厦门大学博士入学考试试题

厦门大学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题
Ⅰ. Reading Comprehension (30%)
Part A
Directions:There are two reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Y ou should decied on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage 1
It is incongruous that the number of British institutions offering MBA courses should havegrown by 254 percent during a period when the economy has been sliding into deeper recession. Optimists, or those given to speed, assumptions, might think it marvelous to have such a resource of business school graduates ready for the recovery. Unfortunately, there is now much doubt about the value of the degree not least among MBA graduates themselves, suffering as they are from the effects of recession and facing the prospect of shrinking management structures. What was taken some years ago as a ticket of certain admission to success is now being exposed to the scrutiny of cost-conscious employers who seek “can-dos” rather than “might-dos”, and who feel that academia bas not been suffciently appreciative of the needs of industry or of theemployers'possible contribution.
It is curious, given the name of the degree, that there should be no league table for UK business schools; no unani mity about what the degree should encompass; and no agreed system of accreditation. Su rely there is something wrong. One wonders where all the tutors for this massive infusion of business expertise came from and why all this mushrooming took place.
Perhaps companies that made large investments would have been wiser to invest in already existing managers, perched anxiously on their own internal ladders. The Institute of Management's 1992 survey, which revealed that eighty-one per cent of managers thought they personally would be more effective if they received more training, suggests that this might be the case. There is, too, the fact that training alone does not make successful managers. They need the inherent qualifications. Of character; a degree of self-subjugation; and above all, the ability to communicate and lead; more so now, when empowerment is a buzzword that is at least generating genuflexions, if not total conviction.
One can easily think of people, some comparatively unlettered, who are not lauded captains of industry. We may, therefore, not need to be too concerned about the fall in applications for business school places, or even the doubt about MBAs. The proliferation and subsequent questioning may have been an inevitable evolution. If the Management Charter Initiative, now exploring the introduction of a senior management qualification, is successful, there will be a powerful corrective.
We believe now that management is all about change. One hopes there will be some of that in relationship between management and science within industry, currently causing concern and which is overdue for attention. No-one doubts that we need more scientsts and innovation to give us an edge in an increasingly competitive world. If scientists feel themselves undervalued and under-used, working in industrial ghettos, that is not a promising augury for the future. It seems we have to resolve these misapprehensions between science and .industry. Above all, we have to
make sure that management is not itself smug about its status and that it does not issue mission statements about communication without realizing that the essence of it is a dialogue. More empowerment is required and we should strive to achieve it.
1. What is the writer's view in the reading passage?
A.He believes that there are too many MBAs
B.He believes that the degree is over-valued
C.He believes that standards are inconsistent
D.He believes that the degree has dubious value
2. According to the passage, employers_________.
A.feel that they have not been consulted sufficiently about their needs
B.consider that cost-consciousness is the most important qualification
C.are more concerned about the value of the degree than graduates themselves
D.feel that MBAs will not be necessary because of shrinking
management structures
3. According to the passage_________.
A.managers need a degree and the ability to communicate
B.training need to be done in groups to be successful
C.managers today must have good communication and leadership skills
D.industrial managers do not need to write letters.
4. In the writer's opinion_________.
A.science increases competition
B.scientists are undervalued
C.the management of science needs reassessment
D.management feels smug about its status
5. Which of the information is true according to the passage?
A.Most managers interviewed felt that their colleagues needed more training
B.Employers today are looking for proven experience rather than potential ability
C.The Management Charter Initiative is an attempt to standardize MBAs
panies would have benefited more from recruiting MBAs rather than investing in their
own staff
Passage 2
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol ingestion as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant once. In the latter case, alcohol ingestion is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria generally observed in most persons aften they have consumed one or more drinks.
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and, using aversive conditioning, trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward the food was unchanged.
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning
theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably serve as a deterrent to drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of employment, illness, and other sequels of repeated bouts is explained by the proximity of the drive reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior come only later. The learning paradigm, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.
In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse. The way in which the clue for another bout could be the anxiety itself is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire the characteristics of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another drinking bout.
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in formulating a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce tile behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may precipitate renewed drinking.
Ample experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that excessive alcohol consumption can be learned. By gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol in drinking water, psychologists have been able to induce the ingestion of larger amounts of alcohol by an animal than would be normally consumed. Other researchers have been able to achieve similar results by varying the schedule of reinforcement; that is, by requiring the animal to consume larger and larger amounts of the alcohol solutions before rewarding it. In this manner, animals learn to drink enough to become dependent on alcohol in terms of demonstrating withdrawal symptoms.
6. The author's primary purpose in the passage is to_________.
A.support Alcoholics Anonymous as a means of coping with alcoholism
B.present a learning paradigm that will help alcoholics to understand what causes their
dependence upon alcohol
C.explain the application of a psychological approach to alcoholism
D.help researchers Io formulate workable hypotheses about the treatment of alcoholism
7. To which one of the following questions does the author provide enough information to formulate an answer?
A.Why do people who are alcoholics continue to drink even though the consequences of their
drinking are very unpleasant?
B.How did Conger explain the behavior of alcoholics in terns of shock therapy?
C.Under what circumstances does an alcoholic benefit from anxiety attacks?
D.To what extent does stimulus generalization prevent alcohol ingestion from becoming the
signal for another bout of alcohol abuse?
8. Which of the following statements is not directly stated but can be inferred from the passage?
A.The behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory.
B.People may be taught by experience to become alcoholies.
C.Punishment may become the stimulus for added drinking.
D.The behavior of alcoholics seems to defy accepted psychological theories.
9. Which of the following, according to the passage, contribute (s) to alcoholism?
Ⅰ. the need to reduce tensions and anxieties
Ⅱ. the anxieties resulting from guilt feelings about previous drinking bouts
Ⅲ. punishment for alcoholic behavior
A.Ⅰ only
B.Ⅰ and Ⅱ only
C.Ⅰ, Ⅱ,and Ⅲ
D.Ⅱ and Ⅲ only
10. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?
A.If the pleasurable taste of whisky leads to an acquired taste for brandy, then stimulus
generalization has occurred.
B.Slapping a child for misbehaving may over time encourage him to repeat his misbehavior.
C.If a person has learned to drink under two sets of conditions, both must be present in order to
induce him to drink.
D.The troubles experienced by alcoholics as a result of their alcoholism tend to encourage them
to abstain from drinking.
Part B
Summary and TRUE or FALSE question. (10 points)
Malnutrition during weaning age—when breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foods—is highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While the etiology(病因学)is complex and multifactorial, the immediate causes are recognized as feeding at less than adequate levels for child growth and development, and recurrent infections, including diarrhea, resulting mainly from ingestion of contaminated foods. As a result, many young children, particularly between six months to two years of age, experience weight loss and impaired growth and development.
Studies by investigators in various countries have concentrated on traditional food preparation methods and have resulted in offering cheap and practical answers to these problems based on familiar, indigenous and culturally acceptable home processing practices.
Two such answers have arisen. Firstly cereal fermentation is used for reducing tile risk of contamination under tile existing inappropriate conditions for food preparation and storage in may households. Secondly, a tiny amonut of sprouted grains flour is used in preparation of weaning foods as a magic way to lessen the viscosity without decreasing energy density.
A method to eliminate pathogenic (致病的)bacteria and inhibit their growth during storage of weaning preparations can benefit nutrition and health in young children considerably. Use of fermented foods for feeding children of weaning age appears to be an effective solution. Fermented foods have lower levels of diarrhoeal germ contamination, they are suitable for child feeding, and can be safely stored for much longer periods of time than fresh foods. The practice has been a traditional way of food preservation in many parts of the world. The anti-microbial properties of fermented foods and their relative higher safety—documented since tile early 1900's —have been indicated in a number of studies.
In Ghana, it is common to ferment maize dough before cooking it as porridge. In Kenya, cerealbased porridge and milk are traditionally fermented. Preserving milk in tile form of yogurt has been known to many households living in hot climate.
What are the underlying mechanisms by which fermentation processes help to prevent or reduce contamination? A possible answer suggests that during the fermentation process foods become more acid. This explains why diarrhea-causing bacteria are not able to grow in fermented foods as rapidly as in unfermented ones. It is also hypothesized that some of the germs present in the foods are killed or inhibited from growing through the action of anti-microbial substances produced during fermentation. The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time compared to fresh ones. It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated.
Whatever tile underlying mechanisms, the fact is that tile exercise reduces contamination without adding to tile household cost both in terms of time and money. Its preparation is easy. The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented; addition of yeast(酵母), or mixing with a small portion of previously fermented dough is sometimes needed. The dough can then be cooked into porridge for feeding to tile child.
Although beneficial, unfortunately the practice is going out of fashion, partly because of current emphasis on tile use of fresh foods, particularly for children. For example, a study on the use of fermented foods for young children in Kenya, demonstrated that while foods are still frequently fermented at home for child feeding, their use is becoming less popular, particularly in urban area where commercial products are more available. Clearly they now need to be promoted.
Directions:The statements below relate to the passage you have just read. Identify, whether they are TRUE or FALSE and mark the corresponding letter(T for True and F for False) on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
11. The fermentation of foods is investigated because it both inhibits food contamination and enhances storability.
12. Anti microbial substances in fermented foods cause acidity.
13. Fermented foods are free of contamination.
14. It can be beneficial to ferment breast milk before feeding to young children.
15. Cooked foods can be stored longer than fresh foods.
16. Cereals can be fermented by adding water and letting the dough stand.
17. Traditional fermented foods are being replaced by commercial products in some locations.
Directions:Below is a summary of some of the main points of the passage. Read the summary and then select the best word or phrase from the box below; according to the passage. Y ou should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line
Malnutrition and the resulting impaired growth and development in children of weaning age in developing countries results not only from (18)_________but also from infections caused by
contaminated food. Studies have addressed the problem of inadequate intake by using sprouted grains in food preparation. Contamination has been tackled with (19)_________. Both of these methods are, or were used traditionally and are practical and inexpensive.
Fermented foods have highter (20)_________and also have anti-microbial qualities. This means that contamination is decreased and that their (21)_________is increased. Fermentation occurs when (22)_________is left to stand, occasionally with simple additives. These is, however, a trend away from this (23)_________to commercial products.
Ⅱ. V ocabulary and Structure (10 points)
Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A. B. C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer sheet with a single line through the center
1. Susan prefers to have her left_________photographed as she believes that's her better side.
A.veil
B.view
C.fringe
D.profile
2. Reading became difficult for the old lady, so the optician_________her a pair of glasses to make her reading possible.
A.proscribed
B.inscribed
C.prescribed
D.described
3. Since any answer was likely to cause embarrassment to his party, the politician tried to_________the question.
A.evade
B.delude
C.seclude
D.invade
4. The policeman tried to_________the teenage driver to obey the traffic laws rather than fine him directly.
A.induce
B.abduct
C.indulge
D.lure
5. Y ou must_________yourself, or they will continue to bully you, so you will go on living in disgrace.
A.promote
B.strengthen
C.assert
D.assess
6. This teaching method is a _________ of many methods which have been used for decades in the country.
A.symposium
B.symphony
C.spectrogram
D.synthesis
7. Mr. Scott asked for an assistant because his work load was too_________.
A.preoccupied
B.onerous
C.trifling
D.omnipresent
8. In the past most pilots have been men, but today the number of women_________this field is climbing.
A.shamming
B.devoting
C.registering
D.pursuing
9. The Coriolis force causes all moving projectiles on Earth to be_________from a straight line.
A.distracted
B.deviated
C.intrigued
D.permeated
10. The attack on Fort Sumter near Charleston_________a sharp response from the North, which led to the American Civil War.
A.intent on
B.provoked
C.elated
D.pruned
11. People of all countries are expected to _________ the principles of the United Nations and defend the peace in the world.
A.inspect
B.expedited
C.uphold
D.reinstall
12. She never_________to read the news but turned at once to the crossword on the last page.
A.indulged
B.troubled
C.exerted
D.frustrated
13. It demands artistic skill for a manager to _________ disputes among his employees.
A.rectify
B.rebuke
C.negotiate
D.reconcile
14. All the commodities sold in that shop are given one year's_________.
A.assurance
B.warrant
C.guarantee
D.insurance
15. They are taught by their superiors that a soldier who _________ his post in time of war is to be shot.
A.deserts
B.deflects
C.detains
D.threw
16. For many people, overeating and overspending are as _________ to Christmas as candles and holly.
A.integral
B.suitable
C.inevitable
patible
17. Because a circle has no beginning or end, the wedding ring is a symbol of _________ love.
A.extravagant
B.prominent
C.prescient
D.eternal
18. The magician picked out several persons_________ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance.
A.by accident
B.on average
C.on occasion
D.at random
19. We need one hundred more signatures befoe we take the _________ to the governor.
A.plea
B.petition
C.patent
D.claim
20. Strict sanitary procedures formulated by our municipal government help to _________ out-breaks of diseases.
A.preview
B.forestall
C.ignite
D.fluctuate
Ⅲ. Translation (15 points)
Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
1. The Single long a stock figure in stories, songs and personal ads. was traditionally someone at the margins of society: a figure of fun. pity or awe. In the place of withered spinsters and bachelors are people like Elizabeth de Kergorlay, a 29-year-old Parisian banker who views her independence and her own apartment as the spoils of professional success.
As the sages would say, we are all ultimately alone. But an increasing number of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever earlier age. 2. This isn't the stuff of gloomy philosophical meditations, but a fact of Europe's new economic landscape, embraced by demographers, real-estate developers and ad executives alike. 3. The shift away from family life to solo lifestyles, observes French sociologist, lean Claude Kaufmanns, is part of the “irresistible momentum of individualism” over the last century.4. The communications revolution, the shiftfrom a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have wreaked havoc on Europeans'private lives.More andmore of them are remaining on their own: they're living longer, divorcing more and marrying later—if at all. British marriage rates are the lowest in 160 years of records. INSEE, France's National Institute of Statistics, reports that the number of French people living alone doubled between 1968 and 1990.
Europe's new economic climate has largely fostered the trend toward independence.5. The current generation of home-aloners came of age during Europe's shift from social democracy to the sharper, more individualistic climate of American-style capitalism. Raised in an era of privatization and increased consumer choice, today's tech-savvy workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics.Modern Europeans are rich enough to afford to live alone, and temperamentally independent enough to want to do so. A recent poll by the Institute Francois dominion Publique, the Frech affiliate of the Gallup poll, found that 58 percent of French
respondents vi ewed living alone as a choice, not an obligation. Other European singles agree. “I've always wanted to be free to go on adventures,” says Iris Expender, who lives by herself in Berlin.
Ⅳ. Writing (15%)
Nowadays we can see American films and TV programs pouring in, fast food restaurants popping up in our cities, and many other imported products dominating our markets. Many people are happy to see them whereas others worry about such trends. Give your opinion in an essay of no less than 250 words.
试题详解
Ⅰ. Reading Comprehension (30%)
Part A
1.C 从文中第三段可知；A，B，D三项文中提到过，但只是某些人的观点，作者并未完全赞同。

2.D 从文章一、二段可知；A文章未提及；B对于成本的考虑是对雇主的形容，而不是对于管理者的素质要求；C错误，应该是对其自身素质的考虑重于学位的考虑。

3.C 文中第四段中“above all, the ability to communicate and lead” 可知答案。

4.A文章最后一段中“No-one doubts that we need more scientists and innovation to give us an edge in an increasingly competitive world”,可见科学是促进竞争的因素之一；B错误，文中只是假设；C在文中未提及；D错误，与文中意思相反。

5.B 文中第二段中说的“seek can-dos rather than might-dos”表明企业更看重实际的能力而非潜在的能力，B正确；A错误，他们说的是自己，而非同事；C错误，Management Charter Initiative 正在开发一种新的高级管理资格标准，而非MBA；D错误，刚好相反。

6.B 文章通篇讨论的是喝酒者对酒精产生依赖的原因，A，C，D三项均与原文无关。

7.A文章第三段后半部分回答了这个问题。

8.D 从第三段第一句可直接得出A的结论，最后一段直接陈述了B的情形，倒数第二段表明了C的情形，三项均可从文中直接得出，D可从文中推出，因为许多酗酒的原因的确让人不可思议，比如酒后的痛苦仍然阻止不了人们，还有惩罚也在其中起到了很大的作用，这是人们已经接受的心理学理论所不能解释的。

9.C 由Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation可知Ⅰ正确。

由the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse可知Ⅱ正确。

由While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce tile behavior 可知Ⅲ正确 10.B 此题可用排除法，A错误，“stimulus generalization”是指喝酒时的情绪状态本身具备了外界刺激的作用，从而引发酗酒；C错误，两种情形中的一种存在即可；D喝酒后的痛苦并不会遏制酗酒者继续喝酒；B项正确，从倒数第二段对punishment的分析可知。

Part B
11.T 从原文“cereal fermentation is used for reducing tile risk of contamination under tile existing inappropriate conditions for food preparation and storage in many househol ds”可知。

12.F 这是发酵食品抑制细菌生长的两个不同的原因，而非后者导致前者。

13.F 说的过于绝对，与原文不符，应是“less contaminated”。

14.F 文章讨论的是孩子断奶后喂一些发酵的食品比较有益，而非要对母奶发酵。

15.F 从原文“It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time”可知。

16.F 还应加入酵母。

17.T 从文中最后一段可知。

18. nadequate food intake
19. fermentation
20. acidity
21. storage life
22. dough
23. Traditional food
Ⅱ. V ocabulary and Structure (10 points)
1.D veil面纱，而罩；view风景，见解；fringe边缘，刘海；profile侧面，轮廓。

2.C proscribed禁止；inscribed记下；prescribed规定，开（药）；described描述，形容。

3.A evade逃避，躲避；delude迷惑，蛊惑；seclude隔离；invade侵略，侵袭。

4.A induce劝导，促使；abduct诱拐，绑架；indulge纵容；lure引诱。

5.C assert oneself坚持自己的权利，表现自己的权威；promote促进，提升；strengthen加强，巩固；assert断言，声称；assess估计，评估。

6.D symposium讨论会；symphony交响曲；spectrogram光谱图；synthesis综合，合成。

7.B preoccupied被先占的，全神贯注的；onerous繁重的，费力的；trifling不重要；omnipresent 普遍的，无所不在的。

8.D shamming佯装；devoting投身于，献身；registering注册，登记；pursuing追求，从事。

9.B distracted转移；deviated偏离；intrigued密谋，私通；permeated渗透。

10.B intent on专心于；provoked挑拨，煽动；elated使得意；pruned剪除。

11.C inspect检查；expedited加速，派出；uphold支持，赞成；reinstall重新设置。

12.B indulged纵容；troubled打扰，麻烦；exerted尽力，施加；frustrated挫败。

13.D rectify矫正，调整；rebuke指责，谴责；negotiate商议，谈判；reconcile调整，使和好。

14.C assurance确信，保证；warrant授权，证明；guarantee保证，担保；insurance保险。

15.A deserts放弃，逃跑；deflects使偏斜；detains拘留，阻止；threw投，扔。

16.A integral整体的，组成的，必备的；suitable适当的，相配的；inevitable不可避免的；compatible协调的。

17.D extravagant 奢侈的，浪费的；prominent卓越的，显著的；prescient预见的，先知的eternal永恒的。

18.D by accident偶然的；on average平均的；on occasion有时；at random随意的。

19.B plea请求；petition情愿（书）；patent专利，执照；claim要求，主张。

20.B preview事先查看，预演；forestall预防，阻止；ignite点燃；fluctuate波动。

Ⅲ. Translation (15 points)
1.小说、歌曲和广告中常有的单身角色往往都是那些生活在社会边缘的人：他们或令人发笑，或令人同情，或令人敬畏。

2.这不是悲观哲学研究的素材，而是人口统计学家、房地产开发商、广告经营者这些人所体会到的欧洲新经济前景的事实。

3.法国社会学家lean-Claude Kaufmanns 认为，从家庭生活模式到单身生活模式的转变，是上个世纪“个人主义”的不可抵挡的推动因素之一。

4.通迅革命，商业文化从稳定性到流动性的转变，以及女性进入劳动力市场等等这些给欧洲人的私人生活带来了严重的破坏。

5.现在的独身一代是在欧洲从社会民主主义向更激进更具个人主义思潮的美国式资本主义
转变的过渡时期出现的。

成长于私有化和消费选择日益增长时代的精通技术的现代工人们拥有着恋爱和经济上的自由市场。

Ⅳ. Writing (15%)
参考范文
Good or Bad?
At present, it is not difficult for us to purchase a foreign product in the market. We can see American films and programs pouring in, fast food restaurants popping up in our cities and other imported products dominating our markets. Is this phenomenon good or bad for China's development?
There is no definite answer, as it is just another coin with two sides.
With so many imported products flooding in our markets, Chinese people could relish a lot more consumables than ever before because they have a great many choices of selecting products with high qualities and reasonable prices. In the mean while, this trend can also encourage domestic entrepreneurs to research and develop new products, to improve their services and to reform illogical management systems. Thus, from this point of view, such trends are beneficial to both Chinese consumers and manufactures.
However, different voices are also heard in some occasions. Since China is still a developing country, she needs to promote her own national industries to push forward the whole process of reform and opening-up. But the mass entrance of foreign companies, especially US corporations, might constitute a great threat to China's native entrepreneurs. Without sufficient market room, there is no destination for local products. Without advanced and core techniques, the cost of R&D, designing, advertising and promotion cannot be reduced extraordinarily. Consequently it is extremely hard for Chinese companies to survive in the competitive market.
On the final analysis, we should not attach pure goodness or badness to such trends. No matter which opinion you hold, both of these two types of effects are inevitable. In terms of China's industries, they should act initiatively to learn from and compete with foreign companies.
厦门大学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题
Ⅰ. Reading Comprehension (30%)
Part A
Directions: There are two reading passages in this part. Each is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Y ou should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage 1
Cities develop as a result of functions that they can perform. Some functions result directly from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most functions result from the needs of the local area and of the surrounding hinterland (the region that supplies goods to the city and to which the city furnishes services and other goods). Geographers often make a distinction between the situation and the site of a city. Situation refers to the general position in relation to the surrounding region, whereas site involves physical characteristics of the specific location. Situation is normally much more important to the continuing prosperity of a city. If a city is well situated in regard to its hinterland, its development is much more likely to continue. Chicago, for example, possesses an。