太阳系以外的行星 ppt课件

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Extrasolar Planets.I.
1. What do we know and how do we know it. 2. Basic planetary atmospheres 3. Successful observations and future plans
2020/12/2
1
Planets Orbiting Other Stars
10
L path length
Atmosphere:
The tricks of transmission spectroscopy:
Brown (2001)
11
The actual detection (with the HST):
• a 5s signal
• 2x weaker than model expected, but within errors
Also HD 69830b: -- Mass ~ 10 Earths
after Gould et al. (2006)
NASA Kepler mission: … Radii in this range
M = Mercury
V = Venus
E20=20E/12a/r2th, etc.
5
Atmosphere:
• Type and size of condensate is important
• Possibly large reflected light in the optical
2020/12•/2Thermal emission in the infrared
7
Atmosphere:
What is special about atomic Na and the alkali metals?
• Total: 209 discovered to-date.
• Statistics:
• Gas giant planets, like Jupiter & Saturn,
exist around >12% of stars (Marcy et al. 2005); • Lower-mass planets (Super-Earths, 3 known to-date)
is n o t s u p p o rte d
p is 2020/12/2albedo
Macintosh PICT im age form at is not supported
Earth 13
Atmospheric Probe
● Sudarsky Planet types I : Ammonia Clouds II : Water Clouds III : Clear IV : Alkali Metal V : Silicate Clouds
are significantly more common (Rivera et al. 2005; Beaulieu et al. 2006). • No Earth-like planets yet…
2020/12/2
2
精品资料
• 你怎么称呼老师? • 如果老师最后没有总结一节课的重点的难点,你
是否会认为老师的教学方法需要改进? • 你所经历的课堂,是讲座式还是讨论式? • 教师的教鞭 • “不怕太阳晒,也不怕那风雨狂,只怕先生骂我
笨,没有学问无颜见爹娘 ……” • “太阳当空照,花儿对我笑,小鸟说早早早……”
4
Planets Orbiting Other Stars:
First ‘Super-Earth’ discovered GJ 876d: -- Mass ~ 7.5 Earths
is n o t s u p p o rte d
Wavelength (nm)
9
Seager & Sasselov (2000)
Transmission Spectra
M a c i n tMoa csin tho s hPP ICI CT T
M a c i n t o s h P I C T im a g eimfagoe rfom rm aat t i m a g e f o r m iastn o t sis un opt spu p poo rrtetde d
M acin to sh P IC T im ag e fo rm at
is n o t su p po rted
8
Seager & Sasselov (2000)
Atmosphere:
Theoretical Transmission Spectra of HD 209458 b
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
• In general - outer boundary for planet’s thermal evolution - the extrasolar planets have introduced conditions never imagined
• Clouds & (photo)chemistry • Evaporation (very hot & hot Jupiters)
Transits allow spectroscopic studies of the planet’s atmosphere
6
The Close-in Extrasolar Giant Planets
M acin to sh P IC T im ag e fo rm at
is n o t su p po rted
• Might indicate high clouds above terminator
CharbonneFra Baidu biblioteku et al. (2002)
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Reflected Light
Rp
planet/star flux ratio is:
a Planet
Star
d
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t su p p o rted
How large is the planet atmosphere signal? It depends on the atmosphere annulus / star area
H = kT/gmH scale height
s 2020/12/2 l extinction cross section
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