The End of the Western Zhou Dynasty

合集下载

Western Zhou Dynasty的统一帝国

Western Zhou Dynasty的统一帝国Western Zhou Dynasty（西周）是中国历史上第一个定都于西安附近地区的朝代，它是中国历史上的三个封建王朝之一，其时期为公元前1046年至公元前771年。

在西周末年期间，人们获得了对天文学和气象学的长期研究成果，并在制度、经济、文化和技术等各个领域都取得了很大进步。

在其短暂的六百多年的历史中，西周王朝建立了王权制度，以天子为首，各地对天子顶礼膜拜，坚持先王祭祀的制度确保了国家的统一和稳定。

西周建立在周王武帝的基础之上，其宗旨就是要确保对王权力的绝对控制。

所以，这个时代充满了各种建立和压制权力的活动。

最常见的方式是通过重视礼仪和封建文化，各地的统治者能够向王权臣服，并通过自己的土地、劳动、税收和军队来贡献给王权。

这个王权制度被形象地称为“尊王攘夷”（“以天下为主，以夷为侮”），也就是说，只有通过绝对的中央集权，才能在这个半农业时间内维持相对的安全、经济、安定和国家统一。

在西周朝期间，各种各样的制度被建立和实施。

封建社会统治由宗法制度组成，君主主宰王国，大臣参与，领土和社会被分层，军队、铸币和控制交通运输等领域都加强了国家中央政府的控制。

然而，尽管这些强有力的制度，社会矛盾和阶级分化终究还是出现了。

在历史上，西周也以其曲艺文化而闻名于世。

这个时期文化尤其重视传统，神话、祖先崇拜，以及经典文学的创造和讲述。

最知名的文化成就之一是《周礼》（The Rites of Zhou）及其注释，它被认为是中国封建政治制度的代表作之一，并对后来的中国政治和社会学有深远的影响。

此外，史书《史记》及《尚书》等也是当时代表作品之一。

由于王权统治的持续，它的最大成就之一就是国家统一。

在西周中期，各个州和城市相互合并，最终形成一个定都在今西安的王朝都市，确立了国家整体性的重要地位。

在八世纪初，西周王朝的衰落开始了。

地方割据和分裂，奴隶制度的削弱和贵族的专权加剧了政治和经济的动荡。

用英语说中国的周朝

用英语说中国的周朝掌握好英语学习方法，自然能提高自己的英语水平，可以把英语融入到日常的阅读当中。

小编在此献上用英语来了解中国的历史文化，希望大家喜欢。

用英语说中国周朝：Decline of Western Zhou 西周的衰落After the death of King Wu, the Duke of Zhou was in Charge of state affairs for seven years until King Cheng came of age.周武王去世后，周公旦执政七年直到周成王达到登基的年龄。

The four decades under King Cheng and his son King Kang were marked by political stability and economic prosperity.成王在位的40年和他的儿子周康王执政的时期政治稳定、经济繁荣。

Under the next rulers, King Zhao and King Mu, the strength of the dynasty was at its height and wars were fought against the peoples of the surrounding areas.之后，在周昭王和周穆王的统治下，周朝国力达到鼎盛并与周边地区多次开战。

These conflicts intensified with the Zhou side enjoying the initiative.这些战事加强了周朝的主动权。

King Mu, powerful and ambitious, is said to have toured the regions far out in the west.据说强势又野心勃勃的穆王将国土扩展到了西边。

After King Mu and throughout the reigns of King Gong, King Yi, King Xiao, King Yi and King Li, the prestige of the dynasty gradually declined and contradictions between the royal house and the people began to surface.穆王之后，也就是在周共王、周懿王、周孝王、周夷王和周厉王在位期间，王朝的威望逐步衰退，皇族与人民之间的矛盾浮现出来。

中国历史朝代的英语翻译说法(3页)

中国历史朝代的英语翻译说法一、夏朝（Xia Dynasty）夏朝是中国历史上第一个朝代，大约存在于公元前2070年至公元前1600年。

在英语中，夏朝通常被翻译为“Xia Dynasty”。

二、商朝（Shang Dynasty）商朝继夏朝之后，存在于公元前1600年至公元前1046年。

商朝的英语翻译为“Shang Dynasty”。

三、西周（Western Zhou Dynasty）西周时期从公元前1046年开始，持续到公元前771年。

在英语中，西周被称为“Western Zhou Dynasty”。

四、东周（Eastern Zhou Dynasty）东周分为春秋和战国两个时期，存在于公元前770年至公元前221年。

其英语翻译为“Eastern Zhou Dynasty”。

五、秦朝（Qin Dynasty）秦朝是中国历史上第一个统一的中央集权国家，存在于公元前221年至公元前206年。

在英语中，秦朝被称为“Qin Dynasty”。

六、汉朝（Han Dynasty）汉朝分为西汉和东汉两个时期，存在于公元前206年至公元220年。

其英语翻译为“Han Dynasty”。

七、三国时期（Three Kingdoms）三国时期是指魏、蜀、吴三国鼎立的时期，存在于公元220年至公元280年。

在英语中，这一时期被称为“Three Kingdoms”。

八、晋朝（Jin Dynasty）晋朝分为西晋和东晋两个时期，存在于公元265年至公元420年。

其英语翻译为“Jin Dynasty”。

九、南北朝（Southern and Northern Dynasties）南北朝时期，中国分裂为南北两部分，存在于公元420年至公元589年。

在英语中，这一时期被称为“Southern and Northern Dynasties”。

十、隋朝（Sui Dynasty）隋朝是中国历史上第二个统一的中央集权国家，存在于公元581年至公元618年。

介绍司母戊鼎英语作文

介绍司母戊鼎英语作文The Simuwu Ding, also known as the "Ding of the State of Zeng", is an ancient Chinese bronze vessel that dates back to the Western Zhou dynasty (1046-771 BC). It is one of the largest and heaviest ancient Chinese bronzes ever made, weighing over 800 kg and standing at over one meter tall. The Simuwu Ding is considered a national treasure and an important symbol of Chinese civilization.The Simuwu Ding is decorated with intricate and elaborate designs, including taotie (a motif of stylized animal faces) and kui dragons. The craftsmanship and artistic quality of the Simuwu Ding are of the highest level, showcasing the advanced metalworking skills of the ancient Chinese artisans.The inscription on the inside of the Simuwu Ding provides valuable historical and cultural information. It records the lineage of a noble family from the State of Zeng, as well asthe achievements and contributions of its members. This inscription serves as a record of the social and political structure of the Western Zhou dynasty, shedding light on the hierarchical relationships and power dynamics of the time.The significance of the Simuwu Ding extends beyond its artistic and historical value. It also holds symbolic and ritualistic importance in Chinese culture. In ancient China, bronze vessels such as the Simuwu Ding were used in ceremonies and rituals, serving as symbols of authority, power, and social status. The Simuwu Ding, with its grandeur and magnificence, embodied the prestige and legitimacy of the ruling elite.The discovery and excavation of the Simuwu Ding in 1939 marked a groundbreaking moment in the field of Chinese archaeology. Its unearthing provided scholars and historians with invaluable insights into the material culture and social customs of the Western Zhou dynasty. The significance of theSimuwu Ding has earned it a place in the collection of the National Museum of China, where it continues to be revered and admired by the public.In conclusion, the Simuwu Ding stands as a testament to the ancient Chinese civilization, reflecting the artistic, historical, and cultural achievements of the Western Zhou dynasty. Its grandeur and significance have solidified its position as a national treasure of China, revered for its beauty, craftsmanship, and historical significance.。

西周礼乐制度英语

西周礼乐制度英语The Western Zhou Ritual and Music SystemThe Western Zhou dynasty, which lasted from 1046 BCE to 771 BCE, is renowned for its well-developed system of rituals and music. This intricate web of cultural practices played a crucial role in shaping the social and political landscape of ancient China. The Western Zhou ritual and music system was a complex and multifaceted entity that encompassed various aspects of religious, political, and social life.At the heart of the Western Zhou ritual and music system was the concept of the Mandate of Heaven. This belief held that the ruling dynasty's legitimacy was derived from the divine approval of the heavens. The Zhou rulers, therefore, placed great emphasis on maintaining a harmonious relationship with the divine realm through the performance of elaborate rituals and the cultivation of a robust musical tradition.The Western Zhou ritual system was a hierarchical structure that mirrored the social and political hierarchy of the time. The emperor, as the Son of Heaven, presided over the most sacred rituals, which were performed in the imperial ancestral temples and the royal court.These rituals were designed to establish a direct connection between the mortal realm and the divine, and to ensure the continued support of the heavens for the ruling dynasty.Beneath the emperor, the aristocratic elite, including princes and high-ranking officials, were responsible for conducting their own ancestral rites and other rituals within their respective domains. These rituals were intended to maintain the social order and to reinforce the political power of the ruling class.The Western Zhou music system was closely intertwined with the ritual system. Music was not merely a form of entertainment, but rather a vital component of the broader cultural and political landscape. The imperial court employed a large number of musicians and dancers who were responsible for performing music and choreography during important rituals and ceremonies.The music of the Western Zhou period was highly structured and governed by a complex system of rules and conventions. Different musical genres were associated with specific rituals and social occasions, and the performance of these pieces was tightly regulated to ensure the preservation of their sacred and symbolic significance.The Western Zhou ritual and music system also played a crucial role in the socialization and education of the elite. The study of ritualsand music was an essential part of the curriculum for the aristocratic class, as it was believed to instill the values of propriety, filial piety, and social harmony.The influence of the Western Zhou ritual and music system extended far beyond the borders of the Zhou dynasty itself. The cultural practices and musical traditions developed during this period would continue to shape the cultural landscape of China for centuries to come, serving as a foundation for the development of subsequent dynasties and their own ritual and musical traditions.In conclusion, the Western Zhou ritual and music system was a complex and multifaceted entity that played a central role in the social, political, and religious life of ancient China. The intricate web of cultural practices and musical traditions developed during this period would continue to exert a profound influence on the Chinese cultural landscape for generations to come.。

长城英文导游词5篇精选

长城英文导游词5篇精选我国的万里长城，是全世界闻名的伟大工程之一。

是我国古代伟大的军事防御工程,被视为中华民族的精神象征。

你有去那壮丽雄伟的长城吗?下面是小编为大家带来的长城中英文导游词，希望可以帮助大家。

长城英文导游词1Everybody is good!Today, I am a tour guide YanZiRu trip to the Great Wall by me to service for you, don't hesitate to ask have any requirements and problems on the road.This is today we want to climb the Great Wall. It is like a dragon, winding between mountains. It has a long history, was built during the warring states period, enormous project, east of shanhaiguan, west to jiayuguan, the total length of more than thirteen thousand. Is the history of the great wonders of the world.Ok, now we began to climb the Great Wall. The Great Wall is made of stone and square brick. Each piece of stone has two or three one thousand catties, because there were no trains, cars, no crane, only by thousands of working people's shoulders and hands carried on step by step the steep mountain peaks; By thousands of lives and sweat to build. You see, on our feet square brick, every piece of square brick, so smooth, on the top of the wall like a broad road, WuLiuPi mark in parallel.Do you know why the Great Wall can resist the enemy's invasion? Because it is not only strong, broad, more important is: it has scanned, nozzle and the beacon tower. Scanned and square nozzle on the wall outside more than two meters high on the rows of buttress, it is to observe the situation of the enemy, thesecond is to enemy fire. Every 300 meters, there is a square ChengTai, called beacon tower, one is used for station troops fortress, 2 it is with fire.Ok, my dear visitors, here about the introduction of the Great Wall is, as the saying goes: "is not a true man unless he comes to the Great Wall". Please adhere to climb on the Great Wall is the most high-end, don't draw pictures on the stone carving, speak civilization health. I wish you a happy happy play.长城英文导游词2Everybody is good! My name is zhang, you can call me a guide. Today I bring you to visit verve magnificent Great Wall.MAO zedong once said: "not a true man unless he comes to the Great Wall". Why don't we go on a tour today? Good! We can eat when men now! On the former see head, after the end of the Great Wall.About the Great Wall, there is a moving story, legend meng jiangnu's husband was caught to build the Great Wall, the meng jiangnu then struggling to find her husband, however, meng jiangnu I get to know and her husband were dead tired at the foot of the Great Wall. After hearing the news, meng jiangnu cry for three days and three nights at the foot of the Great Wall, just listen to "bang" a loud walls down, to see the bodies of her husband!Now that we have stood on the badaling, stepping at the foot of the square brick, holding the stone on the wall, naturally think of the Great Wall is built. Tourists, look at these countless stone alone, with 2 - one thousand catties a enough at that time, there was also no crane, crane, forklift, rely on the shoulder, countless hands, step by step, carry on the steep mountains.Well, the beauty of the Great Wall I said also said not over,now please enjoy the beautiful scenery of the Great Wall!长城英文导游词3In the north of China， there lies a 6，700-kilometer-long (4，161-mile-long) ancient wall. Now well-known as the Great Wall of China， it starts at the Jiayuguan Paof Gansu Province in the west and ends at the Shanhaiguan Paof Hebei Province in the east. As one of the Eight Wonders in the world， the Great Wall of China has become the symbol of the Chinese nation and its culture.Lots of beautiful legends and stories about the Great Wall took place following along the construction， and since that time these stories have spread around the country. Those that happened during construction are abundant，such as Meng Jiangnu‘s story and the legend of the Jiayuguan Pass. Meng Jiangnu‘s story is the most famous and widely spread of all the legends about the Great Wall. The story happened during the Qin Dynasty (221BC-206BC). It tells of how Meng Jiangnu‘s b itter weeping made a section of the Great Wall collapse. Meng Jiangnu‘s husband Fan Qiliang was caught by federal officials and sent to build the Great Wall. Meng Jiangnu heard nothing from him after his departure， so she set out to look for him. Unfortunately，by the time she reached the great wall，she discovered that her husband had already died. Hearing the bad news， she cried her heart out. Her howl caused the collapse of a part of the Great Wall. This story indicates that the Great Wall is the production of tens of thousands of Chinese commoners.htmlAnother legend about the Jiayuguan Patells of a workman named Yi Kaizhan in the Ming Dynasty (1368BC-1644BC) who was proficient in arithmetic. He calculated that it would need 99，999 bricks to build the Jiayuguan Pass. Thesupervisor did not believe him and said if they miscalculated by even one brick， then all the workmen would be punished to do hard work for three years. After the completion of the project，one brick was left behind the Xiwong city gate. The supervisor was happy at the sight of the brick and ready to punish them. However Yi Kaizhan said with deliberation that the brick was put there by a supernatural being to fix the wall. A tiny move would cause the collapse of the wall. Therefore the brick was kept there and never moved. It can still be found there today on the tower of the Jiayuguan Pass.In addition to the above-mentioned stories about the construction of the Great Wall， there are also plenty of stories about current scenic spots. A famous one is the legend of the Beacon Tower. This story happened during the Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century BC-711 BC). King You had a queen named Bao Si，who was very pretty. King You liked her very much，however Bao Si never smiled. An official gave a suggestion that setting the beacon tower on fire would frighten the King‘s subjects， and might make the queen smile. King You liked the idea. The subjects were fooled and Bao Si smiled at the sight of the chaos. Later enemies invaded Western Zhou， King You set the beacon tower on fire to ask for help. No subjects came to help because they had been fooled once before. Thus，King Zhou was killed by the enemy and Western Zhou came to an end.Beautiful stories and legends about the Great Wall help to keep alive Chinese history and culture. In each dynasty after the building of the Great Wall， many more stories were created and spread.长城英文导游词4The Great Wall, like the Pyramids of Egypt, the Taj Mahal(1)in India and the Hanging Garden of Babylon(2), is one of the great wonders of the world. Starting out in the east on the banks of the Yalu River in Liaoning Province, the Wall stretches westwards for 12,700 kilometers to Jiayuguan in the Gobi desert, thus known as the Ten Thousand Li Wall in China. The Wall climbs up and down, twists and turns along the ridges of the Yanshan and Yinshan Mountain Chains through five provinces-Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Gansu--and two autonomous regions--Ningxia and Inner Mongolia, binding the northern China together.Historical records trace the construction of the origin of the Wall to defensive fortification back to the year 656 B.C. during the reign of King Cheng of the States of Chu. Its construction continued throughout the Warring States period in the fifth Century B.C. when ducal states Yan, Zhao, Wei, and Qin were frequently plundered by the nomadic peoples living north of the Yinshan and Yanshan mountain ranges. Walls, then, were built separately by these ducal states to ward off such harassments. Later in 221 B.C., when Qin conquered the other states and unified China, Emperor Qinshihuang ordered the connection of these individual walls and further extensions to form the basis of the present great wall. As a matter of fact, a separate outer wall was constructed north of the Yinshan range in the Han Dynasty(206 BC--1644 BC.), which went to ruin through years of neglect. In the many intervening centuries, succeeding dynasties rebuilt parts of the Wall. The most extensive reinforcements and renovations were carried out in the Ming Dynasty (1368--1644) when altogether 18 lengthy stretches were reinforced with bricks and rocks. it is mostly the Ming Dynasty Wall that visitors see today. The Great Wall is divided into two sections, the east and west, with Shanxi Province as the dividing line. The west part is arammed earth construction, about 5.3 meters high on average. In the eastern part, the core of the Wall is rammed earth as well, but the outer shell is reinforced with bricks and rocks. The most imposing and best preserved sections of the Great Wall are at Badaling and Mutianyu, not far from Beijing and both are open to visitors. The Wall of those sections is 7.8 meters high and 6.5 meters wide at its base, narrowing to 5.8 meters on the ramparts, wide enough for five horses to gallop abreast. There are ramparts, embrasures, peep-holes and apertures for archers on the top, besides gutters with gargoyles to drain rain-water off the parapet walk. Two-storied watch-towers are built at approximately 400-meters internals. The top stories of the watch-tower were designed for observing enemy movements, while the first was used for storing grain, fodder, military equipment and gunpowder as well as for quartering garrison soldiers. The highest watch-tower at Badaling standing on a hill-top, is reached only after a steep climb, like "climbing a ladder to heaven". The view from the top is rewarding, hoverer. The Wall follows the contour of mountains that rise one behind the other until they finally fade and merge with distant haze. A signal system formerly existed that served to communicate military information to the dynastic capital. This consisted of beacon towers on the Wall itself and on mountain tops within sight of the Wall. At the approach of enemy troops, smoke signals gave the alarm from the beacon towers in the daytime and bonfire did this at night.Emergency signals could be relayed to the capital from distant places within a few hour long before the invention of anything like modern communications. There stand 14 major passes (Guan, in Chinese) at places of strategic importance alongthe Great Wall, the most important being Shanghaiguan and Jiayuguan. Yet the most impressive one is Juyongguan, about 50 kilometers northwest of Beijing. Known as "Tian Xia Di YI Guan" (The First Pass Under Heaven), Shanghaiguan Pass is situated between two sheer cliffs forming a neck connecting north China with the northeast. It had been, therefore, a key junction contested by all strategists and many famous battles were fought here. It was the gate of Shanghaiguan that the Ming general Wu Sangui opened to the Manchu army to suppress the peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng and so surrendered the whole Ming empire to the Manchus, leading to the foundation of the Qing Dynasty. (1644-1911) Jiayuguan Pass was not so much as the "Strategic pass Under the Heaven" as an important communication center in Chinese history. Cleft between the snow-capped Qilian Mountains and the rolling Mazong Mountains, it was on the ancient Silk Road. Zhang Qian, the first envoy of Emperor Wu Di of the Western Han dynasty (206 B.C-24 A.D), crossed it on his journey to the western regions. Later, silk flowed to the west through this pass too. The gate-tower of Jiayuguan is an attractive building of excellent workmanship. It has an inner city and an outer city, the former square in shape and surrounded by a wall 11.7 meters high and 730 meters in circumference. It has two gates, an eastern one and a western one. On each gate sits a tower facing each other. the four corners of the wall are occupied by four watch towers, one for each. Juyongguan, a gateway to ancient Beijing from Inner Mongolia, was built in a 15-kilometer long ravine flanked by mountains. The cavalrymen of Genghis Khan swept through it in the 13th century. At the center of the pass is a white marble platform named the Cloud terrace, which was called the Crossing-Street Dagoba,since its narrow arch spanned the main street of the pass and on the top of the terrace there used to be three stone dagobas, built in the Yuan Daynasty(1206-1368). At the bottom of the terrace is a half-octagonal arch gateway, interesting for its wealth of detail: it is decorated with splendid images of Buddha and four celestial guardians carved on the walls. The vividness of their expressions is matched by the exquisite workmanship. such grandiose relics works, with several stones pieced together, are rarely seen in ancient Chinese carving. The gate jambs bear a multi-lingual Buddhist sutra, carved some 600 years ago in Sanskrit(3), Tibetan, Mongolian, Uigur(4), Han Chinese and the language of Western Xia. Undoubtedly, they are valuable to the study of Buddhism and ancient languages. As a cultural heritage, the Wall belongs not only to China but to the world. The Venice charter says: "Historical and cultural architecture not only includes the individual architectural works, but also the urban or rural environment that witnessed certain civilizations, significant social developments or historical events." The Great Wall is the largest of such historical and cultural architecture, and that is why it continues to be so attractive to people all over the world. In 1987, the Wall was listed by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage site.长城英文导游词5Looks very spirit, today we will visit the Great Wall, please get ready. The Great Wall is the longest in China building is one of the most famous building in our country in its length to reach more than thirteen thousand, we often call it the Great Wall First we went to the Great Wall on foot, you see the Great Wall by tall solid, is made of huge stone and ChengZhuan. With square brick on the top of the wall, very smooth, like a wide road, WuLiuPi mark in parallel.Did you see the side holes like teeth, small square and a fort? Let me tell you what's the use of these three things? The hole like the teeth! It's called now.i hope mouth, I think you'll be scanned mouth phase know why is it called? I'll tell you, war, the eighth route army uncle there to see the situation, the small square called nozzle which is used for archery. The fortress was used for ChengTai can mutual echo.Everybody go tired, also hungry? Can eat the food, I send you a bag for garbage, remember not to litter, let me tell you a story, is the story about the Great Wall, qin shihuang before is just fight a lot, and then he thought of the built the Great Wall, and he put all men are caught to build the Great Wall of qin, qin shi huang is afraid of the men ran away, so give tied up in the men's feet. How much the sweat and wisdom of the working people to suspected as the former see head, after the end of the Great Wall.What do you think I this guide when? Next time I come to you when the tour guide.长城英文导游词大全。

中国文化英语教程教材内容Unit1

Reading AA General Introduction to Chinese MythologyYang Lihui, An Deming1 By Chinese mythology, we mean the body of myths historically recorded and currently transmitted within the present geographic boundaries of China. It should include not only myths transmitted by people of the Han ethnic group but also those by the other fifty-five ethnic groups living in this broad area. Since almost every ethnic group has its own mythical gods and stories about their creative actions, there is not a systematic, integrated, and homogeneous “Chinese mythology” held and transmitted by all the Chinese people. Even among Han people, there is not an integrated system of myths.2 The earliest written records of ancient myths can be traced back to about 3,000 years ago, though other forms of designs and paintings on shells，bones, and bronzes probably relating to myth appeared earlier than this. Recently, researchers found a bronze vessel named “Suigongxu” (Suigong was a duke of the Sui State, now belonging to modern ShandongProvince; “Xu” is an ancient bronze vessel that h as a cover and two ears; it functions as a food container), which can date back to the 9th or 8th century BC, the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The inscription on the inside bottom of the vessel consists of 98 Chinese characters, praising the achievements of the mythic hero Yu. It tells the story that heaven ordered Yu to scatter earth, so Yu went around all the mountains, cutting down the trees in the forests and deepening the seas and rivers to drain all the water on earth into the sea. This inscription shows that the technique of recording myth in Chinese characters had become relatively mature nearly 3,000 years ago. Additionally, it illustrates that at least as late as the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the myth about Yu controlling the flood had already been spread, and it had been historicized into a legend about a great hero or a great king in the upper class of society.3 But these inscriptions recorded myths very simply. Sometimes the mythological stories they illustrate are hard to understand. Therefore, Chinese scholars rely primarily on accounts of myths recorded in later ancient writings after the Western Zhou Dynasty to study these myths.4 In China, there is no sacred canon recording myths, beliefs, or sacred history like the Bible or the Koran, nor were there any literati, troubadours, or shamans (sorcerer or sorceress) who collected myths from oral tradition and compiled them into a systematic and integrated mythology, like the Greek collections attributed to Homer and Hesiod. Rather, myths in ancient China were usually spread in scattered and fragmented forms in various written material. These sources contain information about archaeology, literature, philosophy, geography, history, witchcraft, ethnography, religion, folklore, and so on. Many of them preserve only a few myths, but some of them hold a comparatively large number of myths and thus become treasures of ancient Chinese myths. Among them, Shanhaijing (The Classic of Mountains and Seas), Chuci (The Songs of Chu) and Huainanzi are thought to be the major repositories of Chinese ancient myths.5 Myths are neither static nor separate from society. Rather, their existence and transmission are deeply influenced by their social and cultural contexts. On the other side, those myths that have been handed down for thousands of years and contain Chinese people’s philosophy, art, beliefs, customs, and value systems also have had a great influence on Chinese society and culture.homogeneous adj.类的Suigongxu遂公盥Yu controlling the flood大禹治水canon n.真经Koran (古兰经> ,伊斯兰教经典troubadours n.游吟诗人shaman n.巫师Homer荷马，希腊史诗作者Hesiod赭西奥德，希腊最旱的诗人之一ethnography n.人种志Shanhaijing (山海经》Chuci 《楚辞》Huainanzi《淮南子》repository n.宝库，宝藏Reading BNüwa Creates PeopleIrene Dea Collier1 Nüwa is briefly mentioned in several ancient Chinese texts, A Classic of History (8th century BC), A Classic of Mountains and Seas (3rd century BC), and Questions of Heaven (4th century BC).2 In addition, many images of Nüwa have been uncovered on ancient Chinese bronze sculptures and paintings. Like many of the early Chinese gods, Nüwa was half animal, half divine. Most often, Nüwa had the face and arms of a human but the body of a snake or dragon. She could change her shape at will. Modern Chinese books prefer to show her as a beautiful woman.3 It appeared that women in China had no social standing of their own. However, in their roles as mothers and wives, they were extremely powerful. Since women generally outlived their husbands, they often asserted themselves and ran the household after their spouses’ death. Even in politics，several women (empresses) became extremely powerful after the death of their husbands, the emperors.4 Although most gods were male, Nüwa is a very powerful female goddess in early mythology. She creates mankind and is responsible for repairing the heavens.5 The world was indeed a sparkling jewel. Sturdy pine trees dotted the mountains, and weeping willows lined the streams. Apple, quince, and plum blossoms burst into bloom and later yielded ripe, heavy fruit. Birds flitted about in the azure sky, leaving their black, crimson, and iridescent green feathers drifting in the wind. Silverfish and carp splashed gleefully in the waterways. Fierce beasts like tigers and gentle creatures like deer roamed with equal abandon across the rocky hills.6 Nüwa, a goddess, stumbled accidentally upon this vibrant world during her travels. The earth was humming and teeming with life. She marveled at its many wondrous creatures. Everywhere she looked, she found a creature more marvelous than the one before. She saw every type of fur and fin, feather and scale, horn, hoof, and stinger. Creatures lumbered, crawled, and slithered upon the earth. They jumped, darted, and roiled in the sea. Scented flowers like jasmine, hyacinth, and narcissus wrapped the entire world in their warm, strong perfume.7 But as she explored its niches and crannies, Nüwa began to feel strangely dissatisfied with the budding world. The goddess found it to be enchanting, but empty. It felt lonely to Nüwa, who sat by a river to ponder her feelings. She gazed at her reflection in the water, and suddenly she knew what was missing: She wanted the world to be filled with thinking, laughing creatures like herself.8 The river stretched out before her, its waves slapping the shore. The cloudy green waters left a rim of thick yellow earth along its banks. Nüwa felt its slippery texture with her fingertips and scooped out a ball of clay. The cool, sticky earth deposited by the river was perfect for her task，and she rolled the damp clay into a doll, giving it a head, shoulders, chest, and arms like her own. For the doll’s lower body，she hesitated. Nüwa considered giving it scales and claws like a lizard, or fins and tails like a fish. Both shapes were quite useful, since the goddess frequently changed the shape of her own lower body to be able to get around the oceans and the heavens quickly. Finally, she decided to attach legs to the new creature so it could both walk on land and paddle about in the sea.9 From the many shades of yellow earth, Nüwa made tall dolls and short dolls. She made thin dolls and fat dolls. She made curly-haired dolls and straight-haired dolls. She made dolls with eyes as round and large as cherries, some with eyes as long andnarrow as a mosquito’s wing. She made some with eyes so dark they loo ked like the midnight sky, others so light they looked like liquid honey. Each creature was different, so the goddess could recognize her creations. Then，as she breathed on each doll, it sprang to life, giggling and hopping about.10 Nüwa was so delighted with her handiwork that she wanted to make more. But she neededa quicker method. Along the riverbanks, slender reeds arched their graceful stems over the water. Nüwa rolled up her sleeves, cut a reed, and dipped it into the river mud like a spoon. Expertly, she flicked her wrist and dropped blobs of mud on the ground. When they dried, she breathed a huge puff of air into each blob, and instantly they became round, smiling creatures. The cheerful laughter of her creatures filled the goddess with happiness and pride.11 However, Nüwa was tired. As much as she loved her new creations, she knew she could not watch over these humans every second. What would happen to these creatures when they grew old and died? Nüwa did not relish making repairs, nor did she wish to repeat the tiring task of making new people. She thought and thought. How could these creatures reproduce without her?12 With a twist and a poke, she made some of the clay creatures male and some of them female. Then she gathered up all the noisy creatures who were slipping and falling in the mud. In the hubbub, she began to deliver her most important instructions. As Nüwa spoke, the clamor died down to a silent hush. The humans listened solemnly to her words. She spoke of the importance of marriage and a couple’s obligations to each other. She told them how to make children and how to raise them. She wished them a long and joyful existence on their earth. As the goddess left, she expressed her fervent hope that they would make new people and live happily without her. Then she ascended to the sky seated in a thundering chariot pulled by six winged dragons.13 To this day, people continue to marry and have children who brighten the world with their joyous laughter, just as the dancing mud dolls did in the days of Nüwa.A Classic of History《尚书》Questions of Heaven《天问》（屈原的代表作，收录于西汉刘向编辑的《楚辞》中）divine n.神social standing 社会地位outlive v.活得比……长assert oneself 坚持己见，表现出自信而受到注意和尊重sturdy adj.强健结实的weeping willow 垂柳quince n.揾悖(似梨)flit v.掠过iridescent adj.色彩斑斓的，闪亮的roam v.漫步abandon n.放纵，自由humming and teeming with life:活跃，富有生机niches and crannies:单数形式分别为niche和cranny，同义词叠加，意为“小小天地、一席之地、犄角旮旯”fin n.(鱼)鳍scale n.鳞片horn n.角hoof n.蹄stinger n.刺，螫针lumber v.缓慢地行走roil v. 搅浑hyacinth n.风信子a rim of 一圈scoop v.挖，舀，掏paddle v.划水，涉水reed n.芦苇arch v.弯，呈拱形flick v.快而轻地动blob n.(浓液的)一滴puff n. —口（气）relish v.享受,从……中获得乐趣poke n.捅，戳hubbub n.喧闹clamor n.嘈杂fervent adj.强烈的ascend n.升（天）thunder v.隆隆作响,呼啸而来chariot n.马车Reading CThe Chinese Dragon vs. The Western DragonZhu Beijing1 The Chinese dragon is a far different beast from its Western counterpart. Smaug from J. R. R. Tolkien’s “The Hobbit” is perhaps the most widely known dragon from recent Western fiction, a cruel, avaricious and bloodthirsty creature whose lair under the Lonely Mountain identifies him as a creature of the earth. Tolkien drew much of his inspiration for Smaug from the dragon in the Old English epic of “Beowulf”, penned more than a thousand years earlier, which gives some indication of the depth of the European tradition of portraying dragons as bad news.2 By contrast, the Chinese dragon is an auspicious creature, symbolizing strength, wisdom, good luck and power over the elements of wind and water. As such, Chinese people proudlyclaim they are the descendants of the dragon, a story that is firmly rooted in national folklore and history. For example, an anecdote in the “Records of the Grand Historian” (Shiji) traces the birth of Liu Bang, the first emperor of the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-25 AD): One day, his mother falls asleep at a riverside and dreams of a dragon lying on her body, only to wake up and find herself pregnant. Traces of the anecdote survived in the belief that a dragon appearing in a pregnant mother’s dream was an auspicious sign indicating she would give birth to a future emperor.3 Indeed, China’s feudal rulers did everything they could to maintain this mythic association, surrounding themselves with dragon-related ornamentation, ruling from a Dragon Throne and waging war under a dragon flag. Pretty much everything related to the emperor would be tagged with the character “龙”, for example, “龙袍” (imperial robes embroidered with curling dragons), “龙椅” (the emperor’s seat), “龙床” (t he emperor’s bed) and “龙颜” (the look of an emperor).4 While Smaug and other European dragons have a solid, serpentine connection to the earth, Chinese dragons are indisputably rulers of the sky. The dragon was worshiped as the God of Rain, and in times of drought or flooding, locals would visit a dragon-king temple (龙王庙）and burn incense to pray for more favorable conditions. It is also said that natural disasters such as floods or tornados (龙卷风, literally, the dragon rolls up the wind) indicate the dragon king is in bad temper.5 Dragons’ association with thunder，lightning and rain may have prompted the widespread belief that there are more likely to be a flurry of natural disasters in a Dragon year, and Chinese New Year celebrations the world over will include ceremonies and prayers dedicated to warding off the possibility of such a calamity striking people’s homes.6 The dragon’s power to control rain and waves is also closely related to its rank in the pantheon of 12 zodiac animals (rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, cock, dog and pig). Various tales describe the race of these 12 animals to secure their place on the list, but the sequence is determined by the time of day the animal is most active, at least in the eyes of the ancient Chinese. The dragon corresponds to7 am to 9 am, when it is most likely to be foggy, allowing the dragon to ride atop clouds and mist. However, parts of the dragon are usually hidden in the heavy fog, giving rise to the phrase “神龙见首不见尾” (you see the head of the mystical dragon but not its tail), which now refers to someone who has no fixed whereabouts and is difficult for others to trace.7 In Chinese folk art paper-cuts, a typical pattern shows the dragon riding on clouds. Another depicts two dragons playing with a pearl (双龙戏珠), which is often inlaid with a dark, comma-like symbol running through the middle, thought to represent the unification of yin and yang. In Chinese calligraphy, the flying dragon is an aesthetically appealing analogy for cursive and elegant handwriting known as “龙飞凤舞”, literally, “dragons flying andphoeni xes dancing.” Given all the positive associations of “龙”, it’s no wonder the character is a top choice for people’s names, including martial arts superstars Jackie Chan (成龙）and Bruce Lee (李小龙). There is also the Chinese idiom, “望子成龙” (literally, hoping one’s son will become a dragon), which roughly means parents have high expectations of their children.8 However，few parents would want their children to be aggressive leaders involved in violence. Unfortunately, this is the image that struck many Chinese upon seeing the new dragon stamp issued by China Post in early January, 2012. “Evil and frightening”（凶神恶煞), “baring fangs and brandishing paws” (张牙舞爪）and “bristling with anger”（怒发冲冠）were just a few of the phrases people responded with when being asked for their first impression of the new stamp. The design has also triggered heated debates among micro bloggers on Sina Weibo，one of whom even compares the image to “China’s notorious city inspectors, who ar esometimes caught on camera beating up street vendors，” according to The Wall Street Journal’s China Real Time Report.9 People born in the year of the dragon are said to be natural leaders ——charismatic, innovative, free-spirited, and flamboyant, and as such Dragon years are notorious for coinciding with spikes in the birth rate. It remains to be seen whether modern Chinese remain as much in the thrall of dragon worship as their ancestors, and if the phenomenon holds true in the 21st century.counterpart n.对应的人或物Smaug《霍比特人》中的带翼火龙The Hobbit《霍比特人》 (小说、电影）avaricious adj.贪婪的lair n.巢穴epic n.史诗pen v.创作.撰写auspicious adj.吉祥的J. R. R. Tolkien: John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (约翰•罗纳德•待埃尔•托尔金）（1892-1973), was an English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor, best known as the author of the classic high fantasy works The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.Beowulf: heroic poem set in Scandinavia, the highest achievement of Old English literature and the earliest European vernacular epic.feudal adj.封建的ornamentation n.装饰tag v.貼标签serpentine adj.蜿蜒的.似蛇的incense n.香a flurry of 一阵(风、雨、雷等）ward off避幵，挡住calamity n.灾难,灾祸pantheon n.众神庙whereabouts n.下落,所在地inlaid adj.镶嵌的analogy n.类比fang n.长而尖的牙brandish v.挥舞notorious adj.臭名昭著的city inspector 城管charismatic adj.富有领袖魅力的flamboyant adj.神气的spike n.峰值thrall n.奴隶，束缚。

毛公鼎英文翻译

Duke Mao Tripod, a bronze wares of the late Western Zhou Dynasty, was named after Mao Gong. In 1843, it was unearthed in Qishan, Shaanxi Province. It is now hidden in the Palace Museum of Taipei.The number of Mao Gongding’s inscription is nearly 500 words, the longest bronze inscription ever seen. The content of the inscription can be divided into seven sections. It is said that at the beginning of Zhou Xuanwang's reign, when he was anxious to revitalize the dynasty's government, he invited his uncle Mao Gong to govern the country's internal and external affairs, and to be diligent and selfless. Finally, he gave his uncle the generous gifts. Mao Gong cast a tripod to show his descendants.Value of cultural relicsMao Gongding Ding is 54 centimeters tall, 27.2 centimeters deep in abdomen, 47 centimeters in diameter and 34.5 kilograms in weight. The tripod has straight ears, hemispheric ['hemɪˌsfɪrɪk] abdomen [ˈæbdəmən], hoof-shaped feet, short and solemn and powerful. The mouth of the tripod is also decorated with ring-like double rings. The whole shape is thick and dignified, the decorative patterns are simple, elegant and simple, with a strong flavor of life, is the late Western Zhou Dynasty Ding from religion to secular life of the representative works.Mao Gongding Ding is a heavy vessel in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. Its inner wall is inscribed with 32 lines and nearly 500 words. It is the longest inscription in the existing bronze inscriptions and the longest inscription in the bronze vessels of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Its narrative content is complete and detailed, and it is praised as “worthy of a Shangshu”. It is an important historical material for studying the political history of the late Western Zhou Dynasty.The inscription calligraphy is extremely full and solemn, full of incomparable classical beauty.Calligraphy valueMao Gongding's inscription, as a model work of Jinwen in the late Western ZhouDynasty, shows the typical style of ancient Chinese calligraphy and a rational aesthetic trend. His body posture shows the highly mature style of writing in Dazhuan script, which is thin, slender, unremitting and with a variety of manners. The rules are loose and straightforward, scattered in conformity with nature without pretension, showing a naive and unrestrained artistic interest. Through the perfect layout of the writing of Mao Gongding, it shows that the writing of the late Western Zhou Dynasty formed a form and rule with skilled writing skills and expressive techniques.Mao Gongding's inscriptions are round and precise in brushwork, simple in line, and mainly centered in writing. In the specific operation, it should go against the front and move with a twitch, including the pen, while the front is in the painting and the pen is closed; the pen is not necessarily closed by the center of the pen, but by simply pressing the pen to stop, that is, the so-called “flat out method”. Therefore, when writing, special attention should be paid to showing the vigor, clumsiness and strength of lines. But when expressing the change of the pen's meaning, we should not make a shivering pen deliberately, otherwise it is difficult to reflect its true meaning and lifeless. So Mao Gongding provided a good copy template for future generations.InscriptionReference explanations:King Zhou said, “Father Xin! The great and wise King Wen and King Wu, Emperor Tian was very satisfied with their virtues, let Zhou match him, we heartily accepted the great order of Emperor Tian. Xun Huairou softened those who did not come to the DPRK. They were not absent from the glorious luster of King Wen and King Wu. In this way, God took back Yin's order and gave it to Zhou. This is also the result of the elder ministers who assisted their monarchs and served their fate diligently. So Emperor Tian unremittingly guarded our Zhou Kingdom and greatly consolidated the matching order handed down to the ancestors. But the serious heaven suddenly burst into a rage, and later I did not have time to appreciate the prestige, but I knew it was bad for the country. Disturbing all sides, it's very uneasy. Alas! I'm really afraid of indulging in hardships and always bringing fear to my ancestors.”King Zhou said, “Father Xin! I strictly abide by the orders of my ancestors and command you to govern our country and our family, both inside and outside, and to worry about affairs of all sizes. Screening my throne, coordinating the relationship between the upper and lower levels, and appraising the performance of officials from all sides, never shake my throne. It requires your wisdom. I am not so mediocre and dizzy, you can not neglect to calm down, devoutly always help me, safeguard our country's big and small plans, do not shut up. Tell me often about the virtues of my predecessors so that I can conform to heaven's will and continue to strive to maintain my destiny, so that all the countries in the four directions will be healthy and stable, so that I will not cause the worries of my predecessors!”King Zhou said, “Father Xin! These officials are wise, right or wrong, to go in and out, to issue decrees to the outside world, and to formulate various taxes on corvee. This can lead to national subjugation! From now on, if you enter or leave or issue orders without reporting to you in advance or asking them to promulgate them, you can't issue them indiscriminately!”King Zhou said, “Father Xin! Now I reiterate the orders of my ancestors, and command you to be a political model of one side and to magnify our country and family. Don't neglect government affairs, don't obstruct the common people, don't let officials fill their pockets, don't bully widows and widows. Teach your subordinates not to drink too much. You can't fall from your position, just keep trying! Respectfully remember the hard-won legacy. You can't help but set an example of the model set by your predecessors. You can't let your monarch get into a difficult situation!”King Zhou said, "Father Xin! I have said to these Qing bureaucrats and Taishi bureaucrats that they should be under your control. You are also ordered to be in charge of the public and all my officials. You led your family to defend me. Thirty years’worth of money will be given you a jar of perfume and wine, Guiyu treasure utensils for nude sacrifice, red knee-covered knee with blue straps, jade rings, jade mantle, gold carriage, decorative shielding, red leather-made hairs and hardships, tiger-striped car caps with tins, yokes, the painting tie of the front rails of the covered carriage, brass braides, wrong-pattern balancing decorations, gold braids, Goldenbracelet, gold gold gold golgoldmantle, golden mats, goldmantle mat mats, goldcarp mats, fishbag, four-horse bags, four-horse bags, four-horse bags, four-horse collateral and golden horse crown Golden Mussel and Red Flag. Give you these things so that you may use them for the New Year's Sacrifice and the Expedition." In order to repay the splendid virtue of the emperor, Mao Gonghao cast a treasure tripod for the children and grandchildren to use forever.Mao Gongding's Subversive LifeIn the 23 years of Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty (1843), Mao Gongding Ding was dug out by Dong Chunsheng, a villager in Dongjia Village, Qishan County, Shaanxi Province. There are antique businessmen known for buying silver 300 2, but when Yunding, was blocked by another villager Dong Zhiguan, the sale was not completed. The antique dealer bribed the county with a heavy sum of money, and Dong Zhiguan was arrested and jailed, and convicted of hiding national treasures. The tripod was eventually transported to the county government and smuggled away by antique merchants. After Mao Gong Ding tossed and fell into the hands of the antique dealer Su Yinian.In the second year of Xianfeng (1852), Chen Jieqi, a philosopher and collector in Beijing, bought the tripod from Su Yinian and rewarded it to Su Yinian for 1200 years. The tripod is deeply hidden in the secret chamber and is rarely known. After Chen Jieqi's death, in 1902, later generations sold the tripod, which was owned by Duanfang, governor of Liangjiang. Duanfang was sent to Sichuan on November 27, 1911 to suppress the road preservation movement and was killed by the revolutionary army.During the period of the Republic of China, the descendants of Duanfang pledged Mao Gongding to the Russians-run China-Russia Daosheng Bank in Tianjin. Simpson, a British journalist, paid $50,000 to buy from Duanjia, who refused to give up love because of the lack of money. At that time, patriots strongly appealed for the protection of national treasures. Mao Gongding went to Ye Gongchuo, the great collector who was then the chief transportation officer of the Beiyang government,and later the curator of the Chinese Academy, and deposited it in the mainland bank.When the War of Resistance Against Japan broke out in 1937, Ye Gongchuo evaded Hong Kong, but Mao Gongding could not be taken away and hid in his apartment in Shanghai. Because Ye Gongchuo bought Mao Gongding under a false name, the Japanese could not find out its whereabouts. Ye Gongchuo instructed his nephew Ye Gongchao to dedicate the tripod to the country one day. Mao Gongding changed hands several times, and was almost taken away by the Japanese military. Fortunately, Ye Gongchao fought hard to protect him and vowed not to acknowledge that he knew the whereabouts of Baoding. To save his nephew, Ye Gongchuo made a fake tripod and handed it over to the Japanese army. After Ye Gongchao was released, Xiami fled to Hong Kong with Mao Gongding in 1941. Soon after Hong Kong was captured by the Japanese army, Ye Jiatuo's German friends tossed Mao Gongding back to Shanghai. Later, because of the hardship of life, Mao Gongding was mortgaged to the bank and redeemed by the giant Jia Chen Yongren, so that Mao Gongding would not wander abroad.In 1946, Chen Yongren donated Mao Gongding to the government. Next year, it was transported from Shanghai to Nanjing and collected in the Central Museum. In 1948, the Kuomintang withdrew from Taiwan and a large number of precious cultural relics of the Nanjing Palace Museum moved south to Taipei.After the Relocation of Taiwan in 1949, in 1965, the Palace Museum of Taipei was officially completed. Mao Gongding, a rare treasure, became one of the treasures of the town hall of the Palace Museum of Taipei. It was placed in the most striking position of the bronze exhibition hall of Shang and Zhou Dynasties and was an exhibit that never changed. Later as one of the two Memorial medals of the Taipei Palace Museum.。

英文版介绍China

青藏高原是世界上最高最大的高原，素有世界屋脊之称。喜马拉雅山脉的珠穆朗玛峰位于中国和尼泊尔边界，海拔8848.13米，是世界上最高的山峰。 The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the highest and largest plateau which is commonly know as the “roof of the world”. Qomolangma in the Himalayas Mountains is located on the border between China and Nepal, being the world’s highest peak, having an elevation of 8848.13 meters.
The Changjiang River/ Yangtze River

长江是中国的生命线。它流经10个省市，有 700多条支流，流域面积为180余万平方公里，占中国陆地总面积的19%。长江流经中国的主要工业区，形成华南人口密度最大的三角洲。 The Yangtze River is China’s lifeline. The river flows through ten provinces, with over 700 tributaries, covers an area of 1.8 million km, which is 19 percent of the total land area of China. The river flows through the major industrialized area in China, and forms the most densely populated delta.

西汉胜迹英语作文

西汉胜迹英语作文The Grandeur of the Western Han DynastyThe Western Han Dynasty, spanning from 206 BCE to 24 CE, was a remarkable era in ancient Chinese history that left an indelible mark on the country's cultural and political landscape. This period witnessed the unification of China under the rule of the Han emperors, who not only consolidated their power but also fostered a flourishing of arts, literature, and scientific advancements that have endured to this day.One of the most striking achievements of the Western Han Dynasty was the expansion of China's territorial control. Under the leadership of Emperor Gaozu and his successors, the Han Empire stretched from the heart of the Central Plains to the far-reaching frontiers of the Silk Road. This vast expanse of land allowed for the development of an extensive trade network that connected China to the civilizations of the West, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultural influences.The political and administrative systems of the Western Han Dynasty were also remarkable in their sophistication and efficiency. The Hanemperors implemented a meritocratic system of government that encouraged the recruitment of talented individuals, regardless of their social status, to serve in the imperial bureaucracy. This approach fostered a sense of loyalty and dedication among the civil servants, who were tasked with the implementation of various policies and the maintenance of order throughout the vast empire.One of the most significant legacies of the Western Han Dynasty was the flourishing of arts and literature. The Han period saw the emergence of renowned scholars, poets, and historians, whose works have become integral to the Chinese literary canon. The Han court also actively patronized the arts, commissioning grand architectural projects, such as the mausoleums of the emperors, which showcased the dynasty's wealth and cultural sophistication.In addition to the advancements in the arts, the Western Han Dynasty also made significant contributions to the fields of science and technology. The Han scholars made groundbreaking discoveries in areas such as astronomy, mathematics, and medicine, laying the foundations for the subsequent development of these disciplines in China.The legacy of the Western Han Dynasty can be seen in the enduring influence it has had on Chinese culture and civilization. The Confucian principles that were championed during this periodcontinue to shape the values and social norms of contemporary Chinese society. The Han language and writing system, which were standardized and codified during this era, remain the primary means of communication and expression for the Chinese people.Moreover, the Western Han Dynasty's achievements in architecture, engineering, and urban planning have left a lasting impression on the physical landscape of China. The grand imperial palaces, the expansive network of roads and canals, and the well-planned cities of the Han era continue to inspire and influence modern Chinese urban development.In conclusion, the Western Han Dynasty was a pivotal period in Chinese history that left an indelible mark on the country's cultural, political, and intellectual landscape. The achievements of this era continue to be celebrated and studied by scholars and enthusiasts alike, serving as a testament to the enduring legacy of one of the most remarkable dynasties in Chinese history.。

Relics_from_the_Western_Zhou_Dynasty

noblemen at different levels. Common people were not allowed to use the ves-
sels reserved only for the nobility when practicing rituals.
Agriculture was the dominant economic undertaking in Western Zhou
Western Zhou marked the peak of ancient China’s Bronze Age. Based on blood relations, Western Zhou rulers established a comprehensive governance system which featured patriarchy, enfeoffment, hierarchy, and inheritance as well as the rites
gave expression to hierarchical differences. The purpose was to regulate rela-
tionships within the ruling class.
Different ceremonial vessels and groupings of such vessels were instituted for
behavior. Its ritual system was established on the basis of the patriarchal clan
system, comprising a host of regulations, decrees, and rules of etiquette that

周朝历史介绍英文作文

周朝历史介绍英文作文The Zhou Dynasty was one of the longest-reigning dynasties in Chinese history, lasting for over 800 years.It was a time of great cultural and technological advancement, with the development of writing, metalworking, and agriculture.The Zhou Dynasty was founded by King Wen and his son King Wu, who led a rebellion against the Shang Dynasty and established the Zhou as the ruling dynasty. They believedin the Mandate of Heaven, which meant that the ruler was chosen by the gods to rule, and could be overthrown if they ruled unjustly.During the Western Zhou period, the capital was located in Haojing, near modern-day Xi'an. The Zhou rulers implemented a feudal system, granting land to nobles in exchange for their loyalty and military service. This system allowed the Zhou to maintain control over a large territory.The Eastern Zhou period saw the decline of central authority and the rise of powerful states, leading to the Warring States period. This era was marked by constant warfare and political instability, as the various states vied for power and territory.The Zhou Dynasty is known for its contributions to Chinese philosophy and literature, with the development of Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism. Many classic works of Chinese literature, such as the Book of Songs and the Book of Documents, were also compiled during this time.Despite its eventual decline, the Zhou Dynasty had a lasting impact on Chinese history and culture. Its legacy can still be seen in modern-day China, from its political and social structures to its philosophical and literary traditions.。

管城历史介绍英文作文

管城历史介绍英文作文英文：As a native of Zhengzhou, I am very proud of thehistory and culture of my hometown. One of the most important areas in Zhengzhou is Guancheng, which is also known as "管城". This area has a rich history that dates back to the Western Zhou Dynasty, over 3,000 years ago.In ancient times, Guancheng was an important military fortress that protected the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Later, during the Han Dynasty, it became abustling commercial center and a hub for transportation and trade. Many famous poets and scholars, such as Du Fu and Su Shi, visited Guancheng and wrote about its beauty and prosperity.Today, Guancheng is a modern district with a mix of old and new architecture. The district is home to manyhistorical sites, including the Guancheng Museum and theGuandi Temple. The museum showcases the history and culture of Guancheng, while the temple is dedicated to Guan Yu, a famous general from the Three Kingdoms period.中文：作为一个郑州人，我非常自豪地介绍我的家乡的历史和文化。

关于后母戊鼎的英语作文

关于后母戊鼎的英语作文The bronze vessel, known as the Houmuwu ding, is an ancient Chinese artifact that dates back to the Western Zhou dynasty. It is a large, tripod cauldron that was used for cooking and storing food. The ding is decorated with intricate designs and inscriptions that provide valuable insights into the culture and society of the time.The Houmuwu ding is considered to be one of the most important bronze artifacts from the Western Zhou dynasty.It is a symbol of power and authority, and was often usedin important ceremonial rituals. The inscriptions on the ding record the achievements and virtues of the ruling monarch, and serve as a testament to the dynasty's legitimacy and authority.The design of the ding is also significant, as it reflects the artistic and technological achievements of the time. The intricate patterns and motifs carved into the bronze surface demonstrate the skill and craftsmanship ofthe ancient Chinese artisans. The ding is a testament tothe advanced metallurgical techniques and artistic sophistication of the Western Zhou dynasty.In addition to its historical and cultural significance, the Houmuwu ding is also a valuable archaeological find. It provides archaeologists and historians with valuable information about ancient Chinese society, including its political structure, religious beliefs, and social customs. The inscriptions on the ding have been instrumental in deciphering ancient Chinese writing and understanding the language and communication of the time.Overall, the Houmuwu ding is a remarkable artifact that offers a glimpse into the rich and complex history of ancient China. Its historical, cultural, and archaeological significance make it a valuable and important piece of the world's cultural heritage.。

中国历史朝代英语作文

中国历史朝代英语作文Chinese History Dynasties。

China, one of the world's oldest civilizations, has a long and rich history that spans over 5,000 years. Throughout this time, China has been ruled by a series of dynasties, each with its own unique characteristics and contributions to Chinese culture and society. In this essay, we will take a closer look at some of the most influential dynasties in Chinese history.The Xia Dynasty (c. 2100-1600 BC) is considered thefirst dynasty in Chinese history. It is said to have been founded by Yu the Great, who is credited with controlling floods and bringing order to the region. The Xia Dynastywas known for its bronze work, as well as its use of oracle bones to communicate with the gods.The Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BC) followed the Xia Dynasty and was known for its advances in agriculture,bronze work, and writing. The Shang Dynasty was also the first dynasty to leave written records, which provide valuable insights into early Chinese culture and society.The Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC) is divided into two periods: the Western Zhou (1046-771 BC) and the Eastern Zhou (771-256 BC). The Western Zhou was a time of stability and prosperity, while the Eastern Zhou was marked by political instability and social unrest. The Zhou Dynastyis known for its contributions to Confucianism and Taoism, two of the most important philosophical traditions in Chinese history.The Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC) was founded by Qin Shi Huangdi, who is credited with unifying the various warring states of China into a single empire. The Qin Dynasty is known for its construction of the Great Wall of China, as well as its standardization of weights, measures, and currency.The Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) followed the Qin Dynasty and is considered one of the most importantdynasties in Chinese history. The Han Dynasty is known for its advances in science, technology, and the arts. It was during this time that paper was invented, the Silk Road was established, and Confucianism became the dominant philosophy.The Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) is considered a goldenage of Chinese culture and society. The Tang Dynasty is known for its advances in poetry, painting, and music, as well as its strong economy and military. The Tang Dynasty also had extensive trade and cultural exchanges with other civilizations, including the Arab world and Japan.The Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD) followed the TangDynasty and is known for its advances in science, technology, and the arts. The Song Dynasty is credited with inventing the compass, gunpowder, and movable type printing. The Song Dynasty was also a time of great cultural and intellectual achievement, with many important works of literature, philosophy, and art produced during this time.The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD) followed the YuanDynasty and is known for its contributions to Chinese art and culture. The Ming Dynasty is credited with developing the blue-and-white porcelain that is still highly prized today, as well as the construction of the Forbidden City in Beijing.The Qing Dynasty (1644-1912 AD) followed the Ming Dynasty and is the last dynasty in Chinese history. TheQing Dynasty is known for its expansionist policies, aswell as its efforts to modernize and reform Chinese society. The Qing Dynasty also had extensive trade with European powers, which led to the Opium Wars and the eventual downfall of the dynasty.In conclusion, the dynasties of Chinese history havehad a profound impact on Chinese culture and society. Each dynasty has its own unique characteristics and contributions, and together they form a rich tapestry of Chinese history and civilization.。

册的甲骨文演变过程作文50字

册的甲骨文演变过程作文50字英文回答：The oracle bone script for "ce" (册) underwent a series of changes over time. The earliest form of the character, which dates back to the Shang dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BCE), depicted a bound stack of bamboo slips, which were used for writing in ancient China. Over time, the character became more stylized and simplified. By the time of the Western Zhou dynasty (c. 1046-771 BCE), the character had evolved into a more abstract form that no longer resembled a stackof bamboo slips. This form of the character continued to be used throughout the remainder of the Zhou dynasty and into the Han dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE).中文回答：甲骨文。

册的甲骨文最早出现在商代，其形像是一束用绳子捆着的竹简。

竹简是古代中国用来书写的材料，甲骨文中的“册”字形象地反映了这一点。

金文。

到了西周时期，册的形状发生了变化，演变为一个由三个部分组成的象形文字。

上部是一个房屋的形状，表示存放竹简的地方；中部是一个人手持竹简，表示阅读或书写；下部是一个木制的台座，表示放置竹简的案台。

伯夷叔齐列传翻译

伯夷叔齐列传翻译伯夷叔齐列传伯夷、叔齐，同为西周初期的贤良，传说他们犯了罪，被斩去头部，成为历史上最可敬的人物之一。

伯夷是殷朝的第一个国王，叔齐是他的弟弟。

伯夷曾去过西山，受到了西王母的教诲，他的行为举止都以西王母的教诲为基础，他认为仁义是做人的根本，他的态度以及他的行为都受到了全国人民的尊重。

叔齐是伯夷的弟弟，和伯夷一样的是他也深受西王母的教诲，他也坚持做一个仁义之人，他是一位谦卑的君主，与人民和睦相处。

然而，当伯夷和叔齐把他们的仁义之道传播到全国时，他们就遭到了其他诸侯的嫉妒和敌意。

西周朝廷便发动了一场大规模的迫害，宣布把伯夷和叔齐处死，并在他们的尸体上悬挂了人头。

伯夷和叔齐的死亡引发了众人的悲痛，他们的精神便成为了大众所敬仰的榜样，被称为“伯夷叔齐”，成为历史上最可敬的人物之一。

The Legend of Bo Yi and Shu QiBo Yi and Shu Qi were both virtuous people living at the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty. It was said that they had committed crimes and were beheaded, making them one of the most respected figures in history. Bo Yi was the first king of the Yin Dynasty and Shu Qi was his younger brother. Bo Yi went to the Western Mountain and was taught by the Western Mother, who formed the basis of his behavior. He believed that benevolence and righteousness were the fundamentals of being human, and his attitude and deeds were respected by people all over the country.Shu Qi, the younger brother of Bo Yi, was also deeply influenced by the teachings of the Western Mother. He also insisted on being a benevolent person, and he was a humble monarch who got along well with the people. However, when Bo Yi and Shu Qi spread their doctrine of benevolence and righteousness to the whole country, they were met with envy and hostility from other vassals. The Western Zhou court then launched a massive persecution, announcing the execution of Bo Yi and Shu Qi and hanging their heads on their corpses.The death of Bo Yi and Shu Qi caused great sorrow among the people, and their spirits became the example admired by the masses, known as "Bo Yi and Shu Qi", and became one of the most respected figures in history.。

介绍西安的英语作文_英语作文范文

介绍西安的英语作文once known as chang'an, xi'an is the political, economic, cultural and transportation center of shaanxi province, with its jurisdiction over five counties including chang'an county. located in the middle of the central plains of the yellow river basin, xi'an stands between qinling mountain to the north and the weihe river to the south. it is an important birthplace of the chinese nationality as well as one of the places of human origin and prehistoric cultural centers in asia. its long history and rich cultural heritage has covered the old city with a mysterious veil.as a world-famous ancient capital, xi'an has been designated as the capital of 13 ancient chinese dynasties such as the western zhou, qin, xihan, xinmang, eastern han, western jin, former zhao, pre-qin, post-qin, western wei, northern zhou, sui and tang dynasties. many important historical events took place here, such as the red eyebrow peasant rebellion at the end of the western han dynasty (206bc-8ad), the huangchao peasant rebellion at the end of the tang dynasty (618-907) and li zicheng peasant rebellion at the end of the ming dynasty (1368-1644) all once established temporary political powers in xi'an. it also witnessed the famous xi'an incident in modern history. all these have left with xi'an a lot of cultural relics. in xi'an there are altogether 314 key cultural relics sites under protection, of which 84 belong to state or provincial level. unearthed cultural relics reach 120,000, many of which are rare treasures in the world,including the stele forest, the two wild goose pagodas, the clock tower, the remains of banpo village and the city wall of the ming dynasty. in addition, there are ancient sites such as han city, tang city, efang palace, weiyang palace and daming palace, aswell as the huaqing pond and pits of qin emperor shihuang's terra-cotta soldiers and horses. xi'an is a great place of revolution, and the site of the office of the eighth route army can clearly demonstrate this. located in xi'an are also a number of universities and research institutions, including xi'an jiaotong university, northwest university and northwest polytechnical university.xi'an is the biggest processing industrial base and the largest trade center in the central and western part of north china, as well as the starting point of the silk road. the silk road has become a wide road connecting china and other countries. it is a road to civilization, friendship, trade and cultural tourism.xi'an (chinese: 西安), is the capital of the shanxi province in the people's republic of china . as one of the oldest cities in chinese history, xi'an is one of the four great ancient capitals of china because it has been the capital of some of the most important dynasties in chinese history,including the zhou, qin, han, the sui, and tang dynasties. xi'an is the eastern end of the silk road . the city has more than 3,100 years of history, and was known as chang'an (traditional chinese: 长安).。

用英语说中国夏朝的灭亡

用英语说中国夏朝的灭亡学习英语的方法很多，小编在此献上用英语来了解中国的文化，希望大家喜欢。

用英语说中国夏朝：End of the Xia Dynasty 夏朝的灭亡Towards the end of the Xia Dynasty, social conflict grew sharper.在夏朝灭亡以前，社会矛盾越发激化。

Tradition has it that in the 16th century B.C., the last ruler of Xiajie, abused his power and increased oppression.传统上认为在公元前16世纪，夏朝的最后一任统治者夏桀，滥用他的权力、加大了镇压。

He exhausted the resources of the people to build palaces and pavilions for himself.他耗尽人力的资源来为自己建造宫殿和亭台楼阁。

The people were also forced to go to war frequently to exact children, as well as jade and silk, from neighboring tribes.人们还被迫频繁上战场从临近部落了强取孩子，玉石和丝绸。

Filled with hatred from Jie, the people could no longer put up with his despotic rule and fled in large numbers.人们充斥着对桀的憎恨，无法继续忍受他的暴虐统治，纷纷逃走。

Even his court officials cursed him and wished his death, although that might mean that they themselves would perish.就算是朝廷的官员也诅咒桀，希望他快点死，尽管这可能意味着他们自己的死亡。