CAT_10
小学三年级下册D卷英语第4单元期末试卷(答案和解释)
小学三年级下册英语第4单元期末试卷(答案和解释)英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题，每小题2分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.How do you say "再见" in English?A. HelloB. GoodbyeC. Good morningD. Thank you2.What do we use to write on paper?A. PenB. KnifeC. SpoonD. Book3.Which of these is a form of transport?A. ChairB. AirplaneC. TableD. Cup4.Which of these is used to open a door?A. SpoonB. KeyC. ForkD. Pen5.Which of the following is a color?A. TableB. RedC. BallD. Water6.Which sentence uses the plural form correctly?A. There are three cat in the yard.B. There are three cats in the yard.C. There are three cat’s in the yard.D. There is three cats in the yard.7.Which one is used to cook food?A. PanB. PlateC. SpoonD. Chair8.Which of these is a drink?A. MilkB. BreadC. PlateD. Knife9.Which of these animals is known for its long neck?A. GiraffeB. ElephantC. DogD. Cat10.What is the opposite of "hot"?A. ColdB. WarmC. WetD. Dry11.What is the correct word to complete the sentence: "I ______ a student."A. amB. isC. areD. be12.Which one is a body part?A. HandB. TableC. SpoonD. Car13.What time do you eat lunch?A. In the morningB. In the afternoonC. At nightD. Before bed14.What do we use to eat rice?A. ForkB. SpoonC. KnifeD. Plate15.I ______ (read) a book about dinosaurs last week. It ______ (be) very interesting. I ______ (learn) a lot of new things about them.16.What do you use to write on paper?A. BrushB. PenC. PhoneD. Knife17.Which animal is known for being slow?A. CheetahB. TurtleC. DogD. Lion18.Which of these is a time of day?A. SundayB. MorningC. RedD. Book19.Which of these is a number?A. AppleB. FiveC. ChairD. Dog20.Which one is a number?A. TenB. CupC. ChairD. Table21.Which of these is used to eat?A. SpoonB. TableC. ChairD. Plate22.Which color is a banana?A. RedB. BlueC. YellowD. Green23.I ______ (go) to the library every weekend to borrow books. Last Saturday, I______ (borrow) a book about dinosaurs. I ______ (read) it for two hours. The book______ (be) very interesting, and I ______ (learn) a lot of new things. After reading, I______ (return) the book and ______ (borrow) another one about space.24.Which word means "快乐"?A. SadB. HappyC. AngryD. Tired25.Which one is a school subject?A. soccerB. musicC. sandwichD. chair26.Which one is used to play music?A. GuitarB. SpoonC. PlateD. Chair27.Yesterday, my brother and I _______ (go) to the zoo. We _______ (see) many animals, like lions, monkeys, and elephants. The weather _______ (be) perfect, so we_______ (take) a lot of pictures. Afterward, we _______ (have) ice cream and _______ (play) on the playground. It _______ (be) a great day.28.Which one is a fruit?A. DogB. AppleC. CarD. Table29.Which animal can fly?A. catB. dogC. birdD. lion30.What do we use to drink?A. SpoonB. ForkC. GlassD. Chair31.Which of these is a month of the year?A. SundayB. WinterC. JanuaryD. Morning32.I _______ (read) a book yesterday. It _______ (be) about a young girl who _______ (go) on an adventure. The story _______ (be) very exciting, and I _______ (finish) it in one day. I _______ (decide) to read more books like that.33.Which one is a color?A. BlueB. SpoonC. PlateD. Knife34.What do you drink when youre thirsty?A. WaterB. BreadC. Ice creamD. Cake35.Which of these is a shape?A. CircleB. ChairC. CarD. House36.Today, we had a special lesson about the __. Our teacher explained how the sun, moon, and Earth are all connected. We also learned about the __ that occur when the moon blocks the sunlight. After class, we made models of the __ using paper and markers. It was a fun and interesting lesson!37.Which one is an animal?A. ElephantB. BookC. ChairD. Table38.Which of these is a month of the year?A. TuesdayB. JanuaryC. MorningD. Winter39.Which of these is an animal that lives in water?A. DogB. FishC. BirdD. Cat40.Which of these is used for cutting food?A. ForkB. KnifeC. SpoonD. Plate41.We __________ in the park now.A. playsB. playingC. is playingD. are playing42.Which of the following animals can fly?A. DogB. HorseC. BirdD. Elephant43.Which of these is a type of animal?A. GiraffeB. TreeC. TableD. Car44.I ______ (take) a shower every morning before school. After I ______ (finish), I______ (get) dressed and ______ (eat) breakfast. This morning, I ______ (eat) cereal with milk. It ______ (be) very delicious, and I ______ (feel) ready for the day.45.What do we use to drink water?A. CupB. PlateC. SpoonD. Fork46.Which of these is used to fix a broken object?A. TapeB. SpoonC. KnifeD. Cup47.Which of these is a day of the week?A. SundayB. JanuaryC. SummerD. Christmas48.She _______ (like) to play soccer, and she _______ (practice) every Saturday. Last week, she _______ (score) three goals in the game.49.Which of these is a day of the week?A. MondayB. SummerC. CarD. Book50.Which one is a color?A. RedB. DogC. SpoonD. Chair(答案及解释)。
新思维英语2a试卷
新思维英语2a试卷一、听力部分（30分）（一）听单词，选择正确的图片。
（每题2分，共10分）1. 听到单词“cat”，请选择对应的图片（）A. [图片：一只狗]B. [图片：一只猫]C. [图片：一只鸟]2. 听到单词“book”，选择正确的图片（）A. [图片：一支铅笔]B. [图片：一本书]C. [图片：一个书包]3. 听到单词“red”，应选择（）A. [图片：蓝色的球]B. [图片：红色的苹果]C. [图片：绿色的叶子]4. 听到单词“pen”，正确的选项是（）A. [图片：一把尺子]B. [图片：一支钢笔]C. [图片：一块橡皮]5. 听到单词“car”，答案为（）A. [图片：一辆自行车]B. [图片：一辆汽车]C. [图片：一辆公交车]（二）听句子，判断对错。
（每题2分，共10分）1. The boy is wearing a blue shirt.（）2. There are three apples on the table.（）3. My mother is a teacher.（）4. I like reading books.（）5. The cat is under the chair.（）（三）听句子，选择正确的答语。
（每题2分，共10分）1. How are you today?（）A. I'm fine, thank you.B. How do you do?C. Goodbye.2. What's your name?（）A. This is Tom.B. My name is Tom.C. He is Tom.3. How old are you?（）A. I'm ten years old.B. It's ten.C. There are ten.4. Where are you from?（）A. I'm from China.B. I'm a student.C. I like China.5. What color is your pen?（）A. It's a pen.B. It's black.C. It's mine.二、笔试部分（70分）（一）单词拼写。
copd综合评分表
慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）综合评估表2011 版GOLD包括对症状、气流受限、急性加重风险和合并症的评估。
其目的是减少疾病对日常生活的影响；降低气流受限严重度；降低可能的风险事件，如急性加重、住院、死亡等。
◆症状评估：●改良呼吸困难指数（mMRC）：评估呼吸困难严重程度。
●COPD 评估测试（CA T）：用来评估患者生活质量。
●mMRC分级≥2或者CA T分值≥10分表明症状较重◆COPD急性加重的风险评估：●GOLD的肺功能分级：即GOLD 3级或者GOLD 4级表明有高风险。
●急性加重病史：在过去的一年中有2次或2次以上的急性加重，表明具有高风险。
如果当肺功能评估获得的风险分类与急性加重史获得的结果不一致时，则以评估所得到的风险最高的结果为准。
表一：改良呼吸困难指数（mMRC）mMRC分级0 ●我仅在费力运动时出现呼吸困难mMRC分级1 ●我平地快步行走或步行爬小坡时出现气短mMRC分级2 ●我由于气短，平地行时比同龄人慢或者需要停下来休息mMRC 分级3 ●我在行走100m左右或数分钟后需要停下来休息mMRC分级4 ●我因严重呼吸困难以致不能离开家，或在穿衣服、脱衣时出现呼吸困难表二：气流受限分级（吸入支气管舒张剂后）分级患者肺功能（FEV1／FVC<70％）GOLD1：轻度●FEV1≥80％预计值GOLD2：中度●50％≤FEV1占预计值百分比<80％GOLD3：重度●30％≤FEV1占预计值百分比<50％GOLD4：极重度●FEV1占预计值百分比<30％表三COPD评估测试（CAT ）呼吸问卷合计总分：患者根据自身情况，对每个项目做出相应评分（0~5），CA T分值范围是0～40。
①0～10分的患者被评定为COPD“轻微影响”；②11～20者为“中等影响”；③21～30分者为“严重影响”；④31~40分者为“非常严重影响”。
◆对CA T评分含义的理解需要与患者的疾病严重程度相联系。
八年级英语上册-人教版-Unit 1 说课稿
八年级英语上册-人教版-Unit 1 说课稿一. 教材分析人教版八年级英语上册Unit 1主要讲述的是关于人与动物之间的故事。
通过本单元的学习，学生可以掌握一定的动物词汇，学会用英语描述动物的特点以及人与动物之间的关系。
教材内容丰富，插图生动有趣，激发学生的学习兴趣。
同时，本单元还引入了阅读理解和听力训练，有助于提高学生的英语综合运用能力。
二. 学情分析八年级的学生已经具备一定的英语基础，能够进行简单的英语交流。
但部分学生在语法、发音等方面还存在困难，需要加强练习。
此外，学生对于动物主题较为感兴趣，有利于激发学习动机。
三. 说教学目标1.知识目标：学生能够掌握本单元的生词、短语和句型，运用英语描述动物的特点及人与动物之间的关系。
2.能力目标：学生能够听懂、会说、会读本单元的主要内容，提高英语口语表达能力。
3.情感目标：培养学生关爱动物、保护环境的意识。
四. 说教学重难点1.重点：本单元的生词、短语和句型。
2.难点：动物特点的描述以及人与动物之间关系的表达。
五. 说教学方法与手段1.采用任务型教学法，以学生为主体，教师为指导，通过小组合作、讨论等形式，激发学生的学习兴趣和积极性。
2.运用多媒体教学手段，如课件、视频等，为学生提供丰富的视觉、听觉资源，提高教学效果。
3.注重个体差异，针对不同学生的学习需求，给予个别辅导和指导。
六. 说教学过程1.导入：通过展示动物图片，引导学生谈论自己喜欢的动物，激发学生的学习兴趣。
2.新课呈现：讲解本单元的生词、短语和句型，让学生进行实际操作练习。
3.阅读理解：让学生阅读教材中的故事，回答相关问题，提高学生的阅读能力。
4.听力训练：播放教材中的听力材料，学生进行听力练习，提高听力水平。
5.小组讨论：学生分组讨论动物的特点及人与动物之间的关系，培养学生的合作意识。
6.课堂总结：对本单元的主要内容进行总结，帮助学生巩固所学知识。
7.作业布置：布置相关的写作、听力、口语练习，让学生课后巩固所学。
CAT评分细则
CAT评分细则
按照CAT问卷使用指南，将患者根据CAT评分按照疾病状态进行分组，
病情轻微组的CAT评分在0—10分；疾病状态中度的CAT评分在11—20分；疾病状态严重的CAT评分在21．30分；疾病状态非常严重的CAT评分在31—40分。
我从不咳嗽 00 01 02 03 04 05 我一直咳嗽
我一点痰也没有 00 ol 02 03 04 05 我有很多很多痰
我一点也没有胸闷的感觉00 Ol 02 03 04 05我有很重的胸闷的感觉
当我爬坡或爬一层楼时，我并不感到喘不过气来 00 01 02 03 04 05 当我爬坡或爬一层楼时，我感觉非常喘不过气来
我在家里的任何劳动都不受慢阻肺的影响00 01 02 03 04 05 我在家里的任何活动都很慢阻肺的影响
每当我外出时就外出00 01 02 03 04 05 因为我有慢阻肺，我所以从来没有外出过
我睡眠非常好00 01 02 03 04 05 因为我有慢阻肺，我的睡眠非常不好
我精力旺盛 00 01 02 03 04 05 我一点精力都没有。
cat d10 参数
cat d10 参数Cat D10是一款重型推土机，被广泛应用于各类大型土方工程中。
它以其卓越的性能和可靠的品质而闻名于世。
作为一名土方工程师，我有幸亲眼目睹了Cat D10的强大威力和出色表现，下面我将为大家详细介绍一下这款令人赞叹的机器。
一、外观设计Cat D10的外观设计简洁大气，整体线条流畅而有力，彰显了其强大的工程能力。
机身呈现出银灰色，给人一种坚固和可靠的感觉。
前端的大型推土板可以轻松地推平任何土地，而高大的车身更是显示出其霸气的一面。
二、卓越的性能Cat D10拥有强大的动力系统，搭载着一台高性能的发动机，可以输出巨大的动力，轻松应对各种复杂的地形。
它的履带采用了特殊的设计，具有优异的抓地力和稳定性，即使在崎岖不平的地势上也能够稳健前行。
此外，它还配备了先进的悬挂系统和转向系统，使得操作更加灵活和精准。
三、人性化设计Cat D10注重人机交互的设计理念，使得操作更加简单和便捷。
驾驶室宽敞明亮，视野开阔，操作台上的控制按钮布局合理，符合人体工程学原理，使得操作人员能够轻松掌握。
此外，驾驶室还配备了舒适的座椅，以及各种功能齐全的设施，为操作人员提供舒适的工作环境。
四、应用领域Cat D10广泛应用于各类土方工程中，如道路修建、矿山开采、堤坝建设等。
它可以轻松应对各种复杂的地质条件，如软土、硬土、石头等。
无论是挖掘、推土还是平整地面，Cat D10都能够胜任，并且效率高。
五、可靠性和维护Cat D10以其可靠性而闻名，它采用了高品质的材料和先进的制造工艺，确保了机器的稳定性和耐久性。
此外，它的维护也非常方便，各个部件都进行了精心设计，可以快速更换和维修，降低了维护成本和停机时间。
总结：Cat D10是一款强大而可靠的重型推土机，它以其卓越的性能和可靠的品质在土方工程领域中享有盛誉。
无论是面对任何复杂的地形和工程要求，Cat D10都能够胜任，为工程项目提供强有力的支持。
无论是土方工程师还是普通人，我们都不能不感叹Cat D10的卓越表现和出色性能，它的存在让土方工程变得更加高效、顺利。
cat d10 参数
cat d10 参数
Cat D10是一款由美国卡特彼勒公司生产的柴油发动机，主要用于发电机组、工程机械、船舶等领域。
以下是Cat D10的主要参数：
1. 排量：10.8升
2. 缸径 x 行程：96mm x 110.5mm
3. 最大功率：300马力
4. 最大扭矩：1,000牛·米
5. 燃油系统：电子喷油系统
6. 冷却系统：空气冷却系统
7. 启动方式：电启动
8. 燃油消耗率：约为12.5升/100公里
9. 噪音级别：约为100分贝
10. 排气系统：直列4缸
11. 发动机重量：约为1,100公斤
12. 发动机尺寸：长 x 宽 x 高 = 2,000毫米 x 800毫米 x 1,200毫米
需要注意的是，Cat D10的参数可能因不同的配置和应用场景而有所不同，以上参数仅供参考。
如果需要更加详细的参数信息，建议查看该产品的技术规格书或咨询制造商。
你知道LTE Cat.1到Cat.10 那你知道Cat.0吗？
你知道LTE Cat.1到Cat.10 那你知道Cat.0吗？据说，到2020年，有500亿设备要连接网络，这是未来物联网的广阔前景。
好消息，以后运营商也不用跪着发展客户了，坐等设备连接就好了！不过，没那么乐观！支持物联网的无线技术太多，蜂窝网络也只是其中一小部分而已。
做个计算题，假设500亿连接设备中，减去100亿连接手机和PC，剩下400亿去连接物联网，按照目前的蜂窝网技术，估计只有2%（约8亿）的物联网设备可接入蜂窝网络。
才8亿？我泱泱中华的手机用户数都超过啦，何况物联网那点流量，呵呵！为了解决这些问题，Cat.0就来了！什么是Cat.0？Cat.即UE-Category，根据3GPP的定义，UE-Category分为1~10共10个等级，其中Cat.1-5为R8定义，Ca t.6-8为R10定义，Cat.9-10为R11定义。
如上图，UE-Category主要定义了UE终端能支持的上下行速率。
Cat.0是被写入3GPP Rel.12标准，支持更低速率、更低功耗版本的LTE终端等级。
Cat.0 和Cat.1都是指向广阔的物联网市场，实现更低功耗、更低成本物联网设备连接到LTE网络。
支持更低Category，对可穿戴设备、智慧家庭和智慧电表等物联网应用非常关键。
不过，一直以来，无论是网络还是终端芯片，LTE与物联网之间总是存在一条难以跨越的鸿沟，不过，随着这些年一些通信设备公司和芯片公司的积极投入，可望改变市场局势，为LTE网络连接物联网提供更广阔的前景。
比如，前不久，Sequans与Altair相继宣布近期将推出Cat.0和Cat.1芯片组。
为什么要定义Cat.0呢？为了应对物联网，LTE-M（M2M）必须对LTE网络进行几个方面的优化：1）设备成本尽管大量设备接入带来巨大价值，但是，连接设备的成本却是一个大问题。
连接蜂窝网络的设备需要芯片支持，为了支持高清视频、在线游戏，目前LTE芯片主要支持几十到几百Mpbs的高速高性能LTE网络。
2024秋人教PEP版英语三上《Unit 4 We love animals》说课稿
2024秋人教PEP版英语三上《Unit 4 We love animals》说课稿一. 教材分析《Unit 4 We love animals》是人教PEP版英语三年级上册的一篇课文，主题是动物。
本节课的主要内容是学习有关动物的词汇和句型，让学生能够运用所学知识描述动物并表达自己对动物的喜爱。
教材通过生动的插图和有趣的活动，激发学生的学习兴趣，培养他们的观察力和表达能力。
二. 学情分析三年级的学生已经具备了一定的英语基础，能够听懂简单的英语指令，并能用英语进行简单的自我介绍。
他们对动物充满好奇，喜欢观察和模仿动物的动作和叫声。
因此，在教学过程中，我将会利用学生的这些特点，创设有趣的活动，让他们在轻松愉快的氛围中学习英语。
三. 说教学目标1.知识目标：学生能够掌握有关动物的词汇，如cat, dog, fish, bird等，并能够用英语简单描述动物的特征。
2.能力目标：学生能够运用所学知识进行简单的对话，如询问和回答动物的名称和特征。
3.情感目标：培养学生对动物的喜爱和保护意识，让他们明白保护动物的重要性。
四. 说教学重难点1.重点：学生能够正确发音动物的词汇，并能够用英语简单描述动物的特征。
2.难点：学生能够运用所学知识进行简单的对话，如询问和回答动物的名称和特征。
五. 说教学方法与手段1.情景教学法：通过创设有趣的情景，让学生在实际语境中学习英语，提高他们的语言运用能力。
2.任务型教学法：通过完成各种任务，让学生在实践中学习英语，培养他们的合作意识和解决问题的能力。
3.直观教学法：通过展示实物和图片，让学生直观地学习动物的词汇和特征。
六. 说教学过程1.热身（5分钟）：通过播放动物的歌曲，让学生模仿动物的动作和叫声，激发他们的学习兴趣。
2.引入（10分钟）：展示各种动物的图片，引导学生用英语描述动物的特征，为新课的学习做好铺垫。
3.新课（20分钟）：通过生动的故事和有趣的动画，让学生学习动物的词汇和句型，如“What’s this? It’s a cat.”。
外研版英语小学四年级上学期期中试卷与参考答案
外研版英语小学四年级上学期期中自测试卷与参考答案一、听力部分（本大题有12小题，每小题2分，共24分）1、Listen to the sentence and choose the word you hear.•A) cat•B) cap•C) cupAnswer: B) capExplanation: The speaker says the word “cap,” which means a type of hat.It sounds similar to “cat” (a small domesticated carnivorous mammal) and “cup”(a small container for drinking from), but the pronunciation is distinct. In this case, pay attention to the vowel sound, as “cap” has a short ‘a’ sound, while “cat” also has a short ‘a’ sound but with a different ending, and “cup” has a short ‘u’ sound.2、Listen to the conversation and answer the question.•Question: What is the weather like today?•A) It’s sunny.•B) It’s rainy.•C) It’s snowy.Audio Script:•Person A: “Look outside, it’s such a beautiful day!”•Person B: “Yes, I love the sun. Let’s go to the park.”Answer: A) It’s sunny.Explanation: The conversation indicates that the weather is nice and they are talking about the sun, suggesting that it is a sunny day. The other options, “rainy” and “snowy,”do not match the context of the conversation where they express a desire to enjoy the outdoors because of the pleasant weather.3、Listen to the conversation and choose the correct answer.A. The boy wants to buy a book.B. The girl wants to borrow a book.C. They are discussing a school project.Answer: BExplanation: The girl asks the boy if he has a book to borrow, indicating that she wants to borrow a book for her needs.4、Listen to the question and choose the correct response.Question: What is the weather like today?A. It’s sunny.B. It’s cloudy.C. It’s rainy.Answer: CExplanation: The question asks about the current weather, and the response “It’s rainy” is a direct match to the question.5、Listen to the dialogue and choose the correct answer.•A) It’s sunny.•B) It’s raining.•C) It’s snowing.•D) It’s cloudy.Answer: BExplanation: In the dialogue, one person asks, “What’s the weather like today?” The other person replies, “It’s pouring rain, we should take an umbrella.” Therefore, the correct answer is B) It’s raining.6、Listen to the dialogue and choose the correct answer.•A) At home.•B) At school.•C) In a park.•D) At a restaurant.Answer: CExplanation: The dialogue mentions that the two speakers are enjoying a picnic and talking about the beautiful scenery around them. This indicates they are in a park. Hence, the correct answer is C) In a park.7、What is the name of the school library?A. Star LibraryB. Golden Book HouseC. Blue Sky Reading RoomD. Happy Reading CornerAnswer: AExplanation: The question asks for the name of the school library. The correct answer is “Star Library” as mentioned in the dialogue or text.8、How many books does Tom want to borrow from the library?A. TwoB. ThreeC. FourD. FiveAnswer: BExplanation: The question asks about the number of books Tom wants to borrow. According to the dialogue or text, Tom says he wants to borrow three books, so the correct answer is “Three.”9.Listen to the dialogue and choose the correct answer.A. What time is it now?B. What’s the weather like?C. How is your school?Answer: CExplanation: The question asks for the appropriate response to a greeting. The dialogue likely includes a question about the school day, making “How is your school?” the m ost fitting answer.10.Listen to the story and fill in the blanks with the correct words.The story is about a little girl who goes to the 9. She sees a 10 and buysit for her 11. The little girl is very 12 about the gift.A. libraryB. shopC. teacherD. friendE. happyAnswer: A, B, D, EExplanation: The story context suggests that the girl goes to a library, sees a book (shop), buys it for her teacher (friend), and is happy about the gift. Therefore, the correct answers are A for the place, B for the item she sees,D for the recipient, andE for the girl’s emotional state.11.Question: What is the weather like today?A. It’s sunny.B. It’s cloudy.C. It’s raining.Answer: B. It’s cloudy.Explanation: The sentence “The sky is gray and there are a few clouds.” in the passage indicates that it’s cloudy today. Therefore, the correct answer is B.12.Question: Who is playing the piano in the room?A. Tom.B. Mary.C. Jack.Answer: A. Tom.Explanation: The sentence “Tom is playing the piano in the corner of the r oom.” in the passage tells us that Tom is the one playing the piano. Therefore, the correct answer is A.二、选择题（本大题有12小题，每小题2分，共24分）1、Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.The cat sat on the_and watched the birds outside.A. chairB. tableC. bedD. floorAnswer: A. chairExplanation: The correct answer is “chair” because it is a common place where a cat might sit. The other options, while also places to sit, are less typical for a cat to choose for observing the outdoors.2、Select the sentence that is grammatically correct.A. The dog is running and he is barking loudly.B. The dog runs and he is barking loudly.C. The dog is running and he barks loudly.D. The dog runs and he barks loudly.Answer: D. The dog runs and he barks loudly.Explanation: The correct sentence is D because it uses the simple present tense to describe an action that is habitual or generally true. The other sentences either use the progressive form incorrectly or do not maintain the simple present tense.3、My mother often reads to me a storybook every evening. Which sentence describes what the storybook is?A. It’s a comic book.B. It’s a storybook.C. It’s a science book.D. It’s a history book.Answer: BExplanation: The question asks for the type of book that the mother reads to the child every evening. The sentence “a storybook” directly states the type of book, so the correct answer is B. The other options (A, C, and D) describe different types of books, which are not mentioned in the original sentence.4、The following sentence has a missing word. Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.The cat is sitting on the _.A. tableB. chairC. floorAnswer: AExplanation: The sentence is describing a location where a cat is sitting. The most common place for a cat to sit that is mentioned in the options is “on the table.” Therefore, the correct completion of the sentence is “The cat is sitting on the table.” The other options (chair, floor, tree) are less common places for a cat to sit based on the context provided.5、Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.The cat is sleeping__________the sofa.A. onB. inC. atD. underAnswer: AExplanation: The correct preposition to use with “sleep” and “the sofa” is “on,” meaning the cat is sleeping on top of the sofa.6、Complete the sentence with the correct form of the verb.She__________her homework__________yesterday.A. did, yesterdayB. does, yesterdayC. did, in yesterdayD. does, in the yesterdayExplanation: The correct form of the verb is “did” to indicate a past action, and the preposition “yesterday” is used correctly to indicate the time of the action.7.Choose the word that does not belong in the following group:A) appleB) orangeC) bananaD) tomatoAnswer: D) tomatoExplanation: The words apple, orange, and banana are all types of fruit. Tomato, on the other hand, is a vegetable, making it the odd one out in this group.8.Select the correct verb form to complete the sentence:The cat_______(sit) on the mat.A)sitsB)satC)sittingD)sattingAnswer: A) sitsExplanation: The sentence is in the present simple tense, which is used to describe habitual actions or general truths. The correct form of the verb to use is “sits,” which is the third person singular form of the verb “to sit.”9.Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.The cat is very ________.A. happyB. tiredC. hungryAnswer: AExplanation: The sentence talks about the cat’s mood. “Happy” is the most suitable option to describe a cat that is in a good mood.10.Choose the correct word to fill in the blank.We go to school ________.A. in the morningB. in the eveningC. at nightAnswer: AExplanation: The sentence is about the time of day when students go to school. “In the morning” is the correct choice as it is the usual time for school.11.Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.The cat was sitting__________the window, looking outside.A. onB. underC. overD. inAnswer: AExplanation: The correct answer is “on” because it indicates that the cat is sitting on top of the window. The other options do not fit the context of the sentence.plete the sentence with the correct form of the verb.They__________to the park yesterday.A. wentB. goC. goneD. goingAnswer: AExplanation: The correct answer is “went” because the sentence is talking about an action that happened in the past. The other options are either incorrect forms or not suitable for the past simple tense.三、完型填空（10分）Passage:The Little Red Hen was very busy one sunny morning. She was making bread in the kitchen. After the dough was ready, she called her friends, the Mouse, the Rabbit, and the Crow, to help her. “Would you like to help me knead the dough?” she asked them.The Mouse, the Rabbit, and the Crow were all too busy to help. The Mouse was playing with his toys, the Rabbit was eating carrots, and the Crow was singingin the tree. The Little Red Hen was disappointed but decided to do it herself.After a while, the Little Red Hen called her friends again. “Would you like to help me shape the bread?” she asked them.This time, the Rabbit and the Crow were willing to help. They shaped the bread while the Mouse watched. The Little Red Hen baked the bread and it smelled delicious.The Little Red Hen shared the bread with her friends. “Thank you for helping,” she said. “Without you, the bread wouldn’t have been so good.”Fill in the blanks:1.The Little Red Hen was making_______in the kitchen.a) cakeb) breadc) soup2.The Mouse was_______when the Little Red Hen called for help.a) eatingb) playingc) sleeping3.The Rabbit was_______when the Little Red Hen needed help.a) eatingb) playingc) sleeping4.The Crow was_______in the tree.a) playingb) singingc) eating5.The Little Red Hen shared the_______with her friends.a) cakeb) soupc) breadAnswers:1.b2.b3.a4.b5.c四、阅读理解（26分）Reading ComprehensionPassage:The school library was always a magical place for Xiao Ming. It was filled with thousands of books on different subjects, from science to history, from adventure to poetry. Every Friday afternoon, Xiao Ming would visit the library with his classmates. They would spend the entire hour browsing through the shelves and picking out books that interested them.One Friday, Xiao Ming noticed a new section in the library called“Mythology.” He had always been curious about myths and legends, so he decided to check out a book from that section. The book was called “The Greek Myths.” As Xiao Ming read through the book, he learned about the gods and heroes of ancient Greece.One of the myths that fascinated Xiao Ming was the story of Perseus and Andromeda. Perseus was a hero who was sent on a dangerous mission to save Andromeda, a princess who had been chained to a rock by a sea monster. With the help of the gods and a magical winged horse, Perseus managed to defeat the sea monster and rescue Andromeda.Questions:1.Why did Xiao Ming decide to check out a book from the “Mythology” section?A) He had never read a mythology book before.B) He was curious about myths and legends.C) He wanted to read a book about ancient Greece.D) He wanted to find a book on science.2.What wa s the name of the book Xiao Ming checked out from the “Mythology” section?A) “The Greek Myths”B) “The Ancient World”C) “Science and Nature”D) “Mythical Creatures”3.Which myth did Xiao Ming find most fascinating in the book “The Greek Myths”?A) The story of PrometheusB) The story of Perseus and AndromedaC) The story of HerculesD) The story of Zeus and HeraAnswers:1.B) He was curious about myths and legends.2.A) “The Greek Myths”3.B) The story of Perseus and Andromeda五、写作题（16分）Five. WritingDirections: Write a short passage about your favorite animal. You should include the following points in your writing:1.The name and appearance of the animal.2.Why you like this animal.3.What you usually do with this animal.Example:My favorite animal is a golden retriever named Max. He is a medium-sized dog with a thick golden coat and bright, brown eyes. Max has a friendly and gentle personality, which is why I love him so much.Every morning, I take Max for a walk in the park. He always runs around joyfully, chasing after birds and playing with other dogs. When we come backhome, he lies down by my feet, wagging his tail. I feel so happy and relaxed when I am with him.I also teach Max some basic commands, like “sit”, “stay”, and “fetch”. It’s fun to see him follow my instructions and perform well. Max is not only my best friend but also a loyal companion. I can’t imagine my life without him.Parsing:This passage introduces the favorite animal, a golden retriever named Max. The author describes the appearance and personality of the animal, explaining why Max is their favorite. Additionally, the author shares their daily activities with Max, such as taking walks and teaching him commands. The passage is well-structured and provides a clear picture of the author’s relationship with their pet.。
小学上册U卷英语第六单元测验试卷(有答案)
小学上册英语第六单元测验试卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.My hamster loves to run in its _________ (轮子).2.The _______ is the center of an atom.3.Planting diverse species can enhance the resilience of your ______. (种植多样物种可以增强系统的韧性。
)4.What is the capital city of Turkey?A. IstanbulB. AnkaraC. BursaD. Izmir答案: B5.I like to write ______ (科技) articles to share knowledge with others. It’s a great way to inform people.6.The _____ (歌声) is beautiful.7.sustainable tourism) minimizes ecological footprints. The ____8.The _______ of a plant can affect its growth.9. A garden has many different types of _____ (植物).10.The cat is _____ (curious/lazy) and playful.11.We have music ______ every Friday. (class)12.My friend saw a ______ (海豚) at the aquarium.13.I can solve problems with my ________ (玩具类型).14.I love the __________ (形容词) design of my __________ (玩具名).15.I like to help my mom water the ______ (花). They need a lot of ______ (关心).16.The __________ (历史的流转) continues endlessly.17.What is 3 x 3?A. 6B. 7C. 8D. 9答案:D18.The _____ (种植) season begins in spring.19.I want to _____ (learn) English.20. A _____ (秋天) walk reveals many colorful leaves.21. A __________ (比例) can affect the outcome of a chemical reaction.22.The __________ is a region known for its tropical climate.23.What do you call a small, furry animal that lives in the wild?A. SquirrelB. HedgehogC. RabbitD. All of the above答案: D24.What do you use to write?A. PenB. KnifeC. SpoonD. Plate答案:A Pen25.听录音，标序号。
ASTERIX CAT10 from EUROCONTROL
EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OFAIR NAVIGATIONEUROCONTROL STANDARD DOCUMENTFORSURVEILLANCE DATA EXCHANGEPart 7 : Category 010Transmission of MonosensorSurface Movement DataSUR.ET1.ST05.2000-STD-07-01Edition : 1.1Edition Date : March 2007Status : Released IssuePublicClass : GeneralDOCUMENT IDENTIFICATION SHEETDOCUMENT DESCRIPTIONDocument TitleRadar Data Exchange - Part 7Transmission of Monosensor Surface Movement DataEWP DELIVERABLE REFERENCE NUMBER1.1PROGRAMME REFERENCE INDEX EDITION :27 March 2007SUR.ET1.ST05.2000-STD-07-01EDITION DATE :AbstractThis document describes the application of ASTERIX to the transmission of monosensor surfacemovement target reports and service messages.KeywordsMonoradar Data ASTERIX Target Reports Service MessagesData Item Category 10 UAPCONTACT PERSON : A. Engel TEL : +32-2-729 3355 UNIT : DAP/SURDOCUMENT STATUS AND TYPECLASSIFICATION STATUS CATEGORYWorking Draft Executive Task General PublicDraft Specialist Task EATMPProposed Issue Lower Layer Task RestrictedReleased IssueELECTRONIC BACKUPAsterix - Part 7INTERNAL REFERENCE NAME :HOST SYSTEM MEDIA SOFTWARE(S)Microsoft Windows Type : Hard diskMedia Identification :DOCUMENT APPROVALThe following table identifies all management authorities who have successively approved the present issue of this document.AUTHORITY NAME AND SIGNATURE DATEASTERIXManager D. DoukasSUR DomainManager J. BerendsSURTChairman M. ReesEATM/DAPDirector G. KerkhofsDOCUMENT CHANGE RECORDThe following table records the complete history of the successive editions of the present document.EDITION DATE REASON FOR CHANGE SECTIONS PAGES AFFECTED0.1 March 1998 Creation of document ALL0.20 April 1999 Modifications in scope and items ALL 0.21 May 1999 Modifications in items and UAP ALL 0.22 September1999Modifications in scope, items, UAP ALL 0.23 February 2000 Modifications in scope, items and UAP ALL 0.24 March 2000 Modifications in items and UAP ALL 0.25 October 2000 Modifications in items and UAP ALL 0.27 February 2001 Modifications in items 5.2 0.28 May 2001 Modifications in items 5.2 0.29 September2001Modifications in items 5.20.30 November2001Modifications in items 5.20.31 December2001Addition of Category Number in Title Title1.0 April 2005 Status changed to “Released Issue”Contact Details updatedDocument Approval Page updated“Cleanup” for Publication Title,ID-Sheet ID-SheetPage 31.1 27 March 2007 Signature Page updatedPage numbering in section 1 correctedEditorial “Clean-Up”TABLE OF CONTENTSDOCUMENT IDENTIFICATION SHEET (ii)DOCUMENT APPROVAL (iii)DOCUMENT CHANGE RECORD (iv)1.INTRODUCTION (1)1.1Scope (1)2.REFERENCES (2)2.1General (2)2.2Reference Documents (2)3.DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS (4)3.1Definitions (4)3.2Acronyms and Abbreviations (5)4.GENERAL PRINCIPLES (6)4.1General (6)4.2Time Management (6)4.2.1Definition (6)4.2.2Requirements for Time Stamping (6)4.3Projection Systems and Geographical Co-ordinates (6)4.3.1Polar Representation (6)4.3.2Cartesian Representation (6)4.3.2.1Co-ordinates Expressed in the Radar Plane (6)4.3.2.2Co-ordinates Expressed in the Local 2D Co-ordinate Reference System: (7)4.4Unused Bits in Data Items (7)4.5Definitions and Addressing Concepts (8)4.5.1Sensor (8)4.5.2System (8)4.5.3Addressing Concepts: Assigning SAC/SIC Codes (8)4.6Target Reports (8)4.7Service Messages (9)4.8User Application Profile and Data Blocks (10)4.9Composition of Messages (10)YOUT OF MESSAGES (11)5.1Standard Data Items (11)5.2Description of Standard Data Items (12)5.2.1Data Item I010/000, Message Type (12)5.2.2Data Item I010/010, Data Source Identifier (14)5.2.3Data Item I010/020, Target Report Descriptor (15)5.2.4Data Item I010/040, Measured Position in Polar Co-ordinates (17)5.2.5Data Item I010/041, Position in WGS-84 Co-ordinates (18)5.2.6Data Item I010/042, Position in Cartesian Co-ordinates (19)5.2.7Data Item I010/060, Mode-3/A Code in Octal Representation (20)5.2.8Data Item I010/090, Flight Level in Binary Representation (21)5.2.9Data Item I010/091, Measured Height (21)5.2.10Data Item I010/131, Amplitude of Primary Plot (22)5.2.11Data Item I010/140, Time of Day (22)5.2.12Data Item I010/161, Track Number (22)5.2.13Data Item I010/170, Track Status (23)5.2.14Data Item I010/200, Calculated Track Velocity in Polar Co-ordinates (25)5.2.15Data Item I010/202, Calculated Track Velocity in Cartesian Co-ordinates (25)5.2.16Data Item I010/210, Calculated Acceleration (26)5.2.17Data Item I010/220, Target Address (26)5.2.19Data Item I010/245, Target Identification (27)1.1.1Data Item I010/250, Mode S MB Data (28)5.2.20Data Item I010/270, Target Size & Orientation (29)5.2.21Data Item I010/280, Presence (30)5.2.22Data Item I010/300, Vehicle Fleet Identification (31)5.2.23Data Item I010/310, Pre-programmed Message (32)5.2.24Data Item I010/500, Standard Deviation of Position (33)5.2.25Data Item I010/550, System Status (34)5.3Standard User Application Profile (35)1. INTRODUCTION1.1 Scope1.1.1This document describes the message structure for the transmission ofsurface movement target reports and service messages, provided byequipment such as :•surface movement radars,systems,• multilateration• ADS-B,•magnetic loop systems.1.1.2 Monosensor surface movement target reports and service messages are dataout of Category 010.2. REFERENCES2.1 GeneralThe following Documents and Standards contain provisions which, throughreferences in this text, constitute provisions of this Eurocontrol Document.At the time of publication of this Eurocontrol Document, the editions indicatedfor the referenced documents and standards were valid.Any revision of the referenced ICAO Documents shall be immediately takeninto account to revise this Eurocontrol Document.Revisions of the other referenced documents shall not form part of theprovisions of this Eurocontrol Document until they are formally reviewed andincorporated into this Eurocontrol Document.In the case of a conflict between the requirements of this EurocontrolDocument and the contents of the other referenced documents, thisEurocontrol Document shall take precedence.Documents2.2 Reference1. Eurocontrol Standard 000-1-92. Directives for the Uniform Drafting andPresentation of Eurocontrol Standard Documents. 1992.2. Eurocontrol Standard SUR.ET1.ST05.2000-STD-01-01. All PurposeStructured Eurocontrol Surveillance Information Exchange - ASTERIX.Edition 1.28, Working Draft, December 2001.This page is intentionally left blank3. DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS3.1 DefinitionsFor the purposes of this Eurocontrol Document, the following definitions shallapply:3.1.1 Catalogue ofData Items: List of all the possible Data Items of each Data Category describing the Data Items by their reference, structure, size and units (where applicable).3.1.2 DataBlock: Unit of information seen by the application as a discreteentity by its contents. A Data Block contains one or moreRecord(s) containing data of the same category.3.1.3 DataCategory:Classification of the data in order to permit inter alia aneasy identification.3.1.4 DataField:Physical implementation for the purpose of communicationof a Data Item, it is associated with a unique FieldReference Number and is the smallest unit of transmittedinformation.3.1.5 DataItem: The smallest unit of information in each Data Category.3.1.6 MeasuredItem: A piece of information (e.g. the position of a target) derivedfrom the sensor information and transmitted without anysmoothing.3.1.7 Record: A collection of transmitted Data Fields of the samecategory preceded by a Field Specification field, signallingthe presence/absence of the various Data Fields3.1.8 UserApplicationProfile: The mechanism for assigning Data Items to Data Fields, and containing all necessary information which needs to be standardised for the successful encoding and decoding of the messages.3.2 Acronyms and AbbreviationsFor the purposes of this Eurocontrol Document the following shall apply:°Degree (angle)ASTERIX A ll Purpose ST ructured Eurocontrol su R veillance I nformationE X changeCAT Data CategoryEATMP European Air Traffic Management ProgrammeFL Flight Level, unit of altitude (expressed in 100's of feet)FRN Field Reference NumberFSPEC Field SpecificationFX Field Extension IndicatorInternational Civil Aviation OrganizationICAOkt knot = NM/hour, unit of speedLEN Length IndicatorLSB Least Significant BitNM Nautical Mile, unit of distance (1852 metres)PSR Primary Surveillance RadarREReserved Expansion IndicatorREP Field Repetition Indicators second, unit of timeSAC System Area CodeSIC System Identification CodeSMR Surface Movement RadarSurface Movement SystemSMSSP Special Purpose IndicatorSPI Special Position IdentificationSSR Secondary Surveillance RadarSTFRDE Surveillance Task Force on Radar Data ExchangeSURT Surveillance Team (EATMP)UAP User Application Profile (see Definitions )UTC Co-ordinated Universal TimeWGS-84World Geodetic System 84PRINCIPLES4. GENERAL4.1 GeneralThe transmission of monosensor surface movement data shall require thetransmission of two types of messages:• target reports,• service messages.4.2 TimeManagement4.2.1 DefinitionThe time stamp shall be consistent with the reported target position.4.2.2 Requirements for Time StampingThe timestamping shall comply with ICAO Annex 5.4.3 Projection Systems and Geographical Co-ordinates4.3.1 Polar RepresentationThe target position shall be provided as slant polar co-ordinates, with thesensor site location serving as the origin of the polar co-ordinate system. Thereference for the azimuth shall be local geographical north.4.3.2 Cartesian RepresentationTwo different types of co-ordinate reference systems are supported.4.3.2.1 Co-ordinates Expressed in the Radar PlaneWhen no projection is performed, the 3D to 2D co-ordinate transformationprocess is defined by the following simple equations:X = RHO * SIN(THETA);Y = RHO * COS(THETA);Whereby:RHO = measured slant rangeTHETA = measured azimuthThe reference for the azimuth shall be local geographical north.4.3.2.2 Co-ordinates Expressed in the Local 2D Co-ordinate Reference System:The exported calculated position is expressed in a 2D Cartesian co-ordinatesystem, which is a plane tangential to the WGS-84 Ellipsoid at the location ofthe reference point. For a radar, the origin of the Cartesian co-ordinate systemcoincides with the radar head position. The Y-axis points to the geographicalnorth at that position. The X-axis is perpendicular to the Y-axis and points tothe east. The X, Y co-ordinates are calculated using either the measuredheight or an assumed target height and apply a suitable projection techniquefor the final 3D to 2D conversion (e.g. a stereographical projection).The type of co-ordinate reference system in use is signalled by a flag withinthe Track Status Data Item I010/170.All tracker derived information elements, shall be a consistent set of values,expressed in the same co-ordinate reference system (state vectorcomponents and the corresponding elements of the track quality vector).4.4 Unused Bits in Data Items.Decoders of ASTERIX data shall never assume and rely on specific settings ofspare or unused bits. However in order to improve the readability of binarydumps of ASTERIX records, it is recommended to set all spare bits to zero.4.5 Definitions and Addressing ConceptsIn order to address sources in an unambiguous way, a simple abstract modelfor concepts like sensors or systems has been designed.4.5.1 SensorIn the framework of Category 010 a Sensor is an equipment such as :• a detection/measurement Primary radar, using a rotating or an e-scanantenna,• a multilateration system,•an ADS-B station,• a magnetic loop system.4.5.2 SystemIn the framework of category 010 a System is a Sensor.4.5.3 Addressing Concepts: Assigning SAC/SIC CodesBy convention a dedicated and unambiguous SIC code shall be assigned toevery System on an airport. For category 010, the SAC is fixed to zero toindicate a local data flow.Reports4.6 TargetTarget reports include :•Reports from a surface movement radar, containing position in polar co-ordinates and/or Cartesian co-ordinates,•Reports from a multilateration system, containing position in Cartesian co-ordinates and/or WGS-84 representation,•ADS-B surface target reports, containing position in WGS-84 representation,•Magnetic loop system target reports, containing position in Cartesian co-ordinates.4.7 ServiceMessagesThree types of service messages have been identified:•Start of Update Cycle (for a system using a cyclic update mechanism, these messages shall be used to signal the start of a new data renewalcycle),•Periodic Status Messages (these messages should be used by systems to indicate their status periodically),•Event-triggered Status Messages (these messages should be used by systems to indicate their status in case of events).4.8 User Application Profile and Data Blocks4.8.1 A single User Application Profile (UAP) is defined and shall be used for bothtarget reports and service messages.4.8.2Data Blocks shall have the following layout.CAT = 010 LEN FSPEC Items of thefirst record FSPEC Items of thelast recordwhere:•Data Category (CAT) = 010, is a one-octet field indicating that the Data Block contains monoradar surface movement data;•Length Indicator (LEN) is a two-octet field indicating the total length in octets of the Data Block, including the CAT and LEN fields;•FSPEC is the Field Specification.4.9 Composition of Messages4.9.1Messages shall be composed of Data Items assembled in the order defined bythe Field Reference Number (FRN) in the associated UAP.4.9.2When sent, items shall always be transmitted in a Record with thecorresponding FSPEC bits set to one.5. LAYOUT OF MESSAGES5.1 Standard Data ItemsThe standardised Data Items which shall be used for the transmission ofmonosensor surface movement data are defined in Table 1 and described inthe following pages.Table 1 - Standard Data Items of Category 010Data ItemRef. No.Description ResolutionI010/000 I010/010 I010/020 I010/040 I010/041 I010/042 I010/060 I010/090 I010/091 I010/131 I010/140 I010/161 I010/170 I010/200 I010/202 I010/210 I010/220 I010/245 I010/250 I010/270 I010/280 I010/300 I010/310 I010/500 I010/550 Message TypeData Source IdentifierTarget Report DescriptorMeasured Position in Polar Co-ordinatesPosition in WGS-84Position in Cartesian Co-ordinatesMode-3/A Code in Octal RepresentationFlight Level in Binary RepresentationMeasured HeightAmplitude of Primary PlotTime of DayTrack NumberTrack StatusCalculated Track Velocity in Polar Co-ordinatesCalculated Track Velocity in Cartesian Coord.Calculated AccelerationTarget AddressTarget IdentificationMode S MB DataTarget Size & OrientationPresenceVehicle Fleet IdentificationPre-programmed MessageStandard Deviation of PositionSystem StatusN.A.N.A.N.A.Rho: 1 mTheta : 0.0055°180°/2311 mN.A.¼ FL6.25 ft1 dBm1/128 sN.A.N.A.Speed : 2-14 NM/sAngle : 360°/2160.25 m/s0.25 m/s2N.A.N.A.N.A.Size: 1 mOrient.: 360°/128D_Rho : 1 mD_Theta:0.15°N.A.N.A.0.25 m2N.A.5.2 Description of Standard Data Items5.2.1 Data Item I010/000, Message TypeDefinition:This Data Item allows for a more convenient handling of themessages at the receiver side by further defining the type oftransaction.Format:One-octet fixed length Data Item.Structure:Octet no. 18 7 6 5 4 3 2 1MESSAGE TYPETypebits-8/1 MessageEncoding rule :This data item shall be present in every ASTERIX record.NOTES1. In application where transactions of various types are exchanged, theMessage Type Data Item facilitates the proper message handling at thereceiver side.2. All Message Type values are reserved for common standard use.3. The following set of Message Types are standardised for category 010records:•001 Target Report•002 Start of Update Cycle•003 Periodic Status Message•004 Event-triggered Status MessageThe list of items present for the four message types is defined in the following table. M stands for mandatory, O for optional, X for never present.Table 2 – Items per Message TypesItem Type 001TargetReport002 Start ofUpdate Cycle 003 Periodic Status Message004 Event Status MessageI010/000 Message Type M M M M I010/010 Data Source Identifier M M M M I010/020 Target Report DescriptorM X X X I010/040 Measured Position in Polar Coordinates O X X X I010/041 Position in WGS-84 Coordinates O X X X I010/042 Position in Cartesian Coordinates O X X X I010/060 Mode-3/A CodeO X X X I010/090 Flight Level in Binary Representation O X X X I010/091 Measured HeightO X X X I010/131 Amplitude of Primary Plot O X X X I010/140Time of DayM M M M I010/161 Track Number O X X X I010/170 Track Status OXXX I010/200 Calculated Track Velocity in PolarCoordinatesO X X X I010/202Calculated Track Velocity in Cartesian CoordinatesO X X X I010/210 Calculated Acceleration O X X X I010/220 Target Address O X X X I010/245 Target Identification O X X X I010/250 Mode S MB Data O X X X I010/270 Target Size & Orientation O X X X I010/280 PresenceO X X X I010/300 Vehicle Fleet Identification O X X X I010/310 Pre-programmed Message O X X X I010/500Standard Deviation of PositionO X X X I010/550 System StatusXOMM5.2.2 Data Item I010/010, Data Source IdentifierDefinition:Identification of the system from which the data are received.Format:Two-octet fixed length Data Item.Structure:Octet no. 1 Octet no. 216 1514131211109 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1SAC = 00 SICbits-16/9 (SAC) System Area Code fixed to zeroCodeIdentificationSystembits-8/1 (SIC)NOTE: The SAC is fixed to zero to indicate a data flow local to the airport.5.2.3 Data Item I010/020, Target Report DescriptorDefinition: Type and characteristics of the data as transmitted by asystem.Format: Variable length Data Item comprising a first part of one-octet,followed by one-octet extents as necessary.Structureof First Part:Octet no. 18 7 6 5 4 3 2 1TYP DCR CHN GBS CRT FXbits-8/6 (TYP) = 000 SSR multilateration= 001 Mode S multilateration=ADS-B010011PSR=LoopSystemMagnetic100=HFmultilateration101=Notdefined110=Othertypes111=bit-5 (DCR) = 0 No differential correction (ADS-B)(ADS-B)correction1 Differential=0 Chain1(CHN) =bit-421 Chain=bit-3 (GBS) = 0 Transponder Ground bit not set= 1 Transponder Ground bit setbit-2 (CRT) = 0 No Corrupted reply in multilateration= 1 Corrupted replies in multilaterationbit-1 (FX) = 0 End of Data Item= 1 Extension into first extentStructureof First Extent:Octet no. 18 7 6 5 4 3 2 1SIM TST RAB LOP TOT FXreport0 Actualtarget(SIM)bit-8=reporttarget1 Simulated=0 Defaultbit-7(TST) =Target=1 Testtarget0 Reportfrom(RAB) =bit-6transponderfromfield1 Report=monitor (fixedtransponder)Undeterminedbits-5/4 (LOP) =00Loopstart01=finishLoop10=Undeterminedbits-3/2 (TOT) =00= 01 Aircraft=vehicleGround10Helicopter=11ofItemData0 End=bit-1(FX)nextinto1 Extension=extentStructureof Second Extent:Octet no. 18 7 6 5 4 3 2 1SPI 0 0 0 0 0 0 FXbit-8 (SPI) = 0 Absence of SPI= 1 Special Position Identificationbits-7/2 Spare bits set to zerobit-1 (FX) = 0 End of Data Itemextentnextinto= 1 Extension5.2.4 Data Item I010/040, Measured Position in Polar Co-ordinatesDefinition:Measured position of a target in local polar co-ordinates.Format: Four-octet fixed length Data Item.Structure:Octet no. 1 Octet no. 2 LSB32 31302928272625242322 21 20 19 1817RHOOctet no. 3 Octet no. 4 LSB16 15 14 13 12 11 10987 6 5 4 3 2 1Thetabit-17 (LSB) = 1m, max.range = 65536m, approx. 35.4NMbit-1 (LSB) = 360°/(216), approx. 0.0055°5.2.5 Data Item I010/041, Position in WGS-84 Co-ordinatesDefinition : Position of a target in WGS-84 Co-ordinates.Format : Eight-octet fixed length Data ItemStructure:Octet no. 1 Octet no. 264 63626160595857565554 53 52 51 5049Latitude in WGS - 84Octet no. 3 Octet no. 448 47464544434241403938 37 36 35 3433LSBOctet no. 5 Octet no. 632 31302928272625242322 21 20 19 1817Longitude in WGS - 84Octet no. 7 Octet no. 816 1514131211109 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1LSBbits-64/33 (Latitude) In WGS.84 in two’s complement.Range -90 <= latitude <= 90 deg.180/231 degrees=(LSB)bits-32/1 (Longitude) In WGS.84 in two’s complement.Range -180 <= longitude < 180 deg.180/231 degrees=(LSB)5.2.6 Data Item I010/042, Position in Cartesian Co-ordinatesDefinition: Position of a target in Cartesian co-ordinates, in two’scomplement form.Format:Four-octet fixed length Data Item .Structure:Octet no. 1 Octet no. 2 LSB32 31302928272625242322 21 20 19 1817X-ComponentOctet no. 3 Octet no. 4 LSB16 1514131211109 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1Y-Componentbit-17 (LSB) = 1m, max.range = ±32768m, approx.±17.7NMbit-1 (LSB) = 1m, max.range = ±32768m, approx.±17.7NM5.2.7 Data Item I010/060, Mode-3/A Code in Octal RepresentationDefinition: Mode-3/A code converted into octal representation.Format: Two-octet fixed length Data Item.Structure:Octet no. 1 Octet no. 216 15 14 13 12 11 109 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1V G L 0 A4 A2 A1 B4 B2 B1 C4 C2 C1 D4 D2 D1validated bit-16 (V)0 Code=notvalidated1 Code=0 Default=bit-15 (G)code1 Garbled=code0 Mode-3/A=bit-14 (L)derived from the replyof the transpondernotcode1 Mode-3/A=extracted during thelast scanbit-13 Sparetosetbitoctalinbits-12/1replyMode-3/ArepresentationNOTES1. Bit 15 has no meaning in the case of a smoothed Mode-3/A code and is setto 0 for a calculated track. For Mode S, it is set to one when an errorcorrection has been attempted.2. For Mode S, bit 16 is normally set to zero, but can exceptionally be set toone to indicate a non-validated Mode-3/A code (e.g. alert conditiondetected, but new Mode-3/A code not successfully extracted).5.2.8 Data Item I010/090, Flight Level in Binary RepresentationDefinition: Flight Level (Mode C / Mode S Altitude) converted into binarytwo's complement representation.Format: Two-octet fixed length Data Item.Structure:Octet no. 1 Octet no. 2 LSB16 15 14 13 12 11 10987 6 5 4 3 2 1V G Flight Level0 Codevalidated=bit-16 (V)validatednot1 Code=0 Defaultbit-15 (G)=code1 Garbled=1/4FLLevel) LSB=bits-14/1(FlightNOTES1. The value shall be within the range described by ICAO Annex 102. For Mode S, bit 15 (G) is set to one when an error correction has beenattempted.5.2.9 Data Item I010/091, Measured HeightDefinition: Height above local 2D co-ordinate reference system (two'scomplement) based on direct measurements not related tobarometric pressure.Format: Two-octet fixed length Data Item.Structure:Octet no. 1 Octet no. 216 15 14 13 12 11 109 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1Measured Height LSBHeightbits-16/1ft6.25LSB=ft800+/-Range=2045.2.10 Data Item I010/131, Amplitude of Primary PlotDefinition: Amplitude of Primary Plot.Format: One-Octet fixed length Data Item.Structure:Octet no. 18 7 6 5 4 3 2 1PAMNOTE: The value is radar-dependent, 0 being the minimum detectable levelfor that radar.5.2.11 Data Item I010/140, Time of DayDefinition:Absolute time stamping expressed as UTC.Format:Three-octet fixed length Data Item.Structure:Octet no. 124 23222120191817TimeOctet no. 2 Octet no. 3 LSB16 1514131211109 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1Of Day(LSB) = (2-7)s = 1/128 sbit-1NOTE - The time of day value is reset to zero each day at midnight.5.2.12 Data Item I010/161, Track NumberDefinition: An integer value representing a unique reference to a trackrecord within a particular track file.Format: Two-octet fixed length Data Item.Structure:Octet no. 1 Octet no. 216 151413121110 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1NUMBER(0…4095)0 0 0 0 TRACKbits-16/13 Spare bits set to zero.number.bits-12/1Track5.2.13 Data Item I010/170, Track StatusDefinition: Status of track.Format: Variable length Data Item comprising a first part of one-octet,followed by one-octet extents as necessary.Structureof First Part:Octet no. 18 7 6 5 4 3 2 1CNF TRE CST MAH TCC STH FXbit-8 (CNF) = 0 Confirmed track= 1 Track in initialisation phasebit-7 (TRE) = 0 Default= 1 Last report for a trackbits-6 /5 (CST) = 00 No extrapolation= 01 Predictable extrapolation due to sensorrefresh period (see NOTE)= 10 Predictable extrapolation in masked area= 11 Extrapolation due to unpredictable absenceof detectionbit-4 (MAH) = 0 DefaultmanoeuvreHorizontal=1bit-3 (TCC) = 0 Tracking performed in 'Sensor Plane', i.e.neither slant range correction nor projectionwas applied.= 1 Slant range correction and a suitableprojection technique are used to track in a2D.reference plane, tangential to the earthmodel at the Sensor Site co-ordinates.bit-2 (STH) = 0 Measured positionpositionSmoothed1=bit-1 (FX) = 0 End of Data Item= 1 Extension into first extentNOTE: Some sensors are not be able to scan the whole coverage in one refresh period. Therefore, track extrapolation is performed in un-scannedsectors. CST is then set to 01.Structureof First Extent:Octet no. 18 7 6 5 4 3 2 1FXTOM DOU MRSbits-8/7 (TOM) = 00 Unknown type of movement=Taking-off01Landing=10= 11 Other types of movementbits-6/4 (DOU) = 000 No doubt= 001 Doubtful correlation (undetermined reason)= 010 Doubtful correlation in clutter= 011 Loss of accuracy= 100 Loss of accuracy in clutterUnstabletrack101=coastedPreviously110=bits-3/2 (MRS) = 00 Merge or split indication undetermined= 01 Track merged by association to plot= 10 Track merged by non-association to plotSplittrack11=bit-1 (FX) = 0 End of Data Item= 1 Extension into next extentStructureof Second Extent:Octet no. 18 7 6 5 4 3 2 1GHO 0 0 0 0 0 0 FXDefaultbit-8=(GHO)Ghosttrack1=bits-7/2 Spare bits set to zerobit-1 (FX) = 0 End of Data Item= 1 Extension into next extentNOTES1. Bit-8 (GHO) is used to signal that the track is suspected to have beengenerated by a fake target.。
10 第10章 植物的逆境生理-自测题及参考答案
第 10 章 植物的逆境生理自测题：一、名词解释：1．逆境(胁迫) 2．抗逆性 3. 抗性锻炼 4．抗寒锻炼 5. 抗旱锻炼 6. 交叉抗性 7. 避逆性 8．耐逆性 9.逆境逃避 10.渗透调节 11．寒害 12.冻害 13.冷害 14.涝害 15．植保素 16.抗病性17.活性氧 18．生物自由基 19.逆境蛋白 20.大气干旱 21.土壤干旱 22．干旱. 23.生理干旱二、缩写符号翻译:1. CAT 2．SOD 3. POD 4. MDA 5．O *. 2 6． 1 O2 7． * OH 8．UFAI 9. ROO *10. HSPs 11. PRs 12.HF三、填空题:1．实验证明，细胞膜蛋白在结冰脱水时，其分子间的___________很容易形成，使蛋白质发生______________。
2．零上低温对喜温植物的伤害大致分为两个步骤：第一步是____________，第二步是__________。
3. 水稻对干旱最敏感的时期是____________和_____________________。
4．大气中的污染物主要有下列种类：________、_________、_____________、__________、_________________、 ______________________。
5．任何逆境都会使光合速率___________________。
6．膜脂不饱和脂肪酸含量越高，植物抗冷性就越_________。
7．干旱时，抗旱性强的小麦品种叶表皮细胞的饱和脂肪酸较不抗旱的____________________。
8． 在逆境下， 植体内主要的渗透调节物质有_______________、 _______________、 _____________、 ________________。
9．干旱时，不耐旱品种体内累积脯氨酸较抗旱的______________________。
小学三年级上册K卷英语第2单元期测验题(答案和解释)
小学三年级上册英语第2单元期测验题(答案和解释)英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题，每小题2分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.Which animal says "woof"?A. DogB. CatC. DuckD. Cow2.Which of these is used to brush your hair?A. ToothbrushB. CombC. ForkD. Spoon3.What color is the sky on a clear day?A. GreenB. BlueC. YellowD. White4.What do you call the person who helps you when you are sick?A. TeacherB. DoctorC. ChefD. Driver5.Which one is used to eat soup?A. ForkB. KnifeC. SpoonD. Plate6.Which animal has a long trunk?A. ElephantB. TigerC. DogD. Cat7.Which of these is a holiday?A. SundayB. ChristmasC. MondayD. Friday8.Which one is the opposite of "day"?A. NightB. SunC. ChairD. Dog9.Which of these is an animal that lives in the water?A. DogB. FishC. CatD. Tiger10.Which word means "a place where you can borrow books"?A. schoolB. libraryC. hospitalD. park11.We ______ (celebrate) my birthday last week. My friends ______ (give) me many presents, and we ______ (have) a big party. Everyone ______ (dance) and ______ (sing) songs.12.Which of these is a number?A. DogB. ThreeC. AppleD. Car13.What do you use to open a door?A. KeyB. KnifeC. SpoonD. Plate14.We __________ in the park now.A. playsB. playingC. is playingD. are playing15.What is the opposite of "hot"?A. WarmB. ColdC. SweetD. Spicy16.Which of these is an animal?A. CatB. BookC. ChairD. Spoon17.Yesterday, my family ______ (go) to the park. We ______ (have) a picnic under a big tree. After lunch, my little brother ______ (play) with a kite, and I ______ (take) many pictures of him. Later, we ______ (walk) around the lake. It ______ (be) a beautiful day.18.Which one is a vegetable?A. BananaB. SpinachC. OrangeD. Grapes19.I ______ (collect) stickers from different countries. Every time I ______ (travel) toa new place, I ______ (buy) a sticker to add to my collection. Last year, I ______ (go) to Japan, and I ______ (buy) several beautiful stickers. Now, I ______ (have) a big collection of stickers from around the world.20.What is the color of the sky on a clear day?A. RedB. BlueC. YellowD. Green21.In the morning, I usually ______ (do) my homework before school. After that, I______ (get) dressed and ______ (eat) breakfast. I ______ (leave) for school at 7:30 a.m.and ______ (arrive) at school at 8:00 a.m. On weekends, I ______ (have) more time to play and relax.22.What is the opposite of "big"?A. LargeB. SmallC. HeavyD. Tall23.Which of these is a vegetable?A. CarrotB. BananaC. AppleD. Pear24.Which of these is used for playing music?A. GuitarB. ChairC. TableD. Spoon25.What is the opposite of "hot"?A. ColdB. WarmC. SoftD. Heavy26.Which of the following is an animal?A. DogB. TableC. BookD. Chair27.What is the opposite of "fast"?A. SlowB. QuietC. TallD. Heavy28.Which of these is a shape?A. CircleB. BananaC. CupD. Dog29.Which one is a type of animal?A. ElephantB. TableC. BookD. Chair30.In the morning, I usually ______ (wake) up at 7:00 AM. After I ______ (get) out of bed, I ______ (brush) my teeth and ______ (have) breakfast. I always ______ (eat) toast and drink orange juice. Then, I ______ (put) on my school uniform and ______ (leave) for school. At school, I ______ (study) math, English, and science.31.In the evening, I like to watch __ with my family. We usually watch funny movies or cartoons. Sometimes we watch a TV show about animals. My little brother loves cartoons, and we often laugh a lot when we watch them. It’s a great way to relax after a busy day.32.Which of these is a fruit?A. CarrotB. AppleC. PotatoD. Lettuce33.What do we use to write on paper?A. BrushB. CrayonC. PenD. Eraser34.We ______ (have) a new student in our class. His name ______ (be) Jack, and he ______ (come) from Canada. Jack ______ (speak) English very well, and he ______ (make) many friends quickly. Yesterday, he ______ (tell) us about his country, and we ______ (learn) a lot of interesting things.35.Which of these is a vegetable?A. AppleB. CarrotC. BananaD. Grape36.Which animal says "woof"?A. CatB. DogC. SheepD. Cow37.My mom ______ (make) dinner every evening. She ______ (usually/cook) rice, vegetables, and chicken. Yesterday, she ______ (make) spaghetti, which I ______ (love). After dinner, we ______ (watch) a movie together. I ______ (always/feel) happy when we ______ (spend) time as a family.38.Which one is the correct spelling of the word?A. recieveB. receiveC. reciveD. reccieve39.What do you use to cut paper?A. KnifeB. ScissorsC. ForkD. Spoon40.I have a pet __ named Max. He is very friendly and loves to play. Every day, I feed him some __ and give him fresh __. Max loves to run around the garden, but he also likes to sleep in his cozy __. He’s always excited when I come hom e from school, and we play together in the __ after school.41.Which of these is a type of flower?A. PineB. RoseC. OakD. Maple42.My sister ______ (like) to read books. She ______ (have) a lot of books at home. Yesterday, she ______ (buy) a new book from the bookstore. She ______ (read) it all afternoon. I ______ (ask) her what the book ______ (be) about, and she ______ (tell) me it ______ (be) a mystery story.43.Which sentence uses the correct preposition of time?A. I was born on March.B. I was born in March.C. I was born at March.D. I was born by March.44.Which of these is a body part?A. HandB. TableC. CarD. Chair45.I always ______ (study) hard before my exams. Last week, I ______ (study) for my math test for three days. After studying, I ______ (feel) confident and ______ (do) well in the test.46.Which animal is known for its black and white stripes?A. GiraffeB. ZebraC. ElephantD. Lion47.Which of these is a pet?A. ElephantB. CatC. LionD. Giraffe48.Which of these is a color?A. DogB. RedC. TableD. Shoe49.What is the opposite of "hot"?A. ColdB. WarmC. SoftD. Sweet50.Every year, we ______ (go) on a family trip. Last summer, we ______ (visit) the mountains. The weather ______ (be) cool and sunny, and we ______ (hike) up to the top. We ______ (see) a beautiful lake at the top of the mountain. After the hike, we ______ (rest) and ______ (eat) lunch by the lake.(答案及解释)。
小学五年级下册E卷英语第4单元期末试卷(答案和解释)
小学五年级下册英语第4单元期末试卷(答案和解释)英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题，每小题2分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.Which of these is a part of your face?A. HandB. EyeC. FootD. Knee2.Which of these is a place to buy food?A. ParkB. Grocery storeC. LibraryD. Hospital3.Which one is a vegetable?A. carrotB. appleC. breadD. chicken4.What do you use to write?A. BookB. EraserC. PenD. Chair5.I have a new bicycle. It is red and has black tires. I ride it to school every day. My friends also have bicycles, and sometimes we ride together after school.6.Which of the following is a vegetable?A. TomatoB. CucumberC. BananaD. Pear7.What do we use to eat food from a plate?A. SpoonB. KnifeC. ForkD. Plate8.Which of the following is a shape?A. TableB. CircleC. DogD. Car9.Which animal can swim?A. DogB. ElephantC. FishD. Cat10.Which of these is a famous toy?A. Teddy bearB. SpoonC. TableD. Ruler11.Which of these is a fruit?A. CarrotB. LemonC. OnionD. Cucumber12.Which of these is a drink?A. SpoonB. JuiceC. PlateD. Fork13.Which of these is a season?A. SundayB. WinterC. BlueD. Friday14.Which of these is a fruit?A. TomatoB. CarrotC. PotatoD. Onion15.In the summer, we like to go swimming at the pool. I wear my swimsuit and sunblock to protect my skin. After swimming, I enjoy eating ice cream with my friends.16.What is the opposite of "young"?A. NewB. OldC. TallD. Small17.What do we use to cut food?A. SpoonB. KnifeC. PlateD. Cup18.Tomorrow, we ______ (have) a picnic in the park. We ______ (bring) sandwiches, fruit, and drinks. I ______ (hope) the weather ______ (be) nice because we ______ (plan) to stay outside all day.19.Which of these animals has fur?A. SnakeB. FishC. CatD. Bird20.Which of these is a color?A. AppleB. DogC. GreenD. Car21.Which of these is a wild animal?A. DogB. ElephantC. TigerD. Cat22.Which one is a shape?A. CircleB. CarC. BookD. Chair23.Which fruit is yellow when ripe?A. AppleB. BananaC. GrapeD. Strawberry24.Yesterday, I _______ (take) my dog to the park. We _______ (walk) around and _______ (play) fetch. My dog _______ (run) so fast that I _______ (laugh) a lot. After playing, we _______ (sit) on the grass and _______ (rest). It _______ (be) a fun time.25.Which of these is used to play music?A. PianoB. PlateC. SpoonD. Chair26.What is your name?A. I am John.B. I am a teacher.C. I am in grade 5.D. I am 10 years olD.27.What do you use to write?A. PenB. TableC. BedD. Shirt28.He is ___ than me.A. tallB. tallerC. tallestD. more tall29.Choose the right preposition: The cat is ______ the box.A. inB. onC. underD. beside30.I have a dog.A. I like dogs.B. He has a dog.C. I dont like dogs.D. I have a cat.31.What do we use to read books?A. ScissorsB. GlassesC. CameraD. Spoon32.What is the opposite of “big”?A. SmallB. TallC. WideD. Long33.What do we call a person who teaches students?A. TeacherB. DoctorC. PilotD. Engineer34.Which one is the opposite of "big"?A. SmallB. TallC. FastD. Slow35.Which sentence is correct?A. She is often late for school.B. She often is late for school.C. She late is often for school.D. She is late often for school.36.I usually _______ (go) to school by bus, but today I _______ (decide) to walk because the weather _______ (be) nice. As I _______ (walk) along the street, I _______ (see) many people going to work. I _______ (meet) my friend Lily, and we _______ (talk) about the homework we _______ (get) yesterday. After we _______ (arrive) at school, we _______ (sit) in the classroom and _______ (wait) for the bell to ring. Our teacher_______ (come) into the classroom, and we _______ (start) our lessons.37.When I ______ (be) a child, I ______ (like) to visit the park on weekends. My parents ______ (take) me there every Saturday. I ______ (play) on the swings and______ (climb) the jungle gym. I ______ (have) so much fun.38.Which one is a shape?A. CarB. CircleC. DogD. House39.What do we use to write?A. PencilB. ForkC. SpoonD. Plate40.Which one is a number?A. SevenB. SpoonC. PlateD. Chair41.In the evening, I usually ______ (do) my homework and then ______ (watch) TV for a while. Last night, however, I ______ (read) a book instead of watching TV. The book ______ (be) about a detective who ______ (solve) mysteries. It ______ (be) very interesting, and I ______ (finish) it in one night.42.My grandmother ______ (live) in a small village. She ______ (have) a beautiful garden with many flowers. Every spring, the flowers ______ (bloom), and it ______ (look) very colorful. Last weekend, I ______ (visit) her and we ______ (plant) some new flowers together. It ______ (be) a wonderful time.43.Which of these is used to cut?A. KnifeB. SpoonC. ForkD. Plate44.Which one is the opposite of "big"?A. TallB. SmallC. HeavyD. Hot45.She _______ to school by bus every day.A. goB. goesC. goneD. going46.Which of these is used to drink?A. CupB. SpoonC. PlateD. Chair47.Which of these is a type of bird?A. DuckB. LionC. ElephantD. Whale48.Today, I _______ (study) for my math test when my friend Lily _______ (call) me. She _______ (ask) if I _______ (want) to go to the library with her. I _______ (say) yes, so we _______ (meet) at the library at 3 PM. We _______ (spend) two hours there, studying together. After we _______ (finish), we _______ (go) to a café to have some snacks.49.Which animal is known for its shell?A. DogB. TurtleC. CatD. Rabbit50.Yesterday, I ______ (visit) the library with my mom. We ______ (borrow) some books, and I ______ (read) one about animals. It ______ (be) very interesting, so I______ (finish) it in one hour.(答案及解释)。
小学上册第10次英语第6单元全练全测
小学上册英语第6单元全练全测英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What is the main function of the lungs?A. To pump bloodB. To filter wasteC. To help in breathingD. To digest foodC To help in breathing2.The chemical symbol for lanthanum is ______.3.Which of these is a natural resource?A. PlasticB. AluminumC. WaterD. SteelC4.I see ___ (stars/clouds) in the sky.5. A reagent is a substance used to cause a ______ reaction.titude) lines run parallel to the equator. The ____7. A _______ is a substance formed from two or more elements.8.The goldfish is swimming in its _________. (鱼缸)9.My teacher is very __________ (和蔼可亲).10.The cat is ______ (curled) up on the sofa.11.My sister is a ______. She enjoys learning new languages.12.The baby is ______ with her doll. (playing)13. A __________ is an underground layer of water-bearing rock.14.What is the main ingredient in bread?A. RiceB. FlourC. SugarD. SaltB15. A _______ is used to hold small amounts of liquids in a lab. (试管)16.Which animal is known as "man's best friend"?A. CatB. DogC. BirdD. FishB Dog17.Which animal is known to be very slow?A. CheetahB. SnailC. RabbitD. FoxB18.To grow a plant, you need _______ and sunlight.19.The chemical formula for aluminum sulfate is ______.20.I love to go ______ (爬山) on weekends.21. A _____ is a long, narrow inlet of the sea.22.I love going to the bookstore to find new ________ (书籍) to read. It’s like a treasure ________ (猎).23.Covalent bonds involve the sharing of ______.24.The sky is ______ with stars at night. (filled)25.Metals are usually good ________ of heat and electricity.26.What do we call the period of time it takes for the Earth to orbit the sun?A. DayB. MonthC. YearD. DecadeC27.The __________ is known for its diverse ecosystems. (热带地区)28.What do you call the story of someone's life?A. NovelB. BiographyC. FantasyD. PoemB29.She is _____ (practicing) her speech.30.The __________ (历史的见证) enriches understanding.31.What do we call the sweet treat made from cocoa?A. CandyB. ChocolateC. CaramelD. Toffee32.What do we call the main character in a play or story?A. ProtagonistB. AntagonistC. Supporting characterD. Narrator33.We can grow __________ (蔬菜) like tomatoes and carrots.34.What is the name of the famous bridge in San Francisco?A. Brooklyn BridgeB. Golden Gate BridgeC. London BridgeD. Sydney Harbour Bridge35.My favorite _____ is a plush bear.36.Which food is known for being round and often topped with cheese and tomato?A. SandwichB. PizzaC. SaladD. Burger37.We went to the ______ to see animals. (zoo)38.What is the name of the famous ocean current that affects the climate of Europe?A. Gulf StreamB. Kuroshio CurrentC. California CurrentD. Antarctic Circumpolar CurrentA39.What color is a typical school bus?A. GreenB. BlueC. YellowD. RedC Yellow40.We have a ______ (愉快的) celebration for achievements.41. A ________ (大象) is the largest land animal and has a long trunk.42.The children are __________ in the park.43.What is the name of the famous wizard in J.K. Rowling's books?A. GandalfB. DumbledoreC. Harry PotterD. FrodoC44. A ferret can scurry through tight ______ (空间).45.What do you call a baby chicken?A. CubB. ChickC. GoslingD. CalfB46.We should respect all _____ (自然环境).47.I have a ________ that plays music.48.What do we call a young whale?A. CalfB. KidC. PupD. Cub49.My brother is a ______. He likes to play chess.50.The Cold War was a period of tension between _______ and the West.51.The _______ of sound is measured in decibels.52.What is the name of the famous American author known for "The Old Man and the Sea"?A. F. Scott FitzgeraldB. Ernest HemingwayC. Mark TwainD. John SteinbeckB53.My friend is a ______. He enjoys hiking.54.An example of a gas is _______. (氧气)55.What is the name of the fairy tale character who leaves a glass slipper?A. Snow WhiteB. CinderellaC. RapunzelD. Sleeping BeautyB56.I have a ______ of stickers. (book)57.I love to read ___. (stories)58. A _______ can be used to measure the speed of a falling object.59.The __________ (历史的流动性) shows that nothing is permanent.60. A _______ is a process that involves mixing liquids.61. A _____ (小马) can be very gentle and friendly.62.Which planet is known as the Red Planet?A. EarthB. MarsC. VenusD. MercuryB63. A crab walks sideways on the ______ (沙滩).64.What is the primary color of a strawberry?A. BlueB. RedC. YellowD. GreenB65.What do bees make?A. MilkB. HoneyC. ButterD. Jam66.The first successful double organ transplant was performed in ________.67.The sun sets in the _______ (西边).68.The __________ is known for its mineral springs.69.I can _____ to the top of the slide. (climb)70.Which fruit is known for having seeds on the outside?A. BananaB. StrawberryC. AppleD. GrapeB71.What is the capital of Sri Lanka?A. ColomboB. KandyC. GalleD. Jaffna72.The city of Baghdad is the capital of _______.73.The kitten is ___. (sleeping)74.What is the process of converting a liquid into a gas called?A. MeltingB. FreezingC. EvaporationD. CondensationC75.What is the term for an animal that only eats meat?A. HerbivoreB. OmnivoreC. CarnivoreD. InsectivoreC76.What do you call a person who fixes electrical issues?A. PlumberB. ElectricianC. MechanicD. Builder77.The ______ can be found in almost every habitat.78.This girl, ______ (这个女孩), is very talented at drawing.79.The process of photosynthesis takes place in the ______ of plants. (光合作用发生在植物的叶子中。
小学上册A卷英语第四单元真题试卷
小学上册英语第四单元真题试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What do we call the holiday on October 31st?A. ChristmasB. EasterC. HalloweenD. Thanksgiving2.The classroom is ________ and bright.3.The first recorded Olympic champion was a ______ (摔跤手).4.The movie is ___ (exciting).5. A __________ is formed through the action of glaciers on the Earth's surface.6.The bear catches fish with its _________. (嘴)7.What is the capital of Armenia?A. YerevanB. BakuC. TbilisiD. AnkaraA Yerevan8.The process of adding oxygen to a substance is called _____.9.What is your favorite __________?10.My cat loves to _______ (探索) the house.11.The ancient Sumerians are credited with creating one of the first _______ systems.12. A _______ can be a great educational tool.13.What is the name of the famous clock tower in London?A. Big BenB. Tower of LondonC. Buckingham PalaceD. The ShardA Big Ben14.The _____ (长颈鹿) uses its long neck to reach leaves high in the trees. 长颈鹿用它长长的脖子去够树上高处的叶子。
四年级描写小猫的英语作文10句话
四年级描写小猫的英语作文10句话示例回答如下1:英文回答:1. The little cat is fluffy and has soft, fur. 它是一只毛茸茸的小猫，有着柔软的毛发。
2. It has bright, sparkling eyes that glow in the sunlight. 它有明亮闪亮的眼睛，在阳光下闪耀。
3. The cat loves to play and chase after toys. 这只猫喜欢玩耍，追逐玩具。
4. It can jump and climb with great agility. 它能够敏捷地跳跃和爬树。
5. The cat enjoys being petted and cuddled by its owner. 这只猫喜欢被主人抚摸和拥抱。
6. It purrs contently when it is happy and relaxed. 当它感到幸福和放松时，它会发出满足的呼噜声。
7. The cat has a playful nature and loves to explore its surroundings. 这只猫有着调皮的天性，喜欢探索周围的环境。
8. It is curious and often gets into mischief. 它很好奇，经常闯祸。
9. The cat has a gentle and affectionate personality. 这只猫性格温和和喜爱撒娇。
10. It is a beloved pet and brings joy to its owner's life. 它是一只深受喜爱的宠物，给主人的生活带来了快乐。
中文回答：1. 这只小猫毛茸茸的，毛发柔软。
2. 它有着明亮闪亮的眼睛，在阳光下发光。
3. 这只猫喜欢玩耍，追逐玩具。
4. 它能够敏捷地跳跃和爬树。
方位介词造句10个
方位介词造句10个1. in.- There are some books in the box.（盒子里有一些书。
）- The cat is in the basket.（猫在篮子里。
）2. on.- The cup is on the table.（杯子在桌子上。
）- There is a picture on the wall.（墙上有一幅画。
）3. under.- The ball is under the chair.（球在椅子下面。
）- My shoes are under the bed.（我的鞋子在床底下。
）4. behind.- The boy is behind the tree.（男孩在树后面。
）- The car is behind the house.（汽车在房子后面。
）5. in front of.- There is a garden in front of the building.（大楼前面有一个花园。
）- The dog is in front of the gate.（狗在大门前面。
）6. near.- The school is near the park.（学校在公园附近。
）- There is a supermarket near my home.（我家附近有一个超市。
）7. between.- The book is between the two pens.（书在两支笔之间。
）- He is sitting between his father and mother.（他坐在他爸爸和妈妈之间。
）8. beside.- The girl is beside her mother.（女孩在她妈妈旁边。
）- There is a lamp beside the bed.（床旁边有一盏灯。
）9. above.- The kite is above the house.（风筝在房子上方。
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规则系统中的知识表示
开发一个基于规则的机器翻译系统，首先要设计一个 知识表示系统，将翻译过程中所有需要的知识以计算 机可以操作的形式表述出来。 一般而言，翻译过程往往需要下述一些知识的支撑： （一）源语言知识。系统利用源语言知识分析源语言 句子，得到源语言句子的结构和意义。 （二）目标语言知识。系统利用目标语言知识，产生 可以接受的目标语言句子。 （三）源语言到目标语言的对译知识。在基于转换的 系统中，系统需要根据各种级别的对应关系来完成 源语言到目标语言的转换。最基本的是词之间的对 译知识。
混合式的机器翻译
20世纪90年代，学界曾就机器翻译方法问题有过争 论。 坚持规则路线的学者认为 统计模型对结构处理乏力且过于简单？ 远距离制约问题？ 统计翻译是“石头汤” ？ 坚持统计方法的学者认为 传统方法不能彻底解决机器翻译问题 基于知识的方法曾被认为是解决机器翻译问题的关 键方法，可是目前依然没有开发出实用系统，留给 大家的是一些写在纸上的例子。
Statistic-Based Machine Translation(SBMT) 翻译问题是解密问题 50年代初曾有提及，遭到以Chomsky为代表的 语言学家的反对 90年代初，统计翻译技术复苏 统计技术在语音识别领域获得成功 目前计算机性能已能胜任密集型计算 目前也有大量联机双语电子文本
基于统计的机器翻译
基于实例的机器翻译
基本思想
主要知识库是双语对 照的实例库 当需要翻译一个新句 子时，通过检索的办 法在实例库中寻找和 该句类似的翻译实 例。 新句子的翻译可通过 模拟最类似的实例的 译文的方式获得。
基于实例的机器翻译
EBMT的优点
系统维护容易
系统中知识以翻译实例和义类词典等形式存在，可以很容 易的利用增加实例和词汇的方式扩充系统。
机器翻译的基本方法
中间语言法(interlingua approach) 中间语言(interlingua)是一种中间表达，通常是一种句 法-语义表达(syntactic-semantic expression)，中间语言独立 于任何具体的自然语言。 源文本经过深层分析得到源语言的中间语言表示。 再由该中间表示生成目标语文本。 翻译过程为两个阶段。
机器翻译的使用
对于信息吸收型用户而言 往往面临太多的文献需要浏览，但并非对所有文献 都有兴趣 机器可以提供一个初步的翻译，虽不准确，但可传 达文献的总体思想，有利于用户定位文献 对于选出的文献，可以聘请专人进行译后编辑或聘 请专家进行翻译 同聘请翻译人员相比，机器翻译具有廉价和高速的 优势
机器翻译的使用
机器翻译的使用
对于信息传播型用户而言 译文质量十分关键，跨国公司的所有技术资料都应 准确翻译，不存在妥协的可能。 总而言之，目前机器翻译难以发挥作用 但跨国公司产品数量有限、领域狭窄，可采用子语 言技术以及结合后编辑技术 机器辅助翻译技术和翻译记忆(translation memory)技术广 泛使用 机器翻译也可较好的保证译文中术语的一致性问题
机器翻译为什么困难？
语言问题非常复杂，缺乏有效的形式化手段 语言中常有大量歧义现象，翻译要面对两种语 言间的歧义现象 翻译涉及的常是海量知识，知识库的建造维护 代价很高 机器翻译过程涉及很多环节，每个环节都不能 做到100%准确，错误积累严重
机器翻译研究中常用的对策
交互式机器翻译 子语言（限定领域） 受控语言（限定语言的复杂程度） 混合式机器翻译
翻译问题可用噪声信道来描述 T → 噪音信道 → S 基本模型
ˆ T = argmax Pr(T ) Pr( S | T )
T
ˆ T = argmax Pr( T | S )
T
Pr( T | S ) =
Pr( T ) Pr( S | T ) Pr( S )
Pr(S|T)称为语言S到T的翻译模型 Pr(T) 称为语言T的语言模型
机器翻译的基本方法
不同系统采用不同层次内部表示，例如浅层句法表 示或深层句法语义表示。 商业上最为成功的方法，目前绝大部分商品化机器 翻译系统采用转换式机器翻译方法。 基于知识的机器翻译方法(knowledge-based machine translation) 20世纪70年代，受人工智能、知识工程发展的影 响，而提出。 强调对源语言进行更为彻底的分析和理解。 不仅对语言语言进行深层语言学分析，还需要进行 世界知识(world knowledge)的显式处理。 需要建立对语言理解有益的本体知识库(ontology)。
机器翻译的基本方法
研制代价昂贵，没有特别成功的案例。
基于规则的翻译方法图示
机器翻译的基本方法
20世纪80年代中后期，基于语料库的机器翻译技术得 到越来越多的关注。 试图避开知识库建设的困难 试图回避对源语言进行深层语言分析 翻译知识主要来自双语平行语料库 基于实例的翻译通过模仿实例库中已有的翻译基于 类比的策略进行翻译。 基于统计的机翻译通过建立统计翻译模型、训练统 计模型进而基于统计模型进行翻译。 考虑到这些方法背后的哲学背景，也常把基于规则的 方法称为理性主义(rationalism )方法，而把基于语料库的 方法称为经验主义(empiricism)方法。
规则系统的基本流程
词法分析 句法分析 语义分析 结构转换 句子生成 译词选择 形态生成
源语言文本 目标语言文本
词法分析 词典 语法分析 规则库
形态生成
译词选择
语义分析
句子生成
结构转换
规则翻译方法例示
输入：她把一束花放在桌上。
切分和标注：她/r 把/p 一/m 束/q 花/n 放/v 在/p 桌/n 上/f 。/w
结构转换： 句法分析： 结构调整： 译词选择： 她 － she 花 － flower 放 － place 上 － on 一－ a 桌 － table 束 － bunch 。－ .
输出：She put table.
基于实例的机器翻译
Example Based Machine Translation(EBMT) 1984年由日本著名机器翻译专家长尾真提出 背景 建立在转换基础上的机器翻译系统，在差异较大语 言对间进行互译时，效果不好 人在翻译时不做深层次语言学分析 人在学外语的时候，首先要作大量的对照记忆，在 遇到新的句子时，会和记忆中的句子类比 建立基于类比思想的机器翻译
目前机器翻译的价值不在于它可以取代翻译专家，而 在于它可在一个完整翻译过程的部分环节中有所贡 献。 机器翻译的价值也体现在它可以带来翻译生产率的提 高和翻译成本的降低这两个方面。 互联网时代对机器翻译的新需求 (1)网页的翻译 (2)网络聊天室、技术论坛中用户交谈的实时翻译 (3)跨语言信息检索(Cross Language Information Retrieval) (4)跨语言的信息提取
基于统计的机器翻译
基本问题
建立合理的可计算的语言模型并估计参数
n元模型（n-gram）
建立合理的可计算的翻译模型并估计参数 设计可靠有效的算法搜索最好的译文
目前还没有能搜索到最优结果的算法
基于统计的机器翻译
IBM翻译模型
fi ⎞ ⎛ Pr( S | T ) = ∏ ⎜ Pr( fi | ti ) ⋅ ∏ Pr( sj | ti ) ⎟ ⋅ ∏ Pr(i | j , l ) ⎟ ⎜ i =1 ⎝ j =1 ⎠ i , j ,l n
机器翻译技术介绍
常宝宝 北京大学计算语言学研究所 chbb@
什么是机器翻译
研究目标：研制出能把一种自然语言（源语言）的文 本翻译为另外一种自然语言（目标语言）的文本的计 算机软件系统。 制造一种机器，让使用不同语言的人无障碍地自由交 流，一直是人类的一个梦想。 随着国际互联网络的日益普及，网上出现了以各种语 言为载体的大量信息，语言障碍问题在新的时代又一 次凸显出来，人们比以往任何时候都更迫切需要语言 的自动翻译系统。 但机器翻译是一个极为困难的研究课题，无论目前对 它的需求多么迫切，全自动高质量的机器翻译系统 (FAHQMT)仍将是人类一个遥远的梦。
规则系统中的知识表示
（四）领域知识和世界知识。利用源语言知识、目标 语言知识，在领域知识和世界知识的协助下，可以 更好地完成对源语言的理解和目标语言的生成。 （五）有关社会、文化和习俗的知识。在人工翻译 中，这些知识也起着重要作用。但鉴于目前的处理 水平，几乎没有机器翻译系统把该类知识纳入处理 范围。人们目前还缺乏有效方法把这些知识以机器 可以操作的方式描述出来。
把任何一种自然语言翻译成为一种独立的中间语 言，需要深层次的语言分析和生成技术，目前没有 特别成功的基于中间语言的机器翻译系统。 转换法(transfer approach) 分析源语言文本，得到其源语言内部表达 将源语言内部表达转换成目标语内部表达 根据目标语内部表达生成目标语文本 翻译过程分成三个阶段
机器翻译的基本方法
20世纪90年代以前，机器翻译方法的主流一直是基于 规则的方法，因此基于规则的方法也称为传统的机器 翻译方法。 直接翻译法 逐词进行翻译，又称逐词翻译法(word for word translation) 无需对源语言文本进行分析 对翻译过程的认识过渡简化，忽视了不同语言之间 在词序、词汇、结构等方面的差异。 翻译效果差，属于早期过时认识，现已无人采用 How are you ? 怎么 是 你 ? How old are you ? 怎么 老 是 你 ?
容易产生高质量的译文
尤其是利用了较大的翻译实例或和实例精确匹配时更是如 此。
可避免进行深层次的语言学分析
基于实例的机器翻译
EBMT的关键问题
大规模的双语语料库 双语对齐问题
语篇、句子、短语和词汇等各种级别
建立合理的相似度准则 高效的实例检索机制 译文生成
翻译记忆技术和基于模板的翻译技术
基于统计的机器翻译
规则系统中的知识表示
词典 机器翻译系统中，有关词的知识记录在词典中，源 语言的形态知识、句法知识和语义知识记录在源语 言词典中。目标语言的形态知识、句法知识等记录 在目标语言词典中。词语间的对译关系则记录在对 译词典中。 规则 为了源语言句子分析和目标语言句子生成的需要， 还需要有关句子结构的知识。句子或短语的组成成 分规律用规则描述。源语言和目标语言句法结构之 间的对应关系一般用转换规则来表达。