简明语言学教程第2章Chapter 2-Phonology

The diagram of speech organs
1. Lips 2. Teeth 3. Teeth ridge (alveolar) 4. Hard palate 5. Soft palate (velum) 6. Uvula 7. Tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 9. Back of tongue 10. Vocal cords 11. Pharyngeal cavity 12. Nasal cavity
The classification of English consonants
Place manner Stops or plosives Voicing VL VD Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
[p] [b]
position
[i:][i][e][æ][a] central vowel: the central part of the tongue is held highest [ə:][ə][ʌ] back vowel: the back of the tongue is held highest [u:][u][ɔ:][ɔ][a:]
semi-open vowels: [ə] [ɔ:]
3 branches of phonetics
Articulatory phonetics----from the speakers‟ point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds” Auditory phonetics----from the hearers‟ point of view, “how sounds are perceived” Acoustic phonetics----from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another. It studies “the physical properties of the stream of sounds” (语音流的物理特征)
2.2 Phonetics
Language is primarily vocal. The primary medium of human language is sound. Linguists are not interested in all sounds, but in speech sounds----sounds that convey meaning in human communication.
[j]: the narrowing of space between the hard palate and the front of
the tongue [t] [d]: the obstruction created between the tip of the tongue and the velar ridge [θ] [ð ]: partial obstruction between the upper front teeth and the tip of
The place of articulation
1. Bilabial; 2. Labiodental; 3. Dental or interdental; 4. Alveolar; 5. Palato alveolar; 6. Palatal; 7. Velar; 8. Uvular; 9. Glottal.
Classification of vowels
1. According to the position of the tongue in the mouth: front/central/back vowels front vowel: the front part of tongue maintains the highest
Phonetics----A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription, e.g. [p] bilabial, stop.
2. According to the openness of the mouth: close
vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, open
vowels
closed vowels: [i:][i] [u:] [u]
semi-close vowels:[e] [ə:]
[t] [d]
[f]
[v]
[k] [g]
Fricatives
Affricates
VL
VD VL VD
[θ]
[ ð]
[s]
[z]
([tʃ] ) ([dʒ])
[ʃ]
[ʒ] [ tʃ ] [ dʒ ]
[h]
Nasals
Liquids
VD
VD
[m]
[n]
[ l ], [r]
[ŋ]
Glides
wenku.baidu.comVD
[w]
[j]
tongue the most flexible, responsible for more varieties of
articulation than any other
e.g
[k] [g]: obstruction between the back of the tongue and the velar area
nasals: [m], [n], [ŋ];
glides/semivowels: [w], [j].
The place of articulation
bilabial: [p], [b], [m], [w]; labiodental: [f], [v]; dental: [θ], [ð ]; alveolar: [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l], [r]; palatal: [ʃ], [ʒ], [tʃ], [dʒ], [j]; velar: [k], [g], [ŋ]; glottal: [h].
2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds
Vowels / Consonants: Whether the air stream coming from the lungs meets with obstruction
Classification of consonants ---- English consonants may be classified according to two dimensions: • The manner of articulation • The place of articulation
Broad & Narrow Transcription
1, Broad transcription: Transcription with letter symbols only, without diacritics, used in dictionary and textbook for general purpose. e.g. [help], [kæn], [spi:k], [litl] for help, can and speak and little. 2, Narrow transcription: Transcription with letter-symbols and diacritics, used by phonetician for careful study.
The manner of articulation
stops/plosives: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g];
fricatives: [f], [v], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [θ], [ð ], [h];
affricates: [tʃ], [dʒ]; liquids: [l](lateral), [r];
e.g. [kã n], [hełp] for can and help. ãand ł are used instead of [æ]
and [l].
The use of diacritics
1. [l]: leaf [li:f] clear [l]: occurring before a vowel, no diacritics is needed to indicate feel [fi:l], build [bild] dark [ł]: occurring at the end of a word or before another consonant ▲diacritics [~]is used to indicate 2. [p]: spit [spit] unaspirated [p]: the puff of air is withheld to some extent pit [phit] aspirated [p]: pronounced with a strong puff of air ▲diacritics [h]is used to indicate
the tongue
IPA-International Phonetic Alphabet
1, A standardized and internationally accepted system of
phonetic transcription
2, The basic rule of IPA Using one letter selected from major European language to represent one speech sound.
2.2.2 Organs of speech
Pharyngeal cavity ---- the throat:
air-lungs-windpipe-glottis
The oral cavity ---- the mouth: The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found here. tongue-the most flexible and responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other Nasal cavity ---- the nose: It is connected with the oral cavity.
Chapter 2
Phonology
2.1 The Phonic medium of language
Speech and writing are the two media or substances used by natural languages as vehicles for communication.
Language is first perceived through its sound. Thus the study of sound is of great importance in linguistics. The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds.