八年级英语暑假专题 初中英语被动语态 上海牛津版
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八年级英语暑假专题初中英语被动语态上海牛津版
【本讲教育信息】
一. 教学内容:
初中英语被动语态
二. 具体过程:
(一)语态概述
英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态:主动
语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。
例如:Many people speak Chinese.
谓语:speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。
例如:Chinese is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。
(二)被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变
化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以speak为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。
一般现在时:am/is/are+spoken
一般过去时:was/were+spoken
一般将来时:will/shall be+spoken
现在进行时:am/is/are being+spoken
过去进行时:have/has been+spoken
现在完成时:have/has been+spoken
过去完成时:had been + spoken
(三)被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。
例如:Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨
晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)
This bridge was founded in 1981.这座桥竣工于1981年。
(2)强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。
例如:The glass was broken by Mike.玻璃杯是迈克打破的。
This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。
Your homework must be finished on time.你们的家庭作业必须准时完成。
(四)主动语态变被动语态的方法
(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be+过去分词)(根据被动语态句子里的主语的
人称和数,以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。
(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格。例如:
(五)含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时,由“情态动词+be+过去分词”构成,原来带to 的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。
1. 何时使用被动语态
(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者或没有必要知道
如:Paper is made from wood.
The house is quite old. It was built in 1950.
He was wounded in the fight.
(2)需要强调动作的承受者时
如:Calcul ator can’t be used in the maths exam.
Books and newspapers in the reading room mustn’t be taken away.
He was awarded first prize in that contest.
(3)为了使语气婉转,避免提及自己或对方而使用被动语态,或由于修饰的需要,使用被动语态,使句子得以更好的安排。
如:The construction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month.
Electricity is used to run machines.
2. 被动语态的构成
(1)be+ done 可以是被动语态,也可以是系表结构形式。被动语态中,done可以带by短语,而系表结构中done相当于adj. 不带by短语。
如:
(2)许多verbs(broken, interested, shut, worried), 既可以用作adj.也可以在被动语态结构中作过去分词。句中如果有by,通常是被动语态。
如:I was worried about you all night. (表状态)
I was worried by mosquitoes all night. (表动作)
The glass was broken by Jack. (表动作)
The glass is broken. (表状态)
I was frightened by his ghost story. She was frightened at the sight of a snake.
<1>判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一:用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I’ll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错(注:先显示题,再显示答案(横线);用不同的颜色表示出。)
(错)This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(错)I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(对)This is the mountain village (which)I visited last year.
(对)I’ll never forget the days (which)I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago?
A. where
B. that
C. on which
D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held?
A. where
B. that
C. on which
D. the one
答案:例1 D,例2 A
例1变为肯定句:This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句:This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既作了主句的表语,又可作从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语,表地点,既可用副词where,又因in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用得不对,所以选A。
关系词的选择:依据在从句中所作的成分,先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose);先行词在从句中作状语时,应选择关系副词(where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why原因状语)。
<2>限制性和非限制性定语从句
1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,例如:
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
2)当先行词为专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如:
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的那幢房子带一个
漂亮的花园。