skills.Section 5: Vocabulary and GrammarThe vocabulary and grammar section assessed candidates' understanding of English word usage, idiomatic expressions, and grammatical structures. It tested students' ability to choose the correct word, complete sentences with appropriate grammar, and identify errors within given sentences.Conclusion:The 2012 gaokao English paper presented a comprehensive assessment of candidates' English language skills, covering listening comprehension, reading comprehension, translation, writing, and vocabulary/grammar. This examination aimed at evaluating students' overall linguistic abilities, from their ability to comprehend and analyze texts to their proficiency in expressing themselves in writing. Success in the gaokao is crucial forstudents' future educational opportunities, making this exam a significant milestone in their academic journey.。
福建师范大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试(333教育综合)真题
福建师范大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试（333教育综合）真题一、名词解释
学习策略
角色扮演法
智者派
壬戌学制
性善论
要素教育论
二、简答
简述人身心发展的规律及意义。
简述课程内容的逻辑规定及课程内容组织编排时要处理好的逻辑组织形式关系。
简述现代学校教育的特点。
简述教学中的讨论法及其应用要求。
三、论述
联系我国的中小学教育现状，试论述其现代中小学教学制度改革的要
求。
试阐述教学中培养学生问题解决能力的方法。
试述中世纪大学特征及意义。
试述福建船政学堂及其意义。
2012考研真题英语
2012考研真题英语The year 2012 marked an important milestone for students in China, as it witnessed the release of the Graduate Entrance Exam (also known as the "gaokao") for that year. Among the various subjects tested, English plays a significant role in gauging the English proficiency of candidates. In this article, we will explore the 2012 exam questions for the English section, analyze the difficulties encountered by students, and provide strategies to improve English skills for future exam takers.1. Reading ComprehensionThe reading comprehension section is designed to evaluate the candidates' ability to understand and analyze English texts. In the 2012 exam, there were four passages, each followed by several questions. These passages covered a wide range of topics, including science, culture, and social issues.One of the passages focused on the impact of climate change on Arctic ecosystems. This passage challenged candidates' knowledge of environmental issues and required them to comprehend scientific terms and concepts. The questions asked about the main idea, author's tone, and specific details mentioned in the passage.2. Cloze TestThe cloze test evaluates candidates' mastery of English grammar and vocabulary. In the 2012 exam, candidates were presented with a passage with blanks, and they had to choose the most appropriate words from thegiven options to fill in the blanks. The passage tested different aspects of English, such as prepositions, verb tenses, and idiomatic expressions.One challenging aspect of the cloze test was the inclusion of idiomatic expressions. Candidates needed to have a good understanding of these expressions and their appropriate usage in context. Moreover, the test also assessed candidates' ability to understand the meaning of words and phrases in various contexts.3. Error CorrectionThe error correction section aimed to assess candidates' knowledge of English grammar rules and their ability to spot errors in sentence structures. In this part of the exam, candidates were provided with a passage containing errors, and they had to identify and correct them.One common difficulty in this section was identifying errors related to verb agreement, verb forms, and preposition usage. Candidates needed to have a solid foundation in English grammar to accurately identify and correct these errors.4. TranslationThe translation section tested candidates' ability to accurately translate English sentences into Chinese and vice versa. In the 2012 exam, candidates were required to translate sentences that covered a wide range of topics, including technology, economics, and social issues.One challenge in this section was ensuring the accuracy and fluency of the translation. Candidates had to accurately convey the meaning of theoriginal sentence while maintaining proper grammar and sentence structure in the translated version.Strategies for Improving English Skills1. Build Vocabulary: Enhance your English vocabulary by reading widely and regularly. Make a habit of learning new words and understanding their meanings in different contexts.2. Practice Reading Comprehension: Improve your reading comprehension skills by reading English texts from various sources. Focus on understanding the main idea, identifying supporting details, and recognizing the author's tone and purpose.3. Master Grammar and Idioms: Strengthen your grammar skills by studying English grammar rules and practicing their application. Additionally, familiarize yourself with idiomatic expressions commonly used in English.4. Engage in Translation Exercises: Regularly practice translating English sentences into Chinese and vice versa to improve your translation skills. Pay attention to accuracy, fluency, and proper sentence structure.In conclusion, the 2012 Graduate Entrance Exam English section tested various aspects of English proficiency, including reading comprehension, grammar, vocabulary, and translation. By understanding the difficulties faced by candidates and implementing effective strategies, students can enhance their English skills and perform better in future exams.。
2012福建师范大学翻译硕士MTI考研真题
2012福建师范大学翻译硕士MTI考研真题（回忆版）
一.翻硕英语（100）
1.单选题（30分）：20题，全部为词汇，六级难度
2.阅读理解（40分）：2题客观，2题主观（客观题一般都找得到答案），不过每篇都有两个A4纸张那么多。
文章主题有心理与教育，生态工程等等......
自己感觉文章难度比专八大，但大意不难理解，并且答案还是可以按图索骥的。
3.英语作文（30分）：观点型，论翻译人才靠天赋还是培养，要求写观点，400字。
二.翻硕基础（150分）
1.热词（30分）：缩略词有PPI, CPI，IPPCC, HIV, NATO, FBI, ASEAN, IAEA, UNESCO……
政治汉英：十一五规划，社会治安，科学发展观，载人航天，全球货币紧缩……
China Daily汉译英：奶嘴男，来电欺诈，僵尸粉……
还有framily和transumer，这两个硬是没想出什么意思……
2.汉译英（60分）：主题是《一个叫麦克的神秘人的传说》…………小说类
3.英译汉（60分）：通篇是我们将与周边国坚持睦邻友好，开放经济，共同发展之类的，总之，解决了政府工作报告，这种翻译也就不在话下了。
三.汉语百科（150分）
1.百科（50分）：股指期货，债券，创业板，人民币汇率，低碳经济，绿色能源，春节，端午，重阳，非文化遗产，平板电脑，乔布斯
2.应用文（40分）：《关于首届海峡翻译（笔译）比赛》的通知（有格式和内容的要求，450字），即活动通知
3.汉语作文（60分）：命题作文《关注食品安全》（不少于800字）。
2012考研英语真题及答案
2012考研英语真题及答案2012考研英语真题及答案的分析2012年的考研英语真题及答案是备考考研英语的学生们必备的工具。
通过仔细研究和分析这些真题及答案，考生可以更好地了解考试的难度和题型，从而有针对性地进行备考。
本文将对2012考研英语真题及答案进行分析，并提供一些备考建议。
首先，我们来看看2012考研英语真题的题型。
根据题目的要求，考生需要完成阅读理解、完形填空、翻译和写作等不同类别的题目。
这些不同题型要求考生具备不同的语言能力和解题技巧。
阅读理解要求考生具备较强的阅读理解能力和理解表达能力；完形填空则需要考生有较好的词汇储备和语言运用能力；翻译题则要求考生具备较高的词汇应用和语言表达能力；写作部分则需要考生有一定的写作能力和逻辑思维能力。
接下来，我们分别对这些题型进行分析。
在阅读理解部分，考生需要对一段英文材料进行理解和分析，并回答相关问题。
在完成该题型时，考生应注意提高阅读速度和准确性，同时需注意理解文章的关键句和段落，帮助答题。
在完形填空部分，考生需要根据文章的语境和语意，选择出最佳的选项，使得文章的内容通顺和连贯。
在完成该题型时，考生应注重对文章整体意义的把握，增强对选项的判断能力。
在翻译部分，考生需要将一段中文材料翻译成英文。
在完成该题型时，考生应注重词汇的准确性和语法的正确性，同时要注意语言的流畅程度和表达的准确度。
在写作部分，考生需要根据提供的话题，进行议论文或对比文的写作。
在完成该题型时，考生应注意清晰的结构和条理性，同时要注重逻辑思维和合理的论证。
有了对2012考研英语真题的了解，我们来看看如何更好地备考。
首先，考生应认真研究和分析真题及答案，找出其中的规律，了解各题型的出题方式和解题技巧。
其次，考生应注重积累词汇和语法知识，扩大自己的词汇量和语言运用能力。
可以通过阅读英文文献、听英文广播和参加英语角等方式来提升自己的语言能力。
此外，考生还可以参加英语培训班或找到合适的学习材料和模拟试题，进行系统性的复习和训练。
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2012福建师大MTI真题回忆版
一.翻硕英语（100）
1.单选题（30分）： 20题，全部为词汇，六级难度
2.阅读理解（40分）：2题客观，2题主观（客观题一般都找得到答案），不过每篇都有两个A4纸张那么多，长的坑爹~~！！
文章主题有心理与教育，生态工程等等......
自己感觉文章难度比专八大，但大意不难理解，并且答案还是可以按图索骥的。
3.英语作文（30分）：观点型，论翻译人才靠天赋还是培养，要求写观点，400字。
二.翻硕基础（150分）
1.热词（30分）：缩略词有PPI, CPI，IPPCC, HIV, NATO, FBI, ASEAN, IAEA, UNESCO……
政治汉英：十一五规划，社会治安，科学发展观，载人航天，全球货币紧缩……
China Daily汉译英：奶嘴男，来电欺诈，僵尸粉……
还有framily和transumer，这两个硬是没想出什么意思……
2.汉译英（60分）：主题是《一个叫麦克的神秘人的传说》…………小说类
3.英译汉（60分）：通篇是我们将与周边国坚持睦邻友好，开放经济，共同发展之类的，总之，解决了政府工作报告，这种翻译也就不在话下了。
三.汉语百科（150分）
1.百科（50分）：股指期货，债券，创业板，人民币汇率，低碳经济，绿色能源，春节，端午，重阳，非文化遗产，平板电脑，乔布斯……
2.应用文（40分）：《关于首届海峡翻译（笔译）比赛》的通知（有格式和内容的要求，450字），即活动通知
3.汉语作文（60分）：命题作文《关注食品安全》（不少于800字）。