工业产品设计外文翻译参考文献
工业精益生产外文翻译文献
工业精益生产外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Literature review of JIT-KANBAN systemAbstract In this paper, JIT (Just-In-Time) -KANBAN literature survey was carried out and presented.The introductory section deals with the philosophy of JIT,and the concept involved in the push and pull system. The blocking mechanisms in the kanban system are also discussed elaborately. Besides these sections, the importance of measure of performance (MOP) and the applicationof the same with respect to JIT-KANBAN are presented. The recent trends in the JIT-KANBAN are discussed under the heading “Special cases”. In this review, 100 state-of-art research papers have been surveyed. The directions for the future works are also presented.1 IntroductionJust -In-Time (JIT) manufacturing system was developed by Taiichi Ohno which is called Japanese “Toyota production system”JIT manufacturing system has the primary goal of continuously reducing and ultimately eliminating all forms of wastes (Brown et al. [5],Ohno [54], Sugimori et al. [82]). Based on this principle,Japanese companies are operating with very low level of inventory and realizing exceptionally high level of quality and productivity (Richard J. Tersine [62], James H. Greene [30]). JIT emphasizes “zero concept” which means achievement of the goals of zero defects, zero queues，zero inventories, zero breakdown and so on. It ensures the supply of right parts in right quantity in the right place and at the right time. Hence, the old system of material acquisition and, buyer and seller relationships are changed to new revolutionary concepts (Womack et al. [91], Womack and Jones [92], Markey et al. [45]). Similarly, JIT becomes an inevitable system at plant level, which integrates the cellular manufacturing, flexible manufacturing, computer integrated manufacturing and Robotics (Schonberger [63], Golhar [12]).Due to the technological advancement, the conventional method of push production system linked with Material Requirement Planning (MRP) was changed to pull type JIT production system to meet out the global competition, where the work-in-process (WIP) can be managed and controlled more accurately than the push- production system (Mason Paul [46]).KANBAN system is a new philosophy, which plays a significant role in the JIT production system. Kanban is basically a plastic card containing all the information required for production assembly of a product at each stage and details of its path of completion. The kanban system is a multistage production scheduling and inventory control ystem. These cards are used to control production flow sand inventory. This system facilitates high production volume and high capacity utilization with reduced production time and work-in-process.The objectives of this paper are as listed below1) Critical review of JIT literature.2) Segregating the different research articles of JIT.3) Exploring the recent trends in JIT-Kanban system and deriving directions for future research.In this paper, the articles are reviewed and an appropriate classification is presented.The kanban study was made elaborately, since it acts as a basic communicator and feedback agent to the JIT system. Push and pull system, principle of operation of kanban cards, Blocking mechanism, Toyota’s formula,and the measures of performances (MOP) are also discussed in this paper. The latest trends in JIT-Kanban system are also addressed separately under the heading “Special cases”. Finally, the directions for future researches are presented.6.1.1 Flow shopKanban system is widely implemented in repetitive manufacturing environment. For a single card operational system, Sharadhapriyadarishini et al. [77] have developed two heuristics and proved that these are more efficient. Saradhapriyadarishini et al. [78] have proposed a recursive equation for scheduling the single card kanban system with dual blocking. They proposed a heuristic with twin objectives of minimizing the sum of total weighted time of containers and weighted flow time of part-types. Rajendran [61] has done a work on two card flow shop scheduling with n part-types. In this paper, mathematical models for time tabling of containers for different problems have been formulated. Then, a heuristic was developed to minimize the sumof weighted flow time, weighted earliness, and weighted tardiness of containers. Hemamalini et al. [22] have done similar work. In this work, the heuristic developed is simulated annealing algorithm. This is compared with randomsearchmethod. In these papers, the comparisons are done only based on mean relative percentage increase. Instead of this approach, comparisons based on complete ANOVA experiments would provide reliable inference.Peter Brucker et al. [58] have carried out research on flow shop problem with a buffer of limited capacity between two adjacent machines. After finishing the processing of a job on a machine, either the job is to be processed on the following machine or it is to be stored in the buffer between these machines. If the buffer is completely occupied, the job has to wait on its current machine but blocks this machine for other jobs. In this paper, they determined a feasible schedule to minimize the makespan using tabu search. The results of the problem using tabu search were compared with that of benchmark instances. The comparisons are done only based on relative improvements. Instead of this approach, comparisons based on complete ANOVA experiments would provide reliable inference.6.1.2 Assembly lineAssembly lines are similar to the flow shops in which assembly of parts are carried out in a line sequence. In a multi product assembly line, the sequencing of the jobs is a challenging task. Drexl et al. [16] considered an assembly line sequencing mixed model problem. It is a combinatorial problem. They formulated this combinational problem as integer programming model. This model can be used only for small size problems due to the limitations of operations research software with respect to handling the number of variables and constraints, which are present in the integerprogramming model. Xiaobo et al. [94] have considered similar work on mixed model assembly line sequencing problem with conveyorstoppages. They proposed branch and bound algorithm, and simulated annealing algorithm for finding the optimal solution and sub-optimal solution of the mixed-model sequencing problem, respectively to minimize the total conveyor stoppage time. The branchand- bound method was devoted to find the optimal solution of small-sized problems, whereas the simulated annealing method was used to cope with large-scale problems to obtain a good sub-optimal solution. Future, research on simulated annealing applied to this problem can be directed to establish a better seed generation algorithm. However, the practitioner should spend considerable time in fixing the parameter called temperature (T) in the simulated annealing algorithm by trail and error method before actually solving the problem.6.1.3 Batch production systemIn a batch production system, the switching over from one product to other product depends on many factors such as stock reaching to the threshold level, different priority schemes, economical setups, etc. Tafur Altiok et al. [86] have dealt this issue differently for the pull type manufacturing system with multi product types. In this paper, they developed an iterative procedure to approximately compute the average inventory level of each product as finished goods using different priority schemes. In this paper, the demand arrival process is assumed to be a poisson distribution and processing times and the set-up times are arbitrarily distributed. But, in practice, the processing times may followother distributions, viz., normal, uniform, exponential, etc. which are not experimented in this paper. Khan et al. [35] addressed the problem of manufacturing system that procures raw materials from vendors in lot and convert them into finished products. They estimated production batch sizes for JIT delivery system and designed a JIT raw material supply system. A simple algorithm was developed to compute the batch sizes for both manufacturing and raw material purchasing policies.7 JIT integration, implementation and benefitsJust-in-time is a manufacturing philosophy by which an organization seeks continuous improvements. For ensuring continuous improvements, it is necessary for any organization to implement and integrate the JIT and JIT related areas. If it is practiced in its true sense, the manufacturing performance and the financial performance of the system will definitely improve.Swanson et al. [83] have reiterated that proper planning is essential for implementation of a JIT manufacturing system and a commitment from top management is a prerequisite. Cost benefit analysis is to be studied initially with the knowledge of key items such as the cost of conversion to a JIT system and time period of conversion. Cook et al. [11], in their case study for applying JIT in the continuous process industry, show improvements in demand forecast and decrease in lead-time variability.The relationship between implementation of TQM, TPM and JIT will lead to improvement in the manufacturing performance (Kribty et al. [37]). Further Huang [23] discusses the importance of considering the integration of TPM, JIT, Quality control and FA (Factory Automization). Imai [27] believes that TQM and TPM are the two pillars supporting the JIT production system. Kakuro Amasaka [32] proposes a new JIT management system, which helps to transfer the management technology into management strategy.Fullerton et al. [65] have conducted a study in 253 firms in USA to evaluate empirically whether the degree with which a firm implements the JIT practices affects the firms financial performance. From their study, JIT manufacturing system will reap sustainable rewards as measured by improved financial performance. Also, they studied the benefits of JIT implementation in 95 firms in USA. They have concluded that JIT implementation improves the performance of the system, because of resultant quality benefits, time based benefits, employees flexibility, accounting simplification, firms profitability and reduced inventory level.8 ConclusionThe growing global competition forces many companies to reduce the costs of their inputs so that the companies can have greater profit margin. There are considerable advancements in technology and solution procedures in reality, to achieve the goal of minimizing the costs of inputs. JIT-KANBAN is an importantsystem, which is used in production lines of many industries to minimize work-in-process and throughput time, and maximize line efficiency. In this paper, the authors have made an attempt to review the state-of-art of the research articles in the area “JIT-KANBAN system”. After a brief introduction to push and pull systems, different types of kanban and their operating principles, blocking mechanisms, the authors have classified the research articles under JIT-KANBAN system into five major headings, viz., empirical theory, modeling approach, variability and its effect, CONWIP and JIT-SCM. Also, the authors have provided a section for special cases under JIT-KANBAN. This paper would help the researchers to update themselves about the current directions and different issues under JIT-KANBAN system, which would further guide them for their future researches.The directions for future researches are presented below.The flow shop as well as mixed model assembly line problems come under combinatorial category. Hence, meta-heuristics viz., simulated annealing, genetic algorithm and tabu search may be used to find solution to determine the minimum number of kanbans and other measures. In simulated annealing algorithm, researchers can aim to device a better seed generation algorithm which will ensures better starting solution. In most of the papers, comparisons are done only based on relative improvements. Instead of this approach, comparisons based on complete ANOVA experiments would provide reliable inferences.This algorithm developed by Elizabeth Vergara et al. [18] uses only two-point crossover genetic operators. A third genetic operator may be introduced to further improve the performance of the evolutionary algorithm. The evolutionary algorithm may be modified to handle complex supply chain problem. In JIT-SCM related research works, effort should be directed to develop simulation as well as meta-heuristics to derive results under probabilistic conditions.In the work of Sarah M. Rayan et al. [69], the application of single chain analysis for multiple chain operation raises an open question whether a single WIP level should be maintained for all products or individual levels for each product. Further, most of the studies use simulation. Hence, future research shall be directed to develop improved search procedures for finding WIP levels in kanban systems. As an extension to the work of Krieg et al. [38], a decomposition algorithm can be developed for multiproduct kanban systems with state dependent setups. The adaptive approach suggested by Tardif et al. [85] may be extended for multi-stage, multi-product kanban system. The work of Lai et al. [41] can be extended by including more variables and elements and conducting experiments to investigate the stability of the system under various conditions such as the sudden increase in demand and random demand, experimenting on the system behaviour of different types of customer and modes of manufacturing. The nested partitioned method provided by Leyuan Shi and Shuli Men [43] can be enhanced by incorporating any one or a combination of the many other heuristicsviz., elaborate partitioning, sampling, backtracking scheme, simulation, etc. Then, they can be applied to combinatorial problems of this type Ants colony optimization algorithm is a recent inclusion to the existing meta-heuristics viz., simulated annealing algorithm, genetic algorithm and tabu search. So, a researcher can study the solution accuracy as well as required computational time of this algorithm for his/her JIT problem of interest, which falls under combinatorial category and compare its results with the results of the other three heuristics (meta-heuristics).Source:C.Sendil Kumar, R.Panneerselvam, 2007.“Literature review of JIT-KANBAN system”.The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol.32,no.5,August.pp.393-408.翻译：JIT看板系统的文献回顾摘要：在本文中，通过对JIT（实时）看板文献的调查提交相关的报告。
包豪斯工业设计外文翻译文献
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文Germany Bauhaus design and Future Design TrendAbstractGerman Bauhaus had a significant influence on the modern design education, meanwhile, it established the foundation of the leading position in the world for German industrial design. Through analyzing on current industrial design conditions from different countries, art design is considered as the main part of industrial design. This paper reviewed the last 10 years’ development of industrial design program in Zhejiang University of Science and Technology. The industrial design program have taken considerable achievements in many fields, such as the practice of Germany model, disciplines construction, teaching reform, manufactures & college cooperation, project teaching and design competitions. And Y ou cannot ignore the industrial design ten trend Keywords: Bauhaus, industrial design, project teaching, practice , 10 Industrial Design Trends1. German Bauhaus and industrial designGerman Bauhaus Design and Future Design TrendsAbstractGerman Bauhaus has a significant influence. At the same time, modern design education laid the foundation for the world's leading German industrial design. By analyzing the current industrial design conditions in different countries, artistic design is considered as the main industrial design. This article reviews the process of developing industrial designs in the last 10 years. Industrial design programs have taken considerable success in many areas such as the German practice model, professional construction, teaching reform, collaboration between production and engineering colleges, teaching and design competitions and ten trends in industrial design that you cannot ignore.Key words: ten trends of Bauhaus, industrial design, project teaching, practice, industrial design1. German Bauhaus and Industrial DesignIn 1919, the school had built Bauhaus Weimar, Germany. This is known as the “cradle of world industrial design” and the history of this milestone art design. Bauhaus believes that the most important thing is to allow students to explore their own ways of designing, rather than teaching their teachers; to cultivate students' ability to think independently and critically, instead of putting certain design styles on them. Compared with other schools with similar design education, Bauhaus philosophy has a unique philosophy of education. It took a thorough reform of the traditional art design education system andestablished art design as a new professional discipline. At the same time, Walter Gropius, the founder of Bauhaus, put forward the "unified art and technology" as the leading design philosophy of education.One of Bauhaus's works is a general industrial product that actively purifies the form. Bauhaus stressed that the design of the product's shape should be based on basic geometric models such as cubes, squares, and circles. The form of the product, and outlined should be simple and varied in different ways and follow abstract forms of principles and aesthetics. Because of Bauhaus's bravery and active exploration and reform, he took a major influence on the formation of the modernist artistic style and enabled Bauhaus to design a world-class reputation. Therefore Bauhaus became a milestone in the history of modern design art.The American artist Jose Sinel first mentioned the industrial design of the term in 1919. However, in China, until 1983, the Ministry of Education had met the industrial design disciplines and sample major ordinary universities. The original name was "The main product formation was" students for the arts. In 1998, the national priority category was adjusted to be integrated into international conventions. The “major” product formation has long since focused on the human-product-environment relationship in the field of product morphology and other research. This name has replaced "industrial design" and some of the major schools for engineering and art education.Bauhaus has many top European artists during this time, such as Kandinsky and Kerry. They are famous abstract painters. Their teaching trains students and leads to Bauhaus's 20th-century art design. The most famous industrial designers such as Philip Starck behar Marc Newson and Maca graduated from the School of Art Design. Their success proves that industrial design education in art design education is effective. The product form design is still an important aspect. Industrial design in undergraduate industrial design research is currently an important part of the famous Art Design School.The Academy of Art and Design of the Norwegian Royal Academy of Arts, the University Politecnico Duisburg-Esse Milan, the applied sciences and arts of Hannover University (Hanover Industrial Design Division), all of whom belong to the School of Art and Design.According to a survey: the American Association of Industrial Designers (IDSA organized by the United States) in 1998, there are 49 colleges, which have industrial design undergraduate or graduate programs registered on the IDSA-sponsored list. Typical industrial design students are usually set up in art schools and can obtain bachelor degree or above, fine arts or related majors. Most people are accredited to the school NASAD (National Association of Arts and Design). Only 15 - schools are not certified. After five years o f IDSA’s announcement, only registered industrial design students can be recognized. Among them are37 industrial design majors in universities, 6 in design colleges, and 4 in art schools. This situation has not changed in the current year.Asia: In Japan, industrial design majors also set in art schools or independent industrial design faculties, such as Tokyo Zokei University, Musashino Art University, Tama Art University, and University of Tsukuba etc. In Hongkong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University has famous industrial design programs. In Taiwan, Shih Chien University, National Cheng Kung University, National Yunlin University of Science & Technology have famous industrial design programs. In mainland of China, Jiangnan University, Tsinghua University, Hunan University, Tongji University and the Guangzhou academic of fine arts all have their industrial design departments in the art design schools or departments.2 10 Industrial Design Trends Y ou Can't Ignore2.1 Design For A CauseCompanies including Herman Miller and American Apparel are promoting their ideals through design. Y ves Béhar's leaf lamp for Herman Miller (shown) uses a biomorphic grid of LEDs, which consume 40% percent less energy than fluorescent lights and last for 100,000 hours. And Nike plans to make its entire footwear line out of sustainable materials by 2010.2.2 SimplexitySteve McCallion, executive creative director of Portland, Ore.-basedindustrial design firm Ziba Design, says there's a trend toward "simplexity," products that have many functions but are approachable, ergonomically correct and easy to use--like Apple's iPhone. The baby boomers have also propelled simplexity; as the generation ages, the need for easy-to-use, at-home medical equipment becomes greater. Ami V erhalen, director of industrial design at Madison, Wis.-based Design Concepts, says that in-home health care will be a huge driver for product innovation in the upcoming decade.2.3 PersonalizationFrom Nike ID shoes to Build-a-Bear teddies, retailers are adding a "build your own" element to brands. Do it yourself--or DIY--serves as an important element of this trend. Publications like Ready Made magazine and books like designer Wendy Mullin's Sew U encourage consumers to put their own spin on things.2.4 GlobalizationLike other industries, outsourcing has affected international design. Today a designer in Delhi might be working with a manufacturer in Columbus. Steve McCallion says that the globalization of product design has created Internet communities that enable more people to participate in the design process. Companies like Kid Robot can employ toy designers from Tokyo to Tucson with greater ease than ever.2.5 OrnamentationIn fashion design, we're seeing a return to minimalism, but in home decor, ornate details are in fashion. For the first time in decades, wallpaper is in fashion, and the details are rich--brocades, velvets and jewel-tone colors. Long-forgotten textile designers like Florence Broadhurst and V era Neumann are receiving attention from a new generation of design-savvy consumers.2.6 Polarization Of DesignBig-box or luxury retailer? Many experts say that design has been polarized, with innovative products available at both the very high end (Neiman Marcus, Moss) and the very low end (Target, Ikea). Meanwhile, midrange retailers like Macy's suffer from lack of fresh, on-trend ideas. That isolates the huge chunk of the population that can afford something higher-end than the $200 Malm bed at Ikea but scoff at the price of a $16,000 Hastens mattress.2.7 Pink DesignGadgets are a guy's game, right? Not if you consider the latest products with feminine mystique. Motorola released a lipstick pink Razr cellphone, and more recently, LG released a Prada phone. More and more manufacturers are creating sleeker, feminized versions of their clunky, chunky products, and both men and women are biting. Want proof of the feminization of product design? Just check out , which rates several items a day as "Geek chic" or "Just Plain Geeky."2.8 Mass ImperfectionSome designers are creating intentionally flawed pieces, like designer Jason Miller's duct tape chair or Bodum's Pavina glassware collection, which uses mouth-blown double-walled glass, giving each piece a slight variation in height, thickness and weight. Whiskered and weathered textiles--on denim as well as furniture and tapestries--are more recognizable examples of intentional imperfection in production.2.9 CraftAs mass retailers like Target become more design-focused, there's a countertrend of independent manufacturers and designers creating one-off, heirloom pieces. Where to find these limited-edition treasures? Artisan e-commerce sites like , classical craft companies like Heath Ceramics and modernist design houses such as Design Within Reach.2.10 Focus On The Other 90%Anthony Pannozzo, vice president of design strategy at Waltham, Mass.-based firm Herbst LaZar Bell, says that well-designed products are available to only 10% of the world's population. However, more and more designers are starting to cater to consumers in Africa, Asia and Latin America.中文译文德国包豪斯设计与未来设计趋势摘要德国包豪斯有显著的影响, 与此同时, 现代设计教育奠定了基础, 它处于世界领先地位的德国工业设计。
机械设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
机械设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译unavailable。
The first step in the design process is to define the problem and XXX are defined。
the designer can begin toXXX evaluated。
and the best one is XXX。
XXX.Mechanical DesignA XXX machines include engines。
turbines。
vehicles。
hoists。
printing presses。
washing machines。
and XXX and methods of design that apply to XXXXXX。
cams。
valves。
vessels。
and mixers.Design ProcessThe design process begins with a real need。
Existing apparatus may require XXX。
efficiency。
weight。
speed。
or cost。
while new apparatus may be XXX。
To start。
the designer must define the problem and XXX。
ideas and concepts are generated。
evaluated。
and refined until the best one is XXX。
XXX.XXX。
assembly。
XXX.During the preliminary design stage。
it is important to allow design XXX if some ideas may seem impractical。
they can be corrected early on in the design process。
工业设计产品设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：DESIGN and ENVIRONMENTProduct design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human.In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products.Innovative design has come into human life. It makes productlooking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product.Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores.Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface.Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.With the development of science and technology ,more and more attention is paid to austerity of environmental promblems ,such as polluting of atmosphere,destroy of forest, soilerosion,land desertification, water resource polluting, a great deal of species becaming extinct,exhansting of petroleum , natural gas and coal and so on . A designer should have a strong consciousness of protecting environment and to make his\her design to be based on avoiding destroying environment and saving natural recourse.Nowadays ,greenhouse effects,destroyed ozone layers and acid rain are three global environmental questions.Greenhouse effect is phenomena of the atmosphere becoming warmer . The forming principle of greenhouse effect is that the Sun short wave radiation can penetrate into ground through atmosphere ,long wave radiation emitted from ground after ground is warmed ,is absorbed by carbon dioxide of atmosphere , and then atmosphere gets warmer.The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere changes the earth to a large greenhouse like a thick layer of glass . Methane ,ozone,chlorine,Fluorine, hydrocarbon and aqueous vapor also make some contribution to greenhouse effects. With rapid increase of population and rapid development of industry ,more and more carbon dioxide of atmosphere enters into atmosphere. Because forest is cun down in a large amount also ,carbon dioxide increases gradally ,and the greenhouse effects are strengthened constantly .The results of the greenhouse effects are very serious. The great changes will take place in the natural ecology ,such as desert expanding ,land corroding aggravating, forest retreating to the polarregion, calamity of drought and waterlog serious and rainfall increasing. The temperate zone will be wetter in water and will be droughtier in summer . Tropical zone will become wetter and subtropical zone will become more arid . All of these above will forces the existing irrigation works to be adjusted. Coastal regions will be threatened seriously .Because the temperature is rising , ice-cubes will be melted at the two poles so to the sea level will be rising and a lot of cities and portswill be submerged.The ozone layer destroyed shocked academia and the whole international aommunity .American scientists,Monila and Rowland , pointed out that it is human activities bring ozone hole of today . arch-criminal that we now well know is freon and Kazakhstan dragon.Acid rain has already become a kind of air pollution phenomenon in extensive range,crossing over national boundaries at present. Acid rain destroys soil, makes lake acid and endangers growing of abimals and plants. It also stimulates people's skin, brings out the skin disease, causes lung hydronces, lung harden ,and corrodes the metal product,paint ,leather, fabrics and building with carbonate .In a word , the environment of human life has already worsened day by day. The reasons of the worsening mostly come from the human own bad life style, disrespecting the objective law, eager for quick success,use of the earth resource without scientific plan ,and lack of consciousness pratecting the environment in design . So they destroy home by themselves,which not only harm human on contemporary, but also seriously influence existence of descendants.The environmental question is caused by people's bad design and life style to a great extent , which puts forward a serious question for a designer that designers should undertake the historical important task of environment protection.Industry has brought the disaster to world while creates a large amount of wealth for mankind . Industry design has accelerated the consumpition of the resource and energy resource and has caused enormous destruction to the ecological balance of the earth while creating modern life style and living environment for mankind.So as industry designers, setting up environmental awareness incarnates their morals and social sense of responsibility. Designers must be responsible for their own designs, and must take human health and blessedness , and harmonically coexisting of nature with the human as the rules necessarily obeyed in their own design.Designers must also master the necessary knowledege in material, craft, chemical industry, manufacturing,ect.,in order to be possible for avoiding to danger to environment causing by his design.The concept of "Sustainable development design"has epoch-maling meanings of humanity and real development of the world .It reflects the designer's morals and responsibility , and has already become the trend of designing development in the 21st century .Hence ,mankind's development made of traditional industrial civilization was turned to one of the modern ecological civilization. It is the coordination of social progress,economic growth and environmental protestion.Sustainable development is a kind concept of brand-new ethics,morals and values that people should follow. Its essence lies infully utilizing the modern science and technongy ,exploiting green resources ,development constantly, impelling harmonious development between human and nature and pramoting inter-harmony of population ,resource and environment .Solving the problem of sustainable development is a change of technological innovation and behavior made.Sustainable development strategy is to solve the problem of meeting contemporary people's demands in maximum under the precondition of un-hurting several generations' demands of the future . It will realize the unity of the present interests and long-term interest and leave the development space for descendants.The question of the strategic consideration of sustainable development should include circulation, green energy and ecological efficiency.Green design comes from introspection on environmental and ecological disruption caused by design of modern technology and culture. Green design focuses on the balance relation of persons and natural ecology . Designers should consider the environmental benefits at every decision of the disign process, and try their best to reduce the destruction to environment.For industry design, the core of green design is "3R",namely Reduce,Recycle and Reuse.It is necessary not only to reduce consunptionof substance and energy sources,and reduce letting of harmful substance,but also to classified reclaim, recycle and reuse products and parts conveniently.Green design is not only technical ,but also an innovative idea. It requires designer to give up some rat-fuck method excessively emphasizing at the style of products, and to focus on the real innovative. He or she would design the form of the products with more responsible method and make the products lengthen their wervice life as much as possible through succinct and permanent modeling.For materials,stock and regeneration of raw materials, consumption and pollution of environmental energy during obtaining materials,machining performance in follow-up manufacturing,low consumption and low pollution of energy ,and reclaimable during discarded should be considered.Problems of manufacturing are that pollution should be reduced or died out during beginning of manufacturing.Consideration on packing, transporting , sale, ect. is meant the environmental performance of packaging, green packing ,good performance of transportation ,decreasing self weight , reducing energy consumption , localized production and reducing consimption of work flow.Consideration on the use of product concerns with waste of energy and resources while produces are used , the modularization ofenvironmental performance , recombined ability , and the mades of using product while products are renewed , as well as other factors.Easy disassembled feature , convenient decomposition and classification , reclaaimable and reusable features of materials, and recombined feature of parts or removes for other use should all be considered during the period while products are renewed , as well as other factors.Easy disassembled feature, convenient decomposition and classification , reclaimable and reusable features of materials, and recombined feature of parts or removed for other use should all be considered during the period while products are discarded .Clean energy souces should be Considered , such as solar ernergy , water, electricity and wind power .Clean materials concern with low pollution , innocuity, disaggregation and reclaimable . Clean manufacturing process is meant production with energy saving and environment protection while used, and reclaimable while discarded.Regeneration and reuse of parts are powerful measure of sustainable strategy. The fact has proved that through disassembly and analysis the proportion of reusable material would be higher after improving design and retread.For example , in a scrap car , metal meterial accounts for 80%.Among them , nonferrous metal accounts for 3%~4.7%. 45%ofoutput of steel comes from scrap steeel in world and 25% output of steel comes from scrap steel in our country.Product Lifecycle Management is meant all life course of product from people's demand for product to be washed out , including the main stages of demand analysis, praduct planning , conceptual design , produce design , digitized simulation, proceess preparation , process planning,production testing and quaality control , sell and distribution, use \maintaining and maintain, as well as scrap and reclaiming . Advanced management idea and first-class information technology are taken into industrial and commercial operation in modern enterprises , which makes enterprises be able to adjust management means and management ways effectively in digital economic era , inoder to exert enterprise's unprecedented competition advantage . Helping enterprise to carry on products innovation , to win the market , and to obtain additional profit would improve the value of the enterprise products.译文：设计与环境产品设计是工业设计的主体和核心。
工业设计外文翻译
The Design Response to a Wash of Green: Whole Systems and Life Cycle Thinking, by Simon LockreyThe Keep Cup, a reusable cup for the takeaway espresso market.What a great idea: a 'green' product to make a difference, make one happy, and assist in performing the menial tasks that litter an otherwise hectic day. Or is it? Consumer decision-making is beginning to follow a distinctly 'green' trend, which is fantastic in principle but often contrived in reality. What does this mean for the designer who imagines, designs and creates these goods that cater for growing consumer demand in 'sustainability?' There lies the contradiction between designing for the consumption obsessed market and designing to the core principles of sustainability, where environmental, economic and social aspects are somewhat detached from a consumer driven market.According to Ezio Manzini, design theorist from the famed Politecnico di Milano, we have a crisis of the commons (common areas, goods, etc), a lack of contemplative time (a time poor existence, longer hours at work, etc), and most relevant to designers, a proliferation of remedial goods (Manzini 2003). The latter sees products solving every perceived problem imaginable. Whether it is a toothbrush that oscillates the plaque off in half the time, or a breakfast bar filling the five-minute bus ride, we have become increasingly, unconsciously used to products feeding our increasing wants, without a thought as to how that consumption impacts the environment. Last century, the raw materials consumed by one person in the US increased five fold (Matos and Wagner 1998). This looks more ominous when combined with the fact that only around 15-20 % of the world is highly developed to a US or western style of consumption (UN, 2009). One approach is for design to lower the user's consumption, without degrading the consumer's experience. The question is whether the new breed of 'eco' products adds to the crisis, or makes a real difference.They may be adding to the crisis if the design method follows the 'rules of thumb' for that infiltrated the design community in last two decades. The reality is that these techniques do have potential to make a difference, but are often ineffective. Take design for disassembly. A designer in an appliance company designs a product for disassembly although there is no effective product stewardship scheme to collect the parts from reclaimed models. The design driven benefit is not delivered, rendering the methodology a waste of time. It is also well and good to reduce the weight of components and thus the embodied energy of the same appliance, however if the bulk of the impacts are generated during use from electricity (like an electric kettle), then the strategy most likely has negligible benefit in reducing environmental load. Likewise by making parts from commonised, recyclable materials, the likelihood is that there is no post consumer recycling stream or infrastructure in place to handle the majority of parts and materials, due to the commercial reality of recycling. This design for environment mentality has long been detached from the benefit it has aimed to deliver upon.There is a light at the end of this tunnel. There are ways to make a difference, and there is evidence these methods are filtering through the design world. Life cycle thinking or applying a 'whole systems' approach can make 'paradigm shifts' in the reduction of environmental impacts of a product or service, without reducing perceived quality, or increasing cost.As these ideas infiltrate design methodology, certain products shine as considered, sustainable shifts in the current 'wash of green'.Cheviot Bridge's sustainable wine packaging.Cheviot BridgeThe romantics among us would never have thought Shiraz would prosper in a Tetra Pak, a packaging form traditionally reserved for juice and milk. However some producers such as have, with a reduced packaging weight of almost 10 times a conventional bottle (unfilled). This dematerialisation enables huge embodied energy, carbon and water use reductions on the packaging, not to mention reduced haulage impact after filling (particularly for export, 1.05 kg rather than 1.5 kg per unit), and a smart palletisation shape for shipping and storage. The decision to move to a paper board packaging mode derived from extensive life cycle research, cost comparison and product testing (which funnily enough, contrary to some stigma, highlighted longer shelf life) to measure the potential benefits. The weight reduction, combined with an additional 250 mL of wine to the customer(the product is delivered in 1 L), delivers a quality driven outcome, with a raft of environmental and economic benefits due to life cycle thinking.Dyson's Airblade.DysonJames Dyson didn't go places by creating a better bag, he decided to create a cyclonic vacuum cleaner based on a saw mill, and the rest is history. This whole systems approach led Dyson to design highly efficient, miniature digital motors for the appliance market around ten years ago. The use life cycle impacts of an electrical appliance generally dwarf the respective material and manufacture impacts. This relates back to the energy, fuels and raw materials consumed in operation of an appliance. By identifying the original motor as a major contributor to inefficiency within the product system, an opportunity for a technology leap was found. Carbon producing, large, heavy,inefficient, failure-prone, brushed motors were replaced by highly efficient, light, fast, small, digital ones.Last year saw the latest Dyson products incorporate a tiny Dyson Digital Motor (DDM) V2 resulting in substantial dematerialisation coupled with ergonomic weight benefits. Handheld vacuums were launchedwith the DDM, replacing the traditional carbon brushed motor. The cost difference between base models is negligible, while functional and environmental credentials have improved markedly. The new models are smaller and lighter, and remain almost half the weight of competitor machines. The DDM V2 size allows for high speed rotation, not achievable in larger, heavier motors. This produces around twice the power output at around half the weight of traditional motors, the new base model handheld pulling the same suction power as the previous model, using two less batteries.The Dyson Airblade™, which incorporates the first iteration of the DDM, is the first hand dryer to earn the coveted Carbon Reduction Label from the UK Carbon Trust. This achievement relates back to efficiency and whole systems design. By reverting to a polymer chassis compared to aluminium on the first Airblade™ release, Dyson cut carbon emissions in raw material, product manufacture and transport by over half, however thi s is not the preeminent story. Airblade™ 'strips' the water off the hands, rather than heating air up and 'evaporating' water like a conventional warm air hand dryer. Airblade™ drops the drying time to around 10 seconds, as opposed to up to 30 seconds with competitors which use inefficient carbon brush motors and heated air. Things start to look substantially thrifty without even crunching the numbers. In a press release, the comparison is up to 80% less energy used compared to traditional warm hand dryers (Carbon Trust 2010), which directly relates to carbon emission reductions. This giant gap in energy consumption, combined with product longevity, and a product stewardship scheme, delivers environmental benefits that directly reduce impacts in new Dyson models.The Keep Cup and its many color combinations.Keep Cup: An LCA Case StudyWhilst operating a chain of cafés in Melbourne, Abigail and Jamie Forsyth saw a need and responsibility to address disposable packaging waste generated both to reduce environmental impacts and costs. They estimated that in Australia at least 500 million disposable cups are used and discarded each year with large numbers of adults in urban communities consuming a disposable coffee on a daily basis (National Coffee Association of America found that in 2007, 14% of adults in the United States drank gourmet coffee daily). Although disposable cups are a low margin, the wider impacts of the daily 'take away coffee set' seemed one problem that did not justify the convenience. Others have attempted to either incorporate Post Consumer Recycled (PCR) content or sell reusable products such as 'travel mugs' designed to keep coffee hot for hours. The former has issues with food regulations; the latter is cumbersome and impractical for the savvy, on-the-go consumer, not designed to fit the needs of quality café baristas. The duo engaged industrial design consultancy Niche, with government funding, to create a solution dropping environmental impacts without reducing the consumer's experience.The result was KeepCup, a reusable cup for the takeaway espresso market. It is the world's first barista standard reusable cup, consisting Polyethylene (PE) lid, Polypropylene (PP) cup, Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) plug, and Silicone ring. It mimics the core geometry and functions of disposable paper cups, including coffee machine modularity, waterproofing, sip slot, lid,individual coffee detailing, and adds hand insulation (avoiding double cupping), steam plug, branding, and most importantly ergonomics to allow for convenience ie light weight, bag storable, etc. The concept has gained momentum, the cup used all over the Melbourne CBD, Australia, and now globally. 300,000 KeepCups have been sold in twelve months of trading, as adoption of the KeepCup by end users has generated revenue and costs savings for café owners. But is it really making a difference?We did some research here at RMIT Centre for Design. Disposable paper cups (combined with a PE film) have little post consumer demand from reprocessors, and generally end up in Australian landfill. Although the KeepCup promotes recyclability, the fact still remains that the same system is more likely going to spit the various polymers it is made from to landfill, even if the components are separated by the consumer. With this in mind we modeled the 8 oz KeepCup (it is available in various sizes) against a comparable disposable paper cup using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology in a streamlined fashion. The functional unit was 1 take away coffee per day delivered to the consumer over a year, with the cups disposed of to landfill over or at the end of that period. We used raw material, manufacturing, transport, and end of life data from the Australian Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) 2009 and European Ecoinvent 2.0 database. Regional transport routes were considered (shipping from Asia for the disposable cup, lid, and the ring from the KeepCup, trucking from port to consumer), as well as tertiary packaging, and a wash cycle per use for the KeepCup, ranging from a quick rinse with warm water, a fully loaded dishwasher, half loaded dishwasher, and sink washing, the latter three with detergent. We also modeled coffee cultivation, production and brewing in Spain from a study out of Switzerland (Humbert, Loerincik et al. 2009) to see what bearing the KeepCup had in context to the 'whole productThe results were determined using the LCA Australian Impact Method. The KeepCup compared to the disposable paper cup (not including the coffee) depending upon the wash type (the sink seeing the smallest through to quick rinse seeing the biggest environmental impact reductions), sees a 71-92% reduction in global warming potential, a 71-95% reduction in water use, and a 95-96% reduction in landfill waste over the year. Although the 'take away latté set' consumer will still purchase the coffee whether in a disposable or reusable option, it is interesting to see how the previously stated savings compare when included with the impacts relating to coffee, which would in general dilute the savings of the container on its own. The KeepCup compared to disposable paper cup (including coffee) sees a 36-47% reduction in global warming, a 64-85% reduction in water use, and a 91-92% reduction in landfill waste annually.Although these are streamlined results using existing LCI data (a full LCAs may be more accurate, although often results are of a similar quantum), the figures indicate Keepcup would drastically reduce environmental impacts of consumers in drinking coffee, although in the grand scheme of things this would account for a very small proportion of a consumers overall impacts annually. This just seems like common sense, reusing rather than disposing, although this begs the question how the Keepcup strategy could apply to more resource intensive services such as heating, cooling, cooking, food, housing, and transport; if social rituals adapt. The KeepCup aesthetics are clean, and functionally it is thoughtfully designed, evident in the now global appeal. Although KeepCup is most likely not going to be recycled in the Australian context, the shift from disposable to reusable adds environmental credibility, significantly reduces waste, cuts the economics down to size, and enables a social shift, a welcome change for a society now used to throwaway culture.Paris VélibWide spread change in avoiding behaviours that embody high consumption may be some way off. Design has been instrumental in delivering some of the first tentative steps in facilitating individual and community action in this respect. Take the Paris Vélib, a bike share program introduced in 2007 to promote cycling as opposed to other transport modes throughout Paris for short journeys. By diverting investment traditionally earmarked for carbon intensive transport modes, like more roads, a highly design oriented system delivers the low consumption alternative. If success is measured in use alone, 42 million rentals by 2009 speak loudly. The system works as a whole, with infrastructure, communications and servicing the key in delivering this success, producing a product that would continue to be used and reduce impacts inherent in other transport modes.The bikes, stands and 1451 bike stations (one every 300 meters) designed by JC Decaux stay true to core design principles of 'form follows function' and user centred methodology. Stations release only functioning bikes to users, a smart system alerting well resourced and mobile service staff of faults through diagnostic checks when bikes 'check-in'. This computer monitoring system is also used to monitor bike location for potential theft and station overloading, with bikes actively moved too and from understocked and overloaded stations. Locks guarantee integrated bike and station security. Bespoke components and economic deterrents dissuade potential thieves; with credit cards debited a deposit on a user's non return of a bike. Economic incentives also drive timely travel, with free bike use in the first half hour. Compared to short trip alternatives such as cars or public transport, this product driven system delivers substantial dematerialisation through lower embodied energy and shared amenities, as well as massive comparative drops in fuel and electricity use. Social interaction is generally inherent in the cycling fraternity; however this is also aided through infrastructure design. Finally, the Vélib negates the problem of storage required when a bike is owned in a bustling city. Like any public system, there have been problems with vandalism and theft; however the success of the Vélib is evident as use patterns remain high and similar bike sharing schemes flourish across Europe, and are proliferating globally.Paris Vélib bicycle rental system. Picture by austineven.Vélib is an elegantly integrate d, cost effective design solution allowing users to enact behaviours needed if environmental impacts are to be reigned in, as well as reinvigorating the social fabric of the city. Vélib rejects the remedial with long lasting functional infrastructure, clai ms back the common in a shared public service, and provides amenities that go some way in reducing congestionand providing a convenient, communal conveyance that gifts back the free time Manzini believes we have long being lacking in our fast paced, consumer oriented urban existence.People are not going to stop consuming any time soon; however behavior will eventually need to shift if society is serious about being truly sustainable. In the interim, analyse the bigger picture, both as a designer and a consumer. So often designers get caught up in the details, but now stepping back and taking a life cycle and whole systems approach facilitates a future in delivering functional 'paradigm shift' benefits for a product, service, client, and the environment. Ecological parameters are 'locked in' at the design stage, so designers can reduce impacts through materials, efficiency, or in some cases the grander scenario of changing consumer behavior. Designing for low consumption, without increasing price or reducing quality is achievable, and presents a powerful and bright design landscape. To achieve this, designers will have to draw upon their ability to combine technical skills in research, conceptualization, prototyping, and testing, with their greatest weapon, their creativity, because that's what they have done, and will always do best.Acknowledgments to Thomas Blower (Dyson, UK), Hugh Cuthbertson (Cheviot Bridge), Abigail Forsyth (KeepCup), Andrew Carre (CfD), and Stephen Clune (CfD)Simon Lockrey is a Research Fellow at RMIT Centre for Design in Melbourne设计对绿色风潮的响应：整体系统和生命周期思想作者西蒙·洛克雷一个伟大的想法，“绿色”产品使情况与众不同，让人们感到快乐，并且帮助人们执行重要的任务以避免人们被忙碌的生活搅乱。
工业设计英文文献
工业设计英文文献Design is a particular human beings in order to achieve the purposes of the creative activities, which includes all man-made goods in the formation process.Industrial design concepts: the current widely used definition of the international Federation of Associations of Industrial Design (ICSID) in 1980 for the annual meeting of the Paris industrial design under the amended definition: "the mass production of industrial products, by virtue of training, technical know-how , Experience and feelings and give visual materials, structure, shape, color, surface processing and decoration to a new quality and qualifications, called industrial design. "1. Traditional industrial designIndustrial design for the people truly understand and play a role in the outbreak of the industrial revolution, to the industrialized mass production conditions to develop. At that time, a large number of industrial products ugly, has seriously affected people's daily life, industrial design as a change in the situation at the time the inevitable means boarded the historical stage. The traditional industrial design refers to the means of production of industrial products conducted by the planning and design, so that with the use of achieving the best possible match between the creative activities. From this concept of the nature of industrial design: first, industrial design aims to obtain a product with the best match between people. This match, not only to meet the demand for use, but also with the physical, psychological and other areas to demand the right match, which precisely reflects the people-oriented design ideas. Second, the industrial design is a must? Quot; creative activities. "Industrialdesign of nature that it is a very broad coverage of the cross-integrate the science, get involved in the many areas of research disciplines, like the industrial society of the adhesive, so that the original Isolated disciplines such as: physics, chemistry, biology, marketing, aesthetics, ergonomics, sociology, psychology, philosophy, etc., mutual contact and mutual exchanges, the form of organic unity. Realization of the objective to reveal the natural The laws of science and subjective, dynamic and creative activities for the arts once again joined hands.2. Modern Industrial DesignTraditional industrial design is the core product design. Accompanied by a history of the development, design content also tends to the development of more extensive and in-depth. Now, the development of human society has entered a modern industrial society, brought about by the design of the material achievements of human existence and its status and way of life is affected by the past can not compare any era, modern industrial design, the concept of this came into being . Modern industrial design can be divided into two levels: general industrial design and narrow industrial design.General Industrial Design (Generalized Industrial Design)Means to achieve a particular purpose, from conception to the establishment of a practical implementation plan, with clear and that by means of a series of acts. It contains all the use of modern means of production and services in the design process.Narrow industrial design (Narrow lndustrial Design)Referring only to product design, that is, against man and nature in the relevance of the tools and equipment made by the response to the demand. In order to survive, including life and to maintain and develop the necessary such as tools, equipmentand products, and other material and equipment carried out by design. Product design is the core of products on the user's body, the heart has a good affinity with the match.Narrow the definition of industrial design and industrial design of the traditional definition is the same. As industrial design since have always been based on product design, product design often referred to as industrial design. Industrial Design CategoryAs the field of industrial design increasingly expanding, and in different areas but also has their own characteristics, we can from different angles on the field of industrial design division:1. The existence of art as a form of classification:One-dimensional design, refers only to the design time for the variable;two-dimensional design, also known as graphic design, is targeted at the plane change the subject, such as graphics, text, trademarks, advertising design. Three-dimensional design, also known as three-dimensional design, such as product, packaging, construction and the environment; four-dimensional design, is accompanied by one-dimensional three-dimensional space time (that is, in the form of 3 +1) the design, such as stage design.2. From the human, natural and social correspondence between starting, in accordance with the disciplines form the essence of the meaning of Category: Human, natural, social composition of the most basic relations between the circles and classification of the relationship generally is:◆product design: the equivalent narrow indust rial design, 3D design is based;◆environmental design: including all types of building design, urban and regional planning, construction plans, environmentalengineering, etc.;◆spread to the design of the language, text or graphics as the media and achieve the transfer activities carried out by design. According to the different media Kegui Wei two categories: the text and graphics as the medium of visual communication; language and. Audio media for dissemination of the hearing.3. In accordance with the concept of industrial design and to define Category:With the development of technology and the use of modern technology, industrial design and process design of the boundaries are becoming blurred mouth benefits, some of the original Arts and Crafts design of the design activities of both the industrial design features, such as furniture design and fashion design . Industrial design as a connecting bridge between technology and the market, the rapid expansion of commercial areas in all its aspects:◆advert ising design: including newspapers, magazines, posters, brochures, trademarks, etc.;◆display design: including the pavement, Showcase, Showcase, signs, exhibitions, advertising tower;◆packaging design: including wrapping paper, packaging, labelling and packaging of goods;◆binding design: including magazines, books, artwork, cartoons and layout design.Even in Zichengtiji in the field of construction, industrial design also play an increasingly important role.The content of Industrial DesignIndustrial design in the enterprise has broad application of space. Therefore, enterprises in the industrial design from thelevel of demand for industrial design point of view of the contents of the enterprises make better use of industrial design, to create greater value, will provide great convenience.1. Product DesignProduct Design industrial design is the core of enterprise application design is the key link, it will achieve a change in the form of raw materials for a more valuable form. Industrial designers of the people through the physical, psychological, living habits, and so on all the natural attributes of the cognitive and social attributes, product features, performance, form, price, location of the use of the environment, with materials, technology, structure, technology , Shape, color, surface treatment and decoration, cost and other factors, from the social, economic and technical point of view of creative design, production and management in enterprises in achieving design quality assurance, under the premise that the product is a product enterprises, market Of goods, but also the ordinary people of supplies to customer needs and business benefits of perfect unity.2. Corporate image design (Corporate ldenlti-fication System, referred to CIS) Enterprise recognition system from a unified corporate philosophy, standardize enterprise behavior and consistent posed by the visual image. Through theCIS design, so that enterprises have the visual impact can be clearly shows that corporate personality, strength and confidence in enterprises is a manifestation. A successful business must be a cohesive internal and external consumers can trust and identity, thereby enhancing corporate reputation, and corporate management objectives and development goals.3. Environmental Design (and the interface between thehardware design) Industrial design as a communication and the environment (construction, transportation, room, shopping malls, streets……) between the interface language to intervene in environmental design. Through the different acts, objectives and the needs of awareness, to object to the design - kind of language, people and the environment for the financial - physical, to give a cordial and convenient, comfortable feeling. Focus on solving urban environmental design of human interface between the building and all the problems, such as: information, signal systems, environmental protection programmes, so as to also participate in solving the social life of the major issues.4. Design Management (Des; 8n Mana8ement, referred to DM)Design activities soon as the operation of enterprises in important part in project management, interface management, design management systems, such as the development of product line management, be good at using design tools, and implementing design-oriented thinking and behavior, and with the strategy or technological achievements Into a product or service process. Design management into the enterprise is an indispensable element for the success of enterprises to follow the design principles and strategies in the development of enterprises in production and business activities of various departments for guidance, to achieve the design objective, value-added products. Successful use of design management, will enable enterprises in the strategic planning stage to contain the operating strategy, strategic advantages for products and enterprises in the competition-set a good foundation.The ultimate aim of industrial design is to meet the physical and psychological needs of many of the largest. Industrialproducts, arts and crafts people is to meet production and daily needs, no doubt for the industrial design is modern services, to meet the demands of modern people. Therefore, it is first necessary to meet people's physical needs - product features. 1 cup must be able to drink water, a pen must be able to write, a bike must be able to travel, a truck must be able to load and so on. The first industrial design is aimed through the rational planning of products due to people more easily use them to better play its effectiveness. In research on the basis of product performance, industrial design also adopted a reasonable shape means so that products can have very spirit of the times, in line with performance, andcoordination of environmental products form so that people can have the enjoyment of the United States.Industrial design and industrial modernization is the inevitable product of market competition, designed to target the mass production methods of industrialized products, industrial design of modern human life has a huge impact, but also constrained by the realities of production and living standards. Industrial design companies in the position and role: Design is a bridge between enterprises and the market: On the one hand, production and technology into the market demand for products, on the one hand the market feedback to promote the development of enterprises enterprises.design is a means of value-added products: the biggest role in the enterprise is to raise the value-added products. The value of this additional material is not visible presence, more of the performance of the invisible. Appearance, product image Design is an important enterprise resources: good design enterprises will have a better reputation, making enterprisesmore dynamic, a company's development toolsdesign integrity of the enterprise is to establish a means of visual images: the visual image of business is to establish the appearance of the best brand image, which is the company a unique style.Industrial design creativity is a good product design the most important prerequisite for simplicity is an important indicator of good design, product design is a measure of applicability of another important criterion, a reasonable man-machine relations, human-computer interface harmony, their own language products should be good at self - Notes, and carefully handle every detail, emphasis on regional ethnic characteristics, contains cultural identity, attention to ecological balance, beneficial to the protection of the environment, product design of the eternal.Industrial design should pay attention to follow the following principles: the principle of creativity; principles of market demand; principle of giving priority to the user; business goals principle easy to grasp the principle of aesthetic principles, protection of ecological environment principles.Industrial design related to psychology, sociology, aesthetics, ergonomics, mechanical construction, photography, color science, methodology and design of the three constitute a basis for Into the United States, Europe, Japan and other developed countries for industrial design and industrial design definition of the development processU.S. industrial design information ageThe United States is the first country to enter the information age, information technology is the most developed countries. Whether in the computer hardware and software, or in the application of computer technology in all aspects of the world'sleading status. In particular, the popularity of the Internet, so that the United States more fully into society by the information industry as a leader of the new era. In the new economic, cultural background, the United States of industrial design from the beginning of the end of the 20th Century 80, great changes have taken place.At the same time, to Rowe as the representative of the U.S. pioneer in the design has passed away, despite their name to the design of some companies still exist, but these masters of the location of a number of new independent replaced by a design firm. The new design firm in terms of knowledge structure, services or design with the traditional means in the clear very different firms, because they firmly grasp the pulse of the information age, design and rapid expansion of business, established in the industrial sector Good reputation, the U.S. business magazine called American industry a new generation of heroes. The new design consulting company no longer well-known designer for the signs, but in a "design" the name of the word named, stressed that the design is a team event rather than individual work, such as the New York Smart Design, Chicago Design Logic, such as California's Lunar Design. In many cases, the person in charge of these companies are the first generation or second generation of European immigrants, and the famous Forgdesign is originally a German company, the new generation of designers to more European concept to the United States, which will U.S. advanced technology and the European deep historical and cultural traditions closer together so that the design of the United States in the information age has made a great leap forward. This is in California, particularly Silicon Valley, particularly conspicuous in this regard because there are manyEuropeans settled here, on the other hand is also here because of the emerging high-tech industry and the United States earlier in the design of machines predecessors did not have much contact. Here, the design of many new companies have been for Apple, and other high-tech companies.With the traditional industrial design firms to provide industrial products mainly different designs, the new design companies to be able to provide more comprehensive services, they can not only provide product design and engineering design of appearance, can also provide market research, consumer Investigation, human-computer research, public relations and corporate planning site design and maintenance, and other aspects of the services, and global activities. In fact, some new design company has established a global network of services to meet the increasing globalization ofworld economic trends. Industrial design such a change reflects the changes in the management of enterprises, more and more enterprises in the futurein-house research organizations to reduce, instead of social cooperation, not only to reduce expenditure, but also the wider community to seek professional Resources cooperation. In addition, many enterprises to upgrade design as a business quality and to stimulate creative strategic management tool, not only confined to a single product design development activities, thereby greatly expanded the scope of application of industrial design. Given the design of a greater range of needs, design company personnel are not limited to design, but more professional cooperation. In addition, the design company's design also means a lot because of a computer-aided design and revolutionary changes have taken place, SGI (Silicon Graphic)graphics workstations and Alias, Pro-Designer, such as industrial design software to design more flexible, fast, industrial design itself so And the high-tech.U.S. industrial design in the 1990s Another major change is the high-tech products, including computers, modern office equipment, medical equipment, communications equipment, and so became the main areas of industrial design. Industrial design in the high-tech humanity, in the process of commercialization has played an important role as a bridge. It is the efforts of designers, the previously daunting become high-tech day-to-day work and life indispensable partners.Headquartered in Portland, Oregon, the Ziba (ZIBA) design companies is considered the best international design companies. Ziba's design philosophy is simple to win, and stressed that the products of the plane, the company's product design is the attention to detail, the "God in the details of." At the same time, Ziba also designed the pursuit of fun and harmony through color, shape, details and graphic design products so that a cordial and pleasant and cute humor to Yasugongshang. Ziba companies in recent years with Microsoft, HP, Fujitsu, Intel and other companies to design a number of excellent products, the company developed for Microsoft's "natural" keyboard of its ease of use, human-computer interface comfortable, unique and novel shape Users are welcome. Ziba also designed a large number of high-tech medical equipment, the design of such products by more concise and bright pieces of modeling to facilitate the operation and cleaning, and trying to make previously complex and daunting process of becoming a medical simple and easy. Ziba Design of the hemodialysis machines with clear, concise touch screen has replaced the previous complexcontrols and switches, automatic control and install the software, so that medical personnel can easily facilitate the operation, addition, since the use of a modular design, can also Easy entry, to provide on-site services。
工业设计外文文献翻译及原文24页word
The impact of “3r” principles to industrial design•“3r”原则对工业设计的影响Abstract：While industrial design creates modem life and living surroundings for people，it also accelerates the exhaustion of the natural resources and the energy resources．Besides，it has done harm to the ecological balance，and threatened the existence and the sustainable development of human beings．Confront with this situation，the strategy of sustainable development，proposed in 1990s，is accepted by many people．Recycling economy and its key point，“3r” principle，were born for this situation and become important principle in all kinds of economic activities and in the area of design and manufacture．By decoding the connotation of “3r” principle，the article analyzes the influence and the guidance over industrial design of “3r” principle．Furthermore，the article tries to discuss the conception of redesign，which is the extension of the “3r” principle in the area of industrial design，and explicates 4R principle of industrial design for recycling economy at last．摘要：虽然工业设计创造了现代的生活并为人们提供了适合的生活环境，但也加快了对自然资源和能源资源的消耗。
工业设计外文文献翻译及原文
The impact of “3r” principles to industrial designAbstractWhile industrial design creates modem life and living surroundings for people，it also accelerates the exhaustion of the natural resources and the energy resources．Besides，it has done harm to the ecological balance，and threatened the existence and the sustainable development of human beings．Confront with this situation，the strategy of sustainable development，proposed in 1990s，is accepted by many people．Recycling economy and its key point，“3r” p rinciple，were born for this situation and become important principle in all kinds of economic activities and in the area of design and manufacture．By decoding the connotation of “3r” principle，the article analyzes the influence and the guidance over indust rial design of “3r” principle．Furthermore，the article tries to discuss the conception of redesign，which is the extension of the “3r” principle in the area of industrial design，and explicates 4R principle of industrial design for recycling economy at last．Key words3 R principle；industrial design；recycling economy；Redesign1 IntroductionIndustrial design as a cross-cutting technology and the arts disciplines， it is closely related to the economy and to maintain its development and progress of society. It can be summarized： First， it services for industrial mass production， making industrial products enhance the value and value-added. Second， It leads the fashion，to effectively stimulate consumption， so that consumers not only use the product at the same time， but also enjoy the new technology and material； Third， it puts technology to link up with the market， making products enhance competitiveness； Last but not the least， it can bring the innovation into the enterprise. Therefore，the economic development needs industrial design which has become indispensable to the country's economic construction .However， along with the traditional industrial design creating high-quality modern lifestyle and living environment and promoting economic development ，it also speeds up the consumption of resources and energy. What is more ，it dose harm to the ecological balance of the Earth and brings about a serious of great damage to human survival andsustainable development. Especially the excessive commercialization of industrial design，utilitarian and excessive pursuit of profit， the implementation of "merchandise has plans to abolish the system" without taking into account production， use， process waste， such as the environment， the impact of resources. It can be said that people are in inappropriate and excessive consumption patterns of life， the industrial design objectively becomes essential mediumto encourage people to uncontrolled consume， which is countered to the essence of industrial design—creating a science and healthy way of life.Facing the threat of human survival and sustainable development， in the 20th century， people began to question the sustainable development of humanity ，to carry out a profound reflection on sustainable development and to put forward a suitable model of circular economy ，the principle of circular economy is “3r” (i.e. Reduce， Reuse，Recycle) which is of great significance to the implementation and promotion ofsocio-economic stability， sustainable development Against this background， the concept of sustainable development into rapid economic development is inextricably linked to the design，based on this ongoing exploration and practice. “3r” principles in tended to sort out this article on various aspects of industrial design and the guiding role， and attempts to explore the “3r” principles of industrial design at the extension.2 Cycle economic model and the principle of “3r”Economy is engaged in production， consumption and reproduction activities， which is to meet human material needs of their own material .Recycling economy is considered following the original economy， the agricultural economy， industrial economy after the time of the post-industrial economy， with the industrial economy is different between the resources and environment relationship. Following the economic cycle refers to the natural ecosystem of the material circulation and energy flow reconstruction of the economic system so that it harmoniously into the natural ecosystems of the material energy recycling process to product clean production， resource recycling and efficient recycling characterized eco-economic development patterns， also known as eco-economy， green economy.2.1 The relationship between economic model， environment and the resourcesHuman survival and economic activities rely on the resources and the environment. On one hand ，it is the source of the human beings material system； on the other hand，it bears the economic activities of human waste generated by the various roles. The Earth can provide resources but are limited， even though it must have the ability to purify，however it is subject to human economic activity the ability of emissions is also limited.Industrial economic development patterns are from "One Product One resource pollution" posed by one-way flow of material and an open economy， this openness has led to a global depletion of resources and waste， as well as the serious deterioration of the ecological environment.Circular economy development pattern is from "one of resources of renewable resources， one of green products" posed by the material energy of the closed-loop feedback loop process， this closed loopsystem， can maintain economic production of low， high-quality， low-waste， which will be economic activity of natural resources and environmental impacts to minimize damage.2.2 Interpretation of the circular economy mode “3r” principle“3r” principle is the basic ma nifestation of the economic cycle， and its specific contents are as follows："Reduction" principle is the first principle of circular economy， that is the source of control method， which requires the source of economic activity - the design stage，pay attention to the use of resources-saving and pollution reduction requirements with fewer resources to achieve the established purpose of the production or consumption In the production areas， usually the energy-saving production processes， materials and conservation of resources， the products of small size and lightweight， and easy and simple packaging requirements in order to achieve the purpose of reducing waste emissions； In the consumer area， reduction of the supremacy of the principle of a change in consumer lifestyles and advocate moderate consumption and green consumption. "Reuse" principle is the second principle of circular economy， that is， process control methods， with the aim to improve the products and resources use efficiency， it calls for product design to initial the form of packaging for multiple items to prevent premature become waste. In the design， to the use of standard-sized parts， repair and upgrade in order to replace，thus prolonging the service life of products； In the consumer area， to promote the purchase of durable consumer goods， to reduce the use of disposable products， such as after-sales service by strengthening the means to extend the product life as possible and not waste."Recycling" principle is the third principle of circular economy， that is， terminal control method of production and consumption in the process of waste generated， through the "resources" of the means of its re-processing of raw materials can be re-used or product， put it back on consumption. Resources of the so-called class of resources usually include the original and secondary resources. The original class of resources is the waste of resources after the formation of the same with the original products， sub-resource is the waste of resources into different types of after the new products. To promote waste recycling economy will be the source of the original and sub-class of combining resources in order to fully realize the recycling use of resources.3. The impact of the “3r” principle of to industrial design“3r” principle is not only on products from the design， production， sales， use，disposal and so on throughout the life cycle have an impact on all aspect， but also on the industrial design itself， a more extensive and profound changes：3.1 The impact of design conceptIn modern industrial economy， the product design is often to serve the people，just from the people to meet needs and solve the problem as the starting point， and do not consider the follow-up products， use of resources and energy consumption and emissions on the environment and other ecological problems. “3r” principle in the design concept under the influence from the "people-oriented" towards the "harmony between man and nature" of green design， while respecting the needs of people， but also consider the safety of the ecosystem. Cycle economic model of the industrial design under the design concept，put people and nature live in harmony and common development in the first place， the use of systems theory and Calibration of all acts of industrial design， from product design at the beginning of the macro-environment had priority to consider and pay attention to the coordination of products that run the various elements of the process in order to achieve system optimization. Here， the environmental factors are the starting point of the whole design and end points， through the design， efforts to improve and reduce the products in the production， use， recycling process， such as the adverse impact of the environment. So Green Design Products are in the "harmony between man and nature" under the guidance of thought to the harmonious development of man and nature， the principle of human - machine system one considers the environment， a comprehensive optimization of the industrial design of a new concept.3.2 The impact of design styleSimple is an aesthetic pursuit of extremists on the design of easy style， popular in the 20th century， in the United States age 80. If we say that in the industrial economic model， the simple style of product design aesthetic is a subjective pursuit of people，then in the recycling economy mode， the structure of the simplest and most parsimonious of the materials， the most beautiful modeling， the most pristine appearance simplicity of product design，sustainable development concept is a concrete manifestation. “3r” Products doctrine of the meaning of this simple style more in-depth， specific， practical significance.First， the premise of ensuring the functionality as far as choice of materials can be recycled， such as biological materials， so less material on refined， appropriate；Second， to promote. Small is beautiful ". Less Is More"， the lightweight and pleasantform of products. Third， the design features of the object collation， evaluation，definition， must always focus on the merger， to simplify， optimize， and makes the core functions briefly products； Fourth， the product is intended to be simpleand clear language； Fifth， the structure of simple， easy to create； Sixth， the choice of degradable material， the structure of easy solutions， such as withholding together.3.3 The impact of design methodThe impact of the “3r” principle and under the guidance of the implementation of green design methods are： modular design， removable design， recyclable design， long-life design.Modular design is at a certain range of different functions or different functions the same performance， different specifications of the products on the basis of functional analysis， and design into a series of functional modules， through the selection and combination of modules can constitute different products to designed to meet the different needs of the Ways. The benefits of modular design： First， make products with good performance Recycling demolition， settled design different types of products and waste of resources； Second， it will be able to be easy to use or duplicate the functions of independent recovery， enhance the versatility of the components， once the end-of-life products， they can re-use or recycling； Third， improve the repair of products can extend the life of the product.Product design is removable at the design stage， so that parts of the Products has a good performance of the demolition. Conducive to the re-use of components or recycled materials to save not only protect the environment and Materials. The demolition of the design requirements， Product First， connect the various parts and components， as far as possible the use of detachable connection， such as threaded connections， unified type fasteners， reducing the number of fasteners， try not to use welding， riveting， bonding and other non-removable the connection； Second， in the selection and processing of raw materials， the demolition of the connection； to use and reuse of recyclable materials，the types of materials， such as less as possible.Recyclable design refers to product design， to take full account of the various materials Product components the possibility of recycling， recovery treatment， recycling and product recovery of costs related to a series of questions， thus saving materials and reducing waste， minimum of environmental pollution for the purpose of a design method. Long-life design is the design of products based on life in the economic indicators to ensure that products， value and environmental requirements at the same time try to makeour products to extend the life to achieve the slow resource consumption of a design method. Specifically include the following： First， improving product reliability and durability；Second， products are easy to repair and maintenance； Third，using standard， modular product structure3.4 The impact of design material“3r” principle in guidance and norms， product design， material selection should be taken into consideration： First of all， minimize the use of materials. Try using high quality materials to enhance the service life of products； the prohibition of the use of contaminated material against big， look for the corresponding sound material substitution； Reuse as much as possible the use of recyclable materials. Secondly， the preferred sound of the ecological environment of the material， after the preferred decomposition of waste and the natural world to absorb the material， preferred low power，low cost， low-polluting materials， preferred easy processing， and processing of non-polluting or less polluting materials， preferred materials recycling. Finally， to reduce the use of the types of materials in order to reduce the cost of Recycling Materials；maintain original material， as far as possible the use of simple materials， the use of alloy materials， to avoid material harm to the environment of the surface treatment；Marked parts Products material composition for the materials to facilitate recycling and so on.4. From “3r” to 4RIn the recycling economy mode， the product life cycle from the previous end-of-life for the end product， after the extension to the end-of-life recycling. It should be noted that starting from the waste products for the consideration of a second use for them，so that the product design is no longer a product before， but the other products. Therefore，the design process we will call it "re-engineering (Redesign)"4.1 The concept of re-engineeringThe so-called re-engineering， that is， through the product components as well as their overall utilization of the re-design method to save resources. Given the United Kingdom Environmental Design Alliance is defined as： "Materials by Product， the structure of a meaningful way to re-use， in order to save resources for the purpose of the premise，to extend the product life cycle， and tap the potential ecological value of the design method." In short， the product re-engineering refers to the product life cycle after the re-use design.Whether they are re-engineering the design of a new trend， or the design of a self-activity changes， which are related to the sustainable development strategy in line belong to the scope of green design. If it is said that green design is usually consideredthe entire product life-cycle environmental impact， and re-design considerations are at the end of product life-weeks to reduce the environmental impact of problem， it is the “3r” principle in the extension of the field of industrial design. Therefore， the re-engineering in conjunction with the “3r” principle， as a mode of circular economy 4R principles of industrial design.4.2 The form of re-engineeringProduct re-engineering is aimed at new products to effectively use the original parts and components products and materials. Product re-engineering have a variety of forms，for the same product re-engineering can have a variety of forms， can be divided into assimilation and alienation of the re-engineering.Assimilation refers to re-design is a before and after re-engineering products，have been recycling their own re-engineering of the parts not changed before and after. For example， before the re-design car audio， re-engineering the home was converted into sound.Alienation refers to the re-engineering re-design before and after are different products， re-use of components was necessary in order to be used transformation. For example， re-engineering before the cell phone components， into a walkie-talkie after the re-engineering of an important part of； In another example， the re-engineering of old jeans before， by re-engineering can be turned into shorts， vest and so on.5. ConclusionsCircular economy is to achieve sustainable human development of new economic development model，“3r” principle is the core substance of the economic cycle， the idea of circular economy is the fundamental expression. "Re-design" are able to make the best of “3r” in the extension of the field of industrial design and development， is a matter of deep study and practice the new task， it should be，together with the “3r” principle， become a model of circular economy are industrial 4R principles of design.As the international chairman of the Federation of Societies of Industrial Design，Mr. Peter said "the design of human development as an important factor， with the exception of self-destruction might be the ruin of mankind， human arrival may also become a shortcut to a better world." Today， in the framework of national sustainable development strategies， the role of industrial design is changing， and actively looking for a new direction for the development of circular economy at all levels play a role. Industrial design will become a powerful for cycling of our country economic.“3r”原那么对的工业设计的阻碍摘要在工业设计为人类制造了现代生活和生活环境的同时，也进一步加速自然资源和能源资源的消耗。
介绍工业设计的英文作文
介绍工业设计的英文作文英文：Industrial design is a fascinating field that combines creativity, functionality, and aesthetics to createproducts that improve our daily lives. As an industrial designer, my job is to not only make products look good,but also to ensure that they are practical and user-friendly.One of the most important aspects of industrial designis understanding the needs and preferences of the end users. For example, when designing a new smartphone, I have to consider factors such as the size and weight of the device, the placement of buttons and ports, and the overall user interface. By conducting thorough research and gathering feedback from potential users, I can create a product that meets their needs and exceeds their expectations.In addition to user needs, I also have to consider themanufacturing process and the materials used in the product. For instance, if I am designing a new chair, I have to take into account the properties of the materials, theproduction cost, and the environmental impact. By working closely with engineers and material scientists, I canensure that the final product is not only visually appealing, but also durable and sustainable.Furthermore, industrial design is not just aboutcreating physical products. It also involves designing experiences and interactions. For example, when designing a retail space, I have to think about the layout, thelighting, and the overall atmosphere to create a pleasant and memorable shopping experience for the customers.Overall, industrial design is a multidisciplinary field that requires a combination of artistic talent, technical knowledge, and empathy for the end users. By understanding the needs of the users, the constraints of manufacturing, and the principles of good design, I can create productsand experiences that make a positive impact on people's lives.中文：工业设计是一个迷人的领域，它结合了创造力、功能性和美学，创造出能够改善我们日常生活的产品。
工业工程英文文献及外文翻译
附录附录1：英文文献Line Balancing in the Real WorldAbstract:Line Balancing (LB) is a classic, well-researched Operations Research (OR) optimization problem of significant industrial importance. It is one of those problems where domain expertise does not help very much: whatever the number of years spent solving it, one is each time facing an intractable problem with an astronomic number of possible solutions and no real guidance on how to solve it in the best way, unless one postulates that the old way is the best way .Here we explain an apparent paradox: although many algorithms have been proposed in the past, and despite the problem’s practical importance, just one commercially available LB software currently appears to be available for application in industries such as automotive. We speculate that this may be due to a misalignment between the academic LB problem addressed by OR, and the actual problem faced by the industry.Keyword:Line Balancing, Assembly lines, OptimizationLine Balancing in the Real WorldEmanuel FalkenauerOptimal DesignAv. Jeanne 19A boîte2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium+32 (0)2 646 10 741 IntroductionAssembly Line Balancing, or simply Line Balancing (LB), is the problem of assigning operations to workstations along an assembly line, in such a way that the assignment be optimal in some sense. Ever since Henry Ford’s introduction of assembly lines, LB has been an optimization problem of significant industrial importance: the efficiency difference between an optimal and a sub-optimal assignment can yield economies (or waste) reaching millions of dollars per year.LB is a classic Operations Research (OR) optimization problem, having been tackled by OR over several decades. Many algorithms have been proposed for the problem. Yet despite the practical importance of the problem, and the OR efforts that have been made to tackle it, little commercially available software is available to help industry in optimizing their lines. In fact, according to a recent survey by Becker and Scholl (2023), there appear to be currently just two commercially available packages featuring both a state of the art optimization algorithm and auser-friendly interface for data management. Furthermore, one of those packages appears to handle only the “clean” formulation of the problem (Simple Assembly Line Balancing Problem, or SALBP), which leaves only one package available for industries such as automotive. This situation appears to be paradoxical, or at least unexpected: given the huge economies LB can generate, one would expect several software packages vying to grab a part of those economies.It appears that the gap between the available OR results and their dissemination in Today’s industry, is probably due to a misalignment between the academic LB problem addressed by most of the OR approaches, and the actual problem being faced by the industry. LB is a difficult optimization problem even its simplest forms are NP-hard – see Garry and Johnson, 1979), so the approach taken by OR has typically been to simplify it, in order to bring it to a level of complexity amenable to OR tools. While this is a perfectly valid approach in general, in the particular case of LB it led some definitions of the problem hat ignore many aspects of the real-world problem.Unfortunately, many of the aspects that have been left out in the OR approach are in fact crucial to industries such as automotive, in the sense that any solution ignoring (violating) those aspects becomes unusable in the industry.In the sequel, we first briefly recall classic OR definitions of LB, and then review how the actual line balancing problem faced by the industry differs from them, and why a solution to the classic OR problem maybe unusable in some industries.2 OR Definitions of LBThe classic OR definition of the line balancing problem, dubbed SALBP (Simple Assembly Line Balancing Problem) by Becker and Scholl (2023), goes as follows. Given a set of tasks of various durations, a set of precedence constraints among the tasks, and a set of workstations, assign each task to exactly one workstation in such a way that no precedence constraint is violated and the assignment is optimal. The optimality criterion gives rise to two variants of the problem: either a cycle time is given that cannot be exceeded by the sum of durations of all tasks assigned to any workstation and the number of workstations is to be minimized, or the number of workstations is fixed and the line cycle time, equal to the largest sum of durations of task assigned to a workstation, is to be minimized.Although the SALBP only takes into account two constraints (the precedence constraints plus the cycle time, or the precedence constraints plus the number of workstations), it is by far the variant of line balancing that has been the most researched. We have contributed to that effort in Falkenauer and Delchambre (1992), where we proposed a Grouping Genetic Algorithm approach that achieved some of the best performance in the field. The Grouping Genetic Algorithm technique itself was presented in detail in Falkenauer (1998).However well researched, the SALBP is hardly applicable in industry, as we will see shortly. The fact has not escaped the attention of the OR researches, and Becker and Scholl (2023) define many extensions to SALBP, yielding a commondenomination GALBP (Generalized Assembly Line Balancing Problem). Each of the extensions reported in their authoritative survey aims to handle an additional difficulty present in real-world line balancing. We have tackled one of those aspects in Falkenauer (1997), also by applying the Grouping Genetic Algorithm.The major problem with most of the approaches reported by Becker and Scholl (2023) is that they generalize the simple SALBP in just one or two directions. The real world line balancing, as faced in particular by the automotive industry, requires tackling many of those generalizations simultaneously.3 What Differs in the Real World?Although even the simple SALBP is NP-hard, it is far from capturing the true complexity of the problem in its real-world incarnations. On the other hand, small instances of the problem, even though they are difficult to solve to optimality, are a tricky target for line balancing software, because small instances of the problem can be solved closet optimality by hand. That is however not the case in the automotive and related industries (Bus, truck, aircraft, heavy machinery, etc.), since those industries routinely feature Assembly lines with dozens or hundreds of workstations, and hundreds or thousands of Operations. Those industries are therefore the prime targets for line balancing software.Unfortunately, those same industries also need to take into account many of the GALBP extensions at the same time, which may explain why, despite the impressive OR Work done on line balancing; only one commercially available software seemstube currently available for those industries.We identify below some of the additional difficulties (with respect to SALBP) that must be tackled in a line balancing tool, in order to be applicable in those industries.3.1 Do Not Balance but Re-balanceMany of the OR approaches implicitly assume that the problem to be solved involves a new, yet-to-be-built assembly line, possibly housed in a new, yet-to-be-built factory. To our opinion, this is the gravest oversimplification of the classic OR approach, for in practice, this is hardly ever the case. The vast majority of real-world line balancing tasks involve existing lines, housed in existing factories – infect, the target line typically needs tube rebalanced rather than balanced, the need arising from changes in the product or the mix of models being assembled in the line, the assembly technology, the available workforce, or the production targets. This has some far-reaching implications, outlined below.3.2 Workstations Have IdentitiesAs pointed out above, the vast majority of real-world line balancing tasks involves existing lines housed in existing factories. In practice, this seemingly “uninteresting” observation has one far-reaching consequence, namely that each workstation in the line does have its own identity. This identity is not due to any “incapacity of abstraction” on part of the process engineers, but rather to the fact that the workstations are indeed not identical: each has its own space constraints (e.g. a workstation below a low ceiling cannot elevate the car above the operators’ heads),its own heavy equipment that cannot be moved spare huge costs, its own capacity of certain supplies (e.g. compressed air), its own restrictions on the operations that can be carried out there (e.g. do not place welding operations just beside the painting shop), etc.3.3 Cannot Eliminate WorkstationsSince workstations do have their identity (as observed above), it becomes obvious that a real-world LB tool cannot aim at eliminating workstations. Indeed, unless the eliminated workstations were all in the front of the line or its tail, their elimination would create gaping holes in the line, by virtue of the other workstations’ retaining of their identities, including their geographical positions in the workshop. Also, it softens the case that many workstations that could possibly be eliminated by the algorithm are in fact necessary because of zoning constraints.4 ConclusionsThe conclusions inspection 3 stems from our extensive contacts with automotive and related industries, and reflects their true needs. Other “exotic” constraints may apply in any given real-world assembly line, but line balancing tool for those industries must be able to handle at least those aspects of the problem. This is very far from the “clean” academic SALBP, as well as most GALBP extensions reported by Becker and Scholl (2023). In fact, such a tool must simultaneously solve several-hard problems:• Find a feasible defined replacement for all undefined (‘ANY’) ergonomicconstraints on workstations, i.e. One compatible with the ergonomic constraints and precedence constraints defined on operations, as well as zoning constraints and possible drifting operations• Solve the within-workstation scheduling problem on all workstations, for all products being assembled on the line• Assign the operations to workstations to achieve the best average balance, while keeping the peak times at a manageable level. Clearly, the real-world line balancing problem described above is extremely difficult to solve. This is compounded byte size of the problem encountered in the target industries, which routinely feature assembly lines with dozens or hundreds of workstations with multiple operators, and hundreds or thousands of operations.We’ve identified a number of aspects of the line balancing problem that are vital in industries such as automotive, yet that have been either neglected in the OR work on the problem, or handled separately from each other. According to our experience, a line balancing to applicable in those industries must be able to handle all of them simultaneously. That gives rise to an extremely complex optimization problem.The complexity of the problem, and the need to solve it quickly, may explain why there appears to be just one commercially available software for solving it, namely outline by Optimal Design. More information on Outline, including its rich graphic user interface, is available at .References1 Becker C. and Scholl, A. (2023) `A survey on problems and methods in generalized assemblyline balancing', European Journal of Operations Research, in press. Available online at :10.1016/j.ejor.2023.07.023. Journal article.2 Falkenauer, E. and Delchambre, A. (1992) `Genetic Algorithm for Bin Packing and Line Balancing', Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, May10-15, 1992, Nice, France. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA. Pp. 1186-1192. Conference proceedings.3 Falkenauer, E. (1997) `A Grouping Genetic Algorithm for Line Balancing with Resource Dependent Task Times', Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Neural Information Processing (ICONIP’97), University of Otego, Dunedin, New Zealand, November 24-28, 1997. Pp. 464-468. Conference proceedings.4 Falkenauer, E. (1998) Genetic Algorithms and Grouping Problems, John Wiley& Sons, Chi Chester, UK. Book.5 Gary. R. and Johnson D. S. (1979) Computers and Intractability - A Guide to the Theory of NP-completeness, Co., San Francisco, USA. Book.附录2：中文文献生产线平衡在现实世界摘要：生产线平衡（LB）是一种经典旳，精心研究旳明显工业重要性旳运筹学（OR）优化问题。
工业设计专业英文文献及翻译
工业设计专业英文文献及翻译'Green design' and emotional return'Green design' is a late 20th century, there at the moment 80 international design trends. As early as the late 20th century, 60 well-known industrial designer and educator-dimensional multi-Peipanike on the publication aroused strong repercussions in the design world works 'is designed for real-life', presented in the book and the public at the time different points of view, he considered that the things around us are created by designers, designers in the Marketingand customer satisfaction is not only just play 'beautify' the role of the designer should also be emphasized that the social and moral ethics Worth . Far-reaching impact of this book has continued to this day.Into the 21st century, because of the world's governments on environmental issues seriously. The establishment of laws and regulations relating to environmental protection, competition among enterprises, making with the idealism of 'green design' step by step with the trend of practical significance. Based on the attention and understanding of environmental issues, people from the 20th century,60's too radical a 'green movement', developed to present a relatively mature 'green consumption' behavior, which is 'green design' has brought new opportunities.The main planning as a product designer and creator of the productat all stages of the environmental issues will have a direct andindirect effects. In particular,often by their decision to use the product key materials, products, how to make? Adopt in a special surface treatment method to achieve the final surface effect? Products How to use? How to deal with the waste after use? Whether to use recyclable or re-use of materials? design players a decisive role in many issues.More importantly, designers connecting link between the product and people. They can lead and change the way people use products, while responsible for these products and services.Designed to influencepeople's lifestyles and sociol-cultural changes. It has gradually grown accustomed through the design to reflect their social status and personal taste. Design is 'consumerism' of the promoter of products from style 'planned obsolescence', speed up the pace of product replacement. Design is also involved in advertising activities, thus further boosting consumer spending. Is designed to make social and cultural changes took place, while the majority of them represents a certain lifestyle, so in theory, 'green lifestyle' could also be that people praise and follow, this lifestyle is not unusual to be frugal, but is to promote a low-key and simple way of life as much as possible.The commercial value of Industrial Design increasingly recognized and valued by anumber of manufacturers, designers in a number of the company's R& D department has been entrusted with the task, all this allowsdesigners to have the opportunity to demonstrate their ability to deal with environmental issues, as well as environmental issues, ethical a sense of responsibility.'Green design' from the scope of non-mainstream areas to expand into the mainstream.With the 'Green Design' approach and the associated name of the many people in this article follow the common concepts, collectively referred to as the design from an environmental point of view of the design method for 'green design'. 'Green design' focuses on the impact of nature and the resolution of certain individual issues, such as resource andenergy efficiency, reducing waste through recycling and so on. In some developed countries, abandoned most of metals and plastics can now be sorted and recycled, or re-use of the sorting carried out. To enhance household garbage sorting and 'emerged' in the product design, waste management has become one of the hot contemporary industrial design.Eco-design, also known as life cycle design, namely the use of ecological thinking, in the product life cycle, to give priority products environmental attributes, in addition to considering the product performance, quality and cost, but also take into account the product recovery and processing. The product must also take into account the economic, functional and aesthetic factors.Product eco-design its basic theoretical foundation of industrial ecology in the theory of industrial metabolism and life cycle assessment.Sustainable design is a broader design approach than the earlier ones. Involved in more aspects, such as the nation's future development phase and the sharing of resources in the development of future generations, how to ensure the functionality of the product at the same time, reducing the burden on the entire planet. A typical theory is to improve the efficiency of products, while promoting the services associated with development of the system: To study the products of the necessary functions for the user to extend the life of the product; for product development of the sustainability of the overall system design, rather than just the design of the product itself is more important.The focus of sustainable product design, product life-cycle impact of external factors analysis.In addition, there is other product design optimization method. Such as environmentalmaterials (recyclable and recycled materials) use. Studies have shown that, in order to change the impact on the environment of the wasteful consumption of the status quot to the earth's resources for sustainable development in the consumption level of development, our long-term goal should be to strive to build stronger long-term with the product links. For these originally, in the development of environmentally friendly products to extend the life of the product is more important than other strategies, while also encouraging consumers to form sustainable, long-term consumption patterns.Designer is also the founder of design style and taste, the product of the visual image of environmental protection will also have an indirect impact.Is mainly reflected in the product lifetime of two aspects of the relative choice of materials. Because people in the past way of life caused by a large number of product varieties obsolete, and the frequent replacement of the speed of products for environmental protection had a bad effect, if they can extend the product life time, we can reduce the unnecessary waste of resources. Studies have shownthat in promoting existing products obsolete, consumers of psychological factors and materials play an important role. Relative prosperity in the material economy of today, often likes and dislikes of consumers for some products directly to determine the 'life'.In some point of view, 'green design' cannot be seen as a style of performance.The success of 'green design' products from the designer a high degree of awareness of environmental issues, and in the design and development process, designers and relevant organizations to use the experience, knowledge and creativity of crystallization. At present there are several general design themes and trends:1) The use of natural materials in order to 'raw' form of furniture products, building materials and fabrics to be reflected and utilized.2) The nostalgia of the simple style, well into the 'high tech' factor, allowing users to find product is amiable, warm.3) Utility and energy conservation.4) Emphasized the use of the material economy, get rid of useless features and purely decorative style, and create vivid shape and return to the classic simplicity.5) The multi-purpose product design, changes can increase the fun by design, to avoid boredom and replacement needs; it can upgrade, update, by as little as possible to use other materials to extend the life; the use of 'add-on smart' or dismantling components.6) The products and services, the non-materialistic.7) The combination of design and cycle schemes.We do not simply believe in a clear recyclable materials, theproduct will certainly be a 'green product', because the product recyclability of products may become obsolete to accelerate the speed of an excuse, people have recognized the appearance of recyclable materials, the degree may also be would have an impact on product sales.When the'Green Design' gradual integration into the mainstream product design, designers face is not only a small number of 'green fanatics', but ordinary consumers. If you only focus on the design functionality, while the neglect of the aesthetic needs of the user, you cannot extend the product life.People-oriented design ideas from the European Renaissance of the humanitarian ideology. To promote care of people pay attention to people, people-centered world view. In terms of modern product design, human-centered thinking that is the core of the design process, the coordination of product - social - environment relationships betweenthese three. Of human knowledge and transform the nature, purpose is simply to create a good human being living conditions and environmentfor development. However, this simple truth, have repeatedly been vague and misinterpreted. In the past quite a long period of time, people's respect through a variety of activities are acts of science and technology as a means to conquer nature for the purpose, to growth of material wealth as the driving force of the traditional development model, to a certain extent, the destruction of human Lai basis in order to survive, people at the same time trying to conquer nature, often become the object of being a natural punishment. Large industrial era machinery of industrial product is a very typical example, their presence to meet people's material needs, can bring with it more of an emotional loss and the living environment of the hit. Repeatedly by natural warnings, people began to realize that the essence of people-oriented is a real concern of humanity, people started digging people and the harmonious relationship between society and nature. The product design, product-oriented pursuit of emotional and humane products emphasize the purpose of people-oriented under the natural. And people - society - environment, harmonious relations in product design can also be understood as personal qualities - products - emotional harmony. Materials, environmental protection, technology is simple, beautiful shape, making excellent products is the people really psychologically acceptable.Second, the values of stress also contributed to people foremotional awareness. In the past quite a long period of time, the design process is seen as an artistic process, the artist's aesthetic choices to replace the more often the user can only be passively accepted. Such an outcome, making the distance between the product and the user has become increasinglyalienated, people even do not feel the product, with any function other than to enjoy. The feelings of the people and therefore become numb up. As the market changes in the mode of operation, the user's thinking of a more active participation in the design process, the designer is no longer an artist, a professional designer should be to reconcile a variety of design factors. The pursuit of good design is the recognition of values, ideas of resonance, emotional touch. Thoughts on design-related emotions also were born in the fertile soil where the values set.In addition, the design of the regional culture and promote the protection of people also reflects the concern for the feelings. Design is no longer the pursuit of volume, standardization brought about by a single aesthetic, but to diversify into account. The emotional needs of the design was gradually realized that it was multi-directional. Regional differences in the deposition as well as the name of ethnic culture, customs and practices which are in the design to be discussed and explored. In the end, be able to reflect the name of ethnic identity and personality of the product is designed for success stories. This isthe design of emotion-oriented evidence. Of modern product design, product and make people aware of the relationship between communication, the design also focused on how to locate the user object's emotional needs and how to express such feelings, the design of various forms of emotional factors for considerations change is more comprehensive than ever.If the design theory for the design of the improvement means that people re-think, then the birth of a new design type is the mostrealistic and practical needs and the most direct response is all about. More and more on the emotional issues were referred to the process of designing for, so people were the design, interface design, interaction design, accessible design, and so a series of related to the design of communication and emotional way of thinking has been more and more to attention and research, and ultimately applied to the design and production process. Product design and all kinds of psychology,sociology and other disciplines related to human characteristics of the study of collaborative research between the guidance has become an important part of the design.ConclusionWhether the product design and development from the vertical profile view, or from the horizontal status of a modern product design, look at the relationship between the various disciplines, Emotional Design has undoubtedly become a contemporary design, one of the most popular topics. People gradually realize that product design process, designers of theproduct of the soul to give the process is essential. Here the soul refers to the expressed product, and can communicate with the user-generated emotions. In other words, modern product design should be a planning activities related to emotion, early stage of development is no longer a simple physical modeling process. Its entire design process, a certain sense, is a physical emotional process. Contemporary designers should also be taken fully into account in the design of emotional factors, grasp the emotional positioning, designed to communicate with the real products. Such a materialistic in the modern information era of rapid change, due to the severe lack of emotional feeling, it is the demand for the emotional satisfaction of a period of time than ever before are obviously urgent. Designers will face more challenges and responsibilities of a good design to meet the function, on the basis of serving other, and more are expected to return is the emotional.The requirements of sustainable development of society indicatesthat 'green design' remains will be the 21st century, one of the hot industrial design. In order to reduce environmental problems, designers should be the product environmental performance improvement, environmental issues and want to have a good understanding of their impact; this was in science and Technology than ever before to learn more about, and needs tocreativity, new thinking and imaginative. 'Green design' to the Industrial Design has broughtadditional challenges, it also brings more opportunities.The impact of "3r" principles to industrial design 1. Introduction Industrial design as a cross-cutting technology and the arts disciplines， it is closelyrelated to the economy and to maintain its development and progress of society. It can be summarized: First， it services for industrial mass production， making industrialproducts enhance the value and value-added. Second， It leads the fashion， to effectivelystimulate consumption， so that consumers not only use the product at the same time， butalso enjoy the new technology and material; Third， it puts technology to link up with themarket， making products enhance competitiveness; Last but not the least， it can bringthe innovation into the enterprise. Therefore， the economic development needs industrialdesign which has become indispensable to the country's economic construction .However， along with the traditional industrial design creating high-quality modern lifestyle and living environment and promoting economic development ，it also speeds upthe consumption of resources and energy. What's more ，it dose harm to the ecologicalbalance of the Earth and brings about a serious of great damage to human survival and sustainable development. Especially the excessive commercialization of industrial design，utilitarian and excessive pursuit of profit， the implementation of "merchandise has plans toabolish the system" without taking into account production， use，process waste， suchas the environment， the impact of resources. It can be said that people are in inappropriate and excessive consumption patterns of life，the industrial design objectively becomesessential medium to encourage people to uncontrolled consume， which is countered to theessence of industrial design—creating a science and healthy way of life.Facing the threat of human survival and sustainable development， in the 20thcentury， people began to question the sustainable development of humanity ，to carry outa profound reflection on sustainable development and to put forward a suitable model of circular economy ， the principle of circular economy is "3r" (is Reduce， Reuse，Recycle) which is of great significance to the implementation and promotion of socio-economic stability， sustainable development Against this background， the conceptof sustainable development into rapid economic development is inextricably linked to the design， based on this ongoing exploration and practice. "3r" principles intended to sort out this article on various aspects of industrial design and the guiding role， and attempts toexplore the "3r" principles of industrial design at the extension.2. Cycle economic model and the principle of "3r"Economy is engaged in production， consumption and reproduction activities， whichis to meet human material needs of their own material .Recycling economy is considered following the original economy， the agricultural economy， industrial economy after thetime of the post-industrial economy， with the industrial economy is different between theresources and environment relationship.Following the economic cycle refers to the natural ecosystem of the material circulation and energy flow reconstruction of the economic system so that it harmoniously into the natural ecosystems of the material energy recycling process to product clean production， resource recycling and efficient recycling characterizedeco-economic development patterns， also known as eco-economy，green economy.2.1 The relationship between economic model， environment and the resourcesHuman survival and economic activities rely on the resources and the environment.On one hand ，it is the source of the human beings material system; on the other hand， itbears the economic activities of human waste generated by the various roles. The Earth can provide resources but are limited， even though it must have the ability to purify， howeverit is subject to human economic activity the ability of emissions is also limited.Industrial economic development patterns are from "One Product One resource pollution" posed by one-way flow of material and an open economy， this openness has ledto a global depletion of resources and waste， as well as the serious deterioration of theecological environment.Circular economy development pattern is from "one of resources of renewable resources， one of green products" posed by the material energy of the closed-loop feedback loop process， this closed loop system， can maintain economic production of low，high-quality， low-waste， which will be economic activity ofnatural resources andenvironmental impacts to minimize damage.2.2 Interpretation of the circular economy mode "3r" principle"3r" principle is the basic manifestation of the economic cycle，and its specificcontents are as follows:"Reduction" principle is the first principle of circular economy，that is the source ofcontrol method， which requires the source of economic activity -the design stage， payattention to the use of resources-saving and pollution reduction requirements with fewer resources to achieve the established purpose of the production or consumption In the production areas， usually the energy-saving production processes， materials andconservation of resources， the products of small size and lightweight， and easy andsimple packaging requirements in order to achieve the purpose of reducing waste emissions;In the consumer area， reduction of the supremacy of the principleof a change in consumer lifestyles and advocate moderate consumption and green consumption. "Reuse" principle is the second principle of circular economy， that is， process control methods， with theaim to improve the products and resources use efficiency， it calls for product design toinitial the form of packaging for multiple items to prevent premature become waste. In the design， to the use of standard-sized parts， repair and upgrade in order to replace， thusprolonging the service life of products; In the consumer area， to promote the purchase ofdurable consumer goods， to reduce the use of disposable products，such as after-salesservice by strengthening the means to extend the product life as possible and not waste."Recycling" principle is the third principle of circular economy，that is， terminalcontrol method of production and consumption in the process of waste generated， throughthe "resources" of the means of its re-processing of raw materials can be re-used or product，put it back on consumption. Resources of the so-called class of resources usually include the original and secondary resources. The original class of resources is the waste of resources after the formation of the same with the original products， sub-resource is the waste ofresources into different types of after the new products. To promote waste recycling economy will be the source of the original and sub-class of combining resources in order to fully realize the recycling use of resources.3. The impact of the "3r" principle of to industrial design"3r" principle is not only on products from the design，production， sales， use，disposal and so on throughout the life cycle have an impact on all aspect， but also on theindustrial design itself， a more extensive and profound changes:3.1 The impact of design conceptIn modern industrial economy， the product design is often to serve the people， justfrom the people to meet needs and solve the problem as the starting point， and do notconsider the follow-up products， use of resources and energy consumption and emissionson the environment and other ecological problems. "3r" principle in the design concept under the influence from the "people-oriented" towards the "harmony between man and nature" of green design， while respecting the needs of people， but also consider the safety of the ecosystem. Cycle economic model of the industrial design under the design concept， putpeople and nature live in harmony and common development in thefirst place， the use ofsystems theory and Calibration of all acts of industrial design，from product design at thebeginning of the macro-environment had priority to consider and pay attention to the coordination of products that run the various elements of the process in order to achieve system optimization. Here， the environmental factors are the starting point of the whole design and end points， through the design， efforts to improve and reduce the products inthe production， use， recycling process， such as the adverse impact of the environment.So Green Design Products are in the "harmony between man and nature" under the guidance of thought to the harmonious development of man and nature， the principle of human -machine system one considers the environment， a comprehensive optimization of theindustrial design of a new concept.3.2 The impact of design styleSimple is an aesthetic pursuit of extremists on the design of easy style， popular in the20th century， in the United States age 80. If we say that in the industrial economic model，the simple style of product design aesthetic is a subjective pursuit of people， then in therecycling economy mode， the structure of the simplest and most parsimonious of the materials， the most beautiful modeling， the most pristine appearance simplicity ofproduct design， sustainable development concept is a concrete manifestation. "3r" Productsdoctrine of the meaning of this simple style more in-depth，specific， practicalsignificance.First， the premise of ensuring the functionality as far as choice of materials can be recycled， such as biological materials， so less material on refined， appropriate;Second， to promote. Small is beautiful ". Less Is More"， the lightweight and pleasantform of products. Third， the design features of the object collation， evaluation，definition， must always focus on the merger， to simplify，optimize， and makes thecore functions briefly products; Fourth， the product is intended to be simple and clearlanguage; Fifth， the structure of simple， easy to create; Sixth，the choice ofdegradable material， the structure of easy solutions， such as withholding together.3.3 The impact of design methodThe impact of the "3r" principle and under the guidance of the implementation of green design methods are: modular design， removable design， recyclable design， long-lifedesign.Modular design is at a certain range of different functions or different functions the same performance， different specifications of the products on the basis of functional analysis，and design into a series of functional modules， through the selection and combination ofmodules can constitute different products to designed to meet the different needs of the Ways. The benefits of modular design: First，make products with good performance Recyclingdemolition， settled design different types of products and waste of resources; Second，it will be able to be easy to use or duplicate the functions of independent recovery， enhancethe versatility of the components， once the end-of-life products，they can re-use orrecycling; Third， improve the repair of products can extend thelife of the product.Product design is removable at the design stage， so that parts of the Products has agood performance of the demolition. Conducive to the re-use of components or recycled materials to save not only protect the environment and Materials . The demolition of the design requirements，Product First， connect the various parts and components， as far as possible the use of detachable connection， such as threaded connections， unified typefasteners， reducing the number of fasteners， try not to use welding， riveting，bonding and other non-removable the connection; Second， in the selection andprocessing of raw materials， the demolition of the connection; to use and reuse ofrecyclable materials， the types of materials， such as less as possible.Recyclable design refers to product design， to take full account of the variousmaterials Product components the possibility of recycling， recovery treatment， recyclingand product recovery of costs related to a series of questions，thus saving materials andreducing waste， minimum of environmental pollution for the purpose of a design method. Long-life design is the design of products based on life in the economic indicators to ensure that products， value and environmental requirements at the same time try to make our products to extend the life to achieve the slow resource consumption of a design method. Specifically include the following: First， improving product reliability and durability;Second， products are easy to repair and maintenance; Third，using standard， modularproduct structure.3.4 The impact of design material。
工业产品设计外文翻译参考文献
工业产品设计外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Design Without DesignersI will always remember my first introduction to the power of good product design.I was newly arrived at Apple, still learning the ways of business, when I was visited by a member of Apple's Industrial Design team. He showed me a foam mockup of a proposed product. "Wow," I said, "I want one! What is it?"That experience brought home the power of design: I was excited and enthusiastic even before I knew what it was. This type of visceral "wow" response requires creative designers. It is subjective, personal. Uh oh, this is not what engineers like to hear. If you can't put a number to it, it's not important. As a result, there is a trend to eliminate designers. Who needs them when we can simply test our way to success? The excitement of powerful, captivating design is defined as irrelevant. Worse, the nature of design is in danger.Don't believe me? Consider Google. In a well-publicized move, a senior designer at Google recently quit, stating that Google had no interest in or understanding of design. Google, it seems, relies primarily upon test results, not human skill or judgment. Want to know whether a design is effective? Try it out. Google can quickly submit samples to millions of people in well-controlled trials, pitting one design against another, selecting the winner based upon number of clicks, or sales, or whatever objective measure they wish. Which color of blue is best? Test. Item placement? Test. Web page layout? Test.This procedure is hardly unique to Google. has long followed this practice. Years ago I was proudly informed that they no longer have debates about which design is best: they simply test them and use the data to decide. And this, of course, is the approach used by the human-centered iterative design approach: prototype, test, revise.Is this the future of design? Certainly there are many who believe so. This is a hot topic on the talk and seminar circuit. After all, the proponents ask reasonably, who could object to making decisions based upon data?Two Types of Innovation: Incremental Improvements and New ConceptsIn design—and almost all innovation, for that matter—there are at least two distinct forms. One is incremental improvement. In the manufacturing of products, companies assume that unit costs will continually decrease through continual, incremental improvements. A steady chain of incremental innovation enhances operations, the sourcing of parts and supply-chain management. The product design is continually tinkered with, adjusting the interface, adding new features, changing small things here and there. New products are announced yearly that are simply small modifications to the existing platform by a different constellation of features. Sometimes features are removed to enable a new, low-cost line. Sometimes features are enhanced or added. In incremental improvement, the basic platform is unchanged. Incremental design and innovation is less glamorous than the development of new concepts and ideas, but it is both far more frequent and far more important. Most of these innovations are small, but most are quite successful. This is what companies call "their cash cow": a product line that requires very little new development cost while being profitable year after year.The second form of design is what is generally taught in design, engineering and MBA courses on "breakthrough product innovation." Here is where new concepts get invented, new products defined, and new businesses formed. This is the fun part of innovation. As a result, it is the arena that most designers and inventors wish to inhabit. But the risks are great: most new innovations fail. Successful innovations can take decades to become accepted. As a result, the people who create the innovation are not necessarily the people who profit from it.In my Apple example, the designers were devising a new conception. In the case of Google and Amazon, the companies are practicing incremental enhancement. They are two different activities. Note that the Apple product, like most new innovations, failed. Why? I return to this example later.Both forms of innovation are necessary. The fight over data-driven design is misleading in that it uses the power of one method to deny the importance of the second. Data-driven design through testing is indeed effective at improving existing products. But where did the idea for the product come from in the first place? From someone's creative mind. Testing is effective at enhancing an idea, but creative designers and inventors are required to come up with the idea.Why Testing Is Both Essential and IncompleteData-driven design is "hill-climbing," a well-known algorithm for optimization. Imagine standing in the dark in an unknown, hilly terrain. How do you get to the top of the hill when you can't see? Test the immediate surroundings to determine which direction goes up the most steeply and take a step that way. Repeat until every direction leads to a lower level.But what if the terrain has many hills? How would you know whether you are on the highest? Answer: you can't know. This is called the "local maximum" problem: you can't tell if you are on highest hill (a global maximum) or just at the top of a small one.When a computer does hill climbing on a mathematical space, it tries to avoid the problem of local maxima by initiating climbs from numerous, different parts of the space being explored, selecting the highest of the separate attempts. This doesn't guarantee the very highest peak, but it can avoid being stuck on a low-ranking one. This strategy is seldom available to a designer: it is difficult enough to come up with a single starting point, let alone multiple, different ones. So, refinement through testing in the world of design is usually only capable of reaching the local maximum. Is there a far better solution (that is, is there a different hill which yields far superior results)? Testing will never tell us.Here is where creative people come in. Breakthroughs occur when a person restructures the problem, thereby recognizing that one is exploring the wrong space. This is the creative side of design and invention. Incremental enhancements will not get us there.Barriers to Great InnovationDramatic new innovation has some fundamental characteristics that make it inappropriate for judgment through testing. People resist novelty. Behavior tends to be conservative. New technologies and new methods of doing things usually take decades to be accepted - sometimes multiple decades. But the testing methods allassume that one can make a change, try it out, and immediately determine if it is better than what is currently available.There is no known way to tell if a radical new idea will eventually be successful. Here is where great leadership and courage is required. History tells us of many people who persevered for long periods in the face of repeated rejection before their idea was accepted, often to the point that after success, people could not imagine how they got along without it before. History also tells us of many people who persevered yet never were able to succeed. It is proper to be skeptical of radical new ideas.In the early years of an idea, it might not be accepted because the technology isn't ready, or because there is a lot more optimization still to be done, or because the audience isn't ready. Or because it is a bad idea. It is difficult to determine which of those reasons dominates. The task only becomes easy in hindsight, long after it becomes established.These long periods between formation and initial implementation of a novel idea and its eventual determination of success or failure in the marketplace is what defeats those who wish to use evidence as a decision criterion for following a new direction. Even if a superior way of doing something has been found, the automated test process will probably reject it, not because the idea is inferior, but because it cannot wait decades for the answer. Those who look only at test results will miss the large payoff.Of course there are sound business reasons why ignoring potentially superior approaches might be a wise decision. After all, if the audience is not ready for the new approach, it would initially fail in the marketplace. That is true, in the short run. But to prosper in the future, the best approach would be to develop and commercialize the new idea to get marketplace experience, to begin the optimization process, and to develop the customer base. At the same time one is preparing the company for the day when the method takes off. Sure, keep doing the old, but get ready for the new. If the company fails to recognize the newly emerging method, its competitors will take over. Quite often these competitors will be a startup that existing companies ignored because what they were doing was not well accepted, and in any event did not appear to challenge the existing business: see "The innovator's dilemma."Gestural, multi-touch interfaces for screen-driven devices and computer games are good examples. Are these a brilliant new innovation? Brilliant? Yes. New? Absolutely not. Multi-touch devices were in research labs for almost three decades before the first successful mass-produced products. I saw gestures demonstrated over two decades ago. New ideas take considerable time to reach success in the marketplace. If an idea is commercialized too soon, the result is usually failure (and a large loss of money).This is precisely what the Apple designer of my opening paragraph had done. What I was shown was a portable computer designed for schoolchildren with a form factor unlike anything I had ever seen before. It was wonderful, and even to my normally critical eye, it looked like a perfect fit for the purpose and audience. Alas, the product got caught in a political fight between warring Apple divisions. Although it was eventually released into the marketplace, the fight crippled its integrity and it was badly executed, badly supported, and badly marketed.The resistance of a company to new innovations is well founded. It is expensive to develop a new product line with unknown profitability. Moreover, existing product divisions will be concerned that the new product will disrupt existing sales (this is called "cannibalization"). These fears are often correct. This is a classic case of what is good for the company being bad for an existing division, which means bad for the promotion and reward opportunities for the existing division. Is it a wonder companies resist? The data clearly show that although a few new innovations are dramatically successful, most fail, often at great expense. It is no wonder that companies are hesitant - resistant - to innovation no matter what their press releases and annual reports claim. To be conservative is to be sensible.The FutureAutomated data-driven processes will slowly make more and more inroads into the space now occupied by human designers. New approaches to computer-generated creativity such as genetic algorithms, knowledge-intensive systems, and others will start taking over the creative aspect of design. This is happening in many other fields, whether it be medical diagnosis or engineering design.We will get more design without designers, but primarily of the enhancement, refinement, and optimization of existing concepts. Even where new creative artificial systems are developed, whether by neural networks, genetic algorithms, or some yet undiscovered method, any new concept will still face the hurdle of overcoming the slow adoption rate of people and of overcoming the complex psychological, social, and political needs of people. To do this, we need creative designers, creative business people, and risk takers willing to push the boundaries. New ideas will be resisted. Great innovations will come at the cost of multiple great failures.Design without designers? Those who dislike the ambiguity and uncertainty of human judgments, with its uncertain track record and contradictory statements will try to abolish the human element in favor of the certainty that numbers and data appear to offer. But those who want the big gains that creative judgment can produce will follow their own judgment. The first case will bring about the small, continual improvements that have contributed greatly to the increased productivity and lowering of costs of our technologies. The second case will be rewarded with greatfailures and occasional great success. But those great successes will transform the world.不需要设计师的设计唐·诺曼我永远也不会忘记我第一次向人们介绍优秀产品设计的魅力的经历，那时候我刚刚到苹果公司，还在逐渐的学习工作上的事务。
产品设计外文文献及翻译
英文原文Modern product design---Foreign language translation original textWith the growing of economices and the developing of technologies, the essential definition of Industral Design has been deepening while its extension meaning enlarging,which resulted in the transformation and renovation of some original design theories and concepts.In the new IT epoch, the contents, methodologies, concepts etc. of design have taken a great change from what they were before.However,the method of comparison and analysis is always playing a plvotal role, during the whole process of maintaining the traditional quintessence and innovating novel conceptions.1.1 Traditional DesignTraditional industrial design and product development mainly involved to three fields,vis.Art, Engineering and Marketing. The designers, who worked in the art field, always had outstanding basic art skills and visual sketching expression capacity as well as plentiful knowledge on ergonomics and aesthetics . So they could easily solve the problems of products about art . Works in the area of the project engineer with strong technical background, they used the method of logical analysis, you can design a detailed, in line with the requirements of the drawings of a total production, manufacture use. They can you good solution to the technical aspects of products. However, they often overlook the aesthetics of products that do not pay attention to fashion and cost-effective products in the market. In the field of commercial marketing staff proficient in the knowledge economy, will use marketing theory to predict customer behavior, they focus on products in the market development trends, but do not understand aesthetic and technical aspects of the problem.In a traditional industrial product design process, the three areas of general staff in their respective areas of independent work. Product engineers solve the technical problems so that products with the necessary functional and capable of producing manufactured, the product is "useful." Designers are using aesthetics,ergonomics and other subjects in the form of product design, product with a reasonable visual, tactile, and other effects, and we look forward to products "useful." The marketing staff is the product marketing and user comments, and to forecast the future market feedback to the above-mentioned two groups of designers, so that they understand product popularity, prompted designers to improve or update the design, so that users " Want to use "designed products.In this process, is often a certain area of personnel in their own fields of expertise in the work done after the exchange and other fields. Due to lack of overall management of the unified design, will be out of line and the link between the crux of the design cycle, the product can not be truly useful and attractive products.1.2 Modern DesignWith the social and economic development, human standard of living continues to increase. People no longer meet the low-level way of life, the requirements of the product greatly improved as the "globalization" of the emergence of various regional economic development imbalances brought about by various contradictions, but also increasingly reflected in the product design and development In the other hand, with the rapid development of science and technology, not only to "tangible" products with a more technical content, but also the software such as the "invisible" products. These changes primarily reflected in the following areas.(1) the diversification of productsIn order to improve their people's living tastes, the more value products "personality", making earlier to meet the most basic requirements of life designed to mass production of products, changes to the current level to meet the different needs of the people's lives Smaller mass-produced products. Therefore the market needs more of a wide range of products. This requires a more flexible product design, shorter design cycle.Early industrial design and product comparison, the current products include the technical content greatly improved, it may not just rely on its outstanding visual effects impressed, and may also rely on hearing, smell, touch and even taste, and so combined effect of people moved .With the computer and network technology to the development andpopularization, is still a wide variety of software products and network products, these new "invisible" products regardless of its form or design products with the traditional "physical" Products are quite different.(2) design innovation and changeIn increasing economic development, product greatly enriched, material needs of people unlimited increase in the new era. A lot of design work alone designer personal talent is very difficult to complete. If an industrial design work is the perfect visual form, to a "combination of technology and the arts", but it was the low level of market acceptance, then to the present point of view, it is not successful design products, it may only Pieces of art.If the team to organize the development of new products, you can designers, engineers and marketing staff to work together, the three professional staff play to their respective expertise, common exchanges, discussions, it is possible to prevent this from happening.I n addition, because people's social awareness, cultural awareness and The new product of the information age - the emergence of software, the team can better embody necessary. People in the use of software products in the course of time to have two types: one is the interface of the visual effects are good, but you use to process and not very Shunshou to show the various menus, logo at a loss; And a software design is very standardized, with the professionals use logic, but the interface of the visual effects but it is not satisfactory. The reasons for this situation is: a program design engineers do not understand interface design to visual design of the interface designers do not understand procedures for structural design. Only two will combine to work to make the process engineers and designers fully exchange interface, will it be possible to design a "useful" software products.continuously enhance environmental awareness, to design a product may not be a simple and specific forms of visual introduction, but in a product or project works the way there, which means "product" The extension had been expanded. An alcohol can become a world famous brands of goods, some with their well-brewing technology, form a perfect bottle design and successful market strategies are closely related. To the modern designers, as the end product design, product contains the meaning is no longer just a form of the bottle, but winebottles, a collection of marketing strategies. Another example: the flow of people to solve the short-term or temporary accommodation designed Jianyi Fang or horizontal cylinder, is not a simple design, but of social, cultural, environmental and other issues of the integrated projects. So, with the "product" extension of the expansion, the need for more staff into the field of design teams, and in the design process through the integration, exchange, completion of innovative product design.(3) the role of the modern designerIn the modern product development process, if the designer has only limited to the traditional fields of expertise in specific focus on the visual performance of rain forms of work, then it will be very difficult to design a ground-breaking products. This is because the community to raise the requirements of the products, to expand the content of the product, compared to the designer's personal knowledge on the capacity can not satisfy the requirements. However, if we can, through effective means to mobilize the relevant field staff to work together, you can make the design capacity of the greatly expanded.If the traditional sense of product designers focused on the visual manifestations of design, then, designers are using modern designers, engineers and other staff of marketing the ability to jointly complete the full development of new products design.Modern designers no longer just the implementation of its mandate, is designed to planners, organizers. Modern designers should have a higher level of awareness on the nature of the design, operation of the quality of the design process. Designers need to use a unique system of thinking to comprehensive analysis, problem-solving abilities, not just the use of visual skills to express themselves is not yet mature enough decorative design.This requires designers with a more complete knowledge of the structure. In addition to good aesthetic quality, but also should have sociology, economics, management science and engineering and technical aspects of the basic knowledge, resume systematic, engineering way of thinking in order to carry out scientific work and effective orga nization design.The task of the modern designer 1.3The explosion in information society, individuals have the knowledge andcapability is very weak. Therefore the use of modern designers should have the wisdom related fields, the expansion of its design capacity. His task is to seize the new opportunities for product development, design has a good user market innovative products.As a modern designer, it is important to fully understand the professional design teams in the field of creative thinking, make full use of the members of the professional competence. Marketing is the background knowledge can design a scientific and feasible programme of research and analysis of the conclusions drawn for policy makers and designers; In addition, the staff can also meet the market well-developed marketing strategy, product successfully pushed To the market. Engineers had "sensitive technology", can make good use of the master design and manufacturing knowledge, to use a certain product features. And a "beauty of art," the designer, you can use the aesthetic qualities and good ergonomics, and other aspects of expertise, to complete the product interface design.Modern designers is to understand and through the effective means to mobilize members of the Organization's ability to enable all areas of professional staff to work together so that information-sharing, complementary advantages, so that the outstanding products as soon as possible into a successful programme of goods.1.4 modern design of new issuesModern design is the design team conducted in a way, modern designers have the ability to handle the design of several new issues:Sensitive to new product development opportunities, this is a new product design, may also be of their products have improved design;So that the different fields of expertise of the staff of a harmonious and efficient work. Eliminate the barriers between different professionals, the other with the design for the common goal to work hard;Construction of a full product development process. This team will be planned for phase, the design work;④ better understanding of the products extracted from a potential consumer of information, so that the design team that truly master users of modeling, and technical characteristics of the most profound impression, and so on;⑤successful consumer products often have been recognized form of attributes and characteristics of the design staff to in-depth analysis and enhance these attributes, and applied to product design.1.5 Design Education ReformIn order to meet the needs of the development of modern design, design education must also be a corresponding change.(1) design of the general education and design for the improvement of water Raising the level of design and design of the general education and promotion are inseparable. The manual from kindergarten classes, involving the design of early education: how to use certain materials to create good-looking, fun things. With the age of growth and the accumulation of knowledge the children produced by the object more complex, more sophisticated. To the secondary school stage, is likely to require students to mix with people working to complete the design of more complex tasks, each member of this period we should play to their respective expertise, to find, to exchange, to express to the production. In primary stage (can be extended to pre-school stage), you can practice by designing courses, guide the students to establish a "design" concept. To the higher education stage, is to ask students from theory to a high degree of awareness, understanding, "Design", which can make comprehensive use of the theory to guide the "design."Universal primary education in the stage, designed to promote education, students in higher education stage will be able to better grasp of modern design theory and methods. This is to raise the level of a country's overall design an effective means and in the United Kingdom and other countries has been very good proof of this.(2) the expansion of educational contentUnlike the artistic performance of specific techniques or structural design professional, modern design is a philosophy, is a way. Design of the contents is based on modern design has the knowledge and skills identified. Therefore, the arts, technology, engineering, economics, management, humanities, social sciences and other fields content should be included in this category.Of course, in today's knowledge explosion, students can not be limited in thelearning of the practice of so many, but through science curriculum of theory and practice of organic integration, it can enable students to master the basic and necessary knowledge. For example, the U.S. card-resistant ˙ ˙ Mellon University School of Design students to jointly complete the design project. Students in the design process of practice field staff understand the relevant way of thinking, make up the relevant professional knowledge, learning team's working methods. To the modern designers, the completeness of the knowledge structure and rationality of need than proficient in a particular profession is even more important..中文译文现代产品设计随着经济的增长和技术的发展，当工业设计的引申意义别不断的扩大时，一些对于工业设计最基本的定义也在逐渐的深化，这就导致了一些原本设计理论和内容的转变和整修。
产品设计中英文文献
中文译文产品设计，语义和情绪反应摘要本文探讨了人体工程学理论与语义和情感内容的设计问题。
其目的是要找到以下问题的答案：如何设计产品引发人心中的幸福；怎样的产品属性能够帮助你们沟通积极的情绪，最后，如何通过产品唤起某种情绪。
换言之，这是对“意义”——可以成为一个产品，旨在与用户在情感层面上进行“沟通”的调查。
1、介绍当代生活是促进社会和技术变革的代名词。
同样，产品设计通过材料技术，生产技术，信息处理技术等工序的发展而正在迅速转变。
在技术方面正在发生变化的速度和规模超出任何期望。
数字革命的对象是逐步转向与我们互动成更小，更聪明的黑盒子，使我们很难理解这一机制或工作方法（博尔茨2000年）。
因此，在设计时比以前不同的框架，参照社会变革，资源和能源节约，新出现的环境问题，以及客户导向的趋势（大平1995年，琼斯1997年）。
因此，无论是通过广告和营销推动战略，或潮流，时尚和社会活动，从消费产品的用户的期望也已改变。
功能性，吸引力，易于被使用中，可负担性，可回收性和安全性，预计所有已经存在于一个产品属性。
用户希望有更多的日常用品。
最近设计的趋势表明了用户对激励对象的倾向，提高他们的生活，帮助触发情绪，甚至唤起梦想（詹森1999年，阿莱西2000年）。
詹森预计，梦会快到了，下面的数据为基础的社会，所谓的信息社会（1999年）。
他还说，作为信息和智力正成为电脑和高科技，社会领域将放在一个人的能力还没有被自动然而新的价值：情绪。
功能是越来越多的产品中理所当然的，同时用户也可以实现在寻找一个完全不同的欣赏水平。
想象，神话和仪式（即情感的语言）会对我们的行为产生影响，从我们的购买决定，我们与他人（詹森1999年）的沟通。
此外，哈立德（2001：196）指出这是决定购买，可瞬间的，因此客户的需求可以被创建，速度非常快，而其他需要长期建立了'。
因此，情感和'影响'一般，都收到了最后一个（Velásquez1998）几年越来越多的关注。
产品设计中英文文献
产品设计中英文文献该文献旨在探讨产品设计领域中的创新，并通过对专利数据的实证分析来评估产品设计创新的趋势和模式。
该研究发现，产品设计创新主要集中在功能性和视觉外观方面，并呼吁企业在产品设计中努力保护知识产权。
2. Norman, D. A., & Verganti, R. (2024). Incremental and radical innovation: Design research versus technology and meaning change. Design Issues, 30(1), 78-96.。
该文献讨论了产品设计创新中的渐进性和根本性变革，并比较了设计研究与技术和意义变革之间的差异。
研究结果表明，设计研究在根本性变革方面发挥了更大的作用，并提出了在创新过程中整合设计和技术的框架。
该研究探讨了设计思维对产品创新的影响，并通过对南非消费品行业的实证研究提供了证据。
研究结果表明，采用设计思维方法来进行产品创新能够提高企业的竞争力和市场份额。
4. Cross, N. (2024). Engineering design methods: Strategies for product design. John Wiley & Sons.该书提供了一种系统的工程设计方法，用于指导产品设计过程。
通过详细讨论各种设计方法和策略，该书为设计师提供了实用的指导，帮助他们在产品设计中做出明智的决策。
5. Ulrich, K. T., & Eppinger, S. D. (2024). Product design and development. McGraw-Hill.该书是一本广泛使用的产品设计和开发教材，涵盖了产品设计和开发的各个方面。
从市场研究到概念生成和原型制作，该书提供了一套系统的方法和工具，帮助设计师在产品设计过程中取得成功。
以上是一些与产品设计相关的英文文献，这些文献涵盖了产品设计创新、设计思维、工程设计方法等方面的研究，可供研究者参考和借鉴。
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工业产品设计外文翻译参考文献工业产品设计外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Design Without DesignersI will always remember my first introduction to the power of good product design.I was newly arrived at Apple, still learning the ways of business, when I was visited by a member of Apple's Industrial Design team. He showed me a foam mockup of a proposed product. "Wow," I said, "I want one! What is it?"That experience brought home the power of design: I was excited and enthusiastic even before I knew what it was. This type of visceral "wow" response requires creative designers. It is subjective, personal. Uh oh, this is not what engineers like to hear. If you can't put a number to it, it's not important. As a result, there is a trend to eliminate designers. Who needs them when we can simply test our way to success? The excitement of powerful, captivating design is defined as irrelevant. Worse, the nature of design is in danger.Don't believe me? Consider Google. In a well-publicized move, a senior designer at Google recently quit, stating that Google had no interest in or understanding of design. Google, it seems, relies primarily upon test results, not human skill or judgment. Want to know whether a design is effective? Try it out. Google can quickly submit samples to millions of people in well-controlled trials, pitting one design against another, selecting the winner based upon number of clicks, or sales, or whatever objective measure they wish. Which color of blue is best? Test. Item placement? T est. Web page layout? Test.This procedure is hardly unique to Google. /doc/f51636438.html, has long followed this practice. Years ago I was proudly informed that they no longer have debates about which design is best: they simply test them and use the data to decide. And this, of course, is the approach used by the human-centered iterative design approach: prototype, test, revise.Is this the future of design? Certainly there are many who believe so. This is a hot topic on the talk and seminar circuit. After all, the proponents ask reasonably, who could object to making decisions based upon data?Two Types of Innovation: Incremental Improvements and New ConceptsIn design—and almost all innovation, for that matter—there are at least two distinct forms. One is incremental improvement. In the manufacturing of products, companies assume that unit costs will continually decrease through continual, incremental improvements. A steady chain of incremental innovation enhances operations, the sourcing of parts and supply-chain management. The product design is continually tinkered with, adjusting the interface, adding new features, changing small things here and there. New products are announced yearly that are simply small modifications to the existing platform by a different constellation of features. Sometimes features are removed to enable a new, low-cost line. Sometimes features are enhanced or added. In incremental improvement, the basic platform is unchanged. Incremental design and innovation is less glamorous than the development of new concepts and ideas, but it is both far more frequent and far more important. Most of these innovations are small, but most are quite successful. This iswhat companies call "their cash cow": a product line that requires very little new development cost while being profitable year after year.The second form of design is what is generally taught in design, engineering and MBA courses on "breakthrough product innovation." Here is where new concepts get invented, new products defined, and new businesses formed. This is the fun part of innovation. As a result, it is the arena that most designers and inventors wish to inhabit. But the risks are great: most new innovations fail. Successful innovations can take decades to become accepted. As a result, the people who create the innovation are not necessarily the people who profit from it.In my Apple example, the designers were devising a new conception. In the case of Google and Amazon, the companies are practicing incremental enhancement. They are two different activities. Note that the Apple product, like most new innovations, failed. Why? I return to this example later.Both forms of innovation are necessary. The fight over data-driven design is misleading in that it uses the power of one method to deny the importance of the second. Data-driven design through testing is indeed effective at improving existing products. But where did the idea for the product come from in the first place? From someone's creative mind. Testing is effective at enhancing an idea, but creative designers and inventors are required to come up with the idea.Why Testing Is Both Essential and IncompleteData-driven design is "hill-climbing," a well-known algorithm for optimization. Imagine standing in the dark in an unknown, hilly terrain. How do you get to the top of the hill when you can't see? Test the immediate surroundings to determine whichdirection goes up the most steeply and take a step that way. Repeat until every direction leads to a lower level.But what if the terrain has many hills? How would you know whether you are on the highest? Answer: you can't know. This is called the "local maximum" problem: you can't tell if you are on highest hill (a global maximum) or just at the top of a small one.When a computer does hill climbing on a mathematical space, it tries to avoid the problem of local maxima by initiating climbs from numerous, different parts of the space being explored, selecting the highest of the separate attempts. This doesn't guarantee the very highest peak, but it can avoid being stuck on a low-ranking one. This strategy is seldom available to a designer: it is difficult enough to come up with a single starting point, let alone multiple, different ones. So, refinement through testing in the world of design is usually only capable of reaching the local maximum. Is there a far better solution (that is, is there a different hill which yields far superior results)? Testing will never tell us.Here is where creative people come in. Breakthroughs occur when a person restructures the problem, thereby recognizing that one is exploring the wrong space. This is the creative side of design and invention. Incremental enhancements will not get us there.Barriers to Great InnovationDramatic new innovation has some fundamental characteristics that make it inappropriate for judgment through testing. People resist novelty. Behavior tends to be conservative. New technologies and new methods of doing things usually take decades to be accepted - sometimes multiple decades. But the testing methods allassume that one can make a change, try it out, and immediately determine if it is better than what is currently available.There is no known way to tell if a radical new idea will eventually be successful. Here is where great leadership and courage is required. History tells us of many people who persevered for long periods in the face of repeated rejection before their idea was accepted, often to the point that after success, people could not imagine how they got along without it before. History also tells us of many people who persevered yet never were able to succeed. It is proper to be skeptical of radical new ideas.In the early years of an idea, it might not be accepted because the technology isn't ready, or because there is a lot more optimization still to be done, or because the audience isn't ready. Or because it is a bad idea. It is difficult to determine which of those reasons dominates. The task only becomes easy in hindsight, long after it becomes established.These long periods between formation and initial implementation of a novel idea and its eventual determination of success or failure in the marketplace is what defeats those who wish to use evidence as a decision criterion for following a new direction. Even if a superior way of doing something has been found, the automated test process will probably reject it, not because the idea is inferior, but because it cannot wait decades for the answer. Those who look only at test results will miss the large payoff.Of course there are sound business reasons why ignoring potentially superior approaches might be a wise decision. After all, if the audience is not ready for the new approach, it wouldinitially fail in the marketplace. That is true, in the short run. But to prosper in the future, the best approach would be to develop and commercialize the new idea to get marketplace experience, to begin the optimization process, and to develop the customer base. At the same time one is preparing the company for the day when the method takes off. Sure, keep doing the old, but get ready for the new. If the company fails to recognize the newly emerging method, its competitors will take over. Quite often these competitors will be a startup that existing companies ignored because what they were doing was not well accepted, and in any event did not appear to challenge the existing business: see "The innovator's dilemma."Gestural, multi-touch interfaces for screen-driven devices and computer games are good examples. Are these a brilliant new innovation? Brilliant? Yes. New? Absolutely not. Multi-touch devices were in research labs for almost three decades before the first successful mass-produced products. I saw gestures demonstrated over two decades ago. New ideas take considerable time to reach success in the marketplace. If an idea is commercialized too soon, the result is usually failure (and a large loss of money).This is precisely what the Apple designer of my opening paragraph had done. What I was shown was a portable computer designed for schoolchildren with a form factor unlike anything I had ever seen before. It was wonderful, and even to my normally critical eye, it looked like a perfect fit for the purpose and audience. Alas, the product got caught in a political fight between warring Apple divisions. Although it was eventually released into the marketplace, the fight crippled its integrity and it was badly executed, badly supported, and badly marketed.The resistance of a company to new innovations is well founded. It is expensive to develop a new product line with unknown profitability. Moreover, existing product divisions will be concerned that the new product will disrupt existing sales (this is called "cannibalization"). These fears are often correct. This is a classic case of what is good for the company being bad for an existing division, which means bad for the promotion and reward opportunities for the existing division. Is it a wonder companies resist? The data clearly show that although a few new innovations are dramatically successful, most fail, often at great expense. It is no wonder that companies are hesitant - resistant - to innovation no matter what their press releases and annual reports claim. To be conservative is to be sensible.The FutureAutomated data-driven processes will slowly make more and more inroads into the space now occupied by human designers. New approaches to computer-generated creativity such as genetic algorithms, knowledge-intensive systems, and others will start taking over the creative aspect of design. This is happening in many other fields, whether it be medical diagnosis or engineering design.We will get more design without designers, but primarily of the enhancement, refinement, and optimization of existing concepts. Even where new creative artificial systems are developed, whether by neural networks, genetic algorithms, or some yet undiscovered method, any new concept will still face the hurdle of overcoming the slow adoption rate of people and of overcoming the complex psychological, social, and political needs of people. T o do this, we need creative designers, creative business people, and risk takers willing to push the boundaries.New ideas will be resisted. Great innovations will come at the cost of multiple great failures.Design without designers? Those who dislike the ambiguity and uncertainty of human judgments, with its uncertain track record and contradictory statements will try to abolish the human element in favor of the certainty that numbers and data appear to offer. But those who want the big gains that creative judgment can produce will follow their own judgment. The first case will bring about the small, continual improvements that have contributed greatly to the increased productivity and lowering of costs of our technologies. The second case will be rewarded with greatfailures and occasional great success. But those great successes will transform the world.不需要设计师的设计唐·诺曼我永远也不会忘记我第一次向人们介绍优秀产品设计的魅力的经历，那时候我刚刚到苹果公司，还在逐渐的学习工作上的事务。