10年N-STEP1(12月考题)
2010年12月大学生英语四级真题及答案(文字版)
听力部分11. A) The man should visit the museumB) She can’t stand the hot weatherC) The beach resort is a good choiceD) She enjoys staying in Washington12. A) Her new responsibilities in the companyB) What her job prospects areC) What the customers’ feedback isD) The director’s opinion of her work13. A) Combine her training with dietingB) Repeat the training every three daysC) Avoid excessive physical trainingD) Include weightlifting in the program14. A) When she will return homeB) Whether she can go by herselfC) Whether she can travel by airD) When she will completely recover15. A) The woman knows how to deal with the policeB) The woman had been fined many times beforeC) The woman had violated traffic regulationsD) The woman is good at finding excuses16. A) Switch off the refrigerator for a whileB) Have someone repair the refrigeratorC) Ask the man to fix the refrigeratorD) Buy a refrigerator of better quality17. A) He owns a piece of land in the downtown areaB) He has got enough money to buy a houseC) He can finally do what he has dreamed ofD) He is moving into a bigger apartment18. A) She is black and blue all overB) She has to go to see a doctor]C) She stayed away from work for a few daysD) She got hurt in an accident yesterdayQuestions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) She was a bank managerB) She was a victim of the robberyC) She was a defense lawyerD) She was a witness to the crime20. A) A tall man with dark hair and a moustacheB) A youth with a distinguishing mark on his face]C) A thirty-year-old guy wearing a light sweaterD) A medium-sized young man carrying a gun21. A) Identify the suspect from pictureB) Go upstairs to sign some documentC) Have her photo taken for their filesD) Verify the record of what she had saidQuestions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.22. A) By reading a newspaper adB) By seeing a commercial on TVC) By listening to the morning newsD) By calling an employment service23. A) She could improve her foreign languageB) She could work close to her familyC) She could travel overseas frequentlyD) She could use her previous experiences24. A) Taking management coursesB) Teaching English at a universityC) Working as a secretaryD) Studying for a degree in French25. A) Prepare for an interview in a couple of daysB) Read the advertisement again for more detailsC) Send in a written application as soon as possibleD) Get to know the candidates on the short listQuestions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard.26. A) They cannot see the firefighters because of the smokeB) They do not realize the danger they are inC) They cannot hear the firefighters for the noiseD) They mistake the firefighters for monsters27. A) He travels all over the America to help put out firesB) He often teaches children what to do during a fireC) He teaches Spanish in a San Francisco community]D) He provides oxygen masks to children free of charge28. A) He saved the life of his brother choking on foodB) He rescued a student from a big fireC) He is very good at public speakingD) He gives informative talks to young children29. A) Firefighters play an important role in AmericaB) Kids should learn not to be afraid of monstersC) Carelessness can result in tragediesD) Informative speeches can save livesQuestions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.30. A) To satisfy the needs of their familyB) To fully realize their potentialC) To make money for early retirementD) To gain a sense of their personal worth31. A) They may have to continue to work in old ageB) They may regret the time they wastedC) They may have nobody to depend on in the futureD) They may have fewer job opportunities32. A) Making wise use of your timeB) Enjoying yourself while you canC) Saving as much as you canD) Working hard and playing hardQuestions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.Writing keeps us in touch with other people. We write to communicate with relatives and friends. We write to 36________ our family histories so our children and grandchildren can learn and 37_________ their heritage. With computers and Internet connections in so many 38__________, colleges, and businesses, people are e-mailing friends and relatives all the time – or talking to them in writing in online 39_______ rooms. It is cheaper than calling long distance, and a lot more 40________than waiting until Sunday for the telephone 41_________ to drop. Students are e-mailing their professors to 42_________ and discuss their classroom assignments and to 43__________them. They are e-mailing classmates to discuss and collaborate on homework. 44________________________________________________________.Despite the growing importance of computers, however, there will always be a place and need for the personal letter. 45____________________________________. No matter what the content of the message, its real point is, "I want you to know that I care about you." 46_____________________________________________________, but only in the success of human relationships.选词填空What determines the kind of person you are? What factors make you more or less bold, intelligent, or able to read a map? All of these are influenced by the interaction of your genes and the environment in which you were 47. The study of how genes and environment interact to influence48 activity is known as behavioral genetics. Behavioral genetics has made important 49 to the biological revolution, providing information about the extent to which biology influences mind, brain and behavior.Any research that suggests that 50 to perform certain behaviors are based in biology is controversial. Who wants to be told that there are limitations to what you can 51 based on something that is beyond your control, such as your genes? It is easy to accept that genes control physical characteristics such as sex, race and eye color. But can genes also determine whether people will get divorced, how 52 they are, or what career they are likely to choose? A concern of psychological scientists is the53to which all of these characteristics are influenced by nature and nurture（养育）, by genetic makeup and the environment. Increasingly, science 54 that genes lay the groundwork for many human traits. From this perspective, people are born 55 like undeveloped photographs: The image is already captured, but the way it 56 appears can vary based on the development process. However, the basic picture is there from the beginning.57. By“a one-way street”(Line l, Para, l),the author means_____.A) University researchers know litter about the commercial worldB) There is little exchange between industry and academiaC）Few industrial scientists world quit to work in a universityD) Few university professors are willing to do industrial research58. The word “deterrent” (Line 3, para.1) most probably refers to something that_____.A) Keeps someone from taking actio n C) Attracts people’s attentionB) Helps to move the traffic D) Bring someone a financial burden59. What was Helen Lee’s major consideration when she changed her jod in the middle of her career?A) Flexible word hours C) Her preference for the lifestyle on campusB) Her research interests D) Prospect of academic accomplishments.60. Guy Grant chose to work as a research at Cambridge in order to_______.A) Do financially more rewarding word. C) enrich his experience in medical researchB) raise his status in the academic word D) exploit better intellectual opportunities61. What contribution can industrial scientists make when they come to teach in a university?A) Increase its graduates’ competi tiveness in the job marketB) Develop its students’ potential in researchC) Help it to obtain financial support from industryD) Gear its research towards practical applications62 William Farris study and other studies show that______A) Social life provides an effective cure for illnessB) Being sociable helps improve one’s quality of lifeC) Women benefit more than men from marriageD) Marriage contributes a great deal to longevity63 Linda Waite’s studies support the idea that________A) Order men should quit smoking to stay healthyB) Marriage can help make up for ill healthC) The married are happier than the unmarriedD) Unmarried people are likely to suffer in later life64 It can be inferred from the context that “flip side” (Line 5, para, 2) refers to ________A) The disadvantages of being marriedB) The emotional problems arising from marriageC) The responsibility of taking care of one’s familyD）The consequence of a broken marriage65 What dose the author say about social networks?A) They have effects similar to those of a marriageB) They help develop people’s community spiritC) They provide timely support for those in needD) They help relieve people of their life’s burdens66 What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A) It’s important that we develop a social network when youngB) To stay healthy,one should have a proper social network C）Getting a divorce means risking a reduced life spanD) We should share our social network with each other完形填空Over half the world's people now live incities. The latest "Global Report on HumanSettlements" says the historic change took placelast year. The report ___67____ this week from U.N. Habitat, a United Nations agency.A century ago, ___68___ than 5% of allpeople lived in cities. ___69__ the middle of thiscentury it could be 70%, or ___70___6,500,000,000 people.Already 3/4 of people in ___71___ countries live in cities. Now most urban population___72___ is in the developing world.Urbanization can __73___ to social and economic progress, but also put __74___ on cities to provide housing and __75___. The newreport says almost 200,000 people move __76__ cities and towns each day. It says worsening inequalities, __77__ by social divisions and 67. A) came on B) came offC) came over D) came out68. A) more B) otherC) less D) rather69. A) By B) ThroughC) Along D) To70. D) really B) barelyC) ever A) almost71. A) flourishing B) developC) thriving D) fertile72. A) extension B) additioD) raise C) growth73. A) keep C) turnB) lead D) refer74. A) pressure B) loadC) restraint D) weight75.A) surroundings D) communiC) concerns B) services76. A) onto B) intoC) around D) upon77. A) pulled C) drivenB) drawn D) pressed78. A) situation B) treasudifferences in ___78___, could lead to violence____79____ cities plan better.Another issue is urban sprawl. This is where cities ___80___ into rural areas,sometimes ___81__ a much faster rate than urban population growth.Sprawl is ___82___ in the United States. Americans move a lot. In a recent study, Art Hall at the University of Kansas found that people are moving away from the __83___ cities to smaller cities. He sees a _84__ toward "de-urbanization" across America.____85___ urban economies still provide ____86____ that rural areas do not.C) wealth D) category79. A) when B) ifC) unless D) whereas80. A) extent B) C) extendD) expand81. A) on B) withC) at D) by82. A) ordinary B) averageC)common D) frequent83. A)major B) majorC) D) 84. A) B) futureC) D) trend85. A) therefore B) thusC) but D) while86. A) B) possibilitiesC) D) qualities翻译87．___________________(为了确保他参加会议)，I called him up in advance.88．The significant museum______________(据说建成于)about a hundred years ago. 89．There would be no life on earth __________________ (没有地球独特的环境)。
2010年考研英语(一)真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2010年考研英语（一）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. WritingSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)In 1924 America’s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 【B1】workers’productivity. Instead, the studies ended 【B2】giving their name to the “ Hawthorne effect, “the extremely influential idea that the very 【B3】of being experimented upon changed subjects’behavior. The idea arose because of the 【B4】behavior of the women in the plant. According to 【B5】of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 【B6】what was done in the experiment; 【B7】something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 【B8】that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 【B9】to alter workers’ behavior 【B10】itself. After several decades, the same data were 【B11】to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. 【B12】the descriptions on record, no systematic 【B13】was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting. It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 【B14】interpretations of what happened. 【B15】, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 【B16】rose compared with the previous Saturday and 【B17】to rise for the next couple of days. 【B18】, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers 【B19】to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 【B20】a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down.1．【B1】A．affectedB．achievedC．extractedD．restored正确答案：A解析：本题考查动词。
N-STEP1最新试题2013
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2010年考研英语一试题及答案（完整版）
2010年考研英语一试题及答案（完整版）历年真题包含了考研经常的考的考点，摸透真题就能了解出题的整个脉络和方向，所以在考研的艰辛路上，真题绝对是您制胜的武器，考研频道为收集到了各个公共课和专业课的历年真题，欢迎收藏(CTRL+D)。
2010年考研英语(一)试题Section I Use of English In 1924 American' National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawhtore Plant near Chicago It hoped they would learn how stop-floor Egnting __1__ workors productivity Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving the ir name to the―Hawhthome effect‖the extremely inflentlcel ldea the veey__3__to bemg expenmented upon changed subjects’behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the plato.Accordmg to __5__of the cxpetmems.their.houriy output rose when hghtmg was increased.but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the expenment. __7__sometmg was changed.produchnty rose A(n) __8__ that they were bemg experimented upon seemed to be __9__t0 alterworkers' bchamor __10__ uself After several decades，the salile data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store j2一the descnpuons on record，no systematic __13__was foundthat lcvcls of produchxnty wererelated to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the c~enments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happed.__15__，tighring was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with theprevious Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ , a comparison with data for weeks whenthere was no expenmentation showed that output always went up On Monday, workers __19__to be duigent for the first few days of the week in any case，before __21__a plateau and then slackening off This suggests that the alleged‖ Hawthorne effect―is hard to ptn down1.[A] affected [B]achieved [C]exlracted [D]restored2 [A]at [B]up [C]with [D]Off3 [A]Wuth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4.[A]convoversial [B]perplexing [c]mischieous [D]ambiguous5.[A]reqtttrents [B]cxplanalions [C]accounts [D]assements6[A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work 7[A]as faras[B]for fearthat [C]in casethat [D]so long as8.[A]awarerress [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9.[A]suitale [B]excessive [C]enough[D]abundant10.[A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11[A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected[D]conveyed12.[A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with[D]pealliar to13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]retiable[D]wasleadmg15.[A]In contast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16.[A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably[D]suddenly17.[A]failed [B]ceased [C]started[D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]chrnbing [C]surpassmg [D]。
2010年12月英语四级真题及答案(含解析)
2010年12月英语四级答案【作文范文】范文1:Today in China, many families have only one child. So the children usually doted upon by all family members. Gradually some of them get used to depending on their parents and family members, as a result they lack the ability to face their lives by themselves.There are some ways to help children to be independent. First, the child should have a chance to see the world around him individually to understand that there are various people and competitions in their lives, and learn to find his right position in the society only by individual efforts. Second, it is impossible to ask a child not to depend on parents at once.The parents may give the child enough help and space to make him feel comfortable. A child needs help from their families. Because without any help, the child may lose his faith. Thirdly, parents can help their children make their own decisions, which can challenge his ability to deal with problems. A child should be praised when he is successful or encouraged when he fails.To be independent is vital for the children, because no parents can go with their children for the whole life. Only an independent person can live and enjoy a full and meaningful life.范文2：Nowadays, more and more parents indulge their children too much, showing too much love to them. The parents get used to make an arrangement of everything for their children. As result, many adult children will not deal with things by themselves but depend on their parents strongly.How should parents help children to be independent? On the one hand, parents should try to tell the children the importance of independence at an early age. If the children have no awareness early, how can we expect them to achieve independence later. On the other hand, let the children always have a try by themselves before asking for help. Let them know that independent thinking is an absolute necessity in their life.Helping children towards independence will always be our businesses.【快速阅读】（1）选A: People instinltively seek nature in different ways.解析：问题是作者的profound belief，第一段的最后一句给出了答案，whether we know we are doing so or not（不管我们知道与否）相当于句中的instinctively（本能地）.（2）选D: Things that are purchased.解析：文中第二段最后一句给出了答案，“odd new perceptions about what is best for children, that is to say, things that can be bought”，奇怪的新观念，什么对孩子最好，能买到的东西。
2010.12英语四级真题及答案
听力部分11. A) The man should visit the museumB) She can’t sta nd the hot weatherC) The beach resort is a good choiceD) She enjoys staying in Washington12. A) Her new responsibilities in the companyB) What her job prospects areC) What the customers’ feedback isD) The director’s opinion of her work13. A) Combine her training with dietingB) Repeat the training every three daysC) Avoid excessive physical trainingD) Include weightlifting in the program14. A) When she will return homeB) Whether she can go by herselfC) Whether she can travel by airD) When she will completely recover15. A) The woman knows how to deal with the policeB) The woman had been fined many times beforeC) The woman had violated traffic regulationsD) The woman is good at finding excuses16. A) Switch off the refrigerator for a whileB) Have someone repair the refrigeratorC) Ask the man to fix the refrigeratorD) Buy a refrigerator of better quality17. A) He owns a piece of land in the downtown areaB) He has got enough money to buy a houseC) He can finally do what he has dreamed ofD) He is moving into a bigger apartment18. A) She is black and blue all overB) She has to go to see a doctor]C) She stayed away from work for a few daysD) She got hurt in an accident yesterdayQuestions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) She was a bank managerB) She was a victim of the robberyC) She was a defense lawyerD) She was a witness to the crime20. A) A tall man with dark hair and a moustacheB) A youth with a distinguishing mark on his face]C) A thirty-year-old guy wearing a light sweaterD) A medium-sized young man carrying a gun21. A) Identify the suspect from pictureB) Go upstairs to sign some documentC) Have her photo taken for their filesD) Verify the record of what she had saidQuestions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.22. A) By reading a newspaper adB) By seeing a commercial on TVC) By listening to the morning newsD) By calling an employment service23. A) She could improve her foreign languageB) She could work close to her familyC) She could travel overseas frequentlyD) She could use her previous experiences24. A) Taking management coursesB) Teaching English at a universityC) Working as a secretaryD) Studying for a degree in French25. A) Prepare for an interview in a couple of daysB) Read the advertisement again for more detailsC) Send in a written application as soon as possibleD) Get to know the candidates on the short listQuestions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard.26. A) They cannot see the firefighters because of the smokeB) They do not realize the danger they are inC) They cannot hear the firefighters for the noiseD) They mistake the firefighters for monsters27. A) He travels all over the America to help put out firesB) He often teaches children what to do during a fireC) He teaches Spanish in a San Francisco community]D) He provides oxygen masks to children free of charge28. A) He saved the life of his brother choking on foodB) He rescued a student from a big fireC) He is very good at public speakingD) He gives informative talks to young children29. A) Firefighters play an important role in AmericaB) Kids should learn not to be afraid of monstersC) Carelessness can result in tragediesD) Informative speeches can save livesQuestions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.30. A) To satisfy the needs of their familyB) To fully realize their potentialC) To make money for early retirementD) To gain a sense of their personal worth31. A) They may have to continue to work in old ageB) They may regret the time they wastedC) They may have nobody to depend on in the futureD) They may have fewer job opportunities32. A) Making wise use of your timeB) Enjoying yourself while you canC) Saving as much as you canD) Working hard and playing hardQuestions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.Writing keeps us in touch with other people. We write to communicate with relatives and friends. We write to 36________ our family histories so our children and grandchildren can learn and 37_________ their heritage. With computers and Internet connections in so many38__________, colleges, and businesses, people are e-mailing friends and relatives all the time –or talking to them in writing in online 39_______ rooms. It is cheaper than calling long distance, and a lot more 40________than waiting until Sunday for the telephone 41_________ to drop. Students are e-mailing their professors to 42_________ and discuss their classroom assignments and to 43__________ them. They are e-mailing classmates to discuss and collaborate on homework. 44________________________________________________________.Despite the growing importance of computers, however, there will always be a place and need for the personal letter.45____________________________________. No matter what the content of the message, its real point is, "I want you to know that I care about you." 46_____________________________________________________, but only in the success of human relationships.选词填空What determines the kind of person you are? What factors make you more or less bold, intelligent, or able to read a map? All of these are influenced by the interaction of your genes and the environment in which you were47. The study of how genes and environment interact to influence 48 activity is known as behavioral genetics. Behavioral genetics has made important 49 to the biological revolution, providing information about the extent to which biology influences mind, brain and behavior.Any research that suggests that50 to perform certain behaviors are based in biology is controversial. Who wants to be told that there are limitations to what you can 51 based on something that is beyond your control, such as your genes? It is easy to accept that genes control physical characteristics such as sex, race and eye color. But can genes also determine whether people will get divorced, how52 they are, or what career they are likely to choose? A concern of psychological scientists is the 53 to which all of these characteristics are influenced by nature and nurture（养育）, by genetic makeup and the environment. Increasingly,science54 that genes lay the groundwork for many human traits. From this perspective, people are born 55 like undeveloped photographs: The image is already captured, but the way it 56 appears can vary based on the development process. However, the basic picture is there from the beginning.57. By“a one-way street”(Line l, Para, l),the author means_____.A) University researchers know litter about the commercial worldB) There is little exchange between industry and academiaC）Few industrial scientists world quit to work in a universityD) Few university professors are willing to do industrial research58. The word “deterrent” (Line 3, para.1) most probably refers to something that_____.A) Keeps someone from taking action C) Attracts people’s attentionB) Helps to move the traffic D) Bring someone a financial burden59. What was Helen Lee’s major consideration when she changed her jod in the middle of her career?A) Flexible word hours C) Her preference for the lifestyle on campusB) Her research interests D) Prospect of academic accomplishments.60. Guy Grant chose to work as a research at Cambridge in order to_______.A) Do financially more rewarding word. C) enrich his experience in medical researchB) raise his status in the academic word D) exploit better intellectual opportunities61. What contribution can industrial scientists make when they come to teach in a university?A) Increase its graduates’ competitiveness in the job marketB) Develop its students’ potential in researchC) Help it to obtain financial support from industryD) Gear its research towards practical applications62 William Farris study and other studies show that______A) Social life provides an effective cure for illnessB) Being sociable helps i mprove one’s quality of lifeC) Women benefit more than men from marriageD) Marriage contributes a great deal to longevity63 Linda Waite’s studies support the idea that________A) Order men should quit smoking to stay healthyB) Marriage can help make up for ill healthC) The married are happier than the unmarriedD) Unmarried people are likely to suffer in later life64 It can be inferred from the context that “flip side” (Line 5, para,2) refers to ________A) The disadvantages of being marriedB) The emotional problems arising from marriageC) The responsibility of taking care of one’s familyD）The consequence of a broken marriage65 What dose the author say about social networks?A) They have effects similar to those of a marriageB) They help develop people’s community spiritC) They provide timely support for those in needD) They help relieve people of their life’s burdens66 What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A) It’s important that we develop a social network when youngB) To stay healthy,one should have a proper social networkC）Getting a divorce means risking a reduced life spanD) We should share our social network with each other完形填空Over half the world's people now livein cities. The latest "Global Report onHuman Settlements" says the historicchange took place last year. The report ___67____ this week from U.N. Habitat, a United Nations agency.A century ago, ___68___ than 5% of all 67. A) came on B) cameC) came over D) came o68. A) more B) otherC) less D) rather69. A) By B) ThroughC) Along D) Topeople lived in cities. ___69__ the middle of thiscentury it could be 70%, or ___70___6,500,000,000 people.Already 3/4 of people in ___71___ countries live in cities. Now most urban population ___72___ is in the developing world.Urbanization can __73___ to social andeconomic progress, but also put __74___ oncities to provide housing and __75___. The newreport says almost 200,000 people move__76__ cities and towns each day. It says worsening inequalities, __77__ by social divisions anddifferences in ___78___, could lead to violence____79____ cities plan better.Another issue is urban sprawl. This is where cities ___80___ into rural areas, 70. D) really B) barelyC) ever A) almost71. A) flourishing B) developedC) thriving D) fertile72. A) extension B) additionD) raise C) growth73. A) keep C) turnB) lead D) refer74. A) pressure B) loadC) restraint D) weight75.A) surroundings D) communitiesC) concerns B) services76. A) onto B) intoC) around D) upon77. A) pulled C) drivenB) drawn D) pressed78. A) situationB) treasureC) wealth D) category79. A) when B) ifC) unless D) whereassometimes ___81__ a much faster rate than urban population growth.Sprawl is ___82___ in the United States. Americans move a lot. In a recent study, Art Hall at the University of Kansas found that people are moving away from the __83___ cities to smaller cities. He sees a _84__ toward "de-urbanization" across America.____85___ urban economies still provide____86____ that rural areas do not.80. A) extent B) C) extend D) expand81. A) on B) withC) at D) by82. A) ordinary B) averageC)common D) frequent83. A)major B) majorC) D) 84.A) B) futureC) D) trend85. A) therefore B) thusC) but D) while86. A)B) possibilitiesC) D) qualities翻译87．___________________(为了确保他参加会议)，I called him up in advance. 88．The significant museum______________(据说建成于)about a hundred years ago. 89．There would be no life on earth __________________ (没有地球独特的环境)。
随机过程第一、二章测验题答案(2010)
随机过程测试题一答案每题10分1. 在一汽车工厂中，一辆汽车有两道工序是由机器人完成的。
其一是紧固三只螺栓，其二是焊接两处焊点。
以X 表示由机器人紧固的螺栓不良的数目，以Y 表示由机器人焊接的焊点不良的数目。
据积累资料知),(Y X 具有分布律： Y X 0 1 2 3 0 0.840 0.030 0.020 0.010 1 0.060 0.010 0.008 0.002 20.0100.0050.0040.001(1)求EX ;(2)求]|[j Y X E =，2,1,0=j ;(3)验证 ∑====2}{]|[j j Y P j Y X E EX .解: (1) X 的分布律为 X 0 1 2 3 P0.9100.0450.0320.013148.0=EX .(2) Y 的分布律为 Y 0 1 2 P0.9000.0800.0200=Y 时，X 的条件分布律为X|0=Y 0 123P0.840/0.90.030/0.90.020/0.90.010/0.991]0|[==Y X E ;1=Y 时，X 的条件分布律为X|1=Y 0 123P0.060/0.080.010/0.080.008/0.080.002/0.084.0]1|[==Y X E ;2=Y 时，X 的条件分布律为X|2=Y0 1 2 3P 0.010/0.02 0.005/0.02 0.004/0.02 0.001/0.028.0]2|[==Y X E .(3) EX j Y P j Y X E j ==⨯+⨯+⨯===∑=148.002.08.008.04.09.091}{]|[2.2．设二维随机变量),(Y X 的概率密度为⎩⎨⎧<<=-.,00,),(其他，y x e y x f y(1)求EX;(2)对任意0>y ,求]|[y Y X E =;(3)验证⎰+∞==0)(]|[dy y f y Y X E EX Y .解: (1)当0>x 时, X 的概率密度为x xy xX e dy e dy y x f x f -+∞-+∞===⎰⎰),()(.1)(0===⎰⎰+∞-+∞dx xe dx x xf EX x X .(2) 对任意0>y , Y 的概率密度为y yy yY ye dx e dx y x f y f --===⎰⎰0),()(.⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧<<==.,0,0,1)(),()|(|其他y x y y f y x f y x f Y Y X21)|(]|[0|ydx y xdx y x f x y Y X E yY X ====⎰⎰+∞ (3)EX dy ye y dy y f y Y X E y Y ==Γ=⋅==⎰⎰+∞-+∞1)3(212)(]|[03．写出六种常见分布（退化、二项、泊松、均匀、指数、正态）的特征函数．分布 记号 概率密度或分布律)x (f特征函数)t (ψ退化 {c} 1}{==c X Pict e0-1 b(1,p) .1,0,}{1===-x q p x X P x x q pe it +二项b(n,p) 独立同分布于b(1,p)的n 个r.v.的和..,,1,0,}{1n x q p C x X P x x x n ===-n it q pe )(+泊松 )(P λ.,2,1,0,!}{ ===-x e x x X P xλλ)1(-it e eλ均匀U(a,b))(1)(),(x I ab x f b a -=t a b i e e iatibt )(--标准正态 N(0,1)2221)(x e x f -=π22t e-正态),(N 2σμ222)(21)(σμσπ--=x e x f2)(2t t i eσμ-指数 )(E λ)()(),0(x I e x f x +∞-=λλit-λλ4．关于独立随机变量序列}{n X ，下列哪些命题是正确的． (1)若 ,2,1,||=+∞<k X E k ，则∏∏===nk k nk k EX X E 11；(2) 若 ,2,1,2=+∞<k EX k ，则∑∑===nk k n k n VarX X Var 11)(；(3) 设)(t f k 为k X 的特征函数，)(t f n S 为∑==nk k n X S 1的特征函数，则∏==nk k S t f t f n 1)()(．(4) 设)(t k φ为k X 的矩母函数，)(t n S φ为∑==nk k n X S 1的矩母函数，则∑==nk k S t t n1)()(φφ．解：（4）错，应为 ∏==nk k S t t 1)()(φφ．5．设ηξ,是相互独立，且都为均值0，方差1的随机变量，令t t X ηξ+=)(，求随机过程}0),({≥t t X 的均值函数和相关函数. 解：;0)()()]([)(=+==ηξμtE E t X E t X;1)()()()]([)(222t D t D t D t X D t x +=+=+==ηξηξσ.1)()()()()()]()([),(22ts E E s t tsE E s X t X E s t R x +=+++==ηξηξ6．X (t )=Y cos(t )+Z sin(t ), t >0，Y , Z 相互独立，且 EY =EZ =0，DY =DZ =σ2. 讨论随机过程{X (t ), t >0}的平稳性.解： 0sin cos )]([)(=+==tEZ tEY t X E t X μ；)]()([),(s X t X E s t R X =).cos(sin sin cos cos )()cos sin sin (cos sin sin cos cos 22222s t EZ s t EY s t YZ E s t s t EZ s t EY s t -=⋅+⋅=++⋅+⋅=σ因)(t X μ为常数，),(s t R X 仅与s t -=τ有关，故)}({t X 是宽平稳过程.7．在电报信号)(t X 的传输过程中，信号由不同的电流符号A A -,给出，而电流的发送又有一个任意的持续时间，电流符号的转换是随机的. 设)(t X 在],0(t 时间内的变号次数)(t N 是参数为λ的泊松过程，且可以表示为)()1)(0()(t N X t X -=，又设)0(X 与}0),({≥t t N 独立，且5.0})0({})0({=-===A X P A X P ，求}0),({≥t t X 的均值函数.解：=)]([t X E 0.8．考虑电子管中的电子发射问题，设单位时间内到达阳极的电子数目N 服从参数为λ的泊松分布. 每个电子携带的能量构成一个随机变量序列 ,,21X X 已知}{k X 与N 独立，}{k X 之间互不相关并且具有相同的均值和方差2,σμ==k k DX EX . 单位时间内阳极接收到的能量为∑==Nk kXS 1. 求S 的均值.解：∑∑+∞=====1}{]|[n Nk kn N P n N XE ES∑∑+∞====01}{][n nk k n N P X E ∑+∞===01}{n n N P nEX∑+∞===01}{n n N nP EX λμ=⋅=1EX EN .9．随机过程}0),({≥t t W 称为参数为2σ的维纳过程, 如果 (1) 0)0(=W ；(2),0t s <≤∀))(,0(~)()(2s t N s W t W --σ；(3) ,0v u t s <<<≤∀ 增量)()(s W t W -与)()(u W v W -相互独立．(1)求}0),({≥t t W 的均值函数)]([t W E 和相关函数)]()([s W t W E . (2)}0),({≥t t W 是否为宽平稳过程？证明：(1),0≥∀t ),0(~)(2t N t W σ, 故0)]([)(==t W E t W μ；又,0t s <≤∀))(,0(~)()(2s t N s W t W --σ, 且增量)()(s W t W -与)(s W 相互独立，故)]()([)]())()([()]()([),(s W s W E s W s W t W E s W t W E s t R W +-==s s W D s W E s W t W E 2)]([)]([)]()([σ=+-=从而),min(),(2s t s t R W σ=.(2)由于),(s t R W 与出发时刻),min(s t 有关，因而}0),({≥t t W 不是宽平稳过程.10． 下面四个随机过程中哪些不是宽平稳过程(A) 随机相位正弦波过程：}0),cos()({≥Φ+=t t t X λ，其中),(~ππ-ΦU ，λ是常数. (B) 白噪声序列: },1,0,{ =n X n 是一列两两互不相关（即m n X EX m n ≠=,0）的随机变量序列，且满足2,0σ==n n DX EX . (C) 移动平均序列：},2,1,0,{11 ±±==∑=-+n a X ki in i n ε，其中},2,1,0,{ ±±=n n ε为白噪声序列，k a a a ,,,21 为任意实数.(D) 强度为λ的泊松过程}0),({≥t t N ，其中)(t N 表示到时刻t 为止事件A 发生的次数. 解: D .。
2010年12月大学英语四级考试真题和答案及解析
2010年12月大学英语四级考试真题和答案及解析月大学英语四级考试真题和答案及解析Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions ：For For this this this part, part, part, you you you are are are allowed allowed allowed 30 30 30 minutes minutes minutes to to to write write write a a a short short essay essay entitled entitled entitled How How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below. 1. 目前不少父母为孩子包办一切目前不少父母为孩子包办一切2. 为了让孩子独立, 父母应该……How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent? . . . Part II Reading Comprehension(Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked marked [A], [A], [A], [B], [B], [B], [C] and [C] and [D]. [D]. For For For questions questions questions 8-10, 8-10, 8-10, complete complete complete the the the sentences sentences sentences with with with the the the information information given in the passage. A Grassroots Remedy Most of us spend our lives seeking the natural world. To this end, we walk the dog, play golf, go go fishing, fishing, fishing, sit sit sit in in in the the the garden, garden, garden, drink drink drink outside outside outside rather rather rather than than than inside inside inside the the the pub, pub, pub, have have have a a a picnic, picnic, picnic, live live live in in in the the suburbs, go to the seaside, buy a weekend place in the country. The most popular leisure activity in Britain is going for a walk. And when joggers (慢跑者) jog, they don ’t run the streets. Every one of them instinctively heads to the park or the river. It is my profound belief that not only do we all need nature, but we all seek nature, whether we know we are doing so or not. But But despite despite despite this, this, our our children children children are are are growing growing growing up up up nature-deprived nature-deprived nature-deprived ((丧失). ). I I I spent spent spent my my my boyhood boyhood climbing trees on Streatham Common, South London. These days, children are robbed of these ancient ancient freedoms, freedoms, freedoms, due due to to problems problems problems like like like crime, crime, crime, traffic, traffic, traffic, the the the loss loss loss of of of the the the open open open spaces and spaces and odd odd new new perceptions about what is best for children, that is to say, things that can be bought, rather than things that can be found. The truth is to be found elsewhere. A study in the US: families had moved to better housing and and the the the children children children were were were assessed assessed assessed for for for ADHD ADHD —attention attention deficit deficit deficit hyperactivity hyperactivity hyperactivity disorder disorder disorder ((多动症). Those whose accommodation had more natural views showed an improvement of 19%; those who had the same improvement in material surroundings but no nice view improved just 4%. A A study study study in in in Sweden Sweden Sweden indicated indicated indicated that that that kindergarten kindergarten kindergarten children children children who who who could could could play play play in in in a a a natural natural environment environment had had had less less less illness illness illness and and and greater greater greater physical physical physical ability ability ability than than than children children children used used used only only only to to to a a a normal normal playground. playground. A A A US US US study study study suggested suggested suggested that that that when when when a a a school school school gave gave gave children children children access access access to to to a a a natural natural environment, academic levels were raised across the entire school. Another study found that children play differently in a natural environment. In playgrounds, children create a hierarchy (等级) based on physical abilities, with the tough ones taking the lead. But when a grassy area was planted with bushes, the children got much more into fantasy play, and the social hierarchy was now based on imagination and creativity. Most Most bullying bullying bullying ((恃强凌弱) ) is is is found found found in in in schools schools schools where where where there there there is is is a a a tarmac tarmac tarmac ((柏油碎石) playground; the least bullying is in a natural area that the children are encouraged to explore. This reminds me unpleasantly of Sunnyhill School in Streatham, with its harsh tarmac, where I used to hang about in corners fantasising about wildlife. But children are frequently discouraged from involvement with natural spaces, for health and safety reasons, for fear that they might get dirty or that they might cause damage. So, instead, the damage is done to the children themselves: not to their bodies but to their souls. One of the great problems of modern childhood is ADHD, now increasingly and expensively treated treated with with with drugs. drugs. drugs. Y et Y et one one one study study study after after after another another another indicates indicates indicates that that that contact contact contact with with with nature nature nature gives gives gives huge huge benefits to ADHD children. However, we spend money on drugs rather than on green places. The life of old people is measurably better when they have access to nature. The increasing emphasis for the growing population of old people is in quality rather than quantity of years. And study after study finds that a garden is the single most important thing in finding that quality. In wider and more more difficult difficult areas areas of of life, there is is evidence evidence to indicate indicate that that natural surroundings improve all kinds of things. Even problems with crime and aggressive behaviour are reduced when there is contact with the natural world. Dr William Bird, researcher from the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, states in his study, “A natural environment can reduce violent behaviour because its restorative process helps reduce anger and impulsive behaviour.” Wild places need encouraging for this reason, no matter how small their contribution. e W e tend tend tend to to to look look look on on on nature nature nature conservation conservation conservation as as as some some some kind kind kind of of of favour favour favour that that that human human human beings beings beings are are granting to the natural world. The error here is far too deep: not only do humans need nature for themselves, themselves, but but but the the the very very very idea idea idea that that that humanity humanity humanity and and and the the the natural natural natural world world world are are are separable separable separable things things things is is profoundly damaging. Human beings are a species of mammals (哺乳动物). For seven million years they lived on the planet as part of nature. Our ancestral selves miss the natural world and long for contact with non-human life. Anyone who has patted a dog, stroked a cat, sat under a tree with a pint of beer, given given or or or received received received a a a bunch bunch bunch of of of flowers flowers flowers or or or chosen chosen chosen to to to walk walk walk through through through the the the park park park on on on a a a nice nice nice day, day, understands that. We need the wild world. It is essential to our well-being, our health, our happiness. Without the wild world we are not more but less civilised. Without other living things around us we are less than human. Five ways to find harmony with the natural world Walk: Walk: Break Break Break the the the rhythm rhythm rhythm of of permanently permanently being being being under under under a a a roof. roof. roof. Get Get Get off off off a a a stop earlier, stop earlier, make make a a circuit of the park at lunchtime, walk the child to and from school, get a dog, feel yourself moving in moving air, look, listen, absorb. Sit: Take a moment, every now and then, to be still in an open space. In the garden, anywhere that ’s not in the office, anywhere out of the house, away from the routine. Sit under a tree, look at water, feel refreshed, ever so slightly renewed. Drink: Drink: The The The best best best way way way to to to enjoy enjoy enjoy the the the natural natural natural world world world is is is by by by yourself; yourself; yourself; the the the second second second best best best way way way is is is in in company. Take a drink outside with a good person, a good gathering: talk with the sun and the wind with birdsong for background. Learn: Learn: Expand Expand Expand your your your boundaries. boundaries. boundaries. Learn Learn Learn five five five species species species of of of bird, bird, bird, five five five butterflies, butterflies, butterflies, five five five trees, trees, trees, five five bird songs. That way, you see and hear more: and your mind responds gratefully to the greater amount of wildness in your life. Travel: Travel: The The The places places places you you you always always always wanted wanted wanted to to to visit: visit: visit: by by by the the the seaside, seaside, seaside, in in in the the the country, country, country, in in in the the the hills. hills. Take a weekend break, a day-trip, get out there and do it: for the scenery, for the way through the woods, woods, for for for the the the birds, birds, birds, for for for the the the bees. bees. bees. Go Go Go somewhere somewhere somewhere special special special and and and bring bring bring specialness specialness specialness home. home. home. It It It lasts lasts forever, after all. 上作答。
2010自考英语试卷(一)(二)答案
2010英语（一）1.D2.B3.A4.B5.A6.B7.C8.C9.D10.D11.D12.B13.A14.A15.C16.D17.C18.D19.D20.B21.D22.C23.A24.C25.D26.A27.B28.C29.A30.B31.C32.D33.C34.A35.D36.S park37.A ssign38.E ssential39.M islead40.D efend41.D etail42.O bvious43.E nergy44.F acility45.G rape46.H azard47.I magine48.L ocate49.C ertainly50.M ain51.O perate52.B enefit53.P assport54.A tomic55.R eflect56.S harpen57.D eparting58.D irector59.P ainful60.V ariety61.H appiness62.P artly63.C onsiderable64.E nable65.L ikely66.I regretted to tell her the news.67.H is plan has n’t got the approval from the authority yet.68.T his is the first British movie I have ever seen.69.T he research shows that most college students are taking part-timejob.70.I would have taken that camera if I had enough money with me onthat day.71.我认为电脑是到目前为止最伟大的发明。
首先，电脑引发了信息时代，把世界文明带入了一个全新的阶段。
西门子plc编程入门基础单选题100道及答案解析
西门子plc编程入门基础单选题100道及答案解析1. 在西门子PLC 中，常开触点对应的指令是（）A. OB. ONC. AD. AN答案：C解析：A 代表常开触点。
2. 西门子PLC 中，常闭触点对应的指令是（）A. OB. ONC. AD. AN答案：D解析：AN 代表常闭触点。
3. 以下哪个是西门子PLC 的置位指令（）A. SB. RC. SRD. RS答案：A解析：S 是置位指令。
4. 复位指令在西门子PLC 中是（）A. SB. RC. SRD. RS答案：B解析：R 是复位指令。
5. 西门子PLC 中，上升沿检测指令是（）A. PB. NC. EUD. ED答案：C解析：EU 是上升沿检测指令。
6. 下降沿检测指令在西门子PLC 里是（）A. PB. NC. EUD. ED答案：D解析：ED 是下降沿检测指令。
7. 西门子PLC 中，定时器指令是（）A. TB. CC. MD. V答案：A解析：T 代表定时器指令。
8. 计数器指令在西门子PLC 里是（）A. TB. CC. MD. V答案：B解析：C 是计数器指令。
9. 西门子PLC 编程中，数据存储区V 表示（）A. 变量存储区B. 位存储区C. 定时器存储区D. 计数器存储区答案：A解析：V 表示变量存储区。
10. 位存储区在西门子PLC 中用（）表示A. MB. IC. QD. V答案：A解析：M 代表位存储区。
11. 输入映像寄存器在西门子PLC 里是（）A. MB. IC. QD. V答案：B解析：I 是输入映像寄存器。
12. 输出映像寄存器在西门子PLC 中为（）A. MB. IC. QD. V答案：C解析：Q 是输出映像寄存器。
13. 西门子PLC 中，字节的表示符号是（）A. BB. WC. DD. L答案：A解析：B 表示字节。
14. 字在西门子PLC 中的表示符号是（）A. BB. WC. DD. L答案：B解析：W 表示字。
工业机器人系统操作考试题(附答案)
工业机器人系统操作考试题（附答案）一、单选题（共80题，每题1分，共80分）1、串联型负反馈使放大器（）A、A输入电阻增大B、B输入电阻下降C、C输出电阻增大D、D输出电阻下降正确答案：A2、应用通常的物理定律构成的传感器称之为OA、A物性型B、B结构型C、C一次仪表D、D二次仪表正确答案：B3、OT1功率放大器中与负载串联的电容器具有传送输出信号和（）的功能。
A、A隔直流B、B对电源滤波C、C提高输出信号电压D、D充当一个电源，保证晶体管能正常工作正确答案：D4、日本日立公司研制的经验学习机器人装配系统采用触觉传感器来有效地反映装配情况。
其触觉传感器属于下列（）传感器。
A、接触觉B、B接近觉C、C力/力矩D、D压觉正确答案：C5、示教-再现控制为种在线编程方式，它的最大问题是（）oA、操作人员安全问题B、容易产生废品C、操作人员劳动强度大D、占用生产时间正确答案：D6、装配机器人的规格确定，不考虑以下哪个问题。
OA、工作速度B、承载能力C、机器重量D、作业行程正确答案：C7、机器人的英文单词是OA^boretB、r obotC、botreD^rebot正确答案：B8、下列那种机器人不是军用机器人。
OA、A“红维“无人机B、B美国的“大狗”机器人C、C索尼公司的AIBO机器狗D、D“土拨鼠”正确答案：C9、时间继电器的作用是（）oA、延时通断主回路B、研室通断控制回路C、过电流保护D、短路保护正确答案：B10、ABB机器人标配的工业总线为（）oA^ProfibusDPB、C C-1inkC、DeviceNetD、RS485正确答案：CIKABB机器人在仿真环境下，进行手动线性运动后，位置会发生变化,（）操作可使机器人回到原始位置。
A、设定位置B、修改机械装置C、机械装置手动关节Ds回到机械原点正确答案：D12、在机器人搬运工作站中，用于控制机器人夹爪工具开合的动作信号是（）。
A、数字量输出信号B、数字量输入信号C、模拟量输入信号D、模拟量输出信号正确答案：A13、直线驱动机构中，传动效率最高的是（）。
N-STEP 1 试题
N-STEP 1 试题专营店: 姓名: 分数:一、是非题;1.(×) 欧姆定律公式V=I*R，如果电压保持固定而电阻增加时，则电流也会增加。
2.(√)串联回路-仅有单一通路公电流流通的回路，如果回路中一个组件或负载开路，则此回路不能再运作。
3.( × ) 在线路图内的所有接头图标皆从线束测来看。
4.(√) 一种电子操作开关在线圈控制回路中以低电压来驱动在接合点回路中高电压称之为继电器。
5.(√) ECCS系统要保持良好的运作关系，使用哪三个基本型式组件：传感器、控制器、执行器。
6.( √) 实际的引擎怠速是IACV-AAC阀从ECM收到讯号以调整旁通信道内的空气量。
7.( × ) 节气门位置开关侦测全开和全闭位置，这是引擎怠速，怠速混合比，激活作用的怠速点火的输出讯号。
8.( × ) 百分表适用来量测轴的弯曲或是失圆、平行度或表面的粗糙度。
9.( × ) 百分表量测工件当心轴推动时，指针移动方向为顺时针方向。
10.( × ) 为了完全燃烧一克的汽油，需要1.47g的空气，这种油气混合比称为理想油气混合比。
空气量。
12.( × ) 车轮校正所考虑的四个主要因素：外倾角/前束/前倾角/大王销倾角。
13.( √) 在起动引擎时和引擎再怠速时的点火正时一般是不同。
14.( √) ECCS系统之电动汽油帮上提供有一减震器以防止再送汽油时产生汽油脉冲。
15.( ×) 当电瓶电压低时，喷油量就会增加。
16.( ×) 悬吊的基本功能是保持滑顺的横向运动和正确的车轮位置。
18.( √) 如果质量空气流量感知器故障的话，虽不易，尚可激活引擎。
19.(×) 压缩比就是当活塞在下死点时汽缸内的容积与活塞在上死点时汽缸内的容积之比。
20.( ×) 自动变速箱之扭力变换器利用自动变速箱油的液压油将引擎的力量传到输出轴。
M-STEP I(2010)考题A
9. 以下是有关 MUT-III 的描述。请选择错误的描述。（ ） A. 用 MUT-III 确认 DTC 时，即使清除了也可以务数据时，最多可以同时显示 4 个项目。 C. 用 MUT-III 进行促动器测试时，可以在相同画面上显示服务数据。 D. 使用 MUT-III 的话，不能与别的系统同时通信或同时显示别的系统，如“MPI”及“AT”等等。
4
2010 年度三菱汽车 M-STEPI 技术等级考试试题 A
26. 自动变速器失速试验要分别在(
A. D 和 N。
B. R 和 N。
)档位进行。 C. D 和 R。
D. D 和 P。
27. 从下列关于驱动系统的描述中选出正确的选项。（ ） A. ECLIPSE (DK2A) 的差速器位在变速器中，使用自动变速器油润滑。 B. PAJERO (V97) 的分动箱位于自动变速器后方，使用与变速器同样的润滑油。 C. PAJERO (V97) 的分动箱有 4 个档位，在行驶时全部档位可自由切换。 D. 驾驶自动变速器的汽车下坡时，切换到 N 档行车可节省燃料，同时有保护变速器的作用。
2010 年度三菱汽车 M-STEPI 技术等级考试试题 A 一、以下共 50 道试题；每题错误一个空格，则整道题不给分。
1.以下是 OUTLANDER EX 多媒体信息显示屏的显示画面，请选择属于该画面的说明填入括号内。
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)
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A. 发动机冷却水温过高 B. 车速过快，车速报警 C. 燃油不足 D. 自动变速器故障 E. 自动变速 器油温过高 F. 燃油系统异常 G. 蓄电池不良 H. 前照灯不亮 I. ASC 故障 J. 前照灯自动调平系 统故障
10. 以下是有关 MUT-III 的描述。请选择错误的描述。( ) A. MUT-III 有示波器功能。 B. MUT-III 有 ECU 程序改写功能。 C. MUT-III 有燃油消耗计量功能。 D. MUT-III 有电流测定功能。
2010年12月全国大学英语四级考试真题和答案
2010年12月全国大学英语四级考试真题和答案Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1. 目前不少父母为孩子包办一切2. 为了让孩子独立, 父母应该……How Should Parents Help Children to Be IndependentPart II Reading Comprehension(Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.A Grassroots RemedyMost of us spend our lives seeking the natural world. To this end, we walk the dog, play golf, go fishing, sit in the garden, drink outside rather than inside the pub, have a picnic, live in the suburbs, go to the seaside, buy a weekend place in the country. The most popular leisure activity in Britain is going for a walk. And when joggers (慢跑者) jog, they don't run the streets. Every one of them instinctively heads to the park or the river. It is my profound belief that not only do we all need nature, but we all seek nature, whether we know we are doing so or not.But despite this, our children are growing up nature-deprived (丧失). I spent my boyhood climbing trees on Streatham Common, South London. These days, children are robbed ofthese ancient freedoms, due to problems like crime, traffic, the loss of the open spaces and odd new perceptions about what is best for children, that is to say, things that can be bought, rather than things that can be found.The truth is to be found elsewhere. A study in the US: families had moved to better housing and the children were assessed for ADHD-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (多动症). Those whose accommodation had more natural views showed an improvement of 19%; those who had the same improvement in material surroundings but no nice view improved just 4%.A study in Sweden indicated that kindergarten children who could play in a natural environment had less illness and greater physical ability than children used only to a normal playground.A US study suggested that when a school gave children access to a natural environment, academic levels were raised across the entire school.Another study found that children play differently in a natural environment. In playgrounds, children create a hierarchy (等级) based on physical abilities, with the tough ones taking the lead. But when a grassy area was planted with bushes, the children got much more into fantasy play, and the social hierarchy was now based on imagination and creativity.Most bullying (恃强凌弱) is found in schools where there is a tarmac (柏油碎石) playground; the least bullying is in a natural area that the children are encouraged to explore. This reminds me unpleasantly of Sunnyhill School in Streatham, with its harsh tarmac, where I used to hang about in corners fantasising about wildlife.But children are frequently discouraged from involvement with natural spaces, for health and safety reasons, for fear thatthey might get dirty or that they might cause damage. So, instead, the damage is done to the children themselves: not to their bodies but to their souls.One of the great problems of modern childhood is ADHD, now increasingly and expensively treated with drugs. Yet one study after another indicates that contact with nature gives huge benefits to ADHD children. However, we spend money on drugs rather than on green places.The life of old people is measurably better when they have access to nature. The increasing emphasis for the growing population of old people is in quality rather than quantity of years. And study after study finds that a garden is the single most important thing in finding that quality.In wider and more difficult areas of life, there is evidence to indicate that natural surroundings improve all kinds of things. Even problems with crime and aggressive behaviour are reduced when there is contact with the natural world.Dr William Bird, researcher from the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, states in his study, "A natural environment can reduce violent behaviour because its restorative process helps reduce anger and impulsive behaviour." Wild places need encouraging for this reason, no matter how small their contribution.We tend to look on nature conservation as some kind of favour that human beings are granting to the natural world. The error here is far too deep: not only do humans need nature for themselves, but the very idea that humanity and the natural world are separable things is profoundly damaging.Human beings are a species of mammals (哺乳动物). For seven million years they lived on the planet as part of nature. Ourancestral selves miss the natural world and long for contact with non-human life. Anyone who has patted a dog, stroked a cat, sat under a tree with a pint of beer, given or received a bunch of flowers or chosen to walk through the park on a nice day, understands that.We need the wild world. It is essential to our well-being, our health, our happiness. Without the wild world we are not more but less civilised. Without other living things around us we are less than human.Five ways to find harmony with the natural worldWalk: Break the rhythm of permanently being under a roof. Get off a stop earlier, make a circuit of the park at lunchtime, walk the child to and from school, get a dog, feel yourself moving in moving air, look, listen, absorb.Sit: Take a moment, every now and then, to be still in an open space. In the garden, anywhere that's not in the office, anywhere out of the house, away from the routine. Sit under a tree, look at water, feel refreshed, ever so slightly renewed.Drink: The best way to enjoy the natural world is by yourself; the second best way is in company. Take a drink outside with a good person, a good gathering: talk with the sun and the wind with birdsong for background.Learn: Expand your boundaries. Learn five species of bird, five butterflies, five trees, five bird songs. That way, you see and hear more: and your mind responds gratefully to the greater amount of wildness in your life.Travel: The places you always wanted to visit: by the seaside, in the country, in the hills. Take a weekend break, a day-trip, get out there and do it: for the scenery, for the way through the woods, for the birds, for the bees. Go somewhere special andbring specialness home. It lasts forever, after all.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
M-STEP 1 exam Bdoc
1、请从框内选出正确的语句填入 ( ) 中。
1) 所谓MIVEC ，是用于4G69发动机的可变 ( ) ，能够提高 ( ) 和 ( ) 。
2) INVECS-II 是用于 ( ) 的 ( ) 。
3) ( ) 是警告器或报时器系统，具有头灯自动断电功能或车内灯延迟关灯功能。
A:点火正时 B:喷射正时 C:气门正时 D:自动变速器 E:制动系统F:4轮驱动系统G:SWSH:ABS I:EBD J:ETACSK:低振噪 L:怠速稳定性 M:高输出 N:低震动 O:降低换档冲击 P:变速控制 Q:制动控制 R:油压控制2、 关于汽油发动机的描述，请从框内选出正确的选项填入 ( ) 中。
1) 4G69发动机的点火顺序是 ( ) 。
2) 6G72发动机的点火顺序是 ( ) 。
3) 4冲程发动机的各行程以 ( ) 的顺序进行。
4) 在汽油发动机的排气上死点附近时，进气门、排气门处于打开状态,这称作 ( ) 。
5) 4G69发动机是由 ( ) 个凸轮轴构成的 ( ) 发动机。
A ：1-2-3-4 B ：1-3-4-2 C ：1-2-4-3 D ：1-4-3-2E ：1-2-3-4-5-6F ：1-5-3-6-2-4G ：1-4-2-5-3-6H ：1-6-2-5-3-4 I:吸气-压缩-膨胀-排气 J:吸气-膨胀-压缩-排气 K:吸气-排气-压缩-膨胀 L:气门间隙 M:气门粘着 N:气门重叠 O:气门振动 P ：1 Q ：2 R ：4 S ：SOHC T ：DOHC3、从下列关于4G69发动机的描述中选出正确的选项。
A 4G69发动机的怠速转速可以通过节气门附近的调整螺栓进行调整。
B 4G69发动机的驱动带采用自动张紧装置进行张力检查，无法调整。
C 4G69发动机的点火正时基本上无需调整,但若使用MUT-III ，可作调整。
D 4G69发动机行驶40,000km 后应当更换火花塞。
4、 发动机性能曲线的各个曲线表示的是什么，请从选项中选出正确答案。
2010年考研英语真题(含答案解析)
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting大1家workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 大2家giving their name to the "Hawthorneeffect", the extremely influential idea that the very 大3家to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the 大4家behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 大5家of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 大6家what was done in the experiment; 大7家something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 大8家that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 大9家to alter workers' behavior 大10家itself.After several decades, the same data were 大11家to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments hasanother surprise store 大12家the descriptions on record, no systematic 大13家was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 大14家interpretation of whathapped. 大15家, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output大16家rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 大18家, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 大19家to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 大20家 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] peculiar to13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued18. [A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile19. [A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D]intended20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hittingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to w riters who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lif etime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents." Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its state street Bank ruling. The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too manypatents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word "about-face" (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people. Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call "global cascades"– the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32. The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted[B] The impulse to influence others[C] The readiness to be influenced[D] The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules. It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers[D] reevaluate some of their assets.37. According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A] the diminishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking system[C] the banks' long-term asset losses[D] the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to[A] keep away from political influences.[B] evade the pressure from their peers.[C] act on their own in rule-setting.[D] take gradual measures in reform.39. The author thinks the banks were "on the wrong planet" in that they[A] misinterpreted market price indicators[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A] satisfaction.[B] skepticism.[C] objectiveness[D] sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41→42→43→44→E→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such,within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "postgraduate association" instead.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案46.科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其大意是：如果鸟类无法控制害虫，那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。
2010年12月四级真题综合能力部分(附答案详解)
PartⅤCloze(15minutes)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. Foreach blank there are four choices marked [ A], [B],[C] and [D]on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE thatbest fits into the passage. Th en mark the corresponding letteron Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
Over half the world’s people now live in cities. The latest “Global Report on HumanSettlements” says a s ignificant change took place last year. The report 67 this week from U.N.Habitat, a United Nations agen cy.A century ago, 68 than five percent of all people lived in cities.69 the middle of this century itcould be seventy percent, or 70 six and a half billion people.Already three-fourths of people in 71 countries live in cities. Now most urban population 72 isin the dev eloping world.Urbanization can 73 to social and economic progress, but also put 74 on cities to providehousing and 75 . The new report says almost two hundred thousand people move 76 cities andtowns each day. It says worsening inequalities,77 by social divisions and differences in 78 , couldresult in violence and crime 79 cities plan better.Another issue is urban sprawl (无序扩展的城区). This is where cities 80 quickly into rural areas,sometimes 81 a much faster rate than urban populati on growth.Sprawl is 82 in the United States. Americans move a lot. In a recent study, Art Hall at theUniversity of K ansas found that people are moving away from the 83 cities to smaller ones. He seesa 84 toward “de-ur banization” across the nation.85 urban economies still provide many 86 that rural areas do not.67. [A] came on [C] came over[B] came off [D] came out68. [A] more [C] less[B] other [D] rather69. [A] By [C] Along[B] Through [D] To70. [A] really [C] ever[B] barely [D] almost71. [A] flourishing [C] thriving[B] developed [D] fertile72. [A] extension [C] raise[B] addition [D] growth73. [A] keep [C] lead[B] turn [D] refer74. [A] pressure [C] restraint[B] load [D] weight75. [A] surroundings [C] concerns[B] communities [D] services76. [A] onto [C] around[B] into [D] upon77. [A] pulled [C] drawn[B] driven [D] pressed78. [A] situation [C] treasure[B] wealth [D] category79. [A] when [C] unless[B] if [D] whereas80. [A] expand [C] invade[B] split [D] enlarge81. [A] in [C] with[B] beyond [D] at82. [A] common [C] ordinary[B] conventional [D] frequent83. [A] essential [C] primitive[B] prior [D] major84. [A] trend [C] direction[B] style [D] path85. [A] Then [C] For[B] But [D] While86. [A] abilities [C] possibilities[B] qualities [D] realitiesPart VI Translation (5 minutes)Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. Please write your translation on Answer Sheet 2.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答，只需写出译文部分。
M-STEPI（2010）考题B
M-STEPI（2010）考题B⼀、以下共50道试题；每题错误⼀个空格，则整道题不给分。
1.请从下图选择OUTLANDER EX(4WD)不恰当的牵引⽅法。
( )A.B.C.2. 以下信息中，⽤户使⽤⼿册上没有记载的是哪个？（）A. ⽕花塞的型号。
B. ⽕花塞的更换⽅法。
C. 蓄电池的型号。
D. 轮胎尺⼨。
3. 以下是有关OUTLANDER E X⽤户使⽤⼿册记载内容的描述，请选择正确的描述。
( )A. 记载内容有1台车辆可以登录⼏个KOS钥匙。
B. 关于⼉童座椅的安装⽅法，由于各⽣产⼚家有所不同，因此⽤户⼿册上没有记载。
C. 不可饮酒驾驶是理所当然的，因此⽤户⼿册上没有记载该注意事项。
D. 关于轮胎，记载内容有：尺⼨、⽣产⼚家、规定的⽓压等。
以下是有关交车前检查（PDI）⾥的定期检查与维修⼿册的描述，请选择错误的描述。
A. 推荐制动液定期更换。
B. 推荐动⼒转向液定期更换。
C..推荐发动机冷却⽔定期更换。
D. 推荐CVT油定期更换。
E. 不推荐蓄电池定期更换。
5. 以下是有关维修⼿册的描述，请选择正确的描述。
( )A. 顾客对空调开关的操作提出了问题，因此参照维修⼿册给予了回答。
B. 顾客对车辆质保期提出了问题，因此参照维修⼿册给予了回答。
C. 为了确认轮胎胎压，参照了维修⼿册“第31组车轮和轮胎”。
D. 更换机油的⽅法，维修⼿册上也有记载。
6. 以下是有关维修⼿册的描述，请选择正确的描述。
（）A. 从接插件后部检查电压有可能损伤接插件，因此所有的接插件都禁⽌这样做。
B. 维修⼿册上也有关于⾼压洗车的注意事项说明。
C. 有关作业所需要的特殊⼯具，要参照“第100组特殊⼯具”。
D．维修⼿册上对需要定期更换的配件，也有配件代码的记载。
7. 以下是有关交车前检查（PDI）⼿册记载内容的描述，请选择正确的描述。
( )A. 检查项⽬中不包括前差速器/后差速器油量。
B. 就现在的车辆⽽⾔，检查项⽬中不包括点⽕正时的检查。
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2010年N-STEP 1 学科试题
专营店：姓名：得分：
一.是非題：40%
1.（）电子刹车力分配(EBD)中发生故障时，刹车警示灯和A BS 警示灯会在相同时间亮起。
2.（）最小回转半径表示当方向盘朝一边打到底，车辆以慢速转弯时，内侧车轮的回转半径。
3.（）在车轮校正中，前束可以帮助方向盘回复至原来位置。
4.（）ECCS发动机的燃油喷射控制，是依据节气门位置传感器的讯号来得知进气量。
5.（）ECCS发动机的点火正时控制，是依据节气门位置传感器与发动机转速讯号计算得知。
6.（）HR16/MR18/MR20是Nissan 第一款进气及排气系统反置的汽油发动机，也就是排气端
位于车前，进气端则位于防火墙侧。
7.（）如果TCM发生故障，务必更换TCM单件，因為TCM无法从新设定。
8.（）凸轮轴位置传感器是以一个脉冲输入讯号送入ECM以控制：燃油喷油正时、点火正
时……..
9.（）悬吊的基本功能是保持滑顺的垂直运动和正确的车轮位置。
10.（）燃烧所需要的空气和燃油的混合比率称为油气混合比，是体积的百分比而不是重量的
百分比。
11.（）如果气门间隙太大或太小，气门正时会改变。
使的发动机的性能受到负面的影响。
12.（）冷却水温度不会影响点火正时。
13.（）采用发动机晶片防盗器作为配备智慧型钥匙系统的车辆的防盗装置，安全指示灯
安裝在综合仪表板，它由ECM 控制。
14.（）轩逸所搭载的EPS，CA N(H)及CAN(L)线有与EPS控制单元连接。
15.（）氧传感器侦测排气的氧气密度並侦测空燃比。
16.（）ECCS系統之电动汽油邦上提供有一减震器以防止再送汽油時产生汽油脉冲。
17.（）自动变速箱之扭力变换器利用自动变速箱油的液压油將发动机的力量传到输出轴。
18.（）骐达車系的燃油供应管路，設計成供油管而无回油管，目的是要降低油箱燃油的温度。
19.（）喷油嘴喷油方式是当ECM送讯号给喷油嘴，喷油嘴内的线圈推出针阀且燃油经喷油
嘴孔释放燃油。
喷射燃料受ECM根据脉冲时间控制。
20.（）变速箱内有多个齿轮能以相同的模式结合以调整扭力和速度。
二、選擇題: 40%
1.( ) 車輪定位(A)外傾角(B)後傾角(C)前束(D)大王銷傾角的功用是穩定行駛的方向
以及幫助方向盤回到原來的位置。
2.( ) C11及G11車，下列何種學習沒有(A)油門踏板釋放位置學習(B)節氣門關閉位置學習
(C)節氣門開啟位置學習(D)惰速空氣量學習。
3.( ) 扭力(T) = 力×距離= F(kg) × r(m) 扭力符號是以(A) kg/m(B) kg × m (C) kg-m
(D) 以上皆是來代表
4.( ) 進行自動變速箱失速測試的結果是，各檔位發動機轉速都偏高，請問哪個是最可能的
原因（A）管路壓力低（B）ATF油不足（C）發動機動力不夠
（D）變扭器單向離合器卡住
5.( ) 智慧型鑰匙系統車門上鎖/開鎖功能的車門天線偵測區域(操作範圍)是大約離每支車外
天線約(A)70㎝(B)80㎝(C)90㎝(D)100㎝的範圍。
6.( ) 混合气过稀或过浓都会使废气中的（A）NOX（B）CO（C）HC（D）CO2
7.( ) 调整气门间隙时，在那个行程是教好位置（A）进气行程（B）压缩行程（C）燃烧行
程（D）排气行程
8.( ) VQ发动机第二缸在进气上死点时，第几缸在动力上死点（A）第三缸（B）第四缸
（C）第五缸（D）第六缸
9.( ) ECCS电瓶电压讯号是为（A）输入ECM之讯号（B）ECM之输出讯号（C）两者均
有可能（D）两者均不可能
10.( ) 在 4 缸四行程引擎上，凸輪軸每轉180 度發生幾次燃燒行程(A) 四次
(B) 三次(C) 二次(D) 一次。
11.( ) 废气再循环（EGR）系统主要是用来（A）减少CO含量（B）减少NOX含量
（C）减少HC含量（D）减少O2含量
12.( ) 支撑车身的重量并隔绝路面的冲击是（A）弹簧（B）减震器（C）平衡杆（D）拉杆
13.( ) 在日产VQ系列发动机中，下面哪个传感器没有被用来进行燃油喷射量控制。
（A）水温传感器（B）行车速率传感器（C）进气温度传感器（D）前氧传感器14.( ) 在下列有關日產連續可變氣門正時控制系統（CVTC）的描述中，正確的項目是
（A）C-VTC控制排氣門正時。
（B）C-VTC目的是提升中低速扭距。
（C）發動機轉
速越高，氣門正時提前角越大。
（D）發動機負荷越大，氣門正時提前角越大。
15.( ) 在下列机油中，请选择可适用于最宽环境温度范围的是？（A）5W-30（B）5W-40
（C）10W-30（D）10W-40
16.( ) 檢查ATF油液的結果是呈乳狀粉紅色，可能的原因是（A）摩擦材料的磨損
（B）進水（C）過熱氧化造成（D）正常
17.( ) 下列哪个系统部件与VDC控制无关？（A）方向盘转角位置传感器（B）发动机转速
传感器（C）G传感器（D）ABS轮速传感器
18.( ) 下列有关SRS辅助约束系统的叙述，整确的是（A）即使主电源在碰撞过程中不起作
用，SRS系统也能正常工作（B）可以使用万用表检查SRS电路（C）放置拆下来的
正面气囊模块时，外包软垫面应朝下
19.( ) 理想之空气燃油混合比为（A）12.7 ：1（B）13.7 ：1（C）14.7 ：1（D）15.7：1
20.( ) 半导体会因光或磁场而改变方向的是（A）电压（B）电阻（C）电流（D）以上皆非
三、计算题：20%
1.求下图（1）总电阻（2）总电流（写出计算公式）
150Ω
150Ω200Ω125Ω
12V。