简明语言学教程第2章Chapter 2-Phonology
新编简明语言学教程教案第2章
Chapter 2 PhoneticsContents:2.1.The phonic medium of language2.2.1 What is phonetics2.2.2 Organs of speech oral cavitynasal cavitybroad transcription 2.2.3 Orthographic representation of speech soundsnarrow transcriptionvowel2.2.4 Classification of English speech soundsconsonants2.3 phonology2.3.1 phonology and phonetics2.3.2 phone, phoneme, and allophone因素，音位和音位变体2.3.3 phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pairSequential rulesAssimilation ruleDeletion rulestress2.3.5 Suprasegmental features toneintonation2.1.The phonic medium of language2.2.1. What is phoneticsPhonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.语音学是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究,它关注语言世界中的所有语音。
Articulatory phonetics----it studies how a speaker uses his speech organto articulate the sounds.Acoustic phonetics---- it studies the way sounds travel by looking at thesound waves, the physical means by which soundsare transmitted through the air from one person toanother.发音语音学通过观察声波研究语音的传播方式，即语音经过空气从一个人到达另一个人的物理方式。
语言学教程 chapter2
Chapter 2 Speech SoundsPhonetics and PhonologyPhonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.Three main areas: Articulatory phonetics is the study of the production ofspeech sounds.Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical propertiesof speech sounds.Perceptual or auditory phonetics is concerned with theperception of speech sounds.Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur. Begin by analyzing an individual language, then discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages.1, how speech sounds are made?1, Speech organs: vocal tract-- pharynx, mouth, noseoral cavity-- mouthnasal cavity-- noseUpper part of the pharynx:Contents of the mouth: upper part-- the upper lip, the upper teeth, thealveolar ridge, the hard palate, thesoft palate, and the uvulaBottom part-- the lower lip, the lower teeth, thetongue, and the mandibleTongue: the tip, the blade, thefront ,the back, andthe rootThe vocal folds: apart-- the air can pass through easily and the soundproduced is said to be voicelessclose together-- the airstream causes them to vibrateagainst each other and the resultantsound is said to be voicedtotally closed-- no air can pass between them 2, the IPA The International Phonetic AssociationMain principles: there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound,and the same symbol should be used for that sound in anylanguage in which it appears.The diacritics are additional symbols or marks used together with theconsonant and vowel symbols to indicate nuances of changein their pronunciation.2, consonants and vowelsConsonants are produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction.V owels is produced without such stricture so that air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way though the mouth or nose.The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.1, ConsonantsManner of Articulation: the way in which the air passes through certainparts of the vocal tract. It refers ways in which articulation can beaccomplished1, stop(or plosive)-- [p, b, t, d, k, g]2, nasal-- [m, n, etc.]3, fricative-- [f, v, s, z etc.]4, approximant-- [w, j etc.]5, lateral-- [l]6, trill-- [r]7, tap and flap8, affricateThe Place of Articulation: where in the vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing, or the obstruction of air1, bilabial-- made with two lips2, labiodental-- made with the lower lip and the upper front teeth3, dental-- made by the tongue tip or blade and the upper front teeth4, alveolar-- made with the tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge5, postalveolar-- made with the tongue tip and the back of thealveolar ridge6, petroflex-- made with the front of the tongue tip or blade curledback so that the underside of the tongue tip or bladeforms a stricture with the back of the alveolar ridgeor the hard palate7, palatal-- made with the front of the tongue and the hard palate8, velar-- made with the back of the tongue and the soft palate9, uvular-- made with the back of the tongue and the uvula10, pharyngeal-- made with the root of the tongue and the walls ofthe pharynx11, glottal-- made with the two pieces of vocal folds pushed towardseach other2, V owels[ i: ]-- high front tensed unrounded vowel[ə: ]-- mid central tensed unrounded vowel[a: ]-- low back tensed rounded vowel[ɔ: ]-- mid back tensed rounded vowel[u: ]-- high back tensed rounded vowel[i ]-- high front lax unrounded vowel[e ]-- mid front lax unrounded vowel[æ ]-- low front lax unrounded vowel[ə]-- mid central lax unrounded vowel[ʌ]-- low back lax rounded vowel[ɔ]-- mid back lax rounded vowel[u ]-- high back lax rounded vowel3, the sounds of EnglishRP-- R eceived P ronunciationGA-- G eneral A merican3, from phonetics to phonology1, coarticulation and phonetic transcriptionsCoarticulation: The simultaneous or overlapping articulation of twosuccessive phonological units.Anticipatory coarticulation-- the sound becomes more like the followingsound (lamb)Perseverative coarticulation-- the sound shows the influence of theproceeding sound (map)Broad transcription-- the use of a simple set of symbols in ourtranscriptionNarrow transcription-- the use of more specific symbols to show morephonetic detail2, phonemesThe smallest unit that distinguishes meaning of words. a unit of explicitsound contrastMinimal pair-- a pair of words with different meanings which differ in onlyone sound.E.g. “pill” and “bill”Phonetics transcriptions are placed between slant lines(/ /), whilephonetic transcriptions are placed between squarebrackets([ ]).3, allophonesThe aspirated /p/ and the unaspirated /p/ have phonetic differece, but theyboth belong to the same phoneme /p/. Such variants are called allophones ofthe same phoneme. In this case the allophones are said to be incomplementary distribution because they never occur in the same context.This phenomenon of variation in the pronunciation is called allophony orallophonic variation.To be allophones of the same phoneme, the phones must be phoneticallysimilar. Phonetic similarity means that the allophones of a phoneme mustbear some resemblance.If two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast; namely, ifthe substitution of one for the other does not generate a new word form butmerely a different pronunciation of the same word, the two sounds then aresaid to be in “free variation”.4, phonological process, phonological rules and distinctive features 1, AssimilationInstances: nasalization, dentalization, velarizationTwo possibilities-- 1, if a following sound is influencing a precedingsound, we call it regressive assimilation2, the converse process, in which a preceding soundis influencing a following sound, is known asprogressive assimilationPhonological process-- three aspects: 1, a set of sounds to undergo theprocess2, a set of sounds produced bythe processs3, a set of situations in which theprocess appliesPhonological rules2, epenthesis, rule ordering and the elsewhere conditionA boyAn appleWe treat the change of a to an as an insertion of a nasal sound.Technically, this process of insertion is known as epenthesis.3, distinctive featuresFirstly developed by Roman Jacobson as a means of working out a set ofphonological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular aspects oflanguage sounds.Some major distinctions-- consonantal, sonorant, nasal, voiced.5, suprasegmentals1, the syllable structureMonosyllabic-- with one syllablePolysyllabic-- with more than one syllableA syllable must have a nucleus or peak.Open syllable-- a syllable which ends in a vowel.Closed syllable-- a syllable which ends in a consonant.Maximal onset principle-- the principle which states that when there is achoice as to where to place a consonant, it isput into the onset rather than the coda.2, stressStress Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.3, intonationIntonation involves the occurrence of recurring fall- rise patterns, each ofwhich is used with a set of relatively consistent meanings, either onsingle words or on groups of words of varying length.4, toneIn Chinese tone changes are made in a different way, affecting themeanings of individual words.Languages like Chinese are known as tone languages.。
戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记-自己整理版(DOC)
Chapter 1 IntroductionWhat is linguistics? 什么是语言学[A] The definition of linguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language (对语言进行的科学研究)Process of linguistic study:① Certain linguistic facts are observed, generalization are formed;② Hypotheses are formulated;③ Hypotheses are tested by further observations;④ A linguistic theory is constructed.[B] The scope of linguistics General linguistics普通语言学: the study of language as a whole从整体研究1.Phonetics: the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds (or the study of the phonic medium of language) (How speech sounds are produced and classified)2.Phonology: is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.(How sounds form systems and function to convey meaning)3.Morphology: the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words (how morphemes are combined to form words)4.Syntax: the study of those rules that govern the combination of words to form permissible sentences (how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences)5.Semantics: the study of meaning in abstraction6.Pragmatics: the study of meaning in context of useSociolinguistics: the study of language with reference to societyPsycholinguistics: the study of language with reference to the workings of the mindApplied linguistics: the application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning Anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics; mathematical linguistics; mathematical linguistics; computational linguistics[C] Some important distinctions in linguistics① Prescriptive vs. Descriptive 规定性与描写性② Synchronic vs. Diachronic 共时性与历时性（现代英语多研究共时性）The description of a language at some point in time;The description of a language as it changes through time.③ Speech and writing 言语与文字Spoken language is primary, not the written④ Langue and parole 语言和言语Proposed by Swiss linguists F. de Sausse (sociological)。
新编简明英语语言学教程第2版学习指南答案
新编简明英语语言学教程第2版学习指南答案Study Guide for New Concise English Linguistics Tutorial 2nd Edition AnswersIntroductionThe New Concise English Linguistics Tutorial 2nd Edition is a comprehensive guide to the study of the English language. This study guide provides answers to the exercises and questions found in the textbook, helping students to better understand the concepts and theories discussed in each chapter.Chapter 1: Introduction to Linguistics1.1 What is Linguistics?Linguistics is the scientific study of language and its structure, including phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.1.2 What are the subfields of Linguistics?The subfields of linguistics include phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.1.3 What is the difference between prescriptive and descriptive grammar?Prescriptive grammar is concerned with rules for what is considered "correct" language use, while descriptive grammar describes how language is actually used by speakers.Chapter 2: Phonetics and Phonology2.1 What is phonetics?Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds, including their production, transmission, and reception.2.2 What is phonology?Phonology is the study of the sound system of a language, including the patterns and rules that govern the pronunciation of words.2.3 What is the difference between consonants and vowels?Consonants are speech sounds that are produced with some degree of obstruction in the vocal tract, while vowels are speech sounds that are produced without obstruction.Chapter 3: Morphology3.1 What is morphology?Morphology is the study of the structure of words and how words are formed from smaller units called morphemes.3.2 What are free and bound morphemes?Free morphemes can stand alone as words, while bound morphemes must be attached to other morphemes to form a complete word.3.3 What is the difference between inflectional and derivational morphemes?Inflectional morphemes modify the grammatical function of a word (e.g., tense, number), while derivational morphemes create new words or change the meaning of existing words.Chapter 4: Syntax4.1 What is syntax?Syntax is the study of the structure of sentences and how words are combined to create meaningful phrases and sentences.4.2 What is the difference between phrases and clauses?Phrases are groups of words that function as a single unit within a sentence, while clauses are larger structures that contain a subject and a predicate.4.3 What is the difference between syntax and semantics?Syntax deals with the structure of language, while semantics is concerned with the meaning of language.Chapter 5: Semantics and Pragmatics5.1 What is semantics?Semantics is the study of meaning in language, including how words and sentences convey meaning.5.2 What is pragmatics?Pragmatics is the study of how context influences the interpretation of language, including the social and cultural factors that affect communication.5.3 What are speech acts?Speech acts are actions that are performed through speech, such as making a request or giving an order.ConclusionThis study guide provides answers to the exercises and questions found in the New Concise English Linguistics Tutorial 2nd Edition, helping students to deepen their understanding of the core concepts and theories in the study of English linguistics. By using this guide, students can enhance their knowledge andskills in the field of linguistics and improve their overall comprehension of the English language.。
新编简明英语语言学教程第2版学习指南答案
新编简明英语语言学教程第2版学习指南答案全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hello everyone! Today I'm going to give you all the answers to the study guide for the 2nd edition of New Practical English Language Learning Tutorial. Are you ready to ace your English language studies? Let's get started!1. What are the four main branches of linguistics?- Phonetics, Phonology, Syntax, Semantics2. What is the difference between phonetics and phonology?- Phonetics focuses on the physical sounds of language, while phonology deals with how those sounds function in a particular language.3. Define syntax.- Syntax is the study of sentence structure and how words are combined to form meaningful sentences.4. What is the relationship between language and culture?- Language and culture are closely intertwined, as language reflects the beliefs, values, and norms of a particular culture.5. What is the purpose of semantics?- Semantics is the study of meaning in language, including how words and sentences convey different shades of meaning.6. Explain the difference between a morpheme and a phoneme.- A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in language, while a phoneme is the smallest unit of sound.7. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) used for?- The IPA is a standardized system for representing the sounds of language, making it easier to study and compare different languages.8. Describe the difference between a declarative and an interrogative sentence.- A declarative sentence makes a statement, while an interrogative sentence asks a question.9. What is pragmatics?- Pragmatics is the study of how language is used in context, including how speakers convey meaning through tone, gesture, and social cues.10. Give an example of a language register.- Formal register: "I am delighted to make your acquaintance."- Informal register: "Nice to meet you!"That's it for the study guide answers! I hope this helps you all with your English language studies. Good luck, and keep practicing!篇2Hi, everyone! Are you ready to learn about the New Concise English Linguistics Study Guide 2nd Edition? Let's dive right in!First of all, this book is super cool because it teaches you all about the English language and how it works. You'll learn about things like grammar, phonetics, and syntax – all those fancy words that linguists use to talk about language.One of the best parts of this book is the exercises and activities. They help you practice what you've learned and make sure you really understand it. Plus, there are lots of fun gamesand puzzles to help you remember all those tricky linguistic terms.Another awesome thing about this book is that it's really clear and easy to understand. The authors explain everything in a way that's simple and straightforward, so you won't get confused. And if you do have questions, there's a handy glossary at the back of the book to help you out.But wait, there's more! The Study Guide also includes tips and tricks for improving your English skills, like how to study effectively and how to write better essays. So not only will you learn about linguistics, but you'll also become a better English speaker and writer.So, if you want to become a language expert and impress your friends with your linguistic knowledge, make sure to grab a copy of the New Concise English Linguistics Study Guide 2nd Edition. Happy learning!篇3Hi guys, today I’m going to share with you some answers to the study guide for the New Edition of the Concise English Language Studies. This book can be a bit tricky, but don’t worry, I’ve got your back! Let’s get started:1. What is the definition of linguistics?Linguistics is the scientific study of language and its structure, including the study of grammar, syntax, phonetics, and semantics.2. How many main branches make up the field of linguistics?There are six main branches of linguistics: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.3. What is the difference between descriptive and prescriptive grammar?Descriptive grammar describes how language is actually used by speakers, while prescriptive grammar dictates how language should be used according to traditional rules.4. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) used for?The International Phonetic Alphabet is used to represent sounds of spoken languages in a standardized way, making it easier to transcribe and study different languages.5. Explain the difference between a morpheme and a phoneme.A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language, while a phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning between words.I hope these answers help you with your studies. Remember, learning English can be challenging, but with practice and determination, you’ll get the hang of it! Good luck, everyone!篇4Hello everyone, I'm so excited to share with you the study guide for "A New Introduction to English Language Teaching2nd Edition". This book may seem a bit tough at first, but don't worry, I'll break it down for you in a fun and easy way!Chapter 1: What is Language?In this chapter, we learn that language is a way for us to communicate with each other. It can be spoken, written, or signed. We also learn about the different parts of speech, like nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Remember, practice makes perfect, so try to use different words in your sentences!Chapter 2: The Sounds of LanguageThis chapter talks about phonetics and phonology, which are fancy words for the sounds we make when we talk. Rememberwhen your teacher taught you how to pronounce words like "cat" and "dog"? That's phonetics! Make sure to practice saying words out loud to improve your pronunciation.Chapter 3: The Structure of WordsWords are like building blocks that make up sentences. In this chapter, we learn about morphology, which is the study of how words are formed. Break down words into prefixes, suffixes, and roots to understand their meanings better.Chapter 4: Sentences and MeaningSentences are like puzzles that convey meaning. In this chapter, we learn about syntax, which is how words are put together to form sentences. Pay attention to the order of words in a sentence to understand the intended meaning.Chapter 5: Language VariationLanguages can vary based on where you are or who you're talking to. In this chapter, we learn about dialects, accents, and regional variations. Embrace the diversity of language and learn from different people's ways of speaking.Chapter 6: Language ChangeLanguages evolve over time, just like how your favorite video game updates with new features. In this chapter, we learn about language history and how words change meaning over time. Keep up with the latest slang and trends to stay current!So there you have it, a simplified guide to "A New Introduction to English Language Teaching 2nd Edition". Remember to have fun while studying and don't be afraid to ask questions. Happy learning, everyone!篇5Hey guys! Today I'm going to give you all the answers to the Study Guide of "New Concise English Language Learning Tutorial 2nd Edition". Are you ready? Let's get started!Chapter 1: Introduction to English Language Learning1. Describe the importance of learning English as a global language.- Learning English is important because it is spoken by millions of people all around the world. It can help you communicate with people from different countries and cultures.2. List the four main skills in language learning.- The four main skills in language learning are listening, speaking, reading, and writing.Chapter 2: Phonetics and Phonology1. What is the difference between phonetics and phonology?- Phonetics is the study of the sounds of human speech, while phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in language.2. Give an example of a minimal pair.- An example of a minimal pair is the words "pat" and "bat". The only difference between these two words is the initial sound (/p/ in "pat" and /b/ in "bat").Chapter 3: Morphology and Syntax1. Define morphology and syntax.- Morphology is the study of the structure and formation of words, while syntax is the study of how words are combined to form sentences.2. What is the difference between inflection and derivation?- Inflection is the modification of a word to indicate grammatical information like tense, number, and gender, whilederivation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes or suffixes.Chapter 4: Semantics and Pragmatics1. Explain the difference between semantics and pragmatics.- Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and sentences, while pragmatics is the study of how language is used in context to achieve certain goals.2. Give an example of a semantic field.- An example of a semantic field is the words related to animals, such as cat, dog, and bird.I hope these answers help you with your studies! Keep practicing and don't forget to have fun learning English! Good luck!篇6Hello everyone! Today I'm going to share with you the study guide for the New Edition of Brief English Linguistics Tutorial 2.First of all, make sure to read the textbook carefully and understand the key concepts. It's important to pay attention tothe examples and explanations given in the book to help you grasp the information better.Secondly, practice is key to mastering any language skill. Try to do the exercises at the end of each chapter and review the grammar and vocabulary regularly. You can also find additional exercises online or make flashcards to help you memorize the new words.Don't forget to listen to English audio materials such as podcasts, songs, or news broadcasts. This will help you improve your listening skills and get used to the natural rhythm and pronunciation of English.When it comes to speaking, try to practice speaking English with your friends, family, or classmates. You can also join a language exchange group or find a language partner to practice speaking with.Lastly, have fun while learning English! Watch English movies, read English books or comics, and explore different aspects of English language and culture. Remember, practice makes perfect, so keep practicing and don't give up!I hope these tips will help you improve your English language skills and have fun learning along the way. Good luck and happy studying!篇7Hey guys, have you started studying the New Edition of A Concise English Language Course Book 2? It might feel a bit tricky at first, but don't worry, I'm here to help you out with a study guide that will make things much easier for you!First off, make sure you understand the key concepts in each chapter before moving on to the exercises. Pay attention to the explanations and examples given in the book, as they will help you grasp the material better.When it comes to doing the exercises, don't rush through them. Take your time to read the instructions carefully and think about your answers before writing them down. If you're unsure about something, don't hesitate to ask your teacher or a classmate for help.Make good use of the practice tests and drills provided in the book. They will help you reinforce what you've learned and identify any areas where you might need to improve.Remember to review your notes regularly and test yourself on the vocabulary and grammar rules you've learned. This will help you retain the information better and be better prepared for exams.Lastly, don't forget to have fun while studying! Learning a new language can be challenging, but it can also be a lot of fun. So keep a positive attitude and stay motivated.Good luck with your studies, and I'm sure you'll do great in your English language course! Keep up the good work!篇8Hey guys! Today I'm going to give you all the answers to the "New Edition Concise English Linguistics Course 2" study guide. Get ready to ace your test with these answers!1. What is the definition of linguistics?Linguistics is the scientific study of language and its structure, including grammar, syntax, semantics, and phonetics.2. What are the different branches of linguistics?There are several branches of linguistics, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.3. What is the difference between phonetics and phonology?Phonetics is the study of the physical sounds of speech, while phonology is the study of how those sounds are used in a particular language to create meaning.4. What is morphology?Morphology is the study of the structure of words and how they are formed, including prefixes, suffixes, and roots.5. What is syntax?Syntax is the study of sentence structure and how words are arranged to create meaning in a sentence.6. What is semantics?Semantics is the study of meaning in language, including how words and sentences convey information and how meaning can change in different contexts.7. What is pragmatics?Pragmatics is the study of how language is used in real-life situations, including the social and cultural factors that influence communication.8. How can linguistics help us understand language better?Studying linguistics can help us understand how language works, why languages are structured the way they are, and how language shapes our thoughts and behaviors.So there you have it, all the answers to the "New Edition Concise English Linguistics Course 2" study guide. Good luck on your test, and keep on learning about language!篇9Hello everyone! Today I'm gonna share with you the answers to the study guide of "A New Introduction to English Language Study, 2nd edition". So let's dive in and check out the answers together!Chapter 1: Introduction to English Language Study1. What is linguistics?Answer: Linguistics is the scientific study of language and its structure.2. What are the four main branches of linguistics?Answer: The four main branches of linguistics are phonetics, phonology, morphology, and syntax.3. What is the difference between descriptive and prescriptive grammar?Answer: Descriptive grammar describes how people actually use language, while prescriptive grammar dictates how people should use language according to established rules.Chapter 2: Phonetics and Phonology1. What is the difference between phonetics and phonology?Answer: Phonetics focuses on the physical sounds of speech, while phonology studies the patterns of sounds in language.2. What is a phoneme?Answer: A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning in a language.3. Give an example of a minimal pair.Answer: Ship and sip are an example of a minimal pair, as changing the initial sound changes the meaning of the word.Chapter 3: Morphology and Syntax1. What is morphology?Answer: Morphology is the study of the structure of words and how they are formed.2. What is a morpheme?Answer: A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in language.3. What is syntax?Answer: Syntax is the study of how words are combined to form sentences.I hope these answers help you with your studies! Keep up the good work and have fun learning about the English language!篇10Title: A Fun Guide to Learning English from New Edition of Concise English Language Learning GuideHey guys! Are you ready to dive into the exciting world of learning English with the new edition of the Concise English Language Learning Guide? In this guide, we will explore the basics of English language study and provide you with some awesome tips and tricks to help you improve your English skills.First and foremost, it's important to understand that learning English is all about practice and consistency. Make sure to set aside some time each day to study and review the material in theguide. Whether it's reading, writing, speaking, or listening, make sure to practice all four language skills to become awell-rounded English speaker.One helpful tip is to keep a vocabulary notebook to write down new words you learn. You can also use flashcards to help you memorize and review vocabulary regularly. Remember, repetition is key when it comes to learning new words and phrases!Another great way to improve your English skills is to watch English movies or TV shows, and listen to English songs. This will help you get used to the sounds and rhythms of the English language. You can also try practicing speaking with a friend or classmate to improve your pronunciation and fluency.In addition, don't be afraid to make mistakes! Learning a new language is a journey, and it's completely normal to make errors along the way. Take risks, practice, and don't be afraid to speak up and use your English skills in real-life situations.Overall, the key to success in learning English is to stay motivated, practice regularly, and have fun with it! With the help of the new edition of the Concise English Language Learning Guide, you'll be on your way to mastering English in no time. Good luck, and happy learning!。
英语语言学概论第二章phonology(共14张PPT)
said to form a minimal pair.
Pill/bill; pill/till; till/kill; kill/dill/; dill/gill
big/peg; peak/leap
Minimal pairs
Four requirements for identifying minimal pairs:
2.3.1 Coarticulation (协同发音)
Map PK Lamb
[mæp]
[læm]
A nasal + a vowel
Soft palate: from the lowered position to the raised position
Proceeding influenced following (perseverative)
Broad and narrow transcriptions
Velarization rule (软腭化): A vowel + a nasal
the
string,
the
two
sound
combinations
are
phonemic contrast, complementary distribution
Allophone: phonetic variants/realizations of a phoneme
A phoneme is realized as allophone 1 + allophone 2 +…
E.g.: /p/=[ ph ] + [ p ] (unreleased)
Allophones
Two requirements for phones to fall into the same phoneme:
新编简明英语语言学教程中文版2
新编简明英语语言学教程中文版2简介《新编简明英语语言学教程中文版2》是一本系统介绍英语语言学的教材。
本教材由专业的语言学家和教育学家编写，旨在帮助学习者深入了解英语语言学的基本概念和原理。
本文档将简要介绍本教材的内容，并对其中重要概念进行概述。
第一章：语言学导论第一章主要介绍了语言学的基本概念和研究对象。
在本章中，学习者将了解什么是语言学，以及语言学的研究范围和方法论。
同时，还提供了一些语言学研究的历史背景和经典理论。
本章的目的是给学习者提供一个全面的语言学导论，为后续章节的学习做好铺垫。
第二章：语音学第二章主要介绍了语音学的基本概念和方法。
学习者将了解语音学的研究对象——音素以及音素的分类和描述方法。
在本章中，还将介绍音系和音位的概念，并讨论语音的产生和感知。
此外，还将讨论音位对语言的重要性以及音系和音位在不同语言间的差异。
通过学习本章内容，学习者将对语音学的基本理论和方法有一个初步了解。
第三章：音系学第三章主要介绍了音系学的研究内容和方法。
在本章中，学习者将学习语音学中的重要概念：音位、语音环境和音变规律。
此外，还将介绍音系学的研究方法，如音位的调查和描述。
通过学习本章内容，学习者将了解音系学在语言研究中的重要性，以及如何通过音系学方法来分析和描述不同语言的音系。
第四章：词汇学第四章主要介绍了词汇学的研究内容和方法。
在本章中，学习者将学习词汇学的基本概念，如词汇的定义和分类。
同时，还将介绍词汇的形态结构和词性。
本章还将介绍词汇的意义和语义关系，并讨论词汇的产生和变化。
通过学习本章内容，学习者将了解词汇学在语言研究中的重要性，以及如何进行词汇的分析和研究。
第五章：句法学第五章主要介绍了句法学的研究内容和方法。
在本章中，学习者将学习句法学的基本概念，如句子的组成和句子的结构。
同时，还将介绍句法分析的方法和理论，如短语结构文法和依存句法。
本章还将讨论句法的意义和句法的变化。
通过学习本章内容，学习者将了解句法学在语言研究中的重要性，以及如何进行句法的分析和研究。
新编简明英语语言学教程第二章
a simple set of symbols in our transcription, a broad transcription. The use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail, a narrow transcription. Both phonetic transcriptions, both forms in square brackets [ ].
Pharyngeal[færɪn'dʒɪːl] cavity — the throat; Oral cavity — the mouth; Nasal cavity — the nose.
1. Lips 2. Teeth 3. Teeth ridge (alveolar[æl'vɪələ]) 4. Hard palate ['pælət] 5. Soft palate (velum ['vɪːləm]) 6. Uvula /ˈju ːvjʊlə/ 7. Tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 9. Back of tongue 10. Vocal cords 11. Pharyngeal cavity 12. Nasal cavity
a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning.
A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter to represent one speech sound. Broad transcription — used in dictionary and textbook for general purpose, without diacritics, e.g. clear [ l ], [ pit ] Narrow transcription — used by phonetician for careful study, with diacritics, e.g. dark [ l ], aspirated [ p ]
新编简明英语语言学教程byzhang
新编简明英语语言学教程A N E W C O N C I S E C O U R S E O N L I N G U I S T I C S F O R S T U D E N T S O FE N G L I S HH a p p y N a t i o n a l D a yC o n t e n t s•12 Chapters / 4 Parts•Part 1 Chapter 1 (The general introduction about linguistics, to give an answer about what is linguistics and what is language, and some of their characteristics.)•Part 2 Chapter 2/3/4/5/6 (It mainly introduces the differentbranches .[brɑ:ntʃ]分支of linguistics such as Phonetics[fəu‘netik]语音学, Phonology（fəˈnɒlədʒi]音系学, Morphology[mɔ:ˈfɒlədʒi]形态学, Syntax[ˈsɪntaks]句法学, [siˈmæntiks]语义学, Pragmatics.[præɡˈmætiks]语用学。
)•Part 3 Chapter 7/8/9 （This part mainly discusses the development of language and the relationship between language and society or culture.）•Part 4 Chapter 10/11/12 (This part is about the learning of language, how could a person get the ability of speaking one language, of course, no matter it is first language or second language, there must be quite a strong relationship with the brain of us.)C h a p t e r O n e I n t r o d u c t i o nL i n g u i s t i c s• 1. What is linguistics (definition)?• 2. Its scope [skəup]范围and some distinctions that are important?W h a t i s l i n g u i s t i c s(d e f i n i t i o n)?•The scientific study of language.•To answer the questions such as:•What is language?•How does language work?•How does language change?•What do all languages have in common?H o w t o s t u d y a n d w h a t t o s t u d y?•By systematic[sɪstəˈmatɪk]有系统的，有规则的investigation of linguistic data语言材料,with reference to关于some theories, to find the nature种类and rules underlying 基础的language system. •linguistics studies languages in general, not any particular language.T h e s c o p e a n d s o m e d i s t i n c t i o n s o f l i n g u i s t i c s•Branches of linguistics: (page 2-3)•Phonetics语音学，Phonology音系学, Morphology形态学, Syntax句法学, Semantics语义学, Pragmatics语用学。
新编简明英语语言学 课件 chapter 2 音系学
双元音
Monophthongs or pure/single vowels
----According to which part of the tongue is held highest in the process of production, the vowels can be distinguished as:
▪ Monophthongs or pure/single vowels
单元音
▪ Diphthongs or gliding vowels 双元音 [ai], [ei], [iə], [eə], [uə], [au], [əu], [ɔi].
Chapter 2 Phonology
▪ phonetics
--- What is ponetics? 什么是语音学
--- organs of speech 发音器官
--- Orthographic representation of speech sounds 语音的正字标音法
--- Classification of English speech sound 英语语音的分类
e.g. pit & spit
送气音和非送气音
Nasality -- nasal & non-nasal 鼻音和非鼻音
e.g. bank & back
Orthographic representation of speech sounds
---- A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)（国际音标） .The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter to represent one speech sound.
语言学简明教程Chapter_2
2.2 Phonetic Transcription
The IPA (The International Phonetic Alphabet)
In 1888, the International Phonetic Association devised the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter selected from major European languages to represent one speech sound.
Roman small letters: [b, p, s, z, k, g] Greek letters: [θ, ε] Letters upside down [ə,Λ] Obsolete letters: [ð, ʒ, ∫] 2 letters together: [t ∫, d з, æ ] Diacritics: [ph , ł, po]
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Place of articulation
bilabial: / p, b, m/ labiodental: / f, v/
dental: / θ, ð / alveolar: / t, d, l, n, s, z / palatal : / j, ∫, з / velar: / k, g, ŋ / palatal-alveolar: / t ∫, d з / glottal: [h]
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More about IPA:
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自考英语语言学Chapter_2_Phonology
Chapter 2 Phonology音系学一、本章纲要二、本章重点1.The phonic medium of language语言的声音媒介Of two media of language, speech is more basic than writing, for the reasons:1)In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing;2)In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role in terms of the amount of information conveyed;3)Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later in school.The phonic medium of language语言的声音媒介（2006填空；2001，32名词解释）This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic are the phonic medium of language; and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds (语音).2.Phonetics语音学2.1 What is phonetics? 什么是语音学Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world‟s languages.语音学研究的对象是语言的声音媒介，即人类语言中使用的全部语音。
简明英语语言学教程第二版课后参考答案
《新编简洁英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参照答案Chapter 1 Introduction1. Howdo you interpret the following definition of linguistics:Linguistics is the scientific study of language.答： Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data,conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order todiscover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has tocollect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities,and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypothesesabout the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checkedrepeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as inany other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is,a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things.2.What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?答： The major branches of linguistics are:(1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication;(2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication;(3)morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbolsrepresenting sounds are arranged and combined to form words;(4)syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined toform grammatically permissible sentences in languages;(5)semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language;(6)pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use.3.In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?答： The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as“ traditional grammar.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several basic ways.Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybeover-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of itspermanence.Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does notforce languages into a Latin-based framework.4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?答： In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over adiachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than towriting?答： Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication.Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary mediumof human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution,speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented ”by its users to record speech when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount ofinformation conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every nativespeaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later whenhe goes to school.For modern linguists,spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the“revised ” record of speech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.6.How is Saussure's distinction between langue and parole similar toChomsky's distinction between competence and performance?答： Saussure's distinction and Chomsky's are very similar, they differ at least inthat Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue isa matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychologicalpoint of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.7.What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?答： First of all, language is a system, ., elements of language are combinedaccording to rules.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connectionbetween a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.Third,language is vocal because the primary mediumfor all languages is sound. Fourth, language is human-specific, i. e., it is very different from thecommunication systems other forms of life possess.8. What are the main features of humanlanguage that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?答： The main features of human language are termed design features. They include:1) ArbitrarinessLanguage is arbitrary.This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used torefer to the same object in different languages.2) ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the constructionand interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce andunderstand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they havenever heard before.3) DualityLanguage consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower orthe basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves.But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.4) DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to things which are present or not present,real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediatesituations of the speaker. This is what“displacement” means.5) Cultural transmissionWhile humancapacity for language has a genetic basis, ., we were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system arenot genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.9.What are the major functions of language? Think of your own examplesfor illustration.答： Three main functions are often recognized of language:the descriptive function, the expressive function, and the social function.The descriptive function is the function to convey factual information, which canbe asserted or denied, and in some cases even verified. For example:“China is a large country with a long history.”The expressive function supplies information about the user’s feelings, preferences,prejudices,and values.For example: “I will never go window-shopping with her. ”The social function serves to establish and maintain social relations betweenpeople. . For example:“We are your firm supporters.”Chapter 2 Speech Sounds1.What are the two major media of linguistic communication? Of the two, whichone is primary and why?答： Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication.Of the two media of language, speech is more primary than writing, for reasons, pleaserefer to the answer to the fifth problem in the last chapter.2. What is voicing and how is it caused?答： Voicing is a quality of speech sounds and a feature of all vowels and someconsonants in English. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ?答： The transcription with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription.This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes.The latter,. the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called narrow transcription.This is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. With the help of thediacritics they can faithfully represent as much of the fine details as it isnecessary for their purpose.In broad transcription, the symbol [l] is used for the sounds [l] in the fourwords leaf [li:f], feel [fi:l], build [bild], and health [helθ]. As a matter of fact, the sound [l] in all these four sound combinations differs slightly. The [l]in[li:f],occurring before a vowel,is called a dear [l],and no diacritic is needed to indicate it;the[1] in[fi:l]and [bild],occurring at the end of a word or before another consonant, is pronounced differently from the clear [1]as in“leaf”. Itis called dark[?]and in narrow transcription the diacritic[?]is used to indicate it.Then in the sound combination[hel θ],the sound [l]is followed by the English dental sound [ θ], its pronunciation is somewhat affected by the dental sound that follows it.It is thus called a dental[l],and in narrow transcription the diacritic [ 、 ] is used to indicate it. It is transcribed as [helθ].Another example is the consonant [p]. We all know that [p] is pronounceddifferently in the two words pit and spit.In the word pit,the sound [p] is pronounced with a strong puff of air, but in spit the puff of air is withheld to some extent.In the case of pit, the [p] sound is said to be aspirated and in the case of spit,the [p] sound is unaspirated. This difference is not shown in broad transcription,but in narrow transcription, a small raised“h” is used to show aspiration, thuspit is transcribed as [ph?t] and spit is transcribed as [sp?t].4. How are the English consonants classified?答： English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of mannerof articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into the following types: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals and glides. In terms of place ofarticulation, it can be classified into following types: bilabial, labiodental,dental, alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal.5. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?答： Vowels may be distinguished as front, central, and back according to whichpart of the tongue is held highest. To further distinguish members of each group,we need to apply another criterion, . the openness of the mouth. Accordingly, weclassify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-openvowels,and open vowels. A third criterion that is often used in the classificationof vowels is the shape of the lips.In English,all the front vowels and the central vowels are unfounded vowels,i. e.,without rounding the lips,and all the back vowels, with the exception of [a:], are rounded. It should be noted that some front vowelscan be pronounced with rounded lips.6.A. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1)voiced palatal affricate2)voiceless labiodental fricative3)voiced alveolar stop4)front, close, short5)back, semi-open, long6)voiceless bilabial stopB. Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds:1) [ t ] 2) [ l ] 3) [?] 4) [w] 5) [?]6) [?]答： A. (1) [?] (2) [ f ] (3) [d ] (4) [ ? ] (5) [ ?:] (6) [p]B. (1) voiceless alveolar stop(2) voiced alveolar liquid(3) voiceless palatal affricate(4) voiced bilabial glide(5) back, close, short(6) front, open7.How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do youthink will be more interested in the difference between, say, [l] and [?], [ph] and [p],a phonetician or a phonologist? Why?答： (1) Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the sameaspect of language–– the speech sounds. But while both are related to the study of sounds,, theydiffer in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, howthey differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can beclassified, etc. Phonology, on the other hand, aims to discover how speechsounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to conveymeaning in linguistic communication.(2)A phonologist will be more interested in it. Because one of the tasksof the phonologists is to find out rule that governs the distribution of [l] and[?], [ph] and [p].8.What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophonesrelated to a phoneme?答： A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produceduring linguistic communication are all phones. A phonemeis not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phoneticcontext. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, the phoneme/l/ in English can be realized as dark [?], clear [l], etc. which are allophonesof the phoneme /l/.9. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.答： Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules.There are many such sequential rules in English. For example, if a word beginswith a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be a vowel. That is why [lbik] [lkbi]are impossible combinations in English.They have violated the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemes.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying ” a featureof a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. Assimilation ofneighbouring sounds is, for the most part,caused by articulatory or physiological processes. When we speak, we tend to increase the ease of articulation. This“sloppy ” tendency may become regularized as rules of language.We all know that nasalization is not a phonological feature in English, ., itdoes not distinguish meaning. But this does not meanthat vowels in English are never nasalized in actual pronunciation; in fact they are nasalized in certain phoneticcontexts. For example, the [i:] sound is nasalized in words like bean, green,team, and scream. This is because in all these sound combinations the [i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n] or [m].The assimilation rule also accounts for the varying pronunciation of thealveolar nasal [n] in some sound combinations. The rule is that within a word, thenasal [n] assumes the same place of articulation as the consonant that follows it.Weknow that in English the prefix in- can be added to maadjective to makethe meaning of the word negative, . discreet–indiscreet, correct–incorrect. But the [n]sound in the prefix in- is not always pronounced as an alveolar nasal. It is so inthe word indiscreet because the consonant that follows it, . [d], is an alveolarstop,but the [n]sound in the word incorrect is actually pronounced as a velar nasal, . [?]; this is because the consonant that follows it is [k], which is a velar stop.So we can see that while pronouncing the sound [n], we are“copying ” a feature of the consonant that follows it.Deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.Wehave noticed that in the p ronunciation of such words as sign,design, and paradigm, there is no [g] sound although it is represented in spelling by theletter g. But in their corresponding forms signature,designation,and paradigmatic, the [g]represented by the letter g is pronounced.The rule can be stated as: Delete a [g] when it occurs before a final nasal consonant. Given the rule, the phonemic representation of the stems in sign– signature, resign– resignation, phlegm–phlegmatic, paradigm – paradigmatic will include the phoneme /g/, which will bedeleted according to the regular rule if no suffix is added.10. What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features ofEnglish function in conveying meaning?答： The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features. The main suprasegmental features include stress,intonation,and tone. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. There are two kinds of stress: word stress and sentence stress. For example, a shift ofstress may change the part of speech of a word from a noun, to a verb although itsspelling remains unchanged. Tones are pitch variations which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English. When spoken in different tones,the same sequence of words may have different meanings.Chapter 3 Morphology1. Divide the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a“+”between each morpheme and the next:a. microfile e. telecommunicationb. bedraggled f. forefatherc. announcement g. psychophysicsd. predigestion h. mechanist答： a. micro + file b. be + draggle + edc. announce + mentd. pre + digest + ione. tele + communicate + ionf. fore + fatherg. psycho + physics h. mechan + ist2.Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning, and specify the typesof stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Model: -orsuffix: -ormeaning: the person or thing performing the actionstem type: added to verbsexamples: actor, “one who acts in stage plays, motion pictures, etc. ” translator, “one who translates ”答： (1) suffix:-ablemeaning: something can be done or is possiblestem type: added to verbsexamples:acceptable,respectable,“can be accepted “can be respected””(2) suffix:-lymeaning: functionalstem type:added to adjectivesexamples: freely.“adverbial form of‘free’ ”quickly, “adverbial form of 'quick'”.(3) suffix:-eemeaning:the person receiving the actionstem type: added to verbsexamples: employee,“one who works in a company”interviewee, “one who is interviewed ”3.Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the typesof stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Model: a-prefix: a-meaning: “without; not ”stem type: added to adjectivesexamples: asymmetric,“lacking symmetry ” asexual, “without sex or sex organs ”答： (1) prefix:dis-meaning:showing an oppositestem type: added to verbs or nounsexamples : disapprove,“do not approve ”dishonesty, “lack of honesty ”.(2) prefix:anti-meaning:against, opposed tostem type: added to nouns or adjectivesexamples :antinuclear,“opposing the use of atomic weapons and power”antisocial,“opposed or harmful to the laws and customs of an organized community.”(3) prefix:counter-meaning:the opposite ofstem type: added to nouns or adjectives.examples:counterproductive,“prod ucing results opposite to thoseintended ”(sth.) ”counteract, “act against and reduce the force or effect of4. The italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflectional morpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out its grammatical meaning.Sue moves in high-society circles in London.A traffic warden asked John to move his car.The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd.The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.答： (1) the third person singular(2)the past tense(3)the present perfect(4)the present progressive5.Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related toone another by processes of inflection or derivation.a) go, goes, going, goneb) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverabilityc) inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’d)democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize答：( 略)6.The following sentences contain both derivational and inflectional affixes.Underline all of the derivational affixes and circle the inflectional affixes.a) The farmer ’s cows escaped.b)It was raining.c)Those socks are inexpensive.d)Jim needs the newer copy.e)The strongest rower continued.f)She quickly closed the book.g)The alphabetization went well.答：( 略)Chapter 4 Syntax1. What is syntax?Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined toform sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. What is phrase structure rule?The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements . specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrasestructure rule.The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows:NP→ (Det) N (PP) ...VP→ (Qual) V (NP) ...AP→ (Deg) A (PP) ...PP→ (Deg) P (NP) ...We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which Xstands for the head N, V, A or P.The XP rule: XP→ (specifier)X (complement)3. What is category? How to determine a word's category?Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the sameor similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namelymeaning, inflection and distribution.若详尽回答，则要加上：Word categories often bear some relationship with its meaning. The meanings associated with nouns and verbs can be elaborated in various ways. The property orattribute of the entities denoted by nouns can be elaborated by adjectives. Forexample, when we say that pretty lady, we are attributing the property‘pretty’to the lady designated by the noun. Similarly,the properties and attributes of the actions, sensations and states designated by verbs can typically be denoted byadverbs. For example, in Jenny left quietly the adverb quietly indicates the manner of Jenny's leaving.The second criterion to determine a word's category is inflection. Words ofdifferent categories take different inflections. Such nouns as boy and desk take the plural affix -s. Verbs such as work and help take past tense affix -ed and progressive affix - ing . And adjectives like quiet and clever take comparative affix - er and superlative affix - est . Although inflection is very helpful in determininga word's category, it does not always suffice. Some words do not take inflections.For example, nouns like moisture , fog , do not usually take plural suffix -s and adjectives like frequent , intelligent do not take comparative and superlativeaffixes - er and - est .The last and more reliable criterion of determining a word's category is its distribution. That is what type of elements can co-occur with a certain word. Forexample, nouns can typically appear with a determiner like the girl and a card, verbs with an auxiliary such as should stay and will go, and adjectives with a degree word such as very cool and too bright.A word's distributional facts together with information about its meaning and inflectional capabilities help identify its syntactic category.4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type withthe help of a conjunction is called coordinate structures.It has (或写Conjunction exhibits) four important properties:1) There is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear priorto the conjunction.2)A category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated.3)Coordinated categories must be of the same type.4)The category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category typeof the elements being conjoined.5.What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier andcomplement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier.The role each element can play:Head:Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.Specifier:Specifier has both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically, ithelps to makemore precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, it typically marks aphrase boundary.Complement:Complementsare themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.Modifier:Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of the heads.6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure?There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rulein accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure (or D-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of thesentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure ).（以下几题只作初步的的成分区分，未画树形图,仅供参照）7.Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a) The old lady got off the bus carefully.Det A N V P Det N Advb) The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.Det N Adv V P Det Nc) The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools.Det A N Aux V Det N P Det Nd)This cloth feels quite soft.Det N V Deg A8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier.Drawthe appropriate tree structure for each.a) rich in mineralsXP(AP) → head (rich) A +complement (in minerals) PPb) often read detective storiesXP(VP) → specifier (often) Qual + head (read) V + complement (detective stories) NPc) the argument against the proposalsXP(NP) → specifier (the) Det +head (argument) N +complement (against the proposals) PPd) already above the windowXP(VP) → specifier (already) Deg +head (above) P +complement (the window)NPd) The apple might hit the man.S → NP(The apple) + Infl (might) +VP(hit the man)e) He often reads detective stories.S → NP(He) + VP(often reads detective stories)9.The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence,first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.（斜体的为名词的修饰语，划底线的为动词的修饰语）extreme caution.a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane withmoon hung in the sky.c) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.d) A woodenhut near the lake collapsed in the storm.10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a treestructure for each of the sentences.（划底线的为并列的范围）a)Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.b)Helen put on her clothes and went out.c)Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.11. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function ascomplements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure foreach sentence.a)You know that I hate war.b)Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.c)Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.d)The children argued over whether bats had wings.12.Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw thedeep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences.a)The essay that he wrote was excellent.b)Herbert bought a house that she lovedc)The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.13. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each of these sentences.（斜体的为深层构造，一般字体的为表层构造）a) Would you come tomorrow?you would come tomorrowb) What did Helen bring to the party?Helen brought what to the partyc) Who broke the window?who broke the windowChapter 5 Semantics1. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?答： (1) The naming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. Accordingto this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used ina language are simply labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things.(2)The conceptualist view has been held by some philosophers and linguists from ancient times. This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguisticform and what it refers to (i. e., between language and the real world); rather,in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation ofconcepts in the mind.(3) The contextualist view held that meaning should be studied in terms ofsituation, use, context––elements closely linked with language behaviour. The representative of this approach was . Firth, famous British linguist.。
简明语言学教程第2章Chapter 2-Phonology
[j]: the narrowing of space between the hard palate and the front of
the tongue [t] [d]: the obstruction created between the tip of the tongue and the velar ridge [θ] [ð ]: partial obstruction between the upper front teeth and the tip of
Classification of vowels
1. According to the position of the tongue in the mouth: front/central/back vowels front vowel: the front part of tongue maintains the highest
semi-open vowels: [ə] [ɔ:]
The place of articulation
1. Bilabial; 2. Labiodental; 3. Dental or interdental; 4. Alveolar; 5. Palato alveolar; 6. Palatal; 7. Velar; 8. Uvular; 9. Glottal.
[t] [d]
[f]
[v]
[k] [g]
Fricatives
Affricates
VL
VD VL VD
[θ]
[ ð]
[s]
[z]
([tʃ] ) ([dʒ])
[ʃ]
[ʒ] [ tʃ ] [ dʒ ]
[h]
Nasals
(完整word版)新编简明英语语言学教程中文版 2
第一章：绪论1．什么是语言学？1．1定义语言学常被定义为是对语言进行系统科学研究的学科。
语言学研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是人类所有的语言。
为了揭示语言的本质，语言学家首先要对语言实际使用进行观察，并在此基础上形成有关语言使用的概括性假设，这些初步形成的假设要在语言使用中进行进一步的检验，最终形成一条语言理论。
1．2语言学的研究范畴:语言学研究有不同的侧重。
对语言体系作全面研究的语言学研究称为普通语言学。
语音学主要是对语言声音媒介的研究，它不只是研究某一特定的语言的声音媒介，而是所有语言的声音媒介。
音系学与语音学不同，它主要研究特定语言的语音体系，即音是如何结合在一起产生有意义的单位。
形态学主要研究单词的内部语义结构，及这些叫做词素的语义最小单位是如何结合构成单词。
句法学主要研究构成潜在句子的句法规则。
语义学以研究语义为目的，传统语义学主要研究抽象的意义，独立于语境之外的意义，语用学也是研究语义，但是它把语义研究置于语言使用语境中加以研究。
语言不是一个孤立的现象，而是一种社会现象，各种社会因素都会对语言的使用产生影响。
从社会的角度来研究语言的科学被称之为社会语言学。
语言和社会之间的关系是社会语言学研究的主要内容。
心理语言学主要从心理学的角度来研究语言。
它要研究人们在使用语言时大脑的工作机理，如人是如何习得母语的，人的大脑是如何加工和记忆语言信息等问题。
把语言学的研究成果应用到实践中的科学形成了应用语言学。
狭义上，应用语言学指把语言理论和原则运用于语言教学的科学，在广义上，它指把语言理论与原则应用于解决实际问题的科学。
除此之外还有人类语言学、神经语言学、数学语言学、计算语言学等。
1．3语言学研究中的几对基本概念1．3．1规定性和描述性语言学研究是描述性的，不是规定性的。
这是语言学和传统语法的一个重要区别。
语言学研究的目的是对人们使用的语言进行客观描述与分析，而不是对语言的使用作出规定。
传统语法是规定性的，它主要建立在笔头语言基础之上，旨在规定一系列的语法规则，并且把这些语法规则强加给语言使用者。
新编简明语言学导论教程课件Chapter 2
One of the first activities of the Association was to produce a journal in which the contents were printed entirely in phonetic transcription.
[p] voiceless bilabial stop [b] voiced bilabial stop [s] voiceless alveolar fricative [z] voiced alveolar icative
2.2 Vowels
Vowels are characterized by the absence of obstruction of the airstreams, and they do not have a place of articulation in the same sense as consonants. Vowels are made by voiced air escaping through different mouth shapes.
The idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet was first proposed by the Danish grammarian and phonetician Otto Jespersen (1860-1943) in 1886, and the first version of the International Phonetic Alphabet (the IPA chart) was published in August 1888.
新编简明英语语言学教程
新编简明英语语言学教程引言英语是世界上最广泛使用的第二语言，拥有超过20亿的非母语使用者。
因此，研究英语语言学对于理解这一全球语言的结构和运作方式至关重要。
本文将介绍一部新编的简明英语语言学教程，旨在帮助学习者系统地学习和理解英语语言学的基本概念和原理。
第一章：语言和语言学本章将介绍语言学的定义和目标，解释语言的基本概念，如语音、语法、语义和语用。
通过对语言学的基础知识的介绍，学习者将能够理解英语语言学的主要研究领域和方法。
第二章：音系学音系学是语言学的一个重要分支，研究语音的产生、传播和感知。
本章将介绍英语语音的分类和描述，包括元音、辅音和重音等内容。
同时，还将讨论声调、音位和音变等语音学的重要概念。
第三章：形态学形态学研究词的内部结构和变化规律。
本章将介绍英语的词形变化和构词法，帮助学习者理解单词的构成和词义的变化。
通过学习形态学，学习者将能够更有效地记忆和运用英语中的词汇。
第四章：句法学句法学研究句子的结构和组成规则。
本章将介绍英语句子的基本结构和常见句法规则，如主谓结构、宾语和定语从句等。
学习者将通过理解句法学的知识，提高英语句子的构建和理解能力。
第五章：语义学语义学研究词和句子的意义。
本章将介绍英语词汇的意义分类和语义关系，如同义词、反义词和上下位关系等。
同时，还将讨论句子的真值条件和语义角色等语义学的重要概念。
第六章：语用学语用学研究语言在社交交际中的使用和理解。
本章将介绍英语中的言外之意、语体、礼貌原则和会话分析等语用学的重要概念。
通过学习语用学，学习者将能够更好地理解英语中的语用规则和言语行为。
第七章：历史语言学历史语言学研究语言在时间上的变化和发展。
本章将介绍英语的历史演变和变异，帮助学习者了解英语的词汇、语法和语音的变化过程。
通过学习历史语言学，学习者将能够更深入地理解英语的发展历程。
结论新编简明英语语言学教程是一部全面介绍英语语言学基本概念和原理的教材。
通过系统地学习该教程，学习者能够掌握英语语言学的核心内容，提高对英语语言的理解和运用能力。
新编简明英语语言学教程Unit2
新编简明英语语⾔学教程Unit2PHONOLOGY1.Phonetics定义：①Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it isconcerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.②A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and providesmethods for their description, classification and transcription.e.g. [p] bilabial, stop2.分为哪⼏个Cavity?---Speech organs①The pharyngeal cavity-the throat ②The oral cavity-the mouth ③The nasal cavity- thenose[m],[n],[?]3.The speech organs: ①lips唇; ②teeth齿;③teeth ridge(alveolus)齿龈;④hard palate硬腭;⑤soft palate（velum）软腭; ⑥uvula⼩⾆;⑦tip of tongue⾆尖; ⑧blade of tongue⾆⾯; ⑨back of tongue⾆根; ⑩vocal cords声带; 11pharyngeal cavity咽部; 12 nasal cavity⿐腔4.Broad transcription: used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes, withoutdiacritics.This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes.e.g. clear[ pit ]Narrow transcription: used by phonetician for careful study, with diacritics.This is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.e.g. dark [ l ], aspirated [ p ]5.P206.P21The feature ‘unrounded ’ is usually omitted since all front vowels in English are unrounded. Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the distinction of tense and lax vowels. 7. P22Phonology studies the patterning of speech sounds, that is, the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human languages.Phonetics & phonology 对⽐⾳位学和语⾳学Both are concerned with the same aspect of language----the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus.Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; it aims to answer questions like: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified, etc.Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. 8. P23A phone ⾳素---- a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning, some do, some don’t . e.g. /p/: [p h ] [p]A phoneme ⾳位---- is a phonological unit; it is a unit of distinctive value; an abstract unit, not a particular sound, but it is represented by a certain phone in certain phonetic context. ?Allophones ⾳位变体---- the phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic[i:] [l] [?][e][?] [a][?][a:][u][u:] [??] [??] [?]environments.9.P24Phonemic contrast⾳位对⽐----different or distinctive phonemes are in phonemic contrast.Complementary distribution互补分布----allophones of the same phoneme are incomplementary distribution. They do not distinguish meaning. They occur in different phonetic contexts, e.g. dark [l] & clear [l], aspirated [p]Minimal pair最⼩对⽴集----when two different forms are identical (the same) in every wayexcept for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair, e.g. beat, bit, bet, bat, boot, but, bait, bite, boat.10.P25Sequential rules ---- the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language,e.g. in English, ‘k,b,i, I’might possibly form blik, klib, bilk, kilbIf a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be a vowel.If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combinationshould obey the following three rules, e.g. spring, strict, square, splendid, scream.a) the first phoneme must be /s/,b) the second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/,c) the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w/.10.. Suprasegmental features-超⾳段特征---the phonemic features that occur above the level ofthe segments ( larger than phoneme)11.P27The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, e.g. a shift in stress in English may change the part of speech of a word.Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting ofthe same elements.复合词和名词词组之间的区别Compound: ‘blackbird; ‘greenhouse; ‘hotdog…noun phrase: black ‘bird; green ‘house; hot ‘dog…The meaning-distinctive role played by word stress is also manifested in the combinations of -ing forms and nouns: modifier:修饰语‘dining-room; ‘reading glasses;doer: ⾏为者swimming ‘fish; flying ‘plane…Sentence stress----the relative force given to the components of a sentence.12.P28⾳调Tones are pitch variations,which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in what we call tone languages. English is not a tone language. Our mother tongue Chinese is a typical tone language.e.g.ma 妈(level) ma ⿇(the second rise) ma 马(the third rise) ma 骂(the fourth fall)。
《简明语言学教程》课件 第二章 音系学
• Find out the differences. • Does it influence the meaning if we
pronounce “speak” in the way of producing “peak” concerning “p”? Namely, is [sphi:k] different from [spi:k]?
2.3.4 Some phonological rules
Rule 2: assimPirloantoiuonncerutlhee (f同ol化lo规wi则ng) words to The pronunfceiealtitohne odfifafeprheonncesmaoyf bteheassaimmeilated to another bsyoucnodpyiinngthae fdeiaftfuerreenotf pahosneoqluoegnitciaall phoneme, thus making the two epnhvoinreosnmmeonrtes!similar.
Languag 音段单位：音位 e-
specifi c
组合规律
超音段音位学
Semantically relevant speech
sounds
Sound patterns vary from
language to
2.3.2 Phone, phoneme, and allophone
Phone (音素）: a phonetic unit or segment. They are speech sounds produced and heard during linguistic communication.
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2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds
Vowels / Consonants: Whether the air stream coming from the lungs meets with obstruction
Classification of consonants ---- English consonants may be classified according to two dimensions: • The manner of articulation • The place of articulation
Phonetics----A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription, e.g. [p] bilabial, stop.
3 branches of phonetics
Articulatory phonetics----from the speakers‟ point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds” Auditory phonetics----from the hearers‟ point of view, “how sounds are perceived” Acoustic phonetics----from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another. It studies “the physical properties of the stream of sounds” (语音流的物理特征)
semi-open vowels: [ə] [ɔ:]
The place of articulation
1. Bilabial; 2. Labiodental; 3. Dental or interdental; 4. Alveolar; 5. Palato alveolar; 6. Palatal; 7. Velar; 8. Uvular; 9. Glottal.
The classification of English consonants
Place manner Stops or plosives Voicing VL VD Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
[p] [b]
2.2.2 Organs of speech
Pharyngeal cavity ---- the throat:
air-lungs-windpipe-glottis
The oral cavity ---- the mouth: The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found here. tongue-the most flexible and responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other Nasal cavity ---- the nose: It is connected with the oral cavity.
The manner of articulation
stops/plosives: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g];
fricatives: [f], [v], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [θ], [ð ], [h];
affricates: [tʃ], [dʒ]; liquids: [l](lateral), [r];
nasals: [m], [n], [ŋ];
glides/semivowels: [w], [j].
The place of articulation
bilabial: [p], [b], [m], [w]; labiodental: [f], [v]; dental: [θ], [ð ]; alveolar: [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l], [r]; palatal: [ʃ], [ʒ], [tʃ], [dʒ], [j]; velar: [k], [g], [ŋ]; glottal: [h].
2. According to the openness of the mouth: close
vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, open
vowels
closed vowels: [i:][i] [u:] [u]
semi-close vowels:[e] [ə:]
Chapter 2
Phonology
2.1 The Phonic medium of language
Speech and writing are the two media or substances used by natural languages as vehicles for communication.
[j]: the narrowing of space between the hard palate and the front of
the tongue [t] [d]: the obstruction created between the tip of the tongue and the velar ridge [θ] [ð ]: partial obstruction between the upper front teeth and the tip of
The diagram of speech organs
1. Lips 2. Teeth 3. Teeth ridge (alveolar) 4. Hard palate 5. Soft palate (velum) 6. Uvula 7. Tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 9. Back of tongue 10. Vocal cords 11. Pharyngeal cavity 12. Nasal cavity
tongue the most flexible, responsible for more varieties of
articulation than any other
e.g
[k] [g]: obstruction between the back of the tongue and the velar area
Language is first perceived through its sound. Thus the study of sound is of great importance in linguistics. The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds.
Classification of vowels
1. According to the position of the tongue in the mouth: front/central/back vowels front vowel: the front part of tongue maintains the highest
Broad & Narrow Transcription
1, Broad transcription: Transcription with letter symbols only, without diacritics, used in dictionary and textbook for general purpose. e.g. [help], [kæn], [spi:k], [litl] for help, can and speak and little. 2, Narrow transcription: Transcription with letter-symbols and diacritics, used by phonetician for careful study.
position
[i:][i][e][æ][a] central vowel: the central part of the tongue is held highest [ə:][ə][ʌ] back vowel: the back of the tongue is held highest [u:][u][ɔ:][ɔ][a:]
the tongue
IPA-International Phonetic Alphabet
1, A standardized and internationally accepted system of
phonetic transcription
2, The basic rule of IPA Using one letter selected from major European language to represent one speech sound.
2.2 Phonetics
Language is primarily vocal. The primary medium of human language is sound. Linguists are not interested in all sounds, but in speech sounds----sounds that convey meaning in human communication.