DEATH VALLEY
美国第一健康养生基地图森峡谷农场案例研究分析(上
案例——峡谷农场
圣卡特塔利纳山脉下苍翠的丘陵地带
周边
图森峡谷农场 度假村
峡谷农场 山地别墅
峡谷农场 独栋别墅
四大体系打造顶级健康养生度假区
案例——峡谷农场
养生环境
养生项目
养生服务
养生服务
建筑风格 绿化植被 景观小品 社区道路
养生项目系列 健康养生技术 六大养生设施
1988年，健康疗养中心、生活促进中心建成。
1989年开办雷诺克斯峡谷牧场。
1999年，在拉斯维加斯开办第一家峡谷农场SPAclub。
2002年，峡谷农场健康研究所。
2004年，在玛丽女皇2号上开第二家SPAclub
2006年，Richard Carmona博士加入。
2008年年中，第一个健康社区入住。
2008年，美国东南部最大最好的SPA中心开业。
创立之初，健康度假市场需培育，通过展览和杂志营销
1、完善配套设施 2、增开项目 3、核心SPAclub品牌输出 4、健康研究所新产品研发
1、成熟模式复制 2、高端人才引入 3、多元化经营（烹饪书、护肤品等）
形成产业链
2007年度收益1.5亿美金。
Tucson resort 图森度假村
用简单自然的手法塑造景观体系，内外部道路亲近自然
案例——峡谷农场
养生环境 景观小品 社区道路
美式健康医学体系，上百种项目
案例——峡谷农场
健康护理医疗
能量康复
精神康复
生活管理
营养美食
运动健身
身体按摩
身体治疗
皮肤健康
美容沙龙
心灵智慧疗法
后续服务
针对青少年项目
养生项目体系
美国死亡谷简介
美国死亡谷简介
美国死亡谷又称终极谷，是一处古老的峡谷景观。
自史前时期以来，谷中就有诸多特色，被誉为夫妻雪山的巅峰之一，以及五彩缤纷的悬崖和绵延不断的河流景色。
美国死亡谷的地理构成如下：位于旧金山和犹他州边界的荒芜山谷及碧落大峡谷，包括一条蜿蜒的河流威能河，穿过谷底从西向东流。
由中部黒山拱形组成，终端以万龙谷结束。
沿着山谷和悬崖，有全年湍急的河流。
死亡谷最引人注目的特色是橙红色的砂岩河流和泥岩斑点悬崖，这是美国西部天然奇观。
这个终极谷吸引了众多登山者，以及拓展将国家最早的公共营地，邀请着代代不弃的探险精神和休闲自然生态旅游。
在死亡谷内，除了壮观景色外，还有大量的森林覆盖，其内含有全美50%的植物物种。
这里的植物不仅拥有不同特色，而且非常丰富，丰富的野生动物也不在话下。
死亡谷也是一个深受历史悠久的文化传统保护区，周围充满着文物和史迹点，墉塚隐士们曾一直以不懈的精神在此修行，给了这个地方神秘而奇妙的景色。
经过长时间的发展，美国死亡谷的繁荣地位受到保护，在美国萨尔瓦多联邦公园内被认定为世界遗产。
现如今，也是许多游客因美景而远道而来的好去处——人们可以在死亡谷体验地质奇观、古代钟乳石群和绝美峡谷风景，尽情享受大自然无穷的神奇之美。
上海七年级上册单词(2024版最新)
医疗(服务) v.订购 v.发信号；示意 v.感觉到；意识到 v.明智地使用；管理；完成(困难的事) v.提醒；使……想起 y.生产 v.保存 adj.疼痛的；酸痛的 n.嗓子 v.懂；理解 ady.已经 v.根据……而定；依靠 依赖 n.烤箱；烤炉 adv.确实地；真诚地 v.期望；期待 adj.令人愉快的 n.要素 n.故事情节 adj.主要的 n.导演；(某一活动的)负责人 adj.有礼貌的 adj.不礼貌的 adj.准确无误的 adj.不准确的 n.银幕；屏幕 n.网
biology education above readiness communication training taste maybe yours customer market everything fresh restaurant pride dabbawala kilometre(AmE kilometer) exactly ever centre(AmE center)
n.机会 adj.过去的；以往的 n.同桌 n.一会儿； 一段时间 conj. (对比两件事物) 然而 adv.坚定地；坚固地 n.职业；事业 n.指导；引导 adj.实际的 n.理发师 n.裁缝 n.服务 n.长官 n. (pl.firemen)消防员 adj.艺术的 n.摄影师 n.艺术家 n.(男/女)演员 n.工程师 n.建筑师 n.设计师 v.使快乐；娱乐 n.观众 n.摄影场 adj.指定的 n.角色 n.现场；场景 v.到达 n. (书刊或纸张的)页 n.知识；学问
review
heating guide personal Owner alarm clock keep track of schedule
n.信任 n.尊重；尊敬 v.尊重；尊敬 adj.有活力的；活泼的 n.词典；字典 n.照相机；摄影机 n.扬声器；喇叭 n.温控器
游戏中的点数各种英文缩写
游戏中的点数各种英文缩写【篇一：游戏中的点数各种英文缩写】ot (off tank)副坦克 ot (over theart)仇恨过高，99%的情况下，ot需要马上跑向mt，贼/猎人消失/装死 rl (raid leader)团队领袖，rl发布的话就是圣旨，有什么不满可以之后投诉，但是当时必须无条件执行 cl (call loot)指定拾取，一般情况下是底价拿到东西 ctra 我也不知道是什么意思，其实就是团队助手，参加大副本必装插件之一dcr/dec (decursive)一键驱散，rl发布的命令职业+dcr指的是要求指定职业进行驱散，比如说mage dcr。
就是要求法师尽快解除诅咒dm (damage meter)团队数据统计，比较常用的伤害、治疗、驱散等数据统计的插件bid 竞价，指定职业对指定装备进行出价的说明，可以bid不是叫你拿！！ sh (show hand) 工会内指出所有的dkpbh (black hand)黑手，耐法利安掉双怒风等等。
wh (white hand)白手，白手是相对而言的,黑手则是绝对的。
target- 目标。
wipe - 团扑，放弃抵抗。
fr - 火焰抗性，简称火抗。
ir - 冰霜抗性，简称冰抗。
nr - 自然抗性。
sr - 暗影抗性，简称暗抗。
ar - 奥术抗性，简称奥抗。
hs - 使用炉石回城。
dpser - 伤害输出者，默认情况下为rog/ht/mage/wl/拥有伤害输出类装备的war。
healer- 治疗者，默认情况下为dru/sm/pri。
ma - main attacker，主要攻击者，早期的概念了现在看团队标记会更好 ffa - free for all，团队的分配模式之一-自由拾取。
ml - master loot，团队的分配模式之一-队长分配。
gl - group loot，团队的分配模式之一-队伍分配。
rt - raid tracker团长需要装备的插件，来记录击杀和获取。
dictation
听力训练：American and British EnglishLanguage experts say that spoken English was almost the same in the American colonies and Britain. Americans began to change the sound of their speech after the Revolutionary War in 1776. They wanted to separate themselves from the British in language as they had separated themselves from the British government.Webster published The American Dictionary of the English Language in 1828. It established rules for speaking and spelling the words used in American English.The different languages of the immigrants who came to the United States also helped make American English different from British English. Many foreign words and expressions became part of English as Americans speak it.Sometimes Americans and British people do not understand each other because of different word meanings. For example, a “wastebasket” in America is a “dustbin” in Britain. French fried potatoes in the United States are called “chips” in Britain. All these differences led British writer George Bernard Shaw to joke that Britain and America are two countries separated by the same language.colony殖民地immigrant移民wastebasket废纸篓waste of time 浪费时间waste and repair损耗和修复the waste of the Sahara撒哈拉沙漠kitchen waste厨房的废物dustbin垃圾箱听力训练：Study Finds More Trees on Farms Than Was thoughFarmers, especially in developing countries, are often criticized for cutting down forests. But a new study suggests that many farmers recognize the value in keeping trees.Researchers using satellite images found at least ten percent tree cover on more than one billion hectares of farmland. That is almost half the farmland in the world.Earlier estimates were much lower but incomplete. The authors of the new study say it may still underestimate the true extent worldwide.The study found that climate conditions alone could not explain the amount of tree cover in different areas. Nor could the size of nearby populations, meaning people and trees can live together.There are areas with few trees but also few people, and areas with many trees and many people. The findings suggest that things like land rights, markets or government policies can influence tree planting and protection.tree cover 林木植被，森林覆盖率hectare 公顷estimate 估计estimate the cost of估计……的成本at a rough estimate 据粗略估计by estimate照估计听力训练：Death Valley: A Beautiful but Dangerous placeDeath Valley is a land of beautiful but dangerous extremes. There are mountains that reach more than three thousand meters into the sky. There is a place called Badwater that is the lowest area of land in the Western Hemisphere. If there were water there, it would be eighty-six meters below the level of the ocean.Death Valley can be dangerously cold during the winter months. Storms in the mountains can produce sudden flooding on the floor of the Valley.The extreme heat in summer has killed people in the past. It will continue to kill those who do not honor this extreme climate. Death Valley does not forgive those who are not careful.It is a good example of the violence of nature.However,it would be wrong to think that nothing lives there. The Valley is full of life.Wild flowers grow very quickly after a little rain. Birds, snakes and other animals always enjoy their stay.hemisphere 半球the Eastern Hemisphere 东半球the Western Hemispherea hemisphere of science and technology 科技领域honor 尊敬graduate with honors以优等成绩毕业honor a check 兑现支票a store that honors all credit cards接受所有信用卡的商店听力训练：Going DigitalCalifornia approves traditional textbooks in six-year cycles. Digital ones can offer the latest information. They lighten the load of school bags. They save paper and trees, and make learning more fun and interactive. And lastly they help schools with their finances.The state has had to make severe cuts in school spending because of deep financial problems. More than six million students attend California public schools.Earlier this year, California invited content developers to offer digital math and science materials for high schools. These had to meet at least ninety percent of the state's learning requirements. Specially trained teachers examined sixteen textbooks and approved ten of them.School administrators point out that the texts may be free online, but students need a way to access them. Not everyone has a computer or electronic reader. Schools could print out copies, but that would not help the environment. Also, there is the cost to train teachers to use digital textbooks effectively.approve同意，许可approve of the decision 赞成这个决定cycle 循环，周期business/trade cycle 商业盛衰的循环a vicious cycle恶性循环lighten 减轻interactive 相互作用的，相互影响的finance财源，资产severe 剧烈的，严重的，朴素的severe pain 剧痛administrator 管理员，负责人access接近，利用，进网听力训练：Dangerous Lead_based Paint Common Around the WorldA new study shows that lead-based paint remains a worldwide threat to public health. Paint containing lead is a major cause of lead poisoning in children.The heavy metal enters the body when children breathe the paint dust or fumes in the air. Or when babies put their mouth on painted surfaces or swallow pieces of paint.Lead can damage the brain and the nervous system. It can decrease intelligence, create behavior problems and slow a child's growth.Researchers tested new household paints from twelve countries in Africa, Asia and South America. The paints were sold under different brand names. The study found that almost three-fourths of the brands had dangerously high levels of lead.The professor says high quality paint can be produced without lead. He and his team are calling for a worldwide ban on lead-based paint. He says many parts of the world are doing too little to correct the problem of lead poisoning in children. He notes that research has found no safe level of lead.lead 铅fumes气味，气体household 家庭的household appliances家用电器become a household name成为家喻户晓的名字household affairs家务事household cavalry/troops 御林军ban 禁令听力训练：Eat Less,Live LongerA study of monkeys over a twenty-year period suggests that eating less may extend life and prevent disease. American researchers said they believe their findings could apply to people as well.Half of the monkeys were permitted to eat as much as they wanted. The other half ate a controlled diet.The researchers found that thirty-seven percent of the monkeys that ate as much as they wanted had died of causes related to aging after twenty years. In comparison, only thirteen percent of the monkeys on restricted diets had died.Extended life was not the only observable difference between the two groups. The monkeys that ate less had half the amount of heart disease and cancer.In addition, there is also a difference in the appearance The monkeys that ate less look younger and healthier than fatter monkeys on a normal diet.The researchers say this study is not complete and that they will continue to observe the remaining monkeys throughout their lives.extend 扩展，延长apply应用，申请apply for a job申请工作aging老化the aging process of human body人体的老化过程restricted 受限制的，受约束的in addition另外，此外听力训练：CultureLiving in a new country means experiencing a different way of life.This is very exciting and interesting, but it can also be a little challenging at times, because the cultures of all countries are unique.Culture is like an iceberg. You can see some parts of aniceberg---just like you can see some parts of a country’s culture when you visit it. For example, you can see different ways of greeting people, hear different languages and observe different festivals and customs. However, a much bigger part of every iceberg is hidden under water. Even though this part of the iceberg is hard to see, it is veryimportant---without it, the iceberg would not exist. The same is true of culture. There are many aspects of it which you cannot see when you visit a different country, for example, the nature of friendship and theimportance of time. It will take a long time to understand those values and beliefs.unique:独一无二，独特的a problem unique to coastal areas属于海岸区域的问题speak with a unique accent 用独特的腔调说话unique copy 珍本iceberg 冰山belief信念，信仰beyond belief难以置信的tax one’s belief使人难以相信to the best of my belief在我看来听力训练：Why Are Some People Left- handed?Why is a mere 4% of the population left-handed? Most authorities agree, to the relief of many a mother of a left-handed child, that if the child prefers using the left hand, and functions well with it, there is no need to correct this “condition.”One theory centers on the two halves of the brain, each of which functions differently. Medical science believes that the opposite sides of the body are supplied by the opposite sides of the brain.The predominant left half of the brain, which controls the right half of the body, makes it more skillful in reading, writing, and speaking, and makes most people right-handed. "Lefties," however, are the product of an inversion. They also work best with the left side of their bodies.There is no doubt that all exist in a "right-handed society," which manufactures most basics for the 96%. But don’t forget many of the greatest geniuses are left-handed ,including Leonardo da Vinci.predominant :adj. 卓越的；有力的；支配的；主要的；有影响的the predominant color in a design设计中的主色调lefty :左撇子inversion 倒置，颠倒听力训练：Operations on the BrainIt is difficult for doctors to help a person with a damaged brain. Without enough blood, the brain lives for only three to five minutes.Dr. White thinks doctors should try to make the brain very cold. If it is very cold, the brain can live without blood for 30 minutes. This gives the doctors a longer time to do something for the brain.Dr. White tried his idea on 13 monkeys. First he taught them to do different jobs. Then he operated on them. He made the monkeys' blood go through a machine which cooled the blood, and then sent the blood back to the monkeys' brains. When the brain temperature was 50 degrees, Dr. White stopped the blood to the brain. After 30 minutes he turned the blood back on. He warmed the blood again. After their operations the monkeys were like they were before. They were healthy and busy. Each one could still do the jobs the doctor had taught them.Operate 动手术，操作，运转Operate on one’s mind在思想上产生影响Operate on/upon sb. 给某人动手术The lift doesn’t operate properly.这台电梯运转不正常。
世界地图
AUSTRALIA Bermuda Sicily / AZORES Independent state Dependency or area of special sovereignty Island / island group Capital
IRAN
IM
Mt. EverestFra bibliotekNAAL
(highest point in Asia and the world, 8850 m)
Chengdu
Wuhan
Shanghai
M PO
(JA
H - S
N) PA
Western Sahara
Taipei
Y
U
EGYPT
Red Sea
SAUDI
BAHRAIN
Kathmandu
Kuwait
KUWAIT
Persian Gulf
N
AP
(J
M I D AT L A
Monterrey
Gulf of Mexico
Havana
Miami
Tropic of Cancer (23°27')
Honolulu
THE BAHAMAS Nassau
Milwaukee Deep Turks and Caicos Islands (deepest point of the (U.K.) Atlantic Ocean, -8605 m) British Virgin Islands (U.K.) Port-au- DOMINICAN Anguilla (U.K.) REPUBLIC
M
Aruba
2023-2024学年广西壮族自治区玉林市玉林市联考高三上学期开学英语试题
2023-2024学年广西壮族自治区玉林市玉林市联考高三上学期开学英语试题1. How does the woman sound?A．Sorry. B．Annoyed. C．Indifferent.2. What did the woman forget to bring with her?A．Her computer. B．Her train ticket. C．Her phone charger.3. Which subject has the man finished homework for?A．Maths. B．Science. C．History.4. What time is it now?A．It’s 3:00 p. m.B．It’s 4:00 p. m.C．It’s 5:00 p. m.5. What does the woman mainly mean?A．She won’t work for the man.B．She forgot to call the man back.C．She wants the man to pay more.听下面一段对话，完成下面小题。
6. Why does the man teach the woman video chatting?A．He will work abroad.B．He wants to save money.C．He bought her a new videophone.7. What does the woman think of learning video chatting?A．Useless. B．Difficult. C．Interesting.听下面一段对话，完成下面小题。
8. What is Dan worried about at first?A．His family. B．His biology paper. C．His birthday party.9. What will Sue do over the weekend?A．Work on her schoolwork. B．Read at the library. C．Attend a party. 10. Whose birthday is coming soon?A．Sue’s grandmother’s.B．Sue’s mother’s.C．Sue’s uncle’s.听下面一段对话，完成下面小题。
ZIPPO材质类型编号对照表
ZIPPO材质类型编号对照表（10～1941）编号说明10 座机Barcroft Table Lighter ( 1-4代)11 座机Barcroft Table Lighter ( 1,2代) with initial（有大写字母）12 女式座机Lady Bradford Table Lighter12A 花纹纯银Floral Sterling Silver13 纯银沙子Brush Finish Sterling Silver14 切角纯银Vintage Sterling Silver15 纯银镜面High Polish Sterling Silver1500 纤巧纯银镜面16 所有纤细机都以16开头，后面的2个数字为外壳代码all Slim Zippos begin with 16, followed by finish number (2 digit)17 纯银砖Engine Turned Sterling Silver19 纯银条Engine Turned without Initial Panel Sterling Silver20 Sterling Silver Engine Turned (同上)21 回旋花纹的纯银Christy Swirl Sterling Silver21B 日版光板涂钛涂Japanese Titanium Coating without Logo22 回旋冬青树花纹纯银Christy Holly Sterling Silver23 1941年复刻纯银镜面1941 Replica Sterling Silver High Polish24 1941年复刻纯银绸纱1941 Replica Sterling Silver Brushed Finish31 经典镀金Classic Gold Plated32 典雅金色镀金Golden Elegance Gold Plated33 微光镀金Shimmer Gold Plated33S 微光镀银Shimmer Silver Plated33SS 微光纯银Shimmer Sterling Silver34 漩涡纹镀金Swirl Gold Plated ( Golden Elegance )35 金黑雅士Black Elegance Gold Plated36 金玳瑁Golden Tortoise Gold Plated（*纤细金玳瑁编号为3600，非16开头~）37 金凯尔特Celtic Design Gold Plated38 金丝网Gold Grill & Bars High Polish Gold Plated39 深雕金钻石Carved Diamonds High Polish Gold Plated100 银镜High Polish Silver Plate102WG 镀银并镶嵌24K金斜纹Silver Plate with 24K Gold Inlay Diagonal Patterns103WG 镀银并镶嵌24K金装饰竖纹Silver Plate with 24K Gold Inlay Decorative Column104WG 镀银并镶嵌24K金植物花纹Silver Plate with 24K Gold Inlay Inlaid Floral108WG 镀银并镶嵌24K金斜边Silver Plate with 24K Gold Inlay Diagonal Borders109WG 镀银镶嵌24K金Cattails花纹Silver Plate with 24K Gold Inlay Cattails110WG 镀银镶嵌24K金歌德式卷纹Silver Plate with 24K Gold Inlay Gothic Scroll110 纯钛Solid Titanium113 银沙子Brush Silver Plate114 银镜子High Polish Silver Plate121FB 古银Antique Silver Plate122 火焰标志的古银收藏系列Zippo Collection - Logo/Flame Antique Silver Plate124 芭芭拉座机65周年纪念Lady Barbara Table Lighter 65 Anniversary129 芭芭拉座机Lady Barbara Table Lighter141 切角古银Antique Silver Vintage143 镀银镶金Silver Plate with Gold Inlay- Snowstar144 镀银镶金Silver Plate with Gold Inlay- Rhythmical Ribbons145 镀银镶金Silver Plate with Gold Inlay- Feline Elegance146 镀银镶金Silver Plate with Gold Inlay- Carlisle Leaf147 镀银镶金Silver Plate with Gold Inlay- Vinca Vine148 镀银镶金Silver Plate with Gold Inlay- Oriental Blossom150 黑冰Black Ice151 金幻彩Spectrum161 铜沙子Brushed Copper162 铠甲沙子ARMAR Blushed Chrome165 14K紫金14K Solid Gold167 铠甲镜面ARMAR High Polish Chrome168 铠甲铜沙子ARMAR Blushed Brass169 铠甲铜镜子ARMAR High Polish Brass175** （早期）运动系列Sports Series (early)180** 200（即沙子）底的运动系列(200 base)195 18K纯金18K Solid Gold200 磨砂镀铬，即“沙子”200G 金沙子200RG 磨砂玫瑰金M200 暗铬镜子Midnight Chrome High Polish201FB 古铜Antique Brass202FB 切角古铜沙子带清晰涂层（只限日本）Brushed Antique Brass w/ Clear Coat (Japan Only)203 雪花刻系列（蚀刻造工）204 铜刻字沙子Brush Finish Solid Brass204B 铜沙子Brush Finish Solid Brass without lettering205 缎纱Satin Chrome206 （20690-20693）2004年新版“仕林说手绘系列”B206 复古沙子Antique Brushed Chrome (Pewter 白蜡)207 花沙Street Chrome207G 金花沙Gold Dust Street Gold207WD 207底的迪斯尼系列Walt Disney Collection(on Regular Street Chrome Zippo)208 骨饰-抛光铜并雕刻船只Scrimshaw-Scrimshaw Ship High Polish Brass209 Zippo游客中心的磨砂铜版本Zippo/Case Visitors Center Brushed Brass210 日本版钛涂层带主题标记或其他的Japanese Titanium Coating with logo or etc.211 铁矿石Iron Stone212 沙哑漆Sand Matte214 白哑漆White Matte215 鸭绿色哑漆Teal Matte215CW 卡森窝特印弟安人系列216 奶油色哑漆Cream Matte217双色浮雕铜镜TwoTone Cameo High Polish Brass218 黑哑漆Black Matte219 迷彩哑漆Camoflage Matte220 蓝哑漆Blue Matte221 绿哑漆Green Matte222 紫（如葡萄酒般紫）哑漆Burgundy Matte223 灰哑漆Gray Matte224 水银哑漆Quicksilver Matte227 赤哑漆Terra cotta228 褐哑漆Brown Matte229 天蓝哑漆Royal Matte (Royal Blue Matte)230 切角沙子Vintage Brush Finish230RG 玫瑰金切角沙子Vintage Brushed Rose Gold231 橙哑漆Orange Matte233 红哑漆Red Matte236 黑烤漆Black Crackle237 紫哑漆Purple Matte239 海军蓝哑漆Navy Matte ( Navy Blue Matte )240 切角铜沙子Vintage Brush Brass241 切角古铜Antique Brass Vintage245 托莱多(西班牙的一个城市）- 斗牛士Toledo-Matador Solid Brass（纯铜）246 托莱多(西班牙的一个城市）- 唐吉诃德Toledo-Don Quixote Solid Brass（纯铜）247 托莱多(西班牙的一个城市）- 八角星Toledo Octastar Solid Brass（纯铜）248托莱多(西班牙的一个城市）- 12星宿Toledo-12 Point Star Solid Brass （纯铜）250 镜面High Polish Chrome250G 金镜High Polish Gold Plated250RG 玫瑰金镜High Polish Rose GoldM250 暗铬沙子Midnight Chrome Brush Finish254 铜刻镜面High Polish Solid Brass254B 铜镜High Polish Solid Brass without lettering255 200底的临摹签名火机Facsimile Signature Lighter (200 base)260 切角镜面Vintage High Polish Chrome260S 切角镀银Vintage Silver Plated260RG 切角玫瑰金镜Vintage High Polished Rose Gold270 切角铜镜Vintage High Polish Brass271 94圣诞系列Christmas 94272 94圣诞系列Christmas 94273 94圣诞系列Christmas 94274 94圣诞系列Christmas 94275 沙子带防丢带（也叫“丢不了”）Brushed Chrome w/Loop&Lanyard (Loss Proof)277 95圣诞系列- 圣诞老人钻烟囱Santa in Chemney278 95圣诞系列- 圣诞树Christmas Tree280** 200底的军徽系列Military Insignas Series (200 base)281 白大理石（纹路）Marble - White Marble282 灰大理石（纹路）Marble - Gray Marble283 褐大理石（纹路）Marble - Brown Marble284 绿大理石（纹路）Marble - Green Marble285 红大理石（纹路）Marble - Red Marble286 蓝大理石（纹路）Marble - Blue Marble287 骨雕（仕林说手绘系列）-鹰Scrimshaw-Eagle Brushed Chrome（沙子）288 骨雕（仕林说手绘系列）-野鸭Scrimshaw-Duck Brushed Chrome（沙子）289 骨雕（仕林说手绘系列）-帆船Scrimshaw-Square-Rigger Brushed Chrome（沙子）290 骨雕（仕林说手绘系列）-野狼Scrimshaw-Howling Wolf Brushed Chrome（沙子）291 95情人节系列Valentine Collection 1995 - Two Cupids292 95情人节系列Valentine Collection 1995 - Be My Valentine293 95情人节系列Valentine Collection 1995 - Valentine Collection 1995 294 95情人节系列Valentine Collection 1995 - Valentine Collection 1995 300 200底的个人字母组合火机Personal Monogram Lighter (200 base) 301FB 仿古红铜Antique Copper302 1947zippo车Zippo Car Street Chrome （花沙）303 47号赛车TF Racing #47 Street Chrome （花沙）304 摩托运动Zippo MotorSports Red Matte （红哑漆）305 全美公路赛车Grand American Road Racing Street Chrome（花沙）306 全美公路赛车Grand American Road Racing High Polish Chrome（镜面）311 Metalique - Windy312 Metalique - The Reveler313 Metalique - Zippo Car314 Metalique - Five O'clock Club315 Metalique - 1939 World's Fair316 Metalique - A Week's Trial317 骨雕-宪章号战舰Scrimshaw-USS Constitution High Polish Chrome (镜面)318 骨雕-神秘(只限美国) Scrimshaw-Mystic High Polish Chrome (USA only) (镜面)319 骨雕-鲸鱼Scrimshaw-Whales High Polish Chrome (镜面)320A 金花纹Floral Gold Plated321 陶瓷饰物Mobile Ceramic322 蓝网套Blue Mesh323 橙色格子Orange Grid324 混和图样Assorted Symbols325 对称圆Symmetric Circles326 各种几何图形Varied Geometrics327 卡通抽象画Cartoon Abstract328 时髦抽象画Modern Abstract331 蛮荒大西南系列- 山狗啸月Coyote Moon High Polish Chrome（镜面）332 蛮荒大西南系列- 死亡谷Death Valley High Polish Chrome（镜面）333 蛮荒大西南系列- 仙人掌Cactus Fire High Polish Chrome（镜面）334 蛮荒大西南系列- 野牛硬币Buffalo Head High Polish Chrome（镜面）335 蛮荒大西南系列- Sundance High Polish Chrome（镜面）336 蛮荒大西南系列- Navajo印第安人High Polish Chrome（镜面）337 蛮荒大西南系列- 惊走之水牛Buffalo Stampede High Polish Chrome （镜面）341 切角古银Antique vintage Copper343 蛮荒大西南系列- 雷鸟Thunderbird High Polish Chrome（镜面）344 蛮荒大西南系列- 彩虹之上Over the Rainbow High Polish Chrome （镜面）345 蛮荒大西南系列- 圣达菲Santa Fe High Polish Chrome（镜面）346 蛮荒大西南系列- Cheyenne印第安人High Polish Chrome（镜面）347 蛮荒大西南系列- 美国鹰American Eagle High Polish Chrome（镜面）350 直纹High Polish Chrome Engine Turned （镜面）351RG 玫瑰Rose High Polish Rose Gold （玫瑰金镜面）352 威尼斯人High Polish Chrome Venetian （镜面）352B 威尼斯人High Polish Brass Venetian （铜镜）352S 威尼斯人Venetian Silver Plated （镀银）352RG 威尼斯人Venetian High Polish Rose Gold（玫瑰金镜面）M352 威尼斯人Midnight Chrome Venetian （暗铬）？雕刻签名Signature Engraved on Bright Chrome Lighter （亮铬）355 黑雅士Ultralite Black High Polish Chrome ( Black Onix )（镜面）356 超轻象牙色镜面Ultralite Ivory High Polish Chrome357 超轻暗褐镜面Ultralite Mocha Brown High Polish Chrome358 超轻品蓝镜面Ultralite Royal Blue High Polish Chrome359 骨雕（仕林说手绘系列）- 船与灯塔Scrinshaw-Ship High Polish Chrome（镜面）M359 骨雕（仕林说手绘系列）- 船Scrinshaw-Ship Midnight Chrome（暗铬）361G 镀金西部花纹Western Floral Gold Plated361RG 玫瑰金西洋植物纹Western Floral High Polish Rose Gold （镜面）362 ZIPPO四代铜Zippo Brass Emblem Black Crackle（黑烤漆）363 ZIPPO四代锡Zippo Pewter Emblem Black Crackle（黑烤漆）364 ZIPPO铜内部构造Zippo Iinsides-Brass Black Crackle（黑烤漆）366 Zippo车牌Zippo License Plate Street Chrome（花沙）367 Zippo内部构造Insides-Pewter Street Chrome （锡花沙）368 骨雕-船Scrinshaw-Ship Black Matte（黑哑漆）369 骨雕-航行中的船Scrinshaw-Sailing Ship High Polish Chrome（镜面）370 骨雕-海豚Scrinshaw-Dolphin High Polish Chrome（镜面）371 骨雕-灯塔Scrinshaw-Lighthouse High Polish Chrome（镜面）371 骨雕-海象Scrinshaw-Walrus Chrome （沙子）372 骨雕-自由神像Scrinshaw-Status of Liberty Chrome （沙子）373 骨雕-自由之鹰Scrinshaw-Liberty Eagle Chrome （沙子）375 Paloma 亚利桑拿Arizona High Polish Chrome （镜面）376 Paloma Kokopelli High Polish Chrome （镜面）377Paloma Rain Dance High Polish Chrome （镜面）378Paloma Elk High Polish Chrome （镜面）379Paloma 断箭Broken Arrow High Polish Chrome （镜面）380 夜猫子玩家系列- Tyson High Polish Brass（镜面）381 夜猫子玩家系列- Titan One High Polish Brass（铜镜）382 夜猫子玩家系列- Tryan High Polish Brass （铜镜）383 夜猫子玩家系列- Teluke High Polish Brass （铜镜）384 夜猫子玩家系列- 暗条纹Midnight Stripe High Polish Brass （铜镜）385 夜猫子玩家系列- 暗月Midnight Moon High Polish Brass （铜镜）386 夜猫子玩家系列- 曼哈顿之夜Manhattan Nights High Polish Brass （铜镜）387 夜猫子玩家系列- 暗星Midnight Stars High Polish Brass （铜镜）388 动脑抽象徽章系列-黑卵Techno-Black Ovals Satin Chrome （缎纱）389 动脑抽象徽章系列-银箭头Techno-Silver Spears Satin Chrome （缎纱）390 动脑抽象徽章系列-灰钻石Techno-Gray Diamonds Satin Chrome （缎纱）391 彩绘沙漠系列Painted Desert - 沙漠之花Desert Flower High Polish Chrome（铜镜）392 蛮荒大西南系列- 印第安羽毛Indian Feather High Polish Chrome （铜镜）393 彩绘沙漠- 太阳之火Sun Fire High Polish Chrome （铜镜）394 蛮荒大西南系列(Painted Desert) - 箭头Arrowhead High Polish Chrome（铜镜）395 彩绘沙漠- Pueblo 印第安人High Polish Chrome （铜镜）396 彩绘沙漠- Kokopelli 印第安人High Polish Chrome （铜镜）397 彩绘沙漠- Cherokee 印第安人High Polish Chrome （铜镜）398 彩绘沙漠- Zuni 印第安人High Polish Chrome （铜镜）432 紫色旅程Purple Journey High Polish Brass （铜镜）433 黄色旅程Yellow Journey High Polish Brass （铜镜）451 标乔丹真树系列- 真树硬木Realtree Hardwood452 标乔丹真树系列- 灰真树Realtree Extra Grey501 Black Tie系列- 框框The Frame502 Black Tie系列- 总统先生Mr.President503 Black Tie系列- 粗线条Bold Stripe504 Black Tie系列- Candy Cane505Black Tie系列- 国会议员The Congressman510 矿脉系列- 金矿脉Gold Rush511 矿脉系列- 铜矿脉Penny Vein512 矿脉系列- 银矿脉Silver Vain513 Checks系列- Checkered Flag514 Checks系列-Charcoal Checkers520 托莱多系列- 神秘狮子Toledo-Mystical Lion （托莱多是西班牙一个城市，历史上曾是西班牙首都）522 托莱多系列- 神秘鹰Mystical Eagle523 托莱多系列- 植物纹人像Floral Portrait524 托莱多系列- 公正之鹰Eagle of Justice525 托莱多系列- 中世纪骑士Medieval Knight526 托莱多系列- 自然乐曲Nature's Medley527 托莱多系列- 熊（抓到）的新鲜鱼Bear's Fresh Fish528 托莱多系列- 勇猛的理查德Richard the Lion-Hearted529 托莱多系列- 葡萄牙盾牌Portuguese Shield531托莱多系列- 凶猛的护卫Fierce Guardian532托莱多系列- 神秘狮子Mystical Lion High Polish Brass （铜镜子）534 托莱多系列- 神秘鹰Mystical Eagle High Polish Brass （铜镜子）535 托莱多系列- 植物纹人像Floral Portrait High Polish Brass （铜镜子）536 托莱多系列- 公正之鹰Eagle of Justice High Polish Brass （铜镜子）537 托莱多系列- 中世纪骑士Medieval Knight High Polish Brass （铜镜子）538 托莱多系列- 自然乐曲Nature's Medley High Polish Brass （铜镜子）539 托莱多系列- 鱼与熊Bear's Fresh Fish High Polish Brass （铜镜子）540 托莱多系列- 勇猛的理查德Richard the Lion-Hearted High Polish Brass（铜镜子）541 托莱多系列- 葡萄牙盾牌Portuguese Shield High Polish Brass （铜镜子）542 托莱多系列- 凶猛的护卫Fierce Guardian High Polish Brass （铜镜子）550 手工全皮，包皮系列Full Leather Crafted Series , Leather Wrap Series 551 夜猫子玩家系列- 哈佛条纹Harvard Stripe552 夜猫子玩家系列- Tic Tac Toe553 夜猫子玩家系列- 玉米地Corn Row554 夜猫子玩家系列- 纽约人New Yorker High Polish Brass （抛光铜）555 夜猫子玩家系列- 署名Autograph High Polish Brass （抛光铜）556 夜猫子玩家系列- 都市牛仔Urban Cowboy High Polish Brass （抛光铜）557 夜猫子玩家系列- 第5街Fifth Avenue558 夜猫子玩家系列- 金色辉煌Golden Glory559 夜猫子玩家系列- 中线Center Line560 夜猫子玩家系列- 银羚羊Silver Antelope561 夜猫子玩家系列- Titan Two561 Zippo搜集系列- 经典防风Windproof Classic Satin Chrome （缎纱）562 Zippo搜集系列- 美国传奇American Legend Satin Chrome （缎纱）563 Zippo搜集系列- 美国经典American Classic Satin Chrome （缎纱）564 Zippo搜集系列- 真正美国人Genuine American Satin Chrome （缎纱）565 Zippo名气系列- 来真的For Real High Polish Chrome （镜子）571 国际International Zippo High Polish Chrome （镜子）572 自由神像Statue of Liberty High Polish Chrome （镜子）573 美国国旗上的鹰USA Eagle on Flag High Polish Chrome （镜子）574 美国大学旗帜USA College Flag White Matte (白哑漆)577 古典钻石Antique Diamond Plate High Polish Chrome （镜子）578 Zippo访客中心Zippo/Case Visitors Center Brushed Chrome （沙子）579 美国传奇American Legend High Polish Chrome （镜子）581 Zippo搜集系列- 美国制造Made in USA-Brass Brushed Brass Vintage（切角铜沙子）582 Zippo搜集系列- 美国制造Made in USA-Pewter Brushed Chrome Vintage（切角锡沙子）583 Zippo搜集系列- 美国经典American Classic-Brass Brushed Brass Vintage（切角铜沙子）584 Zippo搜集系列- 美国经典American Classic-Pewter Brushed Chrome Vintage（切角锡沙子）590RG 叶子Leaves High Polish Rose Gold （玫瑰金镜子）590S 叶子Leaves Silver Plated （镀银）591G 条纹与花Stripes & Flowers Gold Plated （镀金）592 Passing Lines High Polish Chrome (镜子)592B Passing Lines High Polish Brass (铜镜子)592RG Passing Lines High Polish Rose Gold (玫瑰金镜子)。
2021-2022学年学英语报八年级第20期答案及试题
2021-2022学年学英语报⼋年级第20期答案及试题Death Valley is a beautiful but extremely(极端 ) dangerous land. There high mountains reach more than 3000 meters into the sky. But there is also a low place called Badwater. It is the lowest area of land in the Western Hemisphere ( 西半球 ). If there were water there, it would be 86 meters below the level of the ocean.Death Valley can be dangerously cold during the winter months. Storms in the mountains can produce sudden flooding on the floor of the Valley.The air temperature during the summer has been as high as 57 ℃. The heat of Death Valley has killed people in the past. It will continue to kill those who do not honor this extreme climate (⽓候 ). Death Valley does not forgive those who are not careful.However, it would be wrong to think that nothing lives in Death Valley. The Valley is full of life. Wild flowers grow very quickly after a little rain. Some desert plants can send their roots (根) down more than 18 meters to reach water deep in the ground. Many kinds of birds live in Death Valley. So do mammals and reptiles ( 哺乳动物与爬⾏动物).The area was named by a woman in 1849. Thousands of people from other parts of the country traveled to the gold mining (矿) areas. They were in a hurry to get there before other people did. Many people were not careful. They made bad choices or wrong decisions. One group decided to take a path called the Old Spanish Trail. By December they had reached Death Valley. They first did not have to survive the terrible heat of summer, but there was still an extreme lack (缺乏 ) of water. There were few plants for their work animals to eat.The people could not find a pass through the tall mountains to the west of the Valley. Slowly, they began to suffer from a lack of food. To survive, they killed their work animals for food and began to walk out of the Valley. As they left, one woman looked back and said, "Good-bye, death valley." The name has never been changed.38. Death Valley is known as a dangerous place because of its ______.A. extreme climateB. high mountainsC. serious pollutionD. dry deserts39. Although Death Valley is dangerous, it is a place where ________.A. people like to spend their holidaysB. water can easily be foundC. no people have been killedD. lots of animals can survive40. It was proved to be a wrong decision _______.A. to look for gold in the valleyB. to take the Old Spanish TrailC. to get there before other people didD. to kill their work animals for food41. In the passage, the writer doesn’t tell us _______.A. what the weather is like in the valleyB. why people were travelling in a hurryC. how plants in the valley get waterD. that the valley has some other names。
英语国家概况复习笔记TheUSA
THE USAGeography and People1.The United States of America (Since 1775)2. The National Flag：The Stars and Stripes(星条旗) OR popularly known as the Old Glory美国国旗的爱称3. The National Anthem：The Star-Spangled Banner星条旗之歌4. Capital City: Washington, District of Columbia (The District of Columbia was named after Christopher Columbus and the city Washington was named after George Washington. The city is governed directly by the Federal government. 哥伦比亚特区以克里斯托弗.哥伦布命名，华盛顿以华盛顿命名。
这个城市是由联邦政府直接管辖的。
)⏹Famous architectures: U.S. Capitol Hill 国会山; Pentagon（五角大楼the U. S. DefenseDepartment and the headquarters of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) are in it）;White House; Lincoln Memorial [mə'mɔːrɪəl]林肯纪念堂，etc.5. Size：the 4th largest country in the world6. Administrative Divisions: America consists of 50 states and a federal district, the District of Columbia. Two of the 50 states, Alaska and Hawaii, are separated from the continental America, which are the youngest states of the United States.7. Largest state: Alaska (the 49th state )Smallest state：Rhode island美国罗德岛州Largest city: New Y ork8. Landforms:Three major divisions⏹East—highlands：（Appalachian Range阿巴拉契亚山脉）⏹West—mountains：high plateaus['plætəʊ]高原(Cordillera[,kɔːdɪ'ljeərə]山脉Range: the Coast Range-the Sierra Nevada-the Cascades-the Rocky Mountains) 山脉范围:海岸山脉的林区的内华达州,Cascades-the 洛基山脉⏹In between—a vast plain region一个广阔的平原地区: The Great Plains大平原9. Highest point:The Sierra-Nevada内华达山脉: Mount Whitney惠特尼峰4418m(14,495 feet)the highest peak in the continental US（the highest peak of the USA is the Mount McKinley (20320 feet) in the south of Alaska）Lowest point: Death Valley死谷: in eastern California, 85 meters below sea level, the lowest point in the whole of N. America北美洲10. RiversThe Mississippi River, the most important and longest river in the US. This river is known to some native American Indians as ―the father of waters‖.父亲河The Missouri River密苏里河:Since the river runs through the dry west, it carries a large amount of topsoil表层土, so it is sometimes called as ―the Muddy泥泞的River‖.11. The Great Lakes⏹The Great Lakes are composed of five lakes: Lake Michigan['miʃiɡən]密歇根湖,Lake Superior苏必利尔湖, Lake Erie['iəri]伊利湖,Lake Huron['hjuərən]休伦湖and Lake Ontario[ɔn'tεəriəu]安大略湖.⏹Among the five lakes, only Lake Michigan belongs to the US completely while the other four are shared by the United States and Canada.⏹Lake Superior (82,414 km2 ), is the largest freshwater lake (by surface area) in the world.12. Natural Resources1) Large supplies of fresh water has played a very important part in America’s growth2) Rich in lumber resources3) The United States is also rich in mineral resources. ―Gold Rush‖: A rush of migrants [ 'maɪɡrənts ]移民者to an the western where gold was discovered in California in 184813. Principle Cities:Now Y ork: The S tatue of Liberty a gift from the French people in 1886, was placed on Liberty Island，The United Nations headquarters stands along the East River at 42nd Street in the city. 联合国总部位于沿着城市东河的第四十二条街上Philadelphia [ ˌfɪlə'delfjə ]费城the seat of the Continental Congress大陆会议所在地.⏹The First and Second Continental Congresses (1774 and 1775-1776) and the Constitutional Convention制宪会议(1787) met in the city, which served as the capital of the United States from 1790 to 1800.⏹Independence Hall: It was in this hall that the American Declaration of Independence美国独立宣言was signed on July 4, 1776 and Constitution of the US was framed美国宪法框架San Francisco: The Chinatown in San Francisco is the largest Chinese settlement in the US. The Golden Gate BridgeDetroit底特律[dɪ'trɔɪt] ：the largest center of the automobile industry in the US and is known as“the Mo tor City”汽车城Houston[ˈhju:stən]休斯顿: “Space City, USA.”太空城14. Population Distribution人口分布: Uneven不均匀&High urbanization15. From the “ Melting Pot大熔炉”--a country of many racial and ethnic[ˌeθnɪk]民族groups from different parts of the world , who came to the New World to seek for freedom in politics or religion.T o the “Salad Bowl沙拉碗” -- However, this country is tolerant and allow people with different cultural background to keep their own distinct culture and custom.16. The different ethnic groups:Native Americans --American IndiansWhite Anglo-Saxon Protestants (W ASPs) --- the dominant ethnic group占主导地位的民族Black People ----African American----the largest ethnic-racial minority groupHispanics西班牙裔---- the largest ethnic minorityAsian Americans have always been a small community.17. P.107Immigration Act of 1924 (restrict further immigration particularly from Europe)Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments《移民与国籍法修正案》18. P.107 The dominant American cultureThe dominant American culture is English-speaking, Western European, Protestant and middle-class in character. The first immigrants formed the land’s basic cultural values as freedom, equality and desire to work hard for a higher standard of living. (占美国文化主导地位的是说英语的人们，包括了西欧，新教和一些中产阶级。
安徽省合肥市第一中学2023-2024学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题
安徽省合肥市第一中学2023-2024学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、阅读理解Four Self-Portraits (自画像) by Famous ArtistsRaphael (Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino)—“Self-Portrait”, 1506One of the beautiful self-portraits by famous artist Raphael was drawn at the age of 23. It measures around 45cm×33cm and is located at the world-famous Uffizi Gallery. The Italian painter used oil on board to draw his self-portrait, which was the clearest and the most recognizable self-portraits of Raphael himself.Leonardo da Vinci—“Portrait of a Man in Red Chalk”, 1512“Portrait of a Man in Red Chalk”is a self-portrait of da Vinci at the age of 60 and measures around 33.3cm×21.6cm, which is on display in Biblioteca Reale, Turin, Italy. It is drawn with red chalk on paper and represents the head of an elderly man in a three-quarter view. In the portrait, the length of the hair is uncommon in Renaissance (文艺复兴) portraits.Rembrandt van Rijn—“Self-Portrait with Beret and Turned-up Collar”, 1659Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn painted his self-portrait in 1659 when he was 53 years old. It shows his worried expression that clearly portrays the troubled condition of his mind at that point of his life since the year 1659 was a year of anxiety for him. This self-portrait found its place among the Benjamin Altman Collection, which has been exhibited in the Metropolitan Museum of Art since 1913.Edgar Degas—“Degas Au Porte-Fusain’”, l855Edgar Degas made this self-portrait only when he was twenty-one years old. It was one of the most remarkable of his fifteen self-portraits. Degas was seated as seemingly without fear and anxiety. The pose in the painting was formal and academic. The painting is located in the musée d’Orsay, Paris, France.1．Where should visitors go if they want to admire Raphael’s self-portrait in 1506?A．Uffizi Gallery.B．Biblioteca Reale.C．The musée d’Orsay.D．The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2．Which aspect of Portrait of a Man in Red Chalk was special during the Renaissance?A．The red clothing.B．The formal pose.C．The long hair.D．The worried expression.3．Which painter was the youngest when painting the above-mentioned self-portraits?A．Raphael.B．Edgar Degas.C．Leonardo da Vinci.D．Rembrandt van Rijn.Last Friday, a robot called EveR6 led an orchestra (管弦乐队) in a performance of Korean music at the National Theater of Korea. EveR 6 is about as tall as a person, and has a human-like face that can show emotions. Its joints (关节) allow it to move its arms quickly and smoothly in many different directions.But EveR 6 doesn’t think on its own like some advanced Artificial Intelligence programs. Instead, it has a limited group of movements that it has been trained to perform. To make these movements as natural as possible, EveR 6’s movements are based on those captured from real human conductors.In Friday’s performance, the National Orchestra of Korea presented a concert titled “Absence”. The concert included five different pieces of music. Two were conducted by EveR 6, and two were conducted by Soo-Yeoul Choi, who leads the Busan Philharmonic Orchestra. Both conductors worked together on the final piece.Mr. Choi was impressed with the way EveR 6 moved. “The robot was able to present such detailed moves much better than I had imagined,” he said.But Mr. Choi added that the robot’s biggest weakness is that it can’t hear. “Some people think that conducting is just a combination of hand waving and keeping the beat,” said Mr. Choi. “But a good conductor needs to listen to the orchestra, so that he or she can correct and encourage the orchestra as it plays.”Mr. Choi and EveR 6 both conducted a piece of music called “Sense”. Instead of musical notes, EveR 6 had instructions for how to play the piece. The conductors and musicians had to work together to create the music. Mr. Choi communicated with the musicians while EveR 6 kept the beat. Mr. Choi said that once EveR 6 started, the musicians had “no choice but to follow its beats”.Mr. Choi doesn’t think robots are likely to replace human conductors. But he believes robots could be helpful in situations like practice sessions where the same thing needs to be repeated many times.4．What do we know about EveR 6 from the text?A．It is an experienced conductor.B．It has a lifelike appearance.C．It is able to listen to music.D．It is much shorter than a person. 5．What does the underlined word “captured”in paragraph 2 mean?A．Stolen.B．Stopped.C．Recorded.D．Hidden. 6．What advantage does a human conductor have over EveR 6?A．Waving hands.B．Keeping the beat.C．Having instructions.D．Communicating with musicians. 7．What is the text mainly about?A．A robot conducting an orchestra.B．An orchestra having performed in Korea.C．Modern music combined with technology.D．Two conductors getting worldwide recognition.While temperatures continue to climb, visitors are still coming to see Death Valley National Park on the California-Nevada border. The park is known as the hottest place on Earth. This past weekend, the temperatures climbed to 53.33℃. Most visitors at this time of year make it only a short distance to any area in the park before returning to the cool air in their vehicles.Early information from the park service shows that across the nation’s 424 national parks, at least four people have died this year from heat-related causes. That includes a 65-year-old man from San Diego who was found dead at Death Valley earlier this month.Death Valley National Park suggests visitors be careful and not have expectations of rescue. While park rangers (护林员) drive on park roads and can aid tourists in need, it is unsure that lost visitors will get help in time.Physical activity can make the heat feel even worse and leave people exhausted. Alessia Dempster, who was visiting from Edinburgh, Scotland, said, “It’s very hot especially when there’s a gentle wind. You would think maybe that would give you some slight relief from the heat, but it just really does feel like an air blow dryer just going back in your face.”Death Valley is a narrow area that is below sea level and surrounded by high mountains, the park service’s website says. The dry air and small plant coverage let sunlight heat up the park surface. The heat then becomes trapped in the valley.Still, several areas in Death Valley continue to draw tourists. Badwater Basin, made up of salt flats, is considered the lowest point in all of North America. The 183-meter UbehebeCrater dates back over 2,000 years. And Zabriskie Point is a great sunrise viewing spot.Josh Miller, a visitor from Indianapolis who has been to 20 national parks so far, shared that feeling. “It’s hot, but the scenery is awesome,” he said.8．What do most visitors do in Death V alley?A．Cool themselves in time.B．Do lots of physical exercises.C．Stay away from park rangers.D．Carry dryers with themselves.9．Why does the author mention the 65-year-old man in paragraph 2?A．To encourage the elderly to travel more.B．To express admiration for mountain climbers.C．To advise people to tour Death Valley more often.D．To show the danger of traveling in Death Valley.10．What does paragraph 5 mainly tell us about Death Valley?A．Its covering area.B．Its attractive spots.C．The reason why it is so hot.D．The service of its park’s website. 11．What can be inferred about Death Valley from the last two paragraphs?A．It has a short history.B．It is worth visiting.C．It draws fewer and fewer tourists.D．It is unsuitable for viewing sunrise.Indoor food growing operations are seeing both successes and failures in the United States. Some companies in the food industry are investing (投资) even as competitors fail.California-based Plenty Unlimited this summer began working on $300 million indoor plants, while Kroger announced that it would be increasing its availability of vertically (垂直地) farmed produce. Meanwhile, two indoor farming companies that got strong backing—New Jersey’s AeroFarms and Kentucky’s AppHarvest—filed for financial failure and reorganization. And a five-year-old company in Detroit, Planted Detroit, shut its doors this summer.The industry changes do not worry Jacob Portillo, a grower with Eden Green Technology, an indoor farming company. “The fact that other people are failing and other people are succeeding is going to happen in any industry you go to,” he said.Indoor farming refers to growing crops indoors, which experts sometimes call “controlled environment agriculture”. There are different methods. One method called vertical farming involves putting produce from floor to ceiling, often under artificial lightsand with the plants growing in nutrient-enriched water. Other growers are trying very large greenhouses, indoor beds of soil in big buildings and using special robots for parts of the farming process.Supporters say growing indoors uses less water and land and permits food to be grown closer to consumers, saving on transport. Indoor growing is also a way to protect crops from increasingly extreme weather caused by climate change.But critics question the sustainability (可持续性) of operations that can require a lot of energy for artificial lights. And they say paying for that light can make profitability impossible. Curt Covington of AgAmerica Lending, a private investment company centered on agriculture, is not convinced that indoor farming operations can work—except in special cases. Given the high cost of indoor operations, Covington said, “It’s just hard to be very profitable.”12．What is Jacob Portillo’s attitude to the indoor food growing industry?A．Positive.B．Worried.C．Unclear.D．Doubtful. 13．What can we learn about indoor farming?A．It takes a lot of manpower to take care of plants.B．It means growing plants in water instead of soil.C．It protects crops from increasingly extreme weather.D．It is different from controlled environment agriculture.14．Why did Curt Covington question indoor farming operations?A．They produce little food.B．They carry great cost.C．They need sunlight.D．They lack investors.15．What is the best title for the text?A．What Types of Food Can Be Grown Indoors?B．How Can You Grow Food Indoors Without Soil?C．Indoor Farming Companies Take Agriculture IndoorsD．Indoor Food Growing Operations Face an Uncertain Future二、七选五It can be a wonderful and satisfying experience to have roommates to share a home with. Living with others can often help you develop close relationships and learn some life skillsalong the way. 16 .Honest communicationIn order to solve any problems that may arise, effective communication is necessary.17 , where you feel free to voice worries, expectations and feedback. It is recommended to have house meetings on a regular basis where all important information is shared and addressed.18Nothing is more important than keeping your shared space clean and organized. Take the time to clean up shared areas like bathrooms and kitchens and respect each other’s standards of cleanliness.Develop a sense of humor19 . Developing a sense of humor will help relieve tension and create a more lighthearted atmosphere, especially when you and your roommates have the same sense of humor.Be considerate of your roommates’ needsBeing considerate of your roommates’ schedule, preferences and routines is part of living with them. A supportive living environment is created by small things, for example, offering to pick up groceries or helping with housework. 20 , especially when one of your roommates is studying or working or when anyone in the apartment is asleep.A．Respect yourselfB．You can create an open-door policyC．Keep shared space clean and organizedD．It is also wise to be mindful of noise levelsE．Here are practical tips on how to be a good roommateF．Living with others can lead to disagreements and argumentsG．Being a good roommate is more than making your rent payments on time三、完形填空a miracle (奇迹) but fearing the worst. .She had been 23 in freestyle skiing’s World Tour Finals in Canada when disaster struck. Having successfully completed her 24 run, ranking fourth in the standings, she increased the difficulty for her second and final run. However, her 25 landed first, lying there unconscious (无意识的).Ten days after the 26 , at the age of 22, she opened her eyes. Although she only 27 them for a few seconds, they were enough to add a little 28 to the darkest days. Six weeks later, she could recognize her parents.The 29 was slow, often painful. There were physical and mental problems to overcome. The 30 challenges she faced were the easiest while her emotions were greatly affected. It took her five years to 31 recover from the accident.“That does not mean my 32 has to be worse. I viewed it as climbing a mountain. The views on the top might be even more 33 ,” MoCrazy said.Her life goal now is to 34 others who have suffered traumatic (创伤性的) brain injuries, 35 a non-profit organization MoCrazy Strong with her mother for the purpose of giving back.21．A．winning B．survival C．profit D．training 22．A．disagreed B．smiled C．waited D．fell 23．A．competing B．teaching C．swimming D．walking 24．A．first B．second C．third D．fourth 25．A．arms B．head C．feet D．back 26．A．order B．fight C．work D．accident 27．A．opened B．closed C．touched D．narrowed 28．A．water B．style C．light D．gratitude 29．A．service B．speed C．trip D．recovery 30．A．academic B．physical C．mental D．similar 31．A．barely B．potentially C．emotionally D．immediately 32．A．life B．family C．heart D．income 33．A．scientific B．detailed C．distant D．amazing 34．A．defeat B．help C．employ D．bother 35．A．breaking down B．figuring out C．searching for D．setting up四、用单词的适当形式完成短文阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
ChargeofLightBrigade，英文诗歌中的“执行力”！
ChargeofLightBrigade，英⽂诗歌中的“执⾏⼒”！The Charge of the Light Brigade 是⼀⾸著名的英国诗歌，作者是 Alfred Tennyson (1809- 1892)，写作于 1854 年。
诗歌讲述的，是英国军队的⼀⽀骑兵劲旅、当年在克⾥⽶亚战争中的⼀次冲锋进攻。
就这次进攻，虽然收到的命令中存在明显的错误，但指挥 Light Brigade 的军官并没有询问和请求澄清，600 多位⼠兵也没有提出质疑。
按照命令中的指⽰要求，Light Brigade 向敌军严阵以待的炮兵阵地发起进攻，最终承受了⼏乎半数的伤亡。
全诗结构Light Brigade 这⾸诗歌，分为 6 个 Verses 段落，描述了骑兵旅的 600 多名军⼈，从冲锋开始、到达敌军阵地、之后被迫撤退、再返回到⾃⼰阵地的这个过程。
开头的两段描述的是：⼠兵们策马发起冲锋，即将进⼊敌军⽕炮的射程，头脑中回想着刚才上级传来的命令。
在第3段中，敌军的⽕炮响起，炮弹飞落下来；第4段中，⼠兵们拔出战⼑，冲⼊敌军的阵地、砍杀敌军炮兵，之后被迫撤退，但⼈数已经不是最初的 600 多⼈。
第5段描写轻骑旅撤退返回的过程，⼠兵们再次承受敌军炮⽕的轰击，⼜有很多⼈受伤、死亡。
最后⼀段，感叹赞颂骑兵们如何英勇地履⾏职责，呼吁⼈们向参加冲锋的 600 多位⼠兵表⽰敬意。
第 1 段Half a league, half a league,Half a league onward,All in the valley of DeathRode the six hundred.半个 League 相当于公制的2500⽶，是Light Brigade 冲锋前进时、从起点到达敌军阵地的距离。
在这半个 Light league 的路途中，600多位⼠兵如同在死亡的⼭⾕中策马前进。
“Forward, the Light Brigade!Charge for the guns!” he said.Into the valley of DeathRode the six hundred.⼠兵们的头脑中，还在回想刚才传达命令的军官所说的话，“前进，向着那边的敌军炮兵阵地发起冲锋”。
2020-2021学年河北省石家庄市艺术职业中学高二下学期第一次月考英语试题 Word版含答案
河北艺术职业中学高二年级英语科试卷注意事项：1．答题前填写好自己的姓名、班级、考号等信息2．请将答案正确填写在答题卡上第一部分听力（满分20分）第一节(共5小题;每小题1分,满分5分)听下面五段对话，每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的ABC三个选项中选出最佳选项，听完每段对话后，你都有十秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题，每段对话仅读一遍。
1. What does the woman look for?A. SaraB. Her dictionary .C. Tina.2. Where did the woman buy the beautiful hat?A. She knitted herself.B. From Taobao.C. From a shop.3. What will Tom do right now?A. See a film with Lucy.B. Buy a bunch of flowers.C. Go to work.4. What does the man want to have?A. Green ten.B. Apple juice.C. Watermelon juice.5. What is the weather like tomorrow morning?A. SunnyB. Rainy.C. Cloudy.第二节(共15小题;每小题1分,满分15分)听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话成独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A.B.C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题每小题5秒钟:听完后，各小题将给出5秒作答时间。
每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料，回答第6.7题。
6.Where does the conversation take place?A. On the street.B. In the train.C. In the train station7.Who will send the man's mother to the carriage?A. The woman.B. The man.C. Nobody.听第7段材料,回答第8.9题。
全国教育硕士英语(毛大威)学生用书参考
全国在职教育硕士英语学生用书第二版Unit 3Unit 3 TravelPrepare YourselfDo you know ?tourist resort旅游胜地landscape scenery 山水风光virgin forest 原始森林hitchhiking 沿途免费搭乘他人便车旅行outdoor adventures户外冒险活动 a camper 野营者How do you say it ?远足hike 兜风go for a ride 观光sight-seeing探险explore, exploration 交游go outing 滑雪skiing冲浪surfing 睡袋sleeping bag 导游图tourist map 夏令营summer campMake up a sentenceOnce in the wilderness, your chief worry will be, not how to avoid other hikers, but how not to get lost!在空旷的野外，你最担心的不是避开旅游高峰，而是怕迷了路！Happiness takes no account of time.Text1 Enjoy the Great OutdoorsFew countries have such a varied and tempting outdoors as the USA. There is every kind of climate except tropical; Arctic in Alaska, Mediterranean in southern California, temperate in the northwest and northeast, subtropical in Florida, desert in Arizona and New Mexico. Death Valley, California, has the most consistently high summer temperature in the world It sometimes persists at 132°F.很少有国家像美国那样具有各种各样诱人的户外活动。
FC忍者龙牙攻略B版
猴子：出现于2-1。攻击方式是行走--出拳，不会跳跃 ，只能近战，行动更敏捷
出现于2-1.最普通的飞行怪物，攻击方式为向 左下角方向沿预定路线飞行。（不会引起任何疾病）
出现于2-2。无法移动，每次攻击发射一枚导弹， 如果再次刷新后在玩家的左边，生成的该怪物身体 就会向右
骨蝎/猎豹：2-2的Boss。有两种攻击方式。不同于 大蛇，骨蝎必须要跳起来打击头部才有效。 尾部会发射两种炮弹
左为普通的小炮弹。右的炮弹形 似蝎尾，会分裂为四发炮弹，蹲下 就可以躲避
下方三张图中第一张为第一种攻击，另外两张为第二种
UFO/碟形物：4-2的Boss，有三种攻击，但比较 多变。Boss一开始会从右向左移动，穿越画面后再 从左向右。第一波攻击为一次七发子弹，一发横向 子弹，三发分别向不同方向发射的子弹，方向由玩 家位置决定。第二波攻击方式不变。
第三波攻击，Boss快速移动，攻击也加快，一次七发子弹，一发横向子弹，一发由玩家位
位于游戏界面下侧位置的玩家状况，1P-后的忍者图标表示玩家剩余的生命数，最多能 储存五条命（加上正在使用的一条命，最多一共可以拥有六条命），被敌人集中则当场 去世，从本关卡重来。所有生命用完之后可以再GAMEOVER界面继续，仍然从本关卡重 Item栏是玩家正在使用的武器，图标会随着玩家使用的武器变化 Stage后是现在的关卡，Score是玩家击杀怪物获得的得分
忍者龙牙不同于很多横版卷轴游戏。同一关卡内，玩家可以自由的来回，可以回到之前已 经通过的区域，但怪物会重新生成。如果玩家从右向左返回，那么原本朝向左侧固定的敌 人会朝向右侧。 忍者龙牙的刷怪机制就和Tecmo的知名大作《忍者龙剑传》的刷怪机制一样严苛。画面到了 相应的位置，必然会刷新怪物，除非同一怪物仍在画面内。画面不到相应的位置，怪物无 论怎样也不会刷出。大部分怪物在（通过跳跃或飞翔）穿过画面边缘后都会消失。
神秘的北纬30度 英文讲稿
The Mysterious 30 degrees north latitude (This book is really different from others` presentation, it is about science and civilization, so I cannot find lots of philosophical sentences. Now let`s began.)There is such an area on this planet. The four ancient civilizations began and developed here. The highest mountain stands here, the deepest oceanic trench lies here. And countless scenes and plenty of mysteries remained here. It just likes a belt, connected every longitude and shows us a wonder. We know it as 30 degrees north latitude. There is also such a book, it contains the most mysterious and amazing issues. Now allow me to share the book I really favor with you ---- The Mysterious 30 degrees north latitude.You may wonder what kind of book it is. In my eyes, it is a exploratory and discovery book, it is a geographical and scientific book, it is an interesting and amazing book, it is also an unforgettable and impressive book. It deserves people` s attention.An American writer called James Beuste created it. He graduated from the History Department of the Northwestern University. After several year`s study of these magic phenomena, this book was published and we can read it and know this magic belt systematically. But unluckily, I did not found the English one in the library, just got the one published in Chinese. They have a little bitdifference.Now let`s go into the main part of this book. First, we should find where the 30 degrees north latitude is. This line, is the most magic belt in the world, you can meet beautiful sceneries on every step of it.I cannot show every mystery in detail, so I just pick up several important representatives. The symbol of the ancient Egypt -- pyramids and the Great Sphinx of Giza all stands here. It is not only the guardian angel of Pharaoh, but also the achievement of million slaves.And the famous “Garden in the Air”, it is a palace in ancient Babylon. The king established it to please his queen in order to cure her homesick. It is said that none could get out alone, another king did not believe it and he had a try, but unfortunately, none saw him after that. It`s the most fabulous and great work in human`s history of architecture. In recent years, there stands another wonder, the Leaning Tower of Pisa. It is lean since it is created and has existed over 700 years. We can only say it as miracle.Follow the direction of the earth`s movement, we reach our great motherland, the ancient China, scientists found the ancient Shu Culture , and plenty of bronze equipments came to the world again.Chengdu plain became the homeland of Bronze Civilization.And the miracle of miracle, the highest Mount Qomolangma meets the deepest Mariana Trench in this belt. Snow hug sea through the air, it could be the most romantic thing.Now it turns to the America Continental, and the famous Maya civilization also located in the 30 degrees north latitude. It is the highest level of the ancient people, their counting and predicting influenced the lasting world a lot. This is their Crystal Skull. We used to afraid their 2012 saying, but we pass it and hello 2014.There are also two nightmares along this area, the Bermuda Triangle and the Japanese Dragon River. Ships and planes would disappear without any signals. None knows the reasons, and scientists are working hard on this area, we really hope someone could break the mystery.Snow could hug sea through air, desert also could kiss forest by space. Sahara Desert and Shennongjia are the best samples.Death could also be a main subject in this latitude. Death valley got the name just because every creature that stepped in could be die, millions of animals` bones were founded. And the disappearance of the Atlantis paint the picture of a magnificent culture. The sinking castles and gardens give us a different view to consider the difference between ancient people and modern people.A lot of sights could not be mentioned at a time, the magicStone Circle, the place against gravity, the odd fire, the death sea, the Qiantangjiang Tide and the Yaluzangbu River, they are all the bless of God. Many unknown and odd thing here may scare you, but it can not decrease her charming.With the movement of the earth, we almost pass the whole 30 degrees north latitude, we won not know her beauty and magic at once, but the fascinating scenes, the amazing culture and exploratory civilization would remind in our deep heart for a long time. We could know them as 30 degrees north latitude, but when they gather together, we know them as wonders. Thanks to the book, not only lead us to follow the mystery in the world, but also widen my eyesight, tell me there has farther road to chase. I`ll remember and love you forever---- The Mysterious 30 degrees north latitude.。
D-Ye_2008JH_ecpert elicitation of recharge model probabilities
Expert elicitation of recharge model probabilities for the Death Valley regional flow systemMing Yea,*,Karl F.Pohlmann b ,Jenny B.ChapmanbaSchool of Computational Science and Department of Geologic Sciences,Florida State University,Tallahassee,FL 32306,USA bDesert Research Institute,Nevada System of Higher Education,755East Flamingo Road,Las Vegas,NV 89119,USA Received 12January 2008;received in revised form 29February 2008;accepted 3March 2008KEYWORDSModel uncertainty;Prior model probability;Model averaging;Expert elicitation;Recharge estimates;Death Valley regional flow systemSummaryThis study uses expert elicitation to evaluate and select five alternativerecharge models developed for the Death Valley regional flow system (DVRFS),covering southeast Nevada and the Death Valley area of California,USA.The five models were developed based on three independent techniques:an empirical approach,an approach based on unsaturated-zone studies and an approach based on saturated-zone studies.It is uncertain which recharge model (or models)should be used as input for groundwater models simulating flow and contaminant transport within the DVRFS.An expert elicitation was used to evaluate and select the recharge models and to determine prior model prob-abilities used for assessing model uncertainty.The probabilities were aggregated using simple averaging and iterative methods,with the latter method also considering between-expert variability.The most favorable model,on average,is the most compli-cated model that comprehensively incorporates processes controlling net infiltration and potential recharge.The simplest model,and the most widely used,received the sec-ond highest prior probability.The aggregated prior probabilities are close to the neutral choice that treats the five models as equally likely.Thus,there is no support for selecting a single model and discarding others,based on prior information and expert judgment.This reflects the inherent uncertainty in the recharge models.If a set of prior probability from a single expert is of more interest,we suggest selecting the set of the minimum Shannon’s entropy.The minimum entropy implies the smallest amount of uncertainty and the largest amount of information used to evaluate the models.However,when enough data are available,we prefer to use a cross-validation method to select the best set of prior model probabilities that gives the best predictive performance.ª2008Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.0022-1694/$-see front matter ª2008Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.03.001*Corresponding author.Tel.:+18506444587.E-mail address:mingye@ (M.Ye).Journal of Hydrology (2008)354,102–115a v a i l ab l e a t w w w.sc i e n c ed i re c t.c o mjou rnal homep age:www.elsevier.c om/locate/jhydro lIntroductionUncertainty analysis of hydrologic models is an essential element for decision-making in water resource manage-ment.This paper is focused on conceptual model uncer-tainty,which arises when multiple conceptualizations of a hydrologic system(or its processes)are all acceptable given available knowledge and data.A model averaging concept has been developed to assess the conceptual model uncer-tainty by averaging predictions of multiple models using appropriate weights associated with each model.The weights can be calculated using likelihood functions(Beven, 2006and its references therein)in the chi-square sense,the information criterion of AIC(Akaike,1974)or AICc(Hurvich and Tsai,1989)in the Kullback–Leibler sense(Burnham and Anderson,2002,2004;Poeter and Anderson,2005),or the information criterion of BIC(Schwarz,1978)or KIC(Kash-yap,1982)in the Bayesian sense(Draper,1995;Hoeting et al.,1999;Neuman,2003;Ye et al.,2004,2005,2008; Vrugt et al.,2006;Vrugt and Robinson,2007).This paper ad-dresses conceptual model uncertainty and model averaging in the Bayesian context.In Bayesian model averaging(BMA)(Draper,1995;Hoet-ing et al.,1999)or its maximum likelihood version(MLBMA) (Neuman,2003),if D is a quantity that one wants to predict, then its posterior distribution given conditioning data D (including measurements of model parameters and observa-tions of state variables)is the average of the distributions p(D|M k,D)under each model M k weighted by the posterior model probability p(M k|D),i.e.,pðD j DÞ¼X Kk¼1pðD j M k;DÞpðM k j DÞð1ÞThe posterior model probability,p(M k|D),is estimated via the Bayes’theorempðM k j DÞ¼pðD j M kÞpðM kÞP Kl¼1pðD j M lÞpðM lÞð2Þwhere p(D|M k)is the model likelihood function and can be approximated by p(D|M k)=exp(ÀKIC k/2)or p(D|M k)= exp(ÀBIC k/2)(Ye et al.,2004),and p(M k)is prior probability of model M k.Summation of the prior probabilities of all the alternative models is one,X Kk¼1pðM kÞ¼1ð3Þimplying that all possible models of potential relevance to the problem at hand are under study,and that all models differ from each other sufficiently to be considered mutu-ally exclusive(the joint probability of two or more models being zero).The question of how to assign prior probabili-ties p(M k)to models M k remains largely open.A common practice is to adopt a‘‘reasonable‘neutral’choice’’(Hoet-ing et al.,1999),according to which all models are initially considered to be equally likely,there being insufficient prior reason to prefer one over another.However,the neu-tral choice of prior model probabilities ignores expert knowledge of the system to be modeled,thereby implying maximum ignorance on the part of the analyst.Generally speaking,the prior model probability is an analyst’s(or a group of analysts’)subjective degree of reasonable belief(Jeffreys,1957)or confidence(Zio and Apostolakis,1996)in a model.The belief or confidence is ideally based on expert ing expert judgments is prevalent in uncertainty and risk analysis(Cooke,1991; Ayyub,2001;Bedford et al.,2006),especially when experi-mental and statistical evidence is insufficient(Refsgaard et al.,2006).For a complicated hydrologic system,expert judgment or experience is the basis of conceptual model development,and may be more informative than limited observations.This is particularly true for subsurface hydrol-ogy,where hydraulic parameters are measured from sparse samples(boreholes)and mathematical models may disagree with geologic rules(Wingle and Poeter,1993;Lele and Das, 2000).Garthwaite et al.(2005)argue that a better use of expert judgment could add more information than slight improvement of data analysis techniques.Hence,we view integrating expert judgment in BMA(by specifying subjective prior probabilities)to be a strength rather than a weakness.Madigan et al.(1995)and Zio and Apostolakis(1996)demonstrated that using informative prior model probabilities(in contrast to equal ones)on the basis of expert judgment can improve model simulation and uncertainty assessment.Ye et al.(2005)developed a constrained maximum entropy method,which estimates informative prior model probabilities through the maximiza-tion of the Shannon’s entropy(Shannon,1948)subject to constraints reflecting a single analyst’s(or group of ana-lysts’)prior perception about how plausible each alterna-tive model(or a group of models)is relative to others, and selection of the most likely among such maxima corre-sponding to alternative perceptions of various analysts(or groups of analysts).By running cross-validation,Ye et al. (2005)demonstrated that,in comparison to using equal prior model probabilities,using informative probabilities improves model predictive performance.The subjective prior model probabilities can be directly obtained through expert elicitation.The expert elicitation has been applied to many studies,for example,future cli-mate change(Arnell et al.,2005;Miklas et al.,1995),perfor-mance assessment of proposed nuclear waste repositories (Hora and Jensen,2005;McKenna et al.,2003;Draper et al.,1999;Hora and von Winterfeldt,1997;Zio and Apos-tolakis,1996;Morgan and Keith,1995;DeWispelare et al., 1995;Bonano and Apostolakis,1991;Bonano et al.,1990), estimation of parameter distributions(Parent and Bernier, 2003;Geomatrix Consultants,1998;O’Hagan,1998),devel-opment of Bayesian network(Pike,2004;Stiber et al., 1999,2004;Ghabayen et al.,2006),and interpretation of seismic images(Bond et al.,2007).Formal expert elicitation processes have been proposed by Hora and Iman(1989)and Keeney and von Winterfeldt(1991),among others.Although expert elicitation is criticized in various aspects,such as selection of experts and accurate expression of experts’knowledge and belief in probability forms(O’Hagan and Oak-ley,2004),the quality of educing expert judgments can be controlled by a formal procedure of expert elicitation and documentation(Garthwaite et al.,2005).Nevertheless,ex-pert judgments should be used with caution,not to replace ‘‘hard’’science(Apostolakis,1990).When assessing concep-tual model uncertainty,it is essential to adjust the prior probability to obtain the posterior model probability by con-ditioning of on-site measurements and observations.Expert elicitation of recharge model probabilities for the Death Valley regionalflow system103Different from general uses of expert elicitation for model parameterization and development,this paper uses the ex-pert elicitation to estimate prior model probabilities of alter-native models.With few examples of such an application of expert elicitation in model uncertainty assessment (Zio and Apostolakis,1996;Draper et al.,1999;Curtis and Wood,2004),this study is expected to provide theoretical and prac-tical guidelines for future applications of expert elicitation.This paper is focused on development of prior model proba-bilities using expert elicitation;discussion of using on-site data to further evaluate the alternative models is beyond our scope here.The expert elicitation is used in this paper to estimate prior probabilities of five recharge models developed for the Death Valley regional flow system (DVRFS),covering southwestern Nevada and the Death Valley area of eastern California,USA (Fig.1a).Due to existing and potential radionuclide contamination at the US Department of En-ergy’s Nevada Test Site (NTS)and the proposed Yucca Moun-tain high-level nuclear waste repository in the DVRFS,it is critical to predict contaminant transport in the region.Hydrologic and geologic conditions in the DVRFS are compli-cated,rendering multiple conceptualizations of the system based on limited data and information.Because conceptual model uncertainty can be significant,ignoring it (focusingonly on parametric uncertainty)may result in biased predic-tions and underestimation of uncertainty.While expert elic-itation was used for evaluating uncertainty of recharge and geological models (Pohlmann et al.,2007),this paper fo-cuses on the recharge models applied throughout the DVRFS.In the past few decades,several recharge models have been independently developed for Nevada by different researchers based on different scientific theories.These in-clude the Maxey–Eakin model (Maxey and Eakin,1949),the discrete-state compartment model (Kirk and Campana,1990;Carroll et al.,2007),the elevation-dependent chlo-ride mass balance model (Russell and Minor,2002;Russell,2004;Minor et al.,2007)and the distributed parameter wa-tershed model (Hevesi et al.,2003).It is unclear to scien-tists working in the DVRFS which recharge model should be used for groundwater flow and contaminant transport modeling.As recharge is the major driving force of ground-water flow,and thus contaminant transport,in the arid environment of the DVRFS,it is important to understand re-charge model uncertainty.Our ultimate goal is to incorpo-rate the recharge model uncertainty in our uncertainty analysis of DVRFS groundwater models.It is worth pointing out that recharge model uncertainty is prevalent and not limited to the DVRFS.Recharge is a fun-damental component of groundwater systems,andwithFigure 1(a)Boundaries of the Death Valley regional flow system,the Nevada Test Site,the proposed Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository,and recharge rate estimates (m/d)of models (b)MME (modified Maxey–Eakin model),(c)NIM1(net infiltration model with runon–runoff component),(d)NIM2(net infiltration model without runon–runoff component),(e)CMB1(chloride mass balance model with alluvial mask),and (f)CMB2(chloride mass balance model with alluvial and elevation masks).104M.Ye et al.multiple recharge estimation methods(or models)avail-able,it is nontrivial to select the recharge estimation meth-od appropriate for a given environment(see review articles of Scanlon et al.,2002;Scanlon,2004).Scanlon et al.(2002) suggested using multiple methods to enhance reliability of recharge estimates.This is in line with the new concept of model averaging discussed above.The second section of this paper introduces the recharge models considered in the expert elicitation.Recharge esti-mates of the models are briefly compared in terms of their values,spatial distributions and statistical characteristics. In particular,we explain the reasons for treating recharge uncertainty as conceptual model uncertainty,rather than as parametric uncertainty.The process of expert elicitation is listed in the third section,followed by discussion of elic-itation results in the fourth section.Our conclusions are summarized in thefifth section.Description of thefive alternative recharge modelsThefive recharge models considered for the DVRFS are de-scribed briefly below;details of the models can be found in their original publications.Additional comparison of the models can be found in Rehfeldt(2004)and Pohlmann et al.(2007).Description of the geologic,hydrologic and hydrogeologic conditions of the DVRFS is beyond the scope of this paper,and the reader is referred to D’Agnese et al.(1997)and Belcher(2004)for further information on these topics.Modification of the Maxey–Eakin method(MME) Maxey and Eakin(1949)presented an empirical method (known as the Maxey–Eakin method)for estimating ground-water recharge as a function of precipitation.Since its inception,the Maxey–Eakin method has become the pre-dominant technique used for estimating annual groundwa-ter recharge in Nevada.The method estimates recharge viaR¼X Ni¼1C i P ið4Þwhere R is the estimated recharge,C i are the percentage adjustment coefficients,P i are the annual precipitation val-ues within zones of precipitation and N is the number of pre-cipitation zones.Maxey and Eakin(1949)utilized the precipitation map for Nevada developed by Hardman (1936)that includes hand-drawn contours based on weather station records and topography.The precipitation is distrib-uted amongfive isohyets(N=5)of5,8,12,15and20in. Assuming a steady-state basinflow condition in which dis-charge from a basin is approximately the same as recharge into the basin,the coefficients,C i,were developed through a trial-and-error method to attain a general agreement be-tween the volumes of estimated recharge and measured dis-charge for13basins in eastern and central Nevada.The coefficients,listed in Table1,increase in magnitude as the amount of precipitation increases while evapotranspira-tion and surface water runoff presumably decline.Note that the precipitation zone receiving less than8in./yr rainfall does not contribute to groundwater recharge.Given the incomplete coverage of the DVRFS domain by the Hardman precipitation map,Epstein(2004)modified the Maxey–Eakin model,hereinafter referred to as the modified Maxey–Eakin model(MME).The method uses the PRISM map(Precipitation Estimation on Independent Slopes Model)(Daly et al.,1994)so that the recharge is estimated in a consistent way over both the Nevada and California por-tions of the DVRFS.Considering uncertainty in the PRISM estimates of precipitation,the MME evaluates uncertainty of the recharge coefficients,C i,using an automated calibra-tion method based on91basins.Table1lists the mean coef-ficients of four precipitation zones(thus N=4in MME)used to estimate recharge of the DVRFS.Different from the Max-ey–Eakin method,the coefficient for the lowermost precip-itation zone is allowed to be nonzero.Although the MME model is more complicated than the original ME model,it is still the simplest model in the model set.The recharge map of the DVRFS estimated using the MME(with the mean coefficients)is shown in Fig.1b.Two net infiltration models(NIM)Hevesi et al.(2003)developed a distributed-parameter wa-tershed model,INFILv3,for estimating temporal and spatial distribution of net infiltration and potential recharge in the Death Valley region,including the DVRFS.The estimates of net infiltration quantify downward drainage of water across the lower boundary of the root zone,and are used as an indication of potential recharge under current climate con-ditions.Based on the daily average water balance at the root zone,the model comprehensively represents processes controlling net infiltration and potential recharge.The daily water balance includes the major components of the water balance for arid to semiarid environments,including precip-itation;infiltration of rain;snowmelt and surface water into soil or bedrock;runoff(excess rainfall and snowmelt);Table1Recharge coefficients for the Maxey–Eakin method and the modified Maxey–Eakin method(Epstein,2004)Maxey–Eakin method Modified Maxey–Eakin methodPrecipitation zone(in./yr)Coefficient Precipitation zone(in./yr)Coefficient 0to less than80.000to less than100.0198to less than120.0310to less than200.04912to less than150.0720to less than300.19515to less than200.15Greater than300.629 Greater than200.25Expert elicitation of recharge model probabilities for the Death Valley regionalflow system105surface water runon(overlandflow and streamflow);bare-soil evaporation;transpiration from the root zone;redistri-bution or changes in water content in the root zone;and net infiltration across the lower boundary of the root zone.Var-ious techniques were developed to estimate these quanti-ties and their spatial and temporal variability,which renders this method comprehensive but complicated.The model parameters(e.g.,bedrock and soil saturated hydrau-lic conductivity and root density)were adjusted through model calibration by comparing simulated and observed streamflow as well as basin-wide average net infiltration and previous estimates of basin-wide recharge.Two alternative net infiltration models with and without runon–runoff component(Hevesi et al.,2003)are consid-ered in this paper to represent the two opposite conceptu-alizations.Fig.1c and d depicts the averaged annual net infiltration estimates of the two models.Groundwater re-charge can be estimated from the net infiltration estimates by multiplying the net infiltration with coefficients related to rock hydraulic conductivity at the water table,since the net infiltration distribution only accounted for surficial characteristics of the system.For more details about the determination of the coefficients,the reader is referred to Belcher(2004).For convenience in this discussion,the two net infiltration models are also referred to as recharge models.Two elevation-dependent chloride mass balance models(CMB)The chloride mass balance(CMB)method estimates re-charge in basins(or any hydrologic systems)based on a bal-ance between chloride mass within hydrologic input and output components.The method assumes that chloride in groundwater within the basins originates from chloride in precipitation in mountain uplands and dry-fallout and is transported to adjacent valleys by steady-state groundwa-terflow(Dettinger,1989).At its most fundamental level, the method requires only estimates of annual precipitation in the recharge areas,total chloride input(chloride concen-trations in precipitation and recharge water)and total chlo-ride output(chloride concentrations in adjacent basin groundwater).The rate of recharge,R,can be calculated as(Maurer et al.,1996)R¼C p PC rÀC sw S wC rð5Þwhere C p is the combined wet-fall and dry-fall atmospheric chloride concentration normalized to precipitation,P is the mean annual precipitation rate,C r is the chloride concentra-tion in recharge water and C sw is the chloride concentration in surface water runoff S w.For individual basins,recharge rate can be estimated from this information if the following assumptions are met(Dettinger,1989):(1)there are no other major sources or sinks for chloride in the system;(2)surface runoff is small in comparison to groundwaterflow;and(3) the recharge areas are correctly delineated.Russell and Min-or(2002)extended the chloride mass balance approach to account for the elevation of precipitation,the limited quan-tities of recharge that are thought to occur on low-elevation alluvial surfaces,and uncertainty inherent in the data.This elevation-dependent chloride mass balance approach was applied by Russell and Minor(2002)to a7900-km2region of the Nevada Test Site(NTS)and vicinity within the DVRFS.Although this recharge/elevation relationship simulates recharge at all elevations,several studies suggest that sig-nificant groundwater recharge does not occur through low-elevation alluvial sediments in southern Nevada.Russell and Minor(2002)thus developed two models to address this uncertain conceptualization of low-elevation recharge.The first model assumes that all land surface areas covered by alluvial sediments receive negligible recharge based on the results of previous studies and soil-water chloride pro-files of40boreholes completed in unsaturated alluvium within the NTS(Russell and Minor,2002).This model is called the CMB model with alluvial mask.The second model assumes that the elevation of the lowest perennial spring that discharges from a perched groundwater system in the study area represents the lowest elevation at which signifi-cant recharge occurs.This spring is Cane Spring,which is lo-cated at an elevation of1237m above mean seas level. Coincidentally,this is approximately the same elevation (1200m)that Harrill(1976)and Dettinger(1989)consider to be the minimum at which precipitation makes a signifi-cant contribution to recharge in desert basins of central and southern ing the concept of a recharge cut-off elevation,Russell and Minor(2002)define a zone of zero recharge that encompasses all elevations below1237m plus elevations above1237m that are covered by alluvium.This model is called CMB with both elevation and alluvial masks. To assess uncertainty in the model parameters and mea-surements(e.g.,precipitation and chloride concentration in spring water),Russell and Minor(2002)developed a Monte Carlo method to estimate multiple realizations of the recharge estimates.The two models were further ex-tended in Russell(2004)and this study to include more ba-sins in Nevada and cover the DVRFS.Fig.1e and f depicts mean recharge estimates of the two CMB models. Summary and discussionThefive recharge models are summarized as follows: MME(Fig.1b):modified Maxey–Eakin model using the mean coefficients.NIM1(Fig.1c):net infiltration model with runon–runoff component.NIM2(Fig.1d):net infiltration model without runon–run-off component.CMB1(Fig.1e):chloride mass balance model with alluvial mask(mean estimates only).CMB2(Fig.1f):chloride mass balance model with alluvial and elevation masks(mean estimates only).Fig.1illustrates similarities and differences of the re-charge rate estimates(m/d)of thefive models,and Table 2lists the total recharge estimates(m3/d)for the entire DVRFS by each method.The MME gives the highest recharge estimate,and the CMB models give higher estimates than the NIM models.Due to the runon–runoff component con-sidered in NIM1,the recharge estimate of NIM1is higher than that of NIM2,while spatial patterns of the recharge estimate are similar in the two models.Because of the extra106M.Ye et al.elevation mask considered in CMB2,the recharge estimate of CMB2is lower than that of CMB1;for the same reason, spatial patterns of the recharge estimate are different in the two models(less recharge is estimated in southern Ne-vada in CMB2).The recharge estimate of the MME has the smoothest spatial distribution,due to the four precipitation zones.The different recharge estimates are viewed as a re-sult of conceptual model uncertainty,rather than paramet-ric uncertainty,since they are caused by simplification and inadequacy/ambiguity in describing the recharge process and not by uncertainty in recharge measurements them-selves(Wagener and Gupta,2005).Given thefive recharge models,which model(or models) should be used for groundwater modeling?Is it reasonable and justifiable to select a single model and to discard others based on expert judgment?How should uncertainty of the recharge models be assessed?The expert elicitation is used to answer these questions,and ultimate results of this ex-pert elicitation are the prior model probabilities essential to the BMA for assessing the conceptual model uncertainty. Process of the expert elicitationWhile several processes of expert elicitation have been sug-gested in the literature(e.g.,Hora and Iman,1989;Bonano et al.,1990),the process proposed by Keeney and von Win-terfeldt(1991)was followed,since it is closely pertinent to eliciting probability from experts and has been applied to model probability elicitation(Zio and Apostolakis,1996). The formal process consists of the seven steps listed below. Implementation of the process for the recharge models is also described.Step1:Identification and selection of elicitation issues The elicitation issues are the questions posed to the ex-perts that require their answers.The following three issues are considered for assessing the recharge model uncertainty: (1)Is the model set complete,given the objective of theanalysis?BMA requires that alternative models arecomprehensively exhaustive(all alternative modelsare included in the model set).Since this requirementcannot be satisfied in an absolute sense,we elicitfrom the experts whether there are other alternativemodels that are comparable in importance to thefivemodels and should be considered.(2)What are the plausibility ranks of these models,giventhe objective of the analysis?Whereas ranking ofmodel plausibility is qualitative and the ranks cannotdirectly give the prior model probability,the modelranking helps experts evaluate relative plausibilityof the models before they estimate prior modelprobability.(3)What is the probability value that best represents theconfidence you would place on each recharge model,given the objective of the analysis?Model probabili-ties are the ultimate goal of the expert elicitation,and will be used directly in the BMA to calculate theposterior model probability through Eq.(2).Step2:Identification and selection of expertsExpert elicitation requires three types of experts:gener-alists,specialists and normative experts.In this study,the generalists should be knowledgeable about various aspects of the recharge models and the broader study goals(in this case,assessing groundwaterflow and contaminant transport in the DVRFS).They typically have substantive knowledge in one discipline(e.g.,geology or hydrology)and a general understanding of the technical aspects of the problem. While the generalists are not necessarily at the forefront of any specialty within their main discipline,the specialists should be at the forefront of one specialty relevant to the recharge models.The specialists often do not have the gen-eralists’knowledge about how their expertise contributes to the broader study with respect to recharge model uncer-tainty analysis.Normative experts typically have training in probability theory,psychology and decision analysis.They assist generalists and specialists in articulating their profes-sional judgments and thoughts so that they can be used in a meaningful way in the conceptual model uncertainty assess-ment.A high-quality elicitation requires the teamwork of all three types of experts.Selecting experts is a time-consuming process,and may take more than a year for a full-scale elicitation(e.g.,having international nomination of experts and forming an expert panel of international scientists,as in Hora and Jensen, 2005).With practical limitations,we selected national and state experts,who were believed well-qualified owing to their familiarity with the hydrogeologic conditions of the DVRFS and their research at the forefront of recharge esti-mation in semi-arid environments of the southwestern US. Five specialists,two generalists and one normative expert were identified.The normative expert had an advisory role and was not involved in evaluating the recharge model uncertainty.Step3:Discussion and refinement of elicited issuesThis step allows discussion and refinement,if necessary, of the issues and quantities that will be elicited.While Kee-ney and von Winterfeldt(1991)suggest completing this step by a1-day meeting of all experts,such a meeting was con-sidered unnecessary for this project.Instead,one month before the elicitation,the experts received the three clearly stated elicitation issues,as well as original publica-tions of thefive recharge models and references about con-ceptual model uncertainty,BMA,prior model probability and expert judgment.The experts studied these materials, and some discussed details of the models with us and requested more reading materials.Step4:Training for the elicitationLed by the normative expert,the training was conduct in two meetings in thefirst half day of elicitation.In thefirst training meeting,the normative expert introduced theTable2Recharge estimates(m3/d)of thefive rechargemodels in the DVRFSRecharge model DVRFS(m3/d)MME596,190.8NIM1341,930.6NIM2282,223.1CMB1385,213.7CMB2365,647.2Expert elicitation of recharge model probabilities for the Death Valley regionalflow system107。
python第16章下载数据课后习题答案
Solutions - Chapter 1616-2: Sitka-Death Valley ComparisonThe temperature scales on the Sitka and Death Valley graphs reflect the different ranges of the data. To accurately compare the temperature range in Sitka to that of Death Valley, you need identical scales on the y-axis. Change the settings for the y-axis on one or both of the charts in Figures 16-5 and 16-6, and make a direct comparison between temperature ranges in Sitka and Death Valley (or any two places you want to compare). You can also try plotting the two data sets on the same chart.The pyplot function ylim() allows you to set the limits of just they-axis. If you ever need to specify the limits of the x-axis, there’s a corresponding xlim() function as well.Output:Using the same limits for the ylim() function with the Death Valley data results in a chart that has the same scale:There are a number of ways you can approach plotting both data sets on the same chart. In the following solution, we put the code for reading the csv file into a function. We then call it once to grab the highs and lows for Sitka before making the chart, and then call the function a second time to add Death Valley’s data to the existing plot. The colors have been adjusted slightly to make each location’s data distinct.16-3: RainfallChoose any location you’re interested in, and make a visualization that plots its rainfall. Start by focusing on one month’s data, and then once your code is working, run it for a full year’s data.Note: You can find the data file for this example here.Output:16-4: ExploreGenerate a few more visualizations that examine any other weather aspect you’re interested in for any locations you’re curious about.I live in a rainforest, so I was interested in playing with the rainfall data.I calculated the cumulative rainfall for the year, and plotted that over the daily rainfall. Even after living in this rain, I’m surprised to see how much we get.Output:。
how to escape education's death valley如何逃出教育的死亡谷
Thankrica 12 years ago with my wife Terry and our two kids. Actually, truthfully, we moved to Los Angeles -- (Laughter) -- thinking we were moving to America, but anyway, it's a short plane ride from Los Angeles to America.
But I knew that Americans get irony when I came across that legislation No Child Left Behind. Because whoever thought of that title gets irony, don't they, because -- (Laughter) (Applause) — because it's leaving millions of children behind. Now I can see that's not a very attractive name for legislation: Millions of Children Left Behind. I can see that. What's the plan? Well, we propose to leave millions of children behind, and here's how it's going to work.
I got here 12 years ago, and when I got here, I was told various things, like, "Americans don't get irony." Have you come across this idea? It's not true. I've traveled the whole length and breadth of this country. I have found no evidence that Americans don't get irony. It's one of those cultural myths, like, "The British are reserved." I don't know why people think this. We've invaded every country we've encountered. (Laughter) But it's not true Americans don't get irony, but I just want you to know that that's what people are saying about you behind your back. You know, so when you leave living rooms in Europe, people say, thankfully, nobody was ironic in your presence.
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Death V alley is one of the most famous deserts in the United States, covering a wide area with its alkali(强碱) sand. Almost 20 percent of this area is well below sea level, and Badwater, a salt water pool, is about 280 feet below sea level and the lowest point in the United states. Long ago the Panamint Indians called this place “Tomesha”--- the land of fire. Death V alley’s present name dates back to 1849, when a group of miners coming across from Nevada became lost in its unpleasantness and hugeness and their adventure turned out to be a sad story. Today Death V alley has been declared a National Monument and is crossed by several well-marked roads where good services can be found easily. Luckily the change created by human settlement has hardly ruined the special beauty of this place.
Here nature created a lot of surprising scenes, almost like the sights on the moon, ever-changing as the frequent wind moves the sand about, showing the most unusual colors. One of the most astonishing and variable(变化的) parts of Death V alley is the Devil’s Golf Course, where it seems hard for one to tell reality from terrible dreams. Sand sculptures stand on a frightening ground, as
evening shadows move and lengthen.
66. ______ is the lowest place in the desert.
A. Tomesha
B. Death V alley
C. Nevada
D. Badwater
67. The present name of the valley comes from ______.
A. an Indian name
B. the death o the miners
C. the local people
D. a National Movement
68. From the passage we can learn that ______.
A. no one had ever known the desert before the miners
B. it’s still not easy to travel across the desert
C. people can find gas stations, cafes and hotels in the desert
D. people have changed the natural sight of the desert
69. Devil Golf Course is famous for ______.
A. the frequent wind
B. the colors of the sand
C. dream-like sights
D. the sand sculptures
70.From the passage we can see that the writer ______ Death V alley.
A. appreciates
B. is fearful of
C. dislikes
D. is tired of。