中国人民大学考博英语真题阅读理解精讲
人大博士英语公共课阅读材料5
Reading Material V: Reading Longer ArticlesThe Many Faces of the FutureWhy we'll never have a universal civilization?By Samuel P. Huntington1 Conventional wisdom tells us that we are witnessing the emergence of what V. S. Naipaul calleda “ universal civilization,” the cultural coming together of humanity and the increasing acceptance of common values, beliefs, and institutions by people throughout the world. Critics of this trend point to the global domination of Western-style capitalism and culture, and the gradual erosion of distinct cultures—especially in the developing world.2 If what we mean by universal culture are the assumptions, values, and doctrines currently held by the many elites who travel in international circles, that's not a vi able “one, world” scenario. Consider the “Davos culture” . Each-year about a thousand business executives, government officials, intellectuals, and journalists from scores of countries meet at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. Almost all of them hold degrees in the physical sciences, social sciences, business, or law; are reasonably fluent in English; are employed by governments, corporations, and academic institutions with extensive international connections; and travel frequently outside of their own countries. They also generally share beliefs in individualism, market economies, and political democracy, which are also common among people in Western civilization. This core group of people controls virtually all international institutions, many of the world's governments, and the bulk of the world's economic and military organizations. As a result, the Davos culture is tremendously important, but it is far from a universal civilization. Outside the West, these values are shared by perhaps 1 percent of the world's population.3 The argument that the spread of Western consumption patterns and popular culture around the world is creating a universal civilization is also not especially profound. Innovations have been transmitted from one civilization to another throughout history. But they are usually techniques lacking in significant cultural consequences or fads that come and go without altering the underlying culture of the recipient civilization. The essence of Western civilization is the Magna Carta, not the Magna Mac. The fact that non-Westerners may bite into the latter does not necessarily mean they are more likely to accept the former. During the ' 70s and ' 80s Americans bought millions of Japanese cars and electronic gadgets without being "Japanized", and, in fact, became considerably more antagonistic toward Japan. Only naive arrogance can lead Westerners to assume that non-Westerners will become "Westernized" by acquiring Western goods.4 A slightly more sophisticated version of the universal popular culture argument focuses on the media rather than consumer goods in general. Eighty-eight of the world's hundred most popular films in 1993 were produced in the United States, and four organizations based in the United States and Europe—the Associated Press, CNN, Reuters, and the French Press Agency—dominate the dissemination of news worldwide. This situation simply reflects the universality of human interest inlove, sex, violence, mystery, heroism, and wealth, and the ability of profit-motivated companies, pri-marily American, to exploit those interests to their own advantage. Little or no evidence exists, however, to support the assumption that the emergence of pervasive global communications is producing significant convergence in attitudes and beliefs around the world. Indeed, this Western hegemony encourages populist politicians in non-Western societies to denounce Western cultural imperialism and to rally their constituents to preserve their indigenous cultures. The extent to which global communications are dominated by the West is, thus, a major source of the resentment non-Western peoples have toward the West. In addition, rapid economic development in non-Western societies is leading to the emergence of local and regional media industries catering to the distinctive tastes of those societies.5 The central elements of any civilization are language and religion. If a universal civilization is emerging, there should be signs of a universal language and a universal religion developing. Nothing of the sort is occurring.6 Despite claims from Western business leaders that the world’s language is English, no evidence exists to support this proposition, and the most reliable evidence that does exist shows just the opposite. English speakers dropped from 9.8 percent of the world's population in 1958 to 7. 6 percent in 1992. Still, one can argue the English has become the world' s lingua franca, or in linguistic terms, the principal language of wider communication. Diplomats, business executives, tourists, and the service professionals catering to them need some means of efficient communication, and right now that is largely in English. But this is a form of intercultural communication; it presupposes the existence of separate cultures. Adopting a lingua franca is a way of coping with linguistic and cultural differences, not a way of eliminating them. It is a tool for communication, not a source of identity and community.7 The linguistic scholar Joshua Fishman has observed that a language is more likely to be accepted as a lingua franca if it is not identified with a particular ethnic group, religion, or ideology. In the past, English carried many of those associations. But more recently, Fishman says, it has been " de-ethnicized (or minimally ethnicized), " much like what happened to Akkadian, Aramaic, Greek, and Latin before it. As he puts it, "It is part of the relative good fortune of English as an additional language that neither its British nor its American fountainheads have been widely or deeply viewed in an ethnic or ideological context for the past quarter century or so." Resorting to English for intercultural communication helps maintain—and, indeed, reinforce—separated cultural identities. Precisely because people want to preserve their own culture, they use English to communicate with people of other cultures.8 A universal religion is only slightly more likely to emerge than a universal language. The late 20th century has seen a resurgence of religions around the world, including the rise of fundamentalist movements. This trend has reinforced the differences among religions, and has not necessarily resulted in significant shifts in the distribution of religions worldwide.9 Of course, there have been increases during the past century in the percentage of people practicing the two major proselytizing religions, Islam and Christianity. Western Christians accounted for 26.9 percent of the world's population in 1900 and peaked at about 30 percent in 1980, while the Muslim population increases from 12.4 percent in 1900 to as much as 18 percent in 1980. The per-centage of Christians in the world will probably decline to about 25 percent by 2025. Meanwhile, because of extremely high rates of population growth, the proportion of Muslims in the world will con-tinue to increase dramatically and represent about 30 percent of the world's population by 2025. Neither, however, qualifies as a universal religion.10 The argument that some sort of universal civilization is emerging rests on one or more of three assumptions; that the collapse of Soviet communism meant the end of history and the universal victory of liberal democracy; that increased interaction among peoples through trade, investment, tourism, media, and electronic communications is creating a common world culture; and that a universal civilization is the logical result of the process of global modernization that has been going on since the 18th century.11 The first assumption is rooted in the Cold War perspective that the only alternative to communism is liberal democracy, and the demise of the first inevitably produces the second. But there are many alternatives to liberal democracy—including authoritarianism, nationalism, corporatism, and market communism (as in China)— that are alive and well in today's world. And, more significantly, there are all the religious alternatives that lie outside the world of secular ideologies. In the modern world, religion is a central, perhaps the central, force that motivates and mobilizes people. It is sheer hubris to think that because Soviet communism has collapsed, the West has conquered the world for all time and that non-Western peoples are going to rush to embrace Western liberalism as the only alternative. The Cold War division of humanity is over. The more fundamental divisions of ethnicity, religions, and civilizations remain and will spawn new conflicts.12 The new global economy is a reality. Improvements in transportation and communications technology have indeed made it easier and cheaper to move money, goods, knowledge, ideas, and images around the world. But what will be the impact of this increased economic interaction? In social psychology, distinctiveness theory holds that people define themselves by what makes them different from others in a particular context: People define their identity by what they are not. As advanced communications, trade, and travel multiply the interactions among civilizations, people will increasingly accord greater relevance to identity based on their own civilization.13 Those who argue that a universal civilization is an inevitable product of modernization assume that all modern societies must become Westernized. As the first civilization to modernize, the West leads in the acquisition of the culture of modernity. And as other societies acquire similar patterns of education, work, wealth, and class structure—the argument runs — this modern Western culture will become the universal culture of the world. That significant differences exist between modern and traditional cultures is beyond dispute. It doesn' t necessarily follow, however, that societies with modern cultures resemble each other more than do societies with traditional cultures. As historian Fernand Braudel writes, "Ming China. .. was assuredly closer to the France of the Valois than the China of Mao Tsetung is to the France of the Fifth Republic."14 Yet modern societies could resemble each other more than do traditional societies for two reasons. First, the increased interaction among modern societies may not generate a common culture, but it does facilitate the transfer of techniques, inventions, and practices from one society to another with a speed and to a degree that were impossible in the traditional world. Second traditional society was based on agriculture; modern society is based on industry. Patterns of agriculture and the social structure that goes with them are much more dependent on the natural environment than are patterns of industry. Differences in industrial organization are likely to derive from differences in culture and social structure rather than geography, and the former conceivably can converge while the latter can-not .15 Modern societies thus have much in common. But do they necessarily merge into homogeneity? The argument that they do rests on the assumption that modern society must approximate a single type, the Western type. This is a totally false assumption. Western civilization emerged in the 8th and 9th centuries. It did not begin to modernize until the 17th and 18th centuries. The West was the West long before it was modern. The central characteristics of the West—the classical legacy, the mix of Catholicism and Protestantism, and the separation of spiritual and temporal authority—distinguish it from other civilizations and antedate the modernization of the West.16 In the post-Cold War world, the most important distinctions among people are not ideological, political, or economic. They are cultural. People and nations are attempting to answer a basic human question: Who are we? And they are answering that question in the traditional way, by reference to the things that mean the most to them: ancestry, religion, language, history, values, customs, and institutions. People identify with cultural groups: tribes, ethnic groups, religious communities, nations, and, at the broadest level, civilizations. They use politics not just to advance their interests but also to define their identity. We know who we are only when we know who we are not, and often only when we know who we are against.17 Nation-states remain the principal actors in world affairs. Their behavior is shaped, as in the past, by the pursuit of power and wealth, but it is also shaped by cultural preferences and differences. The most important groupings of states are no longer the three blocs of the Cold War but rather the world's major civilizations.18 The main responsibility of Western leaders is to recognize that intervention in the affairs of other civilizations is the single most dangerous source of instability in the world. The West should at-tempt not to reshape other civilizations in its own image, but to preserve and renew the unique qualities of its own civilization.。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：37
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.翻译题The opening of Disneyland will bring many associated investment opportunities. At least four economic sectors will benefit directly. First, property markets. Housing and commercial real estate prices around the Disneyland area are already rising. Second, the tourism sector. After the opening, analysts expect 3 to 5 million more tourists will visit Shanghai every year, bring more business to hotels, travel agencies and retails. Third, brand marketing will give a boost to toy manufactures, publishers and the gaming industry. Fourth, construction companies and material suppliers will enjoy a huge increase, comparable to the 2010 Shanghai world Expo. Disneyland’s first phase of construction is expected to cost 24 billion yuan.【答案】迪士尼在上海开园会带来许多相关的投资机会。
人大考博英语真题模拟阅读理解真题模拟练习精选1-育明考博
人大考博英语真题模拟阅读理解真题模拟练习精选1Method of Scientific InquiryWhy the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction—by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observation—these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.（PS：育明考博课程咨询方式 扣扣：547 063 862 TEL：四零零 六六八 六九七八 交流群105.619.820）The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of “facts” and “theories” or “facts” and “ideas”—in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter—proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts—a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.1. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is[A]. Philosophy of mathematics. [B]. The Recent Growth in Science.[C]. The Verification of Facts. [C]. Methods of Scientific Inquiry.2. According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days of the ancient Greeks and in modern times is[A]. the similarity between the two periods.[B]. that it was an act of God.[C]. that both tried to develop the inductive method.[D]. due to the decline of the deductive method.3. The difference between “fact” and “theory”[A]. is that the latter needs confirmation.[B]. rests on the simplicity of the former.[C]. is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient Greeks.[D]. helps us to understand the deductive method.4. According to the author, mathematics is[A]. an inductive science. [B]. in need of simple verification.[C]. a deductive science. [D]. based on fact and theory.5. The statement “Theories are facts” may be called.[A]. a metaphor. [B]. a paradox.[C]. an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methods.[D]. a pun.Vocabulary1. inductive 归纳法induction n.归纳法2. deductive 演绎法deduction n。
人大考博英语(2010-2017)
历年真题2017年中国人民大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题PartⅡReading Comprehension(40%)Directions:There are4reading passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B, C and D．You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET．Questions16to20are based on the following passage．Sometimes,over a span of many Years,a business will continue to grow,generating ever-increasing amounts of cash,repurchasing stock,paying increased dividends,reducing debt, opening new stores,expanding production facilities,moving into new markets,etc.,while at the same tune its stock price remains stagnant(or even falls)．When this happens,the average and professional investors alike tend to overlook the company because they become familiar with the trading range．Take,for example,Wal-Mart.Over the past five years,the retailing behemoth has grown sales by over80％,profits by over100％,and yet the stock price has fallen as much as 30％during that timeframe.Clearly,the valuation picture has changed.An investor that read the annual report back in2000or2001might have passed on the security,deeming it too expensive based on a metric such as the price to earnings ratio.Today,however,the equation is completely different--despite the stock price,WalMart is,in essence,trading at half its former price because each share is backed by a larger dividend,twice the earnings power, more stores,and a bigger infrastructure.Home Depot is in much the same boat,largely because some Wall Street analysts question how fast two of the world's largest companies can continue to grow before their sheer size slows them down to the rate of the general economy．Coca-Cola is another excellent example of this phenomenon.Ten years ago,in1996, the stock traded between a range of$36．10and$54．30per share.At the time,it had reported earnings per share of$1．40and paid a cash dividend of$0．50per share.Corporate per share book value was$2．48．Last year,the stock traded within a range of$40．30 and$45．30per share;squarely in the middle of the same area it had been nearly a decade prior!Yet,despite the stagnant stock price,the2006estimates Value Line Investment Survey estimates for earnings per share standaround$2．16(a rise of54％),the cash dividend has more than doubled to$1．20, book value is expected to have grown to$7．40per share(a gain of nearly300％),and the total number of shares outstanding(未偿付的，未完成的)has actually decreased from2．481 billion to an estimated2．355billion due to the company's share repurchase program．16．This passage is probably a part of______．A．Find Hidden Value in the Market B．Become RicherC．Get Good Bargains D．Identify Good Companies17．The italicized word“stagnant”(line4,Para.1)can be best paraphrased as______．A．prominent B．terrible C．unchanged D．progressing18．Wal-Mart is now trading at a much lower price becauseA．it has stored a large quantity of goodsB．it has become financially more powerfulC．it has been eager to collect money to prevent bankruptcyD．it is a good way to compete with other retailing companies19．All the following are shared by Wal-Mart and Coco-Cola EXCEPT______．A．the cash dividend has increasedB．the earning power has become strongerC．both businesses have continued to growD．the stock price has greatly decreased20．According to the author,one had better______．A．buy more shares when the stock price falls downB．sell out the shares when the stock price falls downC．do some research on the value.of a business when its stock price falls downD．invest in the business when its stock price fails downQuestions21to25are based on the following passage．Today's college students are more narcissistic(自恋的)and self-centered than their predecessors,according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmful to personal relationships and American society．“We need to stop endlessly repeating'You're special'and having children repeat that back,”said the study's lead author,Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University.“Kids are self-centered enough already.”“Unfortunately,narcissism can also have very negative consequences for society,including the breakdown of close relationships with others,”he said.The study asserts that narcissists“are more likely to have romantic relationships that are short-lived,at risk for infidelity,lack emotional warmth,and to exhibit game-playing, dishonesty,and over-controlling and violent behaviors”.Twenge,the author of“Generation Me：Why Today's Young Americans Are More Confident,Assertive,Entitled--and More Miserable Than Ever Before”,said narcissists tend to lack empathy,react aggressively to criticism and favor self-promotion over helping others．Some analysts have commended today's young people for increased commitment to volunteer work.But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skeptically,noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on college applications．Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced(非常明显的)that he was unsure if there were obvious remedies.“Permissiveness seems to be a component,”he said.“A potential antidote would be more authoritative parenting.Less indulgence might be called for.”Yet students,while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings,don't necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation．Hanady Kader,a University of Washington senior,said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded.But she is dismayed(气馁；心,)by the competitiveness of some students who seem prematurely focused on career status.“We're encouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want,and nobody should stand in your way,”Kader said.“I can see goals and ambitions getting in the way of other things like relationships.”Kari Dalane,a University of Vermont sophomore,says most of her contemporaries are politically active and not overly self-centered.“People are worried about themselves--but in the sense of where are they're going to find a place in the world,”she said.“People want to look their best,have a good time,but it doesn't mean they're not concerned about the rest of the world.”Besides,some of the responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome,Dalane said.“It would be more depressing if people answered,'No,I'm not special.'”21．According to the passage,a narcissistic person may21．According to the passage,a narcissistic person may______．A．hate criticism B．be dishonest to his/her partnerC．be unwilling to help others D．All the above．22．The italicized word“commended”(line1,Para.3)means______．A．praised B．criticized C．recommended D．disfavored23．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A．Narcissism may result in bad consequences．B．College students are active to participate in volunteer work．C．Some people doubt whether there are remedies to counter the narcissism upsurge．D．Some college students are overly engaged in self-promotion．24．It is implied that______．A．both the researchers and college students are worried about the trend of narcissism B．the researchers and college students disagree on the findings of the studyC．the researchers and college students disagree on some of the findings of the study D．college students are pessimistic about their future25．It is proper to be when you hear someone say“I'm special”．A．objective B．pessimistic C．optimistic D．worriedQuestions26to30are based on the following passage．The House is expected to pass a piece of legislation Thursday that seeks to significantly rebalance the playing field for unions and employers and could possibly reverse decades of declining membership among private industries．The Employee Free Choice Act would allow a union to be recognized after collecting a majority of vote cards,instead of waiting for the National Labor Relations Board to oversee a secret ballot election,which can occur more than50days after the card vote is completed．Representatives of business on Capitol Hill oppose the bill.The National Association of Manufacturers,The National Federation of Independent Business,the U.S.Chamber of Commerce and other business groups oppose the shift away from secret ballots saying the change could threaten the privacy of the workers.“This isn't about preventing increased unionization, it's about protecting rights”,said the National Association of Manufacturer's Jason Straczewski, of his organization's opposition to bill.Straczewski says eliminating the secret-ballot step would open up employees to coercion(旨迫,胁迫)from unions．Samuel of the AFL-CIO contends the real coercion comes from employers.“Workers talking to workers are equals while managers talking to workers aren't,”Samuel said.He cites the31,358cases of illegal employer discrimination acted on by the National Labor Relations Board in2005．Samuel also points out that counter to claims from the business lobby,the secret ballot would not be eliminated.The change would only take the control of the timing of the election out of the hands of the employers.“On the ground,the difference between having this legislation and not would be the difference between night and day,”said Richard Shaw of the Harris County Central Labor Council,who says it would have a tremendous impact on the local level．The bill has other provisions(规定，条款)as well.The Employee Free Choice Act would also impose binding arbitration(促裁)when a company and a newly formed union cannot agree on a con-tract after3months.An agreement worked out under binding compulsory arbitration would be in effect for2years,a fact that Straczewski calls,“borderline unconstitutional”.“I don't see how it will benefit employees if they're locked into a contract,”said Straczewski．The bill's proponents point to the trend of recognized unions unable to get contracts from unwilling employers.The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service,the organization that oversees arbitration,reported that in2004,45percent of newly formed unions were deniedfirst contracts by employers.The bill would also strengthen the penalties for companies that illegally coerce or intimidate employees.As it stands,the law on the books hasn't changed substantially since the National Labor Relations Act was made into law in1935．The NLBR can enforce no other penalty than reinstating wrongfully fired employees or recovering lost wages．26．Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A．House bill aims to spur labor union growth．B．House bill aims to counter labor union growth．C．Employee Free Choice Act aims to spur employment．D．Employee Free Choice Act aims to raise employees'income．27．According to its opponents,the bill______．A．will protect employees'rightsB．will benefit workers by binding contractsC．will empower unions too muchD．makes it possible for employees to yield to coercion from unions28．The word“it”(line5,Para.5)refers to______．A．the change B．the legislationC．the AFL-CIO D．the difference29．People support the bill because of the following reasons EXCEPTA．the bill will probably enable unions to have fewer members of private industries B．the bill will allow a union to be recognized earlier and have a great effect on the local levelC．binding arbitration will be imposed to protect employees if a contract can't be agreed on betweena recently established union and a companyD．the bill will strengthen the punishment for companies which illegally coerce or threaten employ ees30．It is implied that______．A．fewer private industries joined unions in the pastB．workers'coercion often comes from unionsC．the bill will be a win-and-win one for employees and employersD．punishment authorized by the bill will be lighterQuestions31to35are based on the following passage．Some African Americans have had a profound impact on American society,changing many people's views on race,history and politics.The following is a sampling of African Americans who have shaped society and the world with their spirit and their ideals．Muhammad AllCassius Marcellus Clay grew up a devout Baptist in Louisville,Kentucky,learning to fight at age12after a police officer suggested he learn to defend himself.Six years later, he was an Olympic boxing champion,going on to win three world heavyweight titles.He became known as much for his swagger(趾高气扬)outside the ring as his movement in it, converting to Islam in1965,changing his name to Muhammad Ali and refusing to join the U.S.Army on religious grounds.Ali remained popular after his athletic career ended and he developed Parkinson's disease,even lighting the Olympic torch at the1996Atlanta Olympics and conveying the peaceful virtues of Islam following the September11terrorist attacks．W.E．B．Du Bois(William Edward Burghardt Du Bois)Born in1868,this Massachusetts native was one of the most prominent,prolific intellectuals of his time.An academic,activist and historian,Du Bois co-founded the National Associationfor the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP),edited“The Crisis”magazine and wrote 17books,four journals and many other scholarly articles.In perhaps his most famous work,“The Souls of Black Folk”,published in1903,he predicted“the problem of20th century [would be］the problem of the colorline”．Martin Luther King Jr．The Rev.Martin Luther King Jr.is considered one of the most powerful and popular leaders of the American civil rights movement.He spearheaded(带头；作先锋)a massive, nonviolent initiative of marches,sit-ins,boycotts and demonstrations that profoundly affect-ed Americans'attitudes toward race relations.He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in1964．Malcolm XBlack leader Malcolm X spoke out about the concepts of race pride and black nationalism in the early1960s.He denounced the exploitation of black people by whites and developed a large and dedicated following,which continued even after his death in1965．Interest in the leader surged again after Spike Lee's1992movie“Malcolm X”was released．Jackie RobinsonIn1947,Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier by joining the Brooklyn Dodgers, becoming the first black baseball player in the U.S.major leagues.After retirement from baseball in1957,he remained active in civil rights and youth activities.In1962,he became the first African-American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame．31．Which of the following is NOT true about Muhammad Ali?A．He never served in the army．B．He learned to fight at an early age．C．His popularity decreased after his retirement from boxing．D．He loves peace．32．The italicized word“prolific”(line2,Para.3)is synonymous to______．A．smart B．skilled C．productive D．pioneering33．According to the passage,which of the following statements is NOT true?A．W.E．B．Du Bois was engaged in the cause of promoting the status of colored people．B．Jackie Robinson was denied by U.S.major baseball leagues throughout his life．C．Martin Luther King Jr.was highly awarded for his contributions to the civil rights movements．D．Malcolm X directly or indirectly inspired interest in leadership even after his death．34．What is common among the celebrities mentioned in the passage?A．Each achieved enormous success in his/her field and was highly recognized．B．Each was devoted to his/her cause but didn't win recognition until death．C．All were active and famous in several fields in their lifetime．D．All loved peace and remained active in civil rights activities．35．Which of the following can be a title of the passage?A．Life of Famous African AmericansB．Influence of Famous African AmericansC．Political Pioneers:Icons and intellectualsD．Cultural Pioneers:Icons and intellectualsPartⅢVocabulary(10％)Directions:There are20incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D．Choose the best one that completes the sentence or is nearest in meaning with the underlined word.And then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center．36．The building collapsed because its foundation was not strong enough to______the weightof the building．A．subside B．idealize C．initiate D．sustain37．The actress was very______at the insulting question raised by her opponent at the conference．A．extraterrestrial B．explicit C．indignant D．innovative38．It is known to all that children in this region have strong______to swimming in summer because of the hot weather．A．inclination B．exposure C．flux D．correlation39．The torch was______by a famous athlete at the opening of the sport meeting．A．implement B．deceive C．exemplify D．ignited40．These samples have to be______in certain kind of chemical water in order to protect them．A．immersed B．crisped C．armored D．arrayed41．Her talk at the seminar clearly______from the topic the supervisor expected in the field of sociology．A．alternated B．amplified C．designated D．diverged42．Three years______before he returned home from the United States．A．denoted B．destined C．elapsed D．enveloped43．A______plan needs to be considered and accepted so as to lower the prices in these cities．A．deliberate B．disincentive C．functional D．fantastic44．Sometimes in drawing and designing,the sign X______the unknown number．A．facilitates B．fascinates C．denotes D．jots45．The speaker was very much______by rude words and behavior of the audience in the hall．A．jerked B．incensed C．laced D．limped46．The two countries have developed a______relation and increased a great deal in foreign trade．A．managerial B．lethal C．metric D．cordial47．The doctor's______was that she should go and see the specialist in this field．A．constraint B．counsel C．coherence D．consciousness48．The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its______declaration in1970that oceans were the heritage of mankind．A．unanimous B．abstract C．autonomous D．almighty49．They need to move to new and large apartments.Do you know of any______ones in this area?A．evacuated B．empty C．vacant D．vacate50．The bad and damp weather in the hot area would enable the plants to get______quickly．A．decomposed B．denounced C．detached D．deduced51．The government decided to take a(n)______action to strengthen the market management．A．diverse B．durable C．epidemic D．drastic52．The local residents were unhappy about the curfew in this region and decided to______it．A．disgrace B．disguise C．defy D．distress53．They admitted that they shared the same______on the matter．A．potentiality B．sentiment C．Postscript D．subscription54．We cannot be______with him due to his misbehavior at the meeting yesterday．A．pecked B．reconciled C．perturbed D．presumed55．Bad traveling conditions had seriously their progress to their destination in that region．A．tugged B．demolished C．hampered D．destroyedPartⅣCloze(10%)Directions:There are20blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D．You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET．Sea rise as a consequence of global warming would immediately threaten that large fraction of the globe living at sea level.Nearly one-third of all human beings live within36miles of a coastline.Most of the world's great seaport cities would be56:New Orleans, Amsterdam,Shanghai,and Cairo.Some countries--Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, islands in the Pacific--would be inundated.Heavily populated coastal areas such as in Bangladesh and Egypt,57large populations occupy lowlying areas,would suffer extreme 58．Warmer oceans would spawn stronger hurricanes and typhoons,59in coastal flooding, possibly swamping valuable agricultural lands around the world.60water quality may result as61flooding which forces salt water into coastal irrigation and drinking water supplies, and irreplaceable,natural62could be flooded with ocean water,destroying forever many of the63plant and animal species living there．Food supplies and forests would be64affected.Changes in rainfall patterns would disrupt agriculture.Warmer temperatures would65grain-growing regions pole-wards.The warming would also increase and change the pest plants,such as weeds and the insects66 the crops．Human health would also be affected.Warming could67tropical climate bringing with it yellow fever,malaria,and other diseases.Heat stress and heat mortality could rise.The harmful68of localized urban air pollution would very likely be more serious in warmer 69There will be some70from warming.New sea-lanes will open in the Arctic,longer growing seasons further north will71new agricultural lands,and warmer temperature will make some of today'scolder regions more72But these benefits will be in individual areas.The natural systems --both plant and animal--will be less able than man to cope and73Any change of temperature,rainfall,and sea level of the magnitude now74will be destructive to natural systems and living things and hence to man as well．The list of possible consequences of global warming suggests very clearly that we must do everything we can now to understand its causes and effects and to take all measures possible to prevent and adapt to potential and inevitable disruptions75by global warming．56．A．ascended B．assaulted C．erased D．endangered 57．A．which B．where C．when D．what' 58．A．dislocation B．discontent C．distribution D．distinction 59．A．rebuking B．rambling C．resulting D．rallying 60．A．Increased B．Reduced C．Expanded D．Saddened 61．A．inland B．coastal C．urban D．suburban 62．A．dry-land B．mountain C．wetlands D．forest 63．A．unique B．precious C．interesting D．exciting 64．A．geologically B．adversely C．secretively D．serially 65．A．shift B．generate C．grease D．fuse66．A．hiking B．hugging C．attacking D．activating 67．A．endanger B．accommodate C．adhere D．enlarge68．A．profits B．values C．effects D．interests 69．A．conditions B．accommodation C．surroundings D．evolution 70．A．adjustments B．benefits C．adoptions D．profits 71．A．alternate B．abuse C．advocate D．create72．A．accidental B．habitable C．anniversary D．ambient 73．A．adapt B．alleviate C．agitate D．assert74．A．ascertained B．conformed C．consoled D．anticipated 75．A．tutored B．relayed C．triggered D．reflected PartⅤTranslation from English into Chinese(10%) Directions:Translate the following passage into Chinese,and then write it on the ANSWER SHEET．Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being.Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy—including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it,but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts—detract from well-being．For most of human history,the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefitside of the energy-well-being equation.Inadequacy of energy resources or more often of the technologies and organizations for harvesting,converting,and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience,deprivation and constraints on growth.The1970's,then,represented a turning point.After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs—and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status—energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects.It began to be probable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on insufficient supply.It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits．PartⅥWritingDirections:You are asked to write in no less than200words about the title of“Harmful Plagiarism in Academic Field in China”.You should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below.Remember to write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET．目前在学术界出现了剽窃和抄袭等不良现象。
人大考博英语真题及详解
中国人民大学 2007 年博士研究生入学考试试题(非英语专业)Part I. V ocabulary (20 %)Directions: Choose the best answer (from A, B, C and D) to complete each of the following sentences. Mark your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Tom doesn’t think that the situation here is as good as his hometown' s.A. economicsB. economicC. economyD. economical2. the increase in the number of computers in our offices, the amount of paper hat we need has risen as well.A. Along withB. AltogetherC. AlthoughD. All along3. The food was divided according to the age and size of the child.A. equallyB. individuallyC. sufficientlyD. proportionally4. Our new firm for a credible, aggressive individual with great skills to fill this position.A. have lookedB. are lookingC. is lookingD. look5. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food, their cleanness, toughness and low cost.A. by virtue ofB. in addition toC. for the sake ofD. as opposed to6. He himself bitterly for his miserable behavior that evening.A. repealedB. resentedC. replayedD. reproached7. Many of the fads of the 1970s as today' s latest fashions.A. are being revivedB. is revisedC. are revokedD. is being reviled8. All of the international delegates attending the conference to bring a souvenir from their own countries.A. has askedB. is askingC. were askedD. was asking9. Britain hopes of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered yesterday, when Hunter failed to qualify during preliminary session.A. a severe set-backB. sharp set-backC. a severe blown-upD. sharp blown-up10. If you want to do well on the exam, you on the directions that the professor gives and take exact notes.A. will have concentratedB. have to concentrateC. will be concentratedD. will be concentrating11. What about that article in the newspaper was that its writer showed an attitude cool enough, professional enough and, therefore, cruel enough when facing that tragedy.A. worked me outB. knocked me outC. brought me upD. put me forward12. Since his injury was serious, the doctor suggested that he in the game.A. did not playB. must not playC. not playD. not to play13. According to the latest report, consumer confidence a breathtaking 15 points last month, to itslowest level in ten years.A. soaredB. mutatedC. plummetedD. fluctuated14. Our car trunk with suitcases and we could hardly make room for anything.A. went crammingB. was crammedC. is crammingD. was been crammed15. The secretary didn't know who he was, or she him more politely.A. will be treatingB. would have treatedC. was treatingD. would have been treated16. The instructions on how to use the new machine that nobody seemed to be able to understand.A. were very simplisticB. was very confusedC. were so confusingD. was so simplistic17. John played basketball in college and active ever since.A. have extremely beenB. has been extremelyC. will be extremelyD. should extremely be18. The of the spring water attracts a lot of visitors from all over the country.A. clashB. clarifyC. clarityD. clatter19. the gift in beautiful green paper, Sarah departed for the party.A. Having wrappedB. To wrapC. WrapD. Wrapping20. The advertisement for Super Suds detergent that the sale has increased by 25% in the first quarter of the year.A. have been so successfulB. had been so successfulC. has been so successfulD. will be so successful21. Tom and Alice having a new car to replace their old one for years.A. has been dreaming ofB. have been dreaming ofC. has dreamedD. will have dreamed22. When the air in a certain space is squeezed to occupy a smaller space, the air is said to be .A. commencedB. compressedC. compromisedD. compensated23. the heavy pollution, the city officials have decided to cancel school for the day.A. PriorB. By means ofC. Due toD. Through24. Our boss is taking everyone to the ballet tonight, and I need to make sure my new dressfor the occasion.A. has been cleanedB. should have been cleanedC. is being cleanedD. has been cleaning25. Peter's mother kept telling him that in the street is dangerous, but he would not listen.A. playedB. will playC. playingD. been playing26. A knowledge of history us to deal with the vast range of problems confronting the contemporary world.A. equipsB. providesC. offersD. satisfies27. He wouldn’t even think of wearing clothes; they make him look so old!A. sameB. despiteC. suchD. that28. Mary finally decided all the junk she had kept in the garage.A. get ridB. gotten rid ofC. getting rid ofD. to get rid of29. The team leader Of mountain climbers marked out .A. that seemed to be the best routeB. what seemed to be the best routeC. which seemed to be the best routeD. something that to be the best route30. Tom Jones, who around the world, will come to Asia next month.A. will be touringB. have touredC. had been touringD. has been touring31. The paint on the clown's face that it scared the children he was trying to entertain.A. was so exaggerationB. were an exaggerationC. was such an exaggerationD. was exaggerating32. Men often wait longer to get help for medical problems than women, and , women live about six years longer than men on an average.A. instead ofB. constantlyC. consequentlyD. because33. The emphasis on exams is by far the worst form of competition in schools.A. negligentB. edibleC. fabulousD. disproportionate34. There is conflicting information on how much iron women need in their diet.A. so muchB. so manyC. too fewD. a few35. It must guarantee freedom of expression, to the end that all to the flow of ideas shall be removed.A. propheciesB. transactionsC. argumentsD. hindrances36. Not until the 1980s in Beijing start to find ways to preserve historic buildings from destruction.A. some concerned citizensB. some concerning citizensC. did some concerning citizensD. did some concerned citizens37. After failing his mid-term exams, Jeremy was face his parents.A. too ashamed toB. too embarrassing toC. very ashamed ofD. very embarrassing to38. My grandmother has been going to a better dentist, so this problems she is having with her dentures.A. won' t eliminateB. will be eliminationC. should have been eliminatedD. should help eliminate39. He told a story about his sister who was in a sad when she was iii and had no money.A. plightB. polarizationC. plagueD. pigment40. During her two-week stay in Beijing, Elizabeth never a chrome(chance) to practice her Chinese.A. passed byB. passed onC. passed outD. passed up Part II. Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:Rend the following passages and then choose the best answer (from A, B, C and D) to complete each of the following sentences. Mark your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1British food has a good reputation, but English cooking has a bad one. It is difficult to explain the reason for this. Unfortunately, however, superb raw ingredients are often mined from the kitchen so that they come to the table without any of the natural flavor and goodness.This bad reputation discourages a lot of people from eating in an English restaurant. If they do go to one, they are usually full of prejudice against the food. It is a pity, because there are excellent cooks in England, excellent restaurants, and excellent home-cooking. How, then, has the bad reputation been built up?Perhaps one reason is that Britain' s Industrial Revolution occurred very early, in the middle of thenineteenth century. As a result, the quality of food changed too. This was because Britain stopped being a largely agricultural country. The population of the towns increased enormously between 1840 and 1870, and people could no longer grow their own food, or buy it fresh from a farm. Huge quantities of food had to be taken to the towns, and a lot of it lost its freshness on the way.This lack of freshness was disguised by "dressing up" the food. The rich middle classes ate long elaborate meals which were cooked for them by French chefs. French became, and has remained, the official language of the dining room. Out-of-season delicacies were served in spite of their expense, for there were a large number of extremely wealthy people who wanted to establish themselves socially. The "look" of the food was more important than its taste.In the 1930s, the supply of servant began to decrease. People still tried to produce complicated dishes, however, but they economized on the preparation time. The Second World War made things even worse by making raw ingredients extremely scarce. As a result, there were many women who never had the opportunity to choose a piece of meat from a well-stocked butcher' s shop, but were content and grateful to accept anything that was offered to them.Food rationing continued in Britain until the early 1950s. It was only after this had stopped, and butter, eggs and cream became more plentiful, and it was possible to travel abroad again and taste other ways of preparing food, that the English difference to eating became replaced by a new enthusiasm for it.41. According to the author, it is difficult to explain .A. why excellent ingredients are spoiled in the process of cookingB. why people do not like English cookingC. why British food often has a natural flavorD. why people prefer home-cooking to ready made food42. The negative effect of Britain' s Industrial Revolution on English cooking is that .A. the population in the countryside decreased dramaticallyB. people no longer grew their own food on their own farmsC. the freshness of food was lost on the way to the citiesD. Britain was no longer an agricultural country43. As a result of the Industrial Revolution, .A. more attention was given to the look of the foodB. French became the official language in English restaurantsC. a large number of extremely wealthy people ate in French restaurantsD. out-of-season delicacies became very expensive44. The Second World War worsened the problem because .A. there was an increasing demand for servantsB. there was a lack of raw ingredient supplyC. many women refused to choose meat from butcher' s shopsD. French chefs dominated English restaurants45. A new enthusiasm for eating emerged in Britain .A. when many women finally had the opportunity to purchase fresh meat from a well-stocked butcher's shopB. when butter, eggs and cream became availableC. when people started traveling to other citiesD. after the early 1950sPassage 2In his typically American open style of communication, Mr. Hayes confronted Isabeta about notlooking at him. Reluctantly, she explained why. As a newcomer from Mexico, she had been taught to avoid eye contact as a mark of respect to authority figures, teachers, employers, parents. Mr. Hayes did not know this. He then informed her that most Americans interpret lack of eye contact as disrespect and deviousness. Ultimately, he convinced Isabela to try and change her habit, which she slowly did.People from many Asian, Latin American, and Caribbean cultures also avoid eye contact as a sign of respect. Many African Americans, especially from the South, observe this custom, too. A master's thesis by Samuel Avoian, a graduate student at Central Missouri State University, tells how misinterpreting eye-contact customs can have a negative impact when white football coaches recruit African American players for the teams.He reports that, when speaking, white communicators usually look away from the listener, only periodically glancing at them. They do the opposite when listening they are expected to look at the speaker all the time.Many African Americans communicate in an opposite way. When speaking, they tend to constantly stare at the listener; when listening, they mostly look away. Therefore, if white sports recruiters are not informed about these significant differences, they can be misled about interest and attentiveness when interviewing prospective African American ball players.In multicultural America, issues of' Eye contact have brought about social conflicts of two different kinds in many urban centers, non-Korean customers became angry when Korean shopkeepers did not look at them directly. The customers translated the lack of eye contact as a sign of disrespect, a habit blamed for contributing to the open confrontation raking place between some Asians and African Americans in New York, Texas, and California. Many teachers too have provided stories about classroom conflicts based on their misunderstanding Asian and Latin American children lack of eye contact as being disrespectful.On the other hand, direct eye contact has now taken on a new meaning among the younger generation and across ethnic borders. Particularly in urban centers, when one teenager looks directly at another, this is considered a provocation, sometimes called mad-dogging, and can lead to physical conflict.Mad-dogging has become the source of many campus conflicts. In one high school, it resulted in a fight between Cambodian newcomers and African-American students. The Cambodians had been staring at the other students merely to learn how Americans behave, yet the others misinterpreted the Cambodians' intentions and the fight began.Mad-dogging seems to be connected with the avoidance of eye contact as a sign of respect. Thus, in the urban contemporary youth scene, if one looks directly at another, this disrespects, or "disses," that person. Much like the archaic phrase "I demand satisfaction," which became the overture to a duel, mad-dogging may become a prelude to a physical encounter.At the entrances to Universal Studio's "City Walk" attraction in Los Angeles, they have posted Code of Conduct signs. The second rule warns against "physically over bally threatening any person, fighting, annoying others through noisy or boisterous activities or by unnecessary staring..."46. Many African Americans from the South .A. adopt a typically American open style of communicationB. often misinterpret the meaning of eye contactC. avoid eye contact as a sign of respectD. are taught to avoid eye contact whenever telling to the others47. When listening to the others, white communicators tend to .A. look at the speaker all the timeB. glance at the speaker periodicallyC. look away from the speakerD. stare at the speaker48. Many customers in American cities are angry with Korean shopkeepers because .A. Korean shopkeepers do not look at them directlyB. they expect a more enthusiastic reflection from the shopkeepersC. there are some social conflicts in many urban centersD. they are not informed about difference between cultures49. Mad-dogging refers to .A. a provocation from one teenager to another of a different ethnic backgroundB. physical conflict among the younger generation in urban centersC. a lack of eye contact as a sign of respectD. the source of many campus conflicts across ethnic borders in urban centers50. The archaic phrase, "I demand satisfaction" .A. was connected with the avoidance of eye contactB. often led to a fightC. was a sign of disrespectD. often resulted in some kind of misinterpretationPassage 3When television is good, nothing--not the theatre, not the magazines, or newspapers--nothing is better. But when television is bad, nothing is worse. I invite you to sit down in front of your television set when your station goes on the air and stay there without a book, magazine, newspaper, or anything else to distract you and keep your eyes glued to that set until the station signs off. I can assure you that you will observe a vast wasteland. You will see a procession of game shows, violence, audience participation shows, formula comedies about totally unbelievable families, blood and thunder, mayhem, more violence, sadism, murder, Western bad men, Western good men, private eyes, gangster, still more violence, and cartoons. And endlessly, commercials that scream and offend. And most of all, boredom. True, you will see a few things you will enjoy. But they will be very, very few. And if you think I exaggerate, try it.Is there no room on television to teach, to inform, to uplift, to stretch, to enlarge the capacities of our children? Is there no room for programs to deepen the children's understanding of children in other lands7 Is there no room for a children's news show explaining something about the world for them at their level of understanding? Is there no room for reading the great literature of the past, teaching them the great traditions of freedom? There are some fine children's shows, but they are drowned out in the massive doses of cartoons, violence, and more violence. Must these be your trademarks? Search your conscience and see whether you cannot offer more to your young children whose future you guard so many hours each and every day.There are many people in this great country, and you must serve all of us. You will get no argument from me if you say that, given a choice between a Western and a symphony, more people will watch the Western. I like Westerns and private eyes, too, but a steady diet for the whole country is obviously not in the public interest. We all know that people would more often prefer to be entertained than stimulated or informed. But your obligations are not satisfied if you look only to popularity as a test of what to broadcast. You are not only in show business; you are free to communicate ideas as well as to give relaxation. You must provide a wider range of choices, more diversity, more alternatives. It is not enough to cater to the nation's whims--you must also serve the nation' s needs. The people own the air. They own it as much in prime evening time as they do at six o' clock in the morning. For every hour that the people give you--you owe them something. I intend to see that your debt is paid with service.51. What the author advises us to-do is toA. read a book while watching television programs .B. observe a vast wasteland on televisionC. watch all the programs of our television stationD. find out why television is good52. What seems to have offended the author most on television is .A. violenceB. commercialsC. WesternsD. private eyes53. As far as children are concerned, the author's chief complaint is that .A. cartoons and violence have become trademarksB. there is no children's news show on televisionC. there is no reading of great literature for childrenD. there are not enough good television programs for children54. According to the author, it is in the public interest to .A. broadcast only popular television programsB. cater for the needs of all the peopleC. broadcast both Westerns and symphoniesD. entertain people only55. It is the obligation of television business to .A. cater to the nation's whimsB. provide best programs in prime evening freeC. broadcast news programs, at six in the morningD. serve the nation's needs all the timePassage 4Some of my classmates in the same dorm established a chatting group on the Net when broadband was available on campus. Then everyone faced their own laptops and talked to each other by sending messages in the chatting group in the same room. Their dorm was silent the whole night The only sound came from tapping the keyboard. Before they went to bed that night, all of them sighed and said, "that's ridiculous."Information Technology brings about revolutionary changes to human communication. The Internet makes the world global village; that is to say, we can get in touch with each other swiftly regardless of one's location. However, does the convenience in communication mean that we are actually getting closer?I don't think so. As the anecdote above shows, access to broadband made my fellow classmates fall in silence. The Cambridge International Dictionary defines "communication" as "various methods of sending information between people and places," while it defines "communicate" as "to be able to understand each other and have a satisfactory relationship." Therefore, the booming of IT in modem society is only the booming of communication. Exchanging ideas and mutual understanding between people do not base on such booming. On the contrary, due to the revolutionary changes, we're getting farther from each other to some extent.Mutual understanding is based on expression. However, expression doesn't necessarily lead to soul touching communication and understanding. When we waffle with a mere acquaintance, we normally conceal our true feelings. Thus, we don' t establish communication with him, because we do not need him to understand us. The era of cyberspace further demonstrates such separation of form and content The Internet gives us nearly absolute freedom to speak and express ourselves. With the prosperity of blog, there are, according to recent statistics, about 400,000 bloggers in China today. Bloggers express themselves on the Net at their will, while others read their blog and give comments once for a while. It seems that blog can make us touch upon the bloggers' inside world, and make us know them better. However, things are not always that perfect.Many netizens are abusing their right of free expression. Once you open the Explorer and browse awebsite, trash information about sex and violence hits our eyes. People scold and flirt in the chatroom and Bulletin Board System (BBS). When blog comes into being, netizens even transfer such vulgarity into their personal spaces, and show it to the public.In the era of the Information Technology boom, the farthest distance on earth is no longer the polar distance. The negative impacts brought about by cyberspace have imposed an unfilled gulf between souls. Since we cannot communicate to each other like before, the distance between people's hearts has become the farthest distance on earth.56. The most ridiculous part of the anecdote is that .A. there was a dead silence in the dorm room the whole nightB. the only sound came from tapping the keyboardC. those living in the same room communicated by sending messages via the NetD. they all faced their own laptops57. According to the author, Information Technology .A. brings people closer to each otherB. results in silence among her fellow classmatesC. enables us to reach anyone swiftlyD. helps to make the world a global village58. The author believes that the booming of IT in modern society .A. encourages the exchange of ideas and the mutual understanding between peopleB. leads to soul touching communication and understandingC. helps to establish a satisfactory relationshipD. results in further separation between people59. The prosperity of blog does not help us to touch each other because .A. many people abuse their right of free expression on the NetB. vulgarity has been transferred into bloggers' personal spacesC. bloggers express themselves on the Net at their willD. anyone is able to read blog and give comments60. The author believes that in the era of the Information Technology boom the distance between people' s hearts has become the farthest distance on earth because .A. there is always a silenceB. people arc not able to communicate to each other tike beforeC. the Internet gives us nearly absolute freedom to express can, selvesD. people can scold and flirt in the chat room at willPassage 5According to a recent publication of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, at the present rate of progress, it will take forty-three years to end job discrimination--hardly a reasonable timetable.If our goal is educational and economic equity and parity, it is then we need affirmative action to catch up. We are behind as a result of discrimination and denial of opportunity. There is one white attorney for every 680 whites, but only one black attorney for every 4,000 blacks; one white physician for every 659 whites, but only one black physician for every 5,000 blacks; and one white dentist for every 1,900 whites, but only one black dentist for every 8,400 blacks. Less than ! percent of all engineers or-of all practicing chemists is black. Cruel and uncompassionate injustice created gaps like these. We need creative justice and compassion to help us close them.Actually, in the U.S. context, "reverse discrimination" is illogical and a contradiction in terms. Never in the history of mankind has a majority, with power, engaged in programs and written laws thatdiscriminate against itself. The only thing whites are giving up because of affirmative action is unfair advantage something that was unnecessary in the first place.Blacks are not making progress at the expense of whites, as news accounts make it seem. There are 49 percent more whites in medical school today and 64 percent more whites in law school than there were when affirmative action programs began some eight years ago.In a recent column, William Raspberry raised an interesting question. Commenting on the Bakke case, he asked, "What if, instead of setting aside 16 of 100 slots, we added 16 slots to the 1007" That, he suggested, would not interfere with what whites already have. He then went on to point out that this, in fact, is exactly what has happened in law and medical schools. In 1968, the year before affirmative action programs began to get under way, 9, 571 whites and 282 members of minority groups entered U.S. medical schools. In 1976, the figures were 14,213 and 1,400 respectively. Thus, under affirmative action, the number of "white places" actually rose by 49 percent; white access to medical training was not diminished, but substantially increased. The trend was even more marked in Jaw schools. In 1969, the first year for which reliable figures are available, 2,933 minority-group members were enrolled; in 1976, the number was up to 8,484. But during the same period, law school enrollment for whites rose from 65,453 to 107,064 an increase of 64 percent. In short, it is a myth that blacks are making progress at white expense.Allan Bakke did not really challenge preferential treatment in general, for he made no challenge to the preferential treatment accorded to the children of the rich, the alumni and the faculty or to athletes or the very talented only to minorities.61. The author is for affirmative action .A. because there is discrimination and denial of opportunity in the U.S.B. if we aim at educational and economic equity and parityC. because it will take 43 years to end job discriminationD. when there is no reasonable timetable in the U.S.62. It requires to close the gaps between the whites and the blacks in the U.S.A. one black attorney for ever 4000 blacksB. a lot more black engineers and chemistsC. education and economic developmentD. creative justice and compassion63. Blacks are not making progress at the expense of whites, according to the author, because .A. what whites give up is only unfair advantageB. there are 49 percent more white in medical school today alreadyC. whites, the majority in the U.S., will never discriminate against themselvesD. there are 64 percent more whites in law schools today64. William Raspberry, while commenting on the Bakke case, suggests .A. to offer 100 slots to whites and 16 to blacksB. to offer 84 slots to whites and 16 to blacksC. to follow what has happened in law and medical schoolsD. to interfere with what whites already have65. What Allan Bakke challenged was .A. the myth that blacks are making progress at white expenseB. unfair treatment accorded to blacksC. preferential treatment in generalD. preferential treatment to minority-group membersPassage 6Globalization is a phenomenon and a revolution. It is sweeping the world with increasing speed and changing the global landscape into something new and different. Yet, like all such trends, its meaning,。
人大考博英语真题模拟阅读理解真题模拟练习精选2-育明考博
人大考博英语真题模拟阅读理解真题模拟练习精选2Europe’s Gypsies, Are They a Nation?The striving of countries in Central Europe to enter the European Union may offer an unprecedented chance to the continent’s Gypsies (or Roman) to be recognized as a nation, albeit one without a defined territory. And if they were to achieve that they might even seek some kind of formal place—at least a total population outnumbers that of many of the Union’s present and future countries. Some experts put the figure at 4m-plus; some proponents of Gypsy rights go as high as 15m.Unlike Jews, Gypsies have had no known ancestral land to hark back to. Though their language is related to Hindi, their territorial origins are misty. Romanian peasants held them to be born on the moon. Other Europeans (wrongly) thought them migrant Egyptians, hence the derivative Gypsy. Most probably they were itinerant metal workers and entertainers who drifted west from India in the 7th century.However, since communism in Central Europe collapsed a decade ago, the notion of Romanestan as a landless nation founded on Gypsy culture has gained ground. The International Romany Union, which says it stands for 10m Gypsies in more than 30 countries, is fostering the idea of “self-rallying”. It is trying to promote a standard and written form of the language; it waves a Gypsy flag (green with a wheel) when it lobbies in such places as the United Bations; and in July it held a congress in Prague, The Czech capital. Where President Vaclav Havel said that Gypsies in his own country and elsewhere should have a better deal.（PS：育明考博课程咨询方式 扣扣：547 063 862 TEL：四零零 六六八 六九七八 交流群105.619.820）At the congress a Slovak-born lawyer, Emil Scuka, was elected president of the International Tomany Union. Later this month a group of elected Gypsy politicians, including members of parliament, mayors and local councilors from all over Europe (OSCE), to discuss how to persuade more Gypsies to get involved in politics.The International Romany Union is probably the most representative of the outfits that speak for Gypsies, but that is not saying a lot. Of the several hundred delegates who gathered at its congress, few were democratically elected; oddly, none came from Hungary, whose Gypsies are perhaps the world’s best organized, with some 450 Gypsy bodies advising local councils there. The union did, however, announce its ambition to set up a parliament, but how it would actually be elected was left undecided.So far, the European Commission is wary of encouraging Gypsies to present themselves as a nation. The might, it is feared, open a Pandora’s box already containing Basques, Corsicans and other awkward peoples. Besides, acknowledging Gypsies as a nation might backfire, just when several countries, particularly Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, are beginning to treat them better, in order to qualify for EU membership. “The EU’s whole premise is to overcome differences, not to highlight them,” says a nervous Eurocrat.But the idea that the Gypsies should win some kind of special recognition as Europe’s largest continent wide minority, and one with a terrible history of persecution, is catching on . Gypsies have suffered many pogroms over the centuries. In Romania, the country that still has the largest number of them (more than 1m), in the 19th century they were actually enslaved. Hitler tried to wipe them out, along with the Jews.“Gypsies deserve some space within European structures,” says Jan Marinus Wiersma, a Dutchman in the European Parliament who suggests that one of the current commissioners should be responsible for Gypsy affairs. Some prominent Gypsies say they should be more directly represented, perhaps with a quota in the European Parliament. That, they argue, might give them a boost. There are moves afoot to help them to get money for, among other things, a Gypsy university.One big snag is that Europe’s Gypsies are, in fact, extremely heterogeneous. They belong to many different, and often antagonistic, clans and tribes, with no common language or religion, Their self-proclaimed leaders have often proved quarrelsome and corrupt. Still, says, Dimitrina Petrova, head of the European Roma Rights Center in Budapest, Gypsies’ shared experience of suffering entitles them to talk of one nation; their potential unity, she says, stems from “being regarded as sub-human by most majorities in Europe.”And they have begun to be a bit more pragmatic. In Slovakia and Bulgaria, for instance, Gypsy political parties are trying to form electoral blocks that could win seats in parliament. In Macedonia, a Gypsy party already has some—and even runs a municipality. Nicholas Gheorge, an expert on Gypsy affairs at the OSCE, reckons that, spread over Central Europe, there are now about 20 Gypsy MPS and mayors, 400-odd local councilors, and a growing number of businessmen and intellectuals.That is far from saying that they have the people or the cash to forge a nation. But, with the Gypsy question on the EU’s agenda inCentral Europe, they are making ground.1. The Best Title of this passage is[A]. Gypsies Want to Form a Nation. [B]. Are They a Nation.[C]. EU Is Afraid of Their Growth. [C]. They Are a Tribe2. Where are the most probable Gypsy territory origins?[A]. Most probably they drifted west from India in the 7th century.[B]. They are scattered everywhere in the world.[C]. Probably, they stemmed from Central Europe.[D]. They probably came from the International Romany Union.3. What does the International Romany lobby for?[A]. It lobbies for a demand to be accepted by such international organizations as EU and UN.[B]. It lobbies for a post in any international Romany Union.[C]. It lobbies for the right as a nation.[D]. It lobbies for a place in such international organizations as the EU or UN.4. Why is the Europe Commission wary of encouraging Gypsies to present themselves as a nation?[A]. It may open a Pandora’s Box.[B]. Encouragement may lead to some unexpected results.[C]. It fears that the Basgnes, Corsicans and other nations seeking separation may raise the same demand.[D]. Gyspsies’ demand may highlight the difference in the EU.5. The big problem lies in the fact that[A]. Gypsies belong to different and antagonistic clans and tribes without a common language or religion.[B]. Their leaders prove corrupt.[C]. Their potential unity stems from “being regarded as sub-human”.[D]. They are a bit more pragmatic.Vocabulary1. albeit 尽管，虽然2. outnumber 数字上超过3. ethnic 少数民族的成员，种族集团的成员4. Hindi 印地语5. misty 模糊不清的，朦胧的6. derivative 衍生的，派生的7. itinerant 逻辑的8. Romanesten 说吉普塞语的地方Romanes 吉普塞语Stan 地方9. outfit (口)组织，(协同工作)的集体10. local 地方(市，镇，县)政务委员会11. wary 谨慎的，机警的12. backfire 产生出乎意料或事与愿违的结果13. highlight 强调14. persecution 迫害15. catch on 了解，风行=to become popular16. pogrom 大屠杀，集体迫害17. commissioner 委员，调查团团员18. quota 定量，配额，限额19. snag (尖利突出物，抽丝)潜在的困难20. heterogeneous 由不同种类组成的21. antagonistic 有效对抗性的，对抗性的22. clan 氏族23. tribe 部落24. pragmatic 务实的，讲究实效的25. municipality 城市，镇，区属政府，自治区26. Rom 罗姆，即吉普塞人难句译注1. Central Europe 中欧，如本文提及捷克，匈牙利，罗马尼亚等。
人大2009年考博英语阅读理解真题解析
人大２００９年考博英语阅读理解真题解析Planet Earth will do an electronic skin in the not-too-distance future.It will use the internet as a scaffold to transmit its sensations.This skin is being stitched together. It consists of millions of electronic measuring devices,such as thermostats,pollution detectors,cameras,EKGs.These will probe and monitor cities and endangered species,the atmosphere,and our ships,highway vehicles,and our bodies.For a decade or longer there will be no central nervous system to manage this vast signaling network.And there will be no central intelligence.But we believe that some qualities of self-awareness will emerge once the Net is sensually enhanced and emulated the complexity of the human brain.Sensuality is only one force pushing the Net toward intelligence.An eerie symbiosis of human and machine effort is also starting to evolve.The Internet creates a channel for thousands of programmers around the world to collaborate on software development and debugging.Through collaboration,this community can push past the technical barriers to machine intelligence.And though silicon networks today look nothing like the brain,nodes of the Net have begun to function as neuron.Researchers have already tackled complex computing problems, such as interpreting interstellar radio signals with about a million PCs working in concert. Before long,discrete microprocessors will probably be knitted together into ad hoc distributed computers.Don’t think of these as PC networks.The terminals would just as likely be cell phones of palm-like devices,each one far smarter than today’s heftiest desktops.We may think of this as a whole ecology,an information environment that’s massively connected.Humanity is now preparing to cast its net across the solar system.At a NASA laboratory in California,scientists are devising a version of the Internet called Inter Planet that will weave the moon,Mars,and some asteroids and comets into the earth’s expanding nervous system.Today’s communications between earth and unmanned probes are expensive,proprietary, and complex.With Inter Planet,we can simplify everything,cut costs,and engage the public more effectively.Then,the earth’s telemetric body will span the reaches of the solar system. The Net may not experience all the human thrills of exploration,but it will feel some tingles up and down its spine.育明考博全国免费电话：四零零六六八六九七八。
人大考博英语大纲样题及答案
中国人民大学博士生（非英语专业）入学考试英语考试示例Part I Vocabulary (20 points)Directions: For each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best completing the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a singlebar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1．When I heard that Mrs. Thacher resigned, I called her. I wanted her to know that my heart was _____ her.A. forB. ofC. inD. with2. Gentleness has been considered a _____ trait.A. boyishB. delicateC. feminineD. male3. We know that this is ture, but _____ we recognize this truth only in our backward glance.A. all too oftenB. too oftenC. all too lateD. too late4. The retiring professor was _____ by his colleague.A. criticizedB. exaltedC. driven outD. examined5. He is honest. His actions are always _____ his words.A. contradictory toB. contradicted byC. agreed withD. consistent with6. Life is never just _____.A. livingB. beingC. existingD. going7. The lady _____ her skirt by sit on the seat while flying.A. disorderedB. disarrangedC. creasedD. crashed8. You must always be ready to sacrifice _____ to duty.A. inclinationB. tendencyC. interestD. career9. In many countries now, smoking is not _____ in public places.A. permissiveB. permissibleC. permutableD. pernicious10.His pleasant ways _____ me into thinking that he was my good friend.A. deprivedB. despisedC. divertedD. beguiled11._____ animals must be kept in cages in case they might hurt the tourists.A. LandB. DomesticC. ViciousD. Farm12. Almost overnight, Ames became a hero of environmentalists when his finding led to new ____and bans on certain chemicals.A. regulationsB. authoritiesC. ordersD. suggestions13.The ____ noise whistles kept me awake all night.A. incarnateB. incessantC. repetitiousD. rampant14. The baby seems content, he must have ____ his new nursemaid.A. taken toB. taken afterC. taken fromD. taken in15. He had either to leave the country immediately or to surrender himself to the Nazi authorities,and had no other _____.A. alternativeB. hopeC. resourceD. approach16. A good sense of rhythm is one of his natural ____ as a poet.A. endowmentsB. interestC. weaknessesD. accomplishments17. All his attempts to argue about the rightness were _____.A. futileB. not importantC. effective in caseD. without reason18.I ____ lowbrow, admire the highbrow all the more for his patronizing type.A. conceitingB. humbleC. overweeningD. poor19. Lowbrows are quite _____ for highbrows to have their symphonics and their Russion novels.A. contentB. containedC. capacityD. yearn20. As the speed of change brings design ____ fashion, then decisions about taste will have to bemade more and more regularly.A. near toB. nearer toC. next toD. close to21.The dark clouds suggest a(n) _____ storm.A. impendingB. surprisingC. fastD. enexpected22. To our grief, he became ______ to the drug.A. addictedB. interestedC. amusedD. disturbed23.Being a foreigner, Carl did not _____ to the joke.A. appreciateB. catch on toC. laughD. like24. Talks on climate change resulted in the German city of Bonn on July 16 to _____ globalwarming.A. focus onB. combatC. settle downD. sum up25. His parents _____ him to enlist when he was seventeen.A. permittedB. committedC. madeD. enabled26. _____ may think they are better than the facts would justify.A. OptimistsB. PessimistsC. CynicistsD. Humorists27. He quickly _____ behind the building to avoid being hurt by the stones thrown in his direction.A. duckedB. evadedC. escapedD. dodged28. By isolating negative words and phrases, you can _____ the damage you‟re doing to yourself.A. point outB. pointC. pinpointD. get29. It did the _____ service of freeing us from the dilemma.A. immenseB. muchC. lot ofD. innumerous30. Sports, and not learning, seem to _____ in that school.A. appearB. occupyC. dominateD. lead31. The local people could hardly think of any good way to _____ poverty they had endured.A. shake offB. ward offC. put offD. take off32. As skies fill with millions of migrating birds, European scientists say the seasonal miracleappears to depend on a seeming _____. The fatter the bird, the more efficiently it flies.A. interruptionB. descriptionC. qualificationD. contradiction33. His meeting with Picasso was an important _____ in the artist‟s life.A. lessonB. episodeC. sceneD. chapter34. Borders these days have little meaning for Singapore- based regional _____ of electronics firmslike Sanyo and Philips.A. executivesB. officialsC. governorsD. servants35. Unfortunately, the woman‟s hat _____ my view of the stage.A. blocked upB. obstructedC. preventedD. interfered36. Meantime, road construction is _____ on the site of a proposed Tuman River Triangle.A. under wayB. in the wayC. of the wayD. by way37. Everyone knows that the firefly is a _____ insect.A. firingB. lightingC. luminiferousD. glowing38. Preferential policies and ready cooperation do play a role in _____ poverty.A. alleviatingB. activatingC. assaultingD. accustoming39. The fact that these regions are _____ in natural resources doesn‟t mean local people are well off.A. adorableB. accessibleC. abundantD. ambient40. In spite of a problem with the ____ equipment, some very useful work was accomplished.A. imperfectB. temporaryC. emergencyD. reinstalledPart II Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: Read the following passages, decide on the best one of the choices marked A, B, C and D for each question or unfinished statement and mark the corresponding letter with a singel bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1There is extraordinary exposure in the United States ot the risks of injury and death from motor vehicle acidents. More than 80 percent of all households own passenger cars or light trucks and each of these is driven an average of more than 11,000 miles each year. Almost one-half of fatally injured drivers have a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.1 percent or higher. For the average adult, over five ounces of 80 proof spirits would have to be consumed over a short period of time to attain these levels. A third of drivers who have been drinking, but fewer that 4 percent of all dirvers, demonstrate these levels. Although less than 1 percent of drivers with BACs of 0.1 percent or more are involved in fatal crashes, the probability of their involvement is 27 times higher than for those without alcohol in their blood.There are a number of different approaches to reducing injuries in which intoxication plays a role. Based on the observation that excessive consumption correlates with the total alcohol consumption of a country‟s population, it has been suggested that higher taxes on alcohol would reduce both. While the heaviest drinkers would be taxed the most, anyone who drinks at all would be penalized by this approach.To make drinking and driving a criminal offense is an approach directed only at intoxicated drivers. In some states, the law empowers police to request breath tests of drivers cited for any traffic offense and elevated BAC can be the basis for arrest. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates, however, that even with increased arrests, there are about 700 violations for every arrest. At this lever there is little evidence that laws serve as deterrents to drinking while intoxicatd. In Britain, motor vehicle fatalities fell 25 percent immediately following implementation of the Road Safety Act in 1967. As the British increasingly recognized that they could drink and not be stopped, the effectiveness declined, although in the ensuing three years the fatality rate seldom reached that observed in the seven years prior to the Act.Whether penalties for driving with a high BAC or excessive taxation on consumption of alcoholic beverage will deter the excessive drinker responsible for most fatalities is unclear. In part, the answer depends on the extent to which those with high BAC involved in crashes are capable of controlling their intake in response to economic or penal threat. Therapeutic programs which range from individual and group counseling and psychotherapy to chemotherapy constitute another approach, but they have not diminished the proportion of accidents in which alcohol was a factor. In the few controlled trials that have been reported, there is little evidence that rehabilitation programs of those repeatedly arrested for durnken behavior have reduced either the recidivism or crash involvement for clients exposed to them, although knowledge and attitudes have improved. One thing is clear, however, unless we deal with automobile and highway safety and reduce accidents in which alcoholic intoxication plays a role, many will continue to die.41. The author is mainly concerned with _____.A.interpreting the results of surveys on traffic fatalitiesB.reviewing the effectiveness of attempts to curb drunk drivingC.suggesting reasons for the prevalence of drunk driving in the United StatesD.analyzing the causes of the large number of annual traffic fatalities42. It can be inferred that the 1967 Road Safety Act in Britain______.A.required drivers convicted under the law to undergo rehabilitation therapyB.make it illegal to drive while intoxicatedC.increased the number of drunk driving arrestsD.placed a tax on the sale of alcoholic drinks43. The author imples that a BAC of 0.1 percent _____.A.is unreasonalby high as a definition of intoxication for purposes of drivingB.penalizes the moderate drinker while allowing the heavy drinker to consume without limitC.is well below the BAC of most drivers who are involved in fatal collisionsD.proves that a driver has consumed five ounces of 80 proof spirits over a short time44. The author cites the British example in order to _____.A.demonstrate the need to lower BAC levels in states that have laws against drunk drivingB.prove that stricter enforcement of laws against intoxicated drivers would reduce trafficdeathsC.prove that a slight increase in the number of arrests of intoxicated drivers will not deterdrunk drivingD.suggest that taxation of alcohol consumption may be more effective than criminal laws45. The author‟s tone of then end of the article can best be described as _____.A. ironicB. indifferentC. admonitoryD. indecisivePassage 2No one can be greater thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who, with due study and preparation, thinks of himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. Not that it is solely, or chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. On the contrary, it is much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which whey are capable of. There have been, and may again be, great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any people has made a temporary approach to such a character, it has been because the dread of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended. Where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed; where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiansm was the mind of people stirred up from its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect ot something of the dignity of thinking beings.He who knows only his own side of the case knows little of that. His reasons may be good, and on one may have been able to refute them. But if he is equally unble to refute the reasons on the opposite side; if he does not so much as know what they are, he has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for him would be suspension of judgement, and unless he contents himself with that, he is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which he feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that he should hear the arguments of adversaries from his own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real contact with his own mind. He must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. He must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form: he must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the s ubject has to encounter and dispose of else he will never really possess himself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in hundred of what are called educated men are inthis condition: even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be ture, but it might be false for anything they know: they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently from and considered what such persons may have to say, and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess. They do not know those parts of it which explain and justify the remainder; the considerations which show that a fact with seeminlgy conflicts with another is reconcilable with it, or that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and not the other ought to be preferred.46. According to the author, in a great period such as the Renaissance we may expect to find ____.A.acceptance of truthB.enthusiasmC.controversy over principlesD. a suspension of judgement47. Which of the following statements is true, according to the author?A.Most education people study both sides of a questionB.Heterodox speculation will lead to many errors in thinking.C.The vast majority of people who argue fluently are acquainted with only one side of anissue.D.It is wise to get both sides of a debatable issue from one‟s teachers48. As it is used in line 4 of the passage, the word …suffer‟ most nearly means _____.A. endureB. undergoC. permitD. support49. It can be inferred from the passage that a person who knows only his own side of an issue isregarded by the author as ______.A. uniformedB. opinionatedC. ignorantD. rational50. Which of the following statements do you think the author would be most likely to agree with?A. A truly great thinker makes no mistakes.B.Periods of intellectual achievement are of heterodox speculation.C.In a period of mental slavery, no true intellectual thought is possilbeD.Excessive controversy prevents clear thinking.Passage 3Large, multinational corporations may be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines. But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the economy‟s vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and factories. Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than 100 workers, now employ nearly 60 percent of the work force and are expected to generated half of all new jobs between now and the year 2000. Some 1.2 million small firms have opened their doors over the past six years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an additional 200,000 entrepreneurs striking off on their own.Too many of these pioneers, however, will balze ahead unprepared. Idealists will overestimate the clamor for their products or fail to factor in the competition. Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally, the capital that success requires. Mid-career executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may savor the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also , at least for a while, be bookeeper and receptionist, too. According to Small Business Administration data, 24 of every 100 businesses starting out today are likely to have disappeared in two years, and 27 more will have shut their doors four years from now. By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start-ups will have folded. A new study of 3,000 small businesses, sponsored by American Express and the National Federation of Independent Business, suggests slightly better odds: Three years after start-up, 77 percent of the companies surveyed were still alive. Most credited their success in large part to having picked a business they already were comfortable in. Eighty percent had workded with the same product or service in their last jobs.Thinking through an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical. But many entrepreneurs forget that a firm‟s health in its pulse. In their zeal to expand, small –business owners often ignore early warning signs of a stagnant market or of decaying profitabiliby. They hopefully pour more and more money into the enterprise, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that mean the market for their ingenious service or product have evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish offices. Only when the financial well runs dry do they see the seriousness of the illness, and by then the patient is usually too far gone to save.Frequent checks of your firm‟s vital signs will also guide you to a sensible rate of growth. To snatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer new markets, add products or perhaps franchise your hot idea.51.According to the passage, a country‟s economy is probably decided by ______.A.the prosperity and decline of the transnational corporationsB.the rise and fall of the markets and products as well as capitalC.the fate of the small businesses such as small plants and restaurantsD.the economic increase and decrease of the large companies52. In order to succeed in a business, the entrepreneur should _______.A.get very well prepared for his new busnissB.choose a business he‟s already familiar withC.examine the company‟s crucial signs now and thenD.invest as much as possible into his enterprise53. Which of the following statement about small business is not ture?A.It helps effectively to fight unemployment.B.The earlier it starts, the sooner it collapsesC.There‟s a good omen for small business according to a survey.54. What does the last sentence in the 3rd paragraph mean according to the passage?A.The patient is seriously ill because of lack of water in the well.B.The patient can be saved if he has enough money to solve the financial problem.C.It‟s too late for small business owners to realize the gravity of the problem because theyhave used up their money.D.I t‟s urgentfor small business owners to pour all their money into the enterprise to revitalizetheir business.55. What‟s the main idea of this passage?A.How to become a winner in small business.B.How to be a successful boss in multinational corporations.C.How to deal with ups and downs in small business.D.How to conquer new markets and gain the largest profit.Passage 4The World Health Organization (WTO) is in trouble. Its leader is accused of failing to lead, and as the roganization drifts, other bodies, particularly the World Bank, are setting the global health agenda . Western governments want the WHO to set realistic targets and focus its energy on tackling major killer such as childhood diseases and tobacco.The WHO clearly needs to set priorities. Its total budget of $0.9 billion – around 10 p for each man, woman and child in the world – cannot solve all the wolrd‟s health problems. Yet its senior management does not seem willing to narrow the organization‟s focus. Instead it is trying to be all things to all people and losing dependability.Unfortuanately, the arguments for priority- setting is being seriouisly undermined by the US, one of the chief advocators of change. The US is trying to reduce its contribution to the WHO‟s regular budget from a quarter of the total to a fifth. That would leave the organization $20 million short this year, on top of the substantial debts the US already owes.The WHO may need priorities, but it certainly doesn‟t need budget cuts. Thanks to ther US‟s failure to pay its bills, many of the poorer nations see priority-setting as merely a cover forcost-cutting that would hit their health programs hard.The WHO would not serve poorer countries any worse if it shaprened its focus. It would probably serve them better. In any case, a shaprer foucs should not mean that less money is needed. When the US demands cuts, it simply fuels disputes between the richer and poorer countires and gives the WHO‟s senior management more time to postpone.The American action is not confiend to the WHO. It wants eventually to cut its contributions to the Food and Agriculture Organization and the International Labor Organization too. But it knows that dissatisfaction with the WHO and its leadersip made the organization vulneralbe. It if wins against the WHO, the rest will lose out in their turn.America‟s share of the budget is already a concession. Each nation‟s contribution to the UN agencies is calculated according to its wealth, and by that measuere the US should be paying about28 percent of the WHO budget. But over the past three decades the US has gradually reduced what it pays the organization. The US should not ask for future cuts. Until it pays its full share of money, it will hold back the organization‟s much needed reforms.The world needs the WHO. The World Bank may have a bigger budget, but it sees improved health as jost one part of economic and social development. The WHO remains the only organization committed to health for all, regradless of wealth.56. How much of the WHO‟s budget should the United States pay in terms of its wealth?A. A quarterB. 28%C. More than $ 20 milllionD. A fifth57. Which of the following can best characterize ther US?A.It has stopped demanding reforms.B.Its managemtnt is inefficient.C.It is trying to pay less to WHO.D.Its government is not responsive.58. What does the author mean when he interprets the urge for a sharper focus?A.The US will be justified in cutting its financial contribution.B.More heated argumenteds will be unavoidable between richer and poorer countries.C.There should be better service for poor countries but no cost-cutting.D.The poorer countries will not receive more benefits.59. What is the United State‟s strategy to fight all those organizations according to the author?A.To defeat them all one by one.B.To defeat the WHO first and the others will give up.C.To exclusive cut contributions to the WHO.D.To cut contributions to all the organizations.60. Which of the following world organizations has the weakest leadership according to the passage?A.The International Labor OrganizationB.The Food and Agriculture Organization.C.The Wolrd Health OrganizationD.The World BankPassage 5The practice of capital punishement is as old as government itself. For most of history, it has not been considered controversial. Since ancient times most governments have punished a wide variety of crimes by death and have conducted exectutions as a routine part of the administration of criminal law. However, in the mid-18th century, social critics in Europe began to emphasize the worth of the individual and to criticize government practices they considered unjust, including capital punishment. The controversy and dabate over whether governments should utilize the death penalty continue today.The first significant movement to abolish the death penalty began during the era known as the Age of Enlightenment. In 1764 Italian jurist and philosopher Cesare Beccaria published An Essay on Crimes and Punishments. Many consider this influential work the leading document in the early campaign against capital punishment. Other individuals who campaigned against executions during this period include French authors Voltaire and Denis Diderot, British philosophers David Hume and Adam Smith, and political theorist Thomas Paine in the United States.Critics of capital punishment argue that it is cruel and inhumane, while supporters consider it a necessary form of revenge for terribe crimes. Those who advocate the death penalty declare that it is a uniquely effictive punishment that prevents crime. However, advocates and opponents of the death penalty dispute the proper interpretation of statistical analyses of its preventing effect. Opponents of capital punishment see the death penalty as human rights sissue involving the proper limits of governmental power. In contrast, those who want governments to continue to execute tend to regard capital punishment as an issue of criminal justice policy. Because of these alternative viewpoints, there is a profound difference of opinion not only about what is the right answer on capital punishment, but also about what type of question is being asked when the death penalty becomes a public issue.61. We can learn from the first paragraph that in ancient times _____.A.death penalty had been carried out before government came into beingB.people thought it was right for the government to conduct exectionsC.death penalty was practiced scarcely in European countriesD.many people considered capital punishment unjust and cruel62. Why was capital punishment questioned in the mid-18th century in Europe?A.People began to criticize their government.B.The government was unjust in this period.C.People began to realize the value of life.D.Social critics were very active at that time.63. Critics of capital punishment insist that it _____.A.violate human rights regulationsB.is an ineffective punishment of the criminalsC.is just the revenge for terrible crimesD.involves killing without mercy64. The advocates and opponents of the death penalty_____.A.agree that it is a human rights issueB.agree that it can prevent crimesC.explain its statistical analyses differentlyD.think that they are asked different types of questions65. The author‟s attitude towards capital punishment can be summarized as ______.A. supportiveB. criticalC. neutralD. contradictoryPassage 6The sound of gunshots has become an all too familiar and unwelcome occurrence in many communities across the nation. When shots ring out, 911 calls from worried citizens may come from a large area. Unfortuately, even with numerous reports, police are ofter frustrated in their efforts to silence this gunfire because they cannot pinpoint the location of gunshots rapidly. A U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientist recognized that sound waves traveling through the air away from a gunshot are basically similar to the sound waves traveling through the ground away from an earthquake. Scientist then have adapted their methods for quickly finding the exacty source of an earthquake to the problem of locating gunshots.Field testing of a gunshot-locating system inspired by earthquake technology began in 1995. After only a few weeks of testing and improving the software, the system was locating many signals that were clearly associated with gunfire. Automatic weapons fire was the easiest to identify because of the regular time interval between individual shots. The system was more sensive during the night, when there was less background noise from traffic and other urban activity. By the last spring , the system was undergoing final acceptance trials. Captian Jim Granucci of the Redwood City Police Department stated that “ even before the system was in use, the number of illegal gunshots declined as word of its existence speread. “In this test the gunshot-locating system worked remarkable well, and according to Commander Dominick Peloso of Menlo Park Police Department, “This system, when fully developed, holds great promise for assisting police in controlling and reducing violent crime.”When the results of the test were made public, there was an enthusiastic response from San Francisco Bay area residents, who asked local government officials to impletment such systems in their cmmunities. Interest was also expressed by private firms and law enforcement agencies both in California and elsewhere in the nation. Robert Showen, founder of a company that is now marketing a gunshot-locating system, said, “The USGS test demonstrated beyond a doubt that the concept was feasible and could be implemented quickly. Without this test, I would have been hisitant to invest in the development of my product.”66. The problem of gunfire is difficult to solve because _______.A.few people would like to report gunshots to the policeB.few policemen are available to capture the criminalsC.people are indifferent to the familiar sound of gunshotsD.the police cannot immediately rush to the scene of gunshots67. It can be learned that the gunshot-locating system _______.A.is more effective within a short distanceB.is proved to be more reliable at nightC.is not affected by background noiseD.is not sensitive to automatic weapons。
人大考博英语辅导班讲义--阅读
English20092009@Password: 119119高级技能辅导词汇与阅读1．总体安排1）全面概览，查漏找缺：词汇，语法：A; 认知性；复用性；a/anact n. 法律，法案law，bill, statute, constitution, legal code, rules, regulation, draft, treaty, convention , 2007 2006 20051. Voc: 10 3.5 4 32. Read:5. Writing 13 02) 针对漏缺，专项攻破:3)综合练习，全面提高Internet , influenceWeb, net; effect, impact同义互释；主题词猜答案；2．考试概况3．词汇辅导4．阅读辅导---alt: high, heightAltitude==al, 高gao;Exalt: ex---: oute--, er--: herd, herb:althorn, altherbase:高草群落--spir，--sper：breatheSpirit，conspire, conspiracy, desperate, exasperated, inspire, SARS---severe acute respiratory syndrome--it: go, walk exit==go out visit==go to see initiate==go intoBeing===系动词；人，生物体；be==实意动词，live，existT o be, or not be;This is a question.--mut---: change mutation, mutable, mutability, mutase: 变位酶latitude=维度wei, longitude==经度，jing, attitude, multitude, magnitude---spic，---spis，--spec--, ---spect: see, lookConspicuous==obvious, evident, suspicious, suspicion, despise, speculate, respectful, inspection, prospective, retrospect==look back, suspect, introspect==look inside, spectator, spectacle, spectacularDivert---: di--, dis--, dif--: away, apart, divide, divorce, different--vers, ---vert: turn, change historical reversal---turn back; al, diverse, convert, conversation, versatile, adversary: against, opposite《英语词汇的奥秘》，蒋争，中国国际广播出版社P25Conference==meetingT o err is human.Confidential sth to sb., preside; private, personal, secret,Prefer, transfer, infer, differ, defer….Pre---: before prepare, predict, preview---scribe, --script: writeInscribe, inscription; describe, description; proscribe, prescribe, prescription subscribe, manuscriptBe occupied with==be busy with: timeBe preoccupied with ==concentrate/focus/bent on/ be absorbed inUsed to do===Be used to doing===Out of question==no probemOut of the question===impossibleInoculate==instillInstructor, mentor, director, tutor---struct: build ob---, op-: against; ad---Construct==, obstruct==build against,Intestinal obstructionIntestine; --is, --es --itis: ; diabetes==diabetesdestroy, structure, infrastructureobsess: be obsessed/absorbed inobesity---ful, ---ous: beautiful, dangerous---ive, ---ate,----ent: active, permissive, considerate, intelligent, diligent---able,---ible, ----uble: eatable, edible; visible, insoluble ==solve--ic, --cal, ---al:Respectful, respectable, respective; intelligent, intelligible, intellectual;Incredible, increditable, incredulous; considerable, considerate; economic, economical; historic, historical; healthy, healthfulPreeminent:Impressive== --pressImpress: express, oppress,Depressant, stimulantDe---: downgene---, gen--, ---gn: producegenetic, genetics, eugenics,benign, malignantbene--, beni---: goodP24-251-5 DCABD6-10 BCABD11-15 CAAAA16-20 DDABAP25---27a. 1C 2D 3C 4A 5D6A 7B 8D 9A 10Db. 1D 2C 3C 4D 5A6C 7C 8B 9A 10Cc. 1D 2A 3B 4A 5C6B 7C 8D 9C 10Ad. 1D 2B 3A 4A 5 D6C 7 B 8D 9A 10BProvided that…..---lev: high, height level, lever, maglev==magnetically levitated train---tain, ---tin, ----ten: keepSustainable, detain, container, maintainable=maintenance, obtain, attain, continue==keep ontenant, tenacious--ant: 人：assistant, accountant, flight attendant---剂：stimulant, depressant, retardant, insect repellantRepel: --pel, --pul: pushPropeller ==push forward, impel==push into,Repel===push back,Expel==push outExpel==expulsionDispel===push away, compel==push together, compulsory, compulsion, pulse, impulse---ceed, ---cede, ---cess:Go, walk; ---it, ---gress:Aggressive==go towardsProgress=go forward, ingress==go intoEgress=go out,Transgression==go acrossProceed=go forward, precede==go before, succeed==go after/behind, exceed==go out,recede==go backeconomic recession, concede==go together, inaccessible==go towards, procedure, pacify==pacific entrance/entry/access to internet/WTOar--, ac--, ag---: to/towardsprocess, unprecedent, success, successive, successfulcontra--, contro--: against, oppositeas soon as ===hardly when===no sooner thandis--: away , apart---tract: pull, drawTractor, contract==pull together, extract==pull out, abstract==pull away from, attract=pull towardsive, subtract==pull down/underinter---: between internet, international, intercity, interstate, interview,---fereinterrupt== --rupt: break,corrupt= , volcanic eruption===break outdisrupt==break away/apart--ject: throw, castInterject==Reject=throw back, projectile=throw forward, inject=throw intoion, deject==depress==throw down, projector, eject==throw outruin, spoil; hurt/wound, injuredSpare the rod, spoil the child.--mini--, min--: tinyMinute organism/ minimum, mini-skirt/car/busApproximately--proximityEf---:, ex--, e--:fuse--, fus---: pour, flowRefuse==pour/flow back, infuse=flow/pour into, confusion, effuse, profuse, interfuse, perfuse, transfuse==Trans: change translate, transform, transaction, transplant, transfer--scend: comeAscend, descendent---mit, ---mis: sendDismiss==send away/apart, missile, emit==send out, waste emission, omit, omission, permit, admit,Pseudo--: falsePseudo-somethingPseudopodium: 伪足--ped, ---pod: footCentipede, pedal, pedestrian, peddler, tripod--nym：name synonym, antonym; acronym==NBA, WTO, NASA : acrobathttp:==hypertext transmission/fer protocol词组测试出题思路：1.动词词组：动同介副异；Fall over/in/up/out动异介副同:Work out, figure out, make out, take outOn，off；up，down；Put on, take on, get on:Get off; take off:Go on, keep on;Break off, cut off,T urn on, turn off, show is onPut/come/make/ Across；in，out；In turn, in return, in terms of, in the long/short run;Seaquake; tsunamiHard-to-get-to placesThe women-would-jump-Onto-the-chair-at-the-sight-the-mouse era passed.Freshmen, blue-blooded,Green-eyed==envious==jealous, red-eyed:on the 2nd thought, think twice;one thousand and one ways to express selfThere are numerous greenflies on the stems and leaves of certain plants. Greenfly: fly butterfly, dragonfly, horsefly, gadflyFirefly; lightflygreenroom, greenhouse滋，呲，喵，哞叽，咯，嘎Soar==嗖, baby-boom, boost,Poptop，pop the ball into the basketRenaissance, Aristotle;Fix af—affix prefix, suffixPend---:hangExpend, suspend, spend, pendant, pendulumCrus--, cruc--: crucial, cruciform, cruciferous flowersCin--: burn, ash;Incinerator, incineration, cinders, CinderellaCommunications satelliteAstronautEmpty the box.The paper is only an introduction and a conclusion sandwiched with some extracts from other thesis.Air, aero--Plane, telephoneVegetable==veg,Cab, cabman, cabbyHeli copter; auto mobileBird influenza Flu, fridge== refrigeratorXmas, fax==facsimile2.介副词词组：3.固定搭配Centimeter==cm, financeeActor, -ess: actress, tiger==tigress, princessLa Nina , hiphop:HopstitchWorld wide web==World wide watchY oung urban professionals= yuppieHomepage,Car Care, litter—rubbishLog on重要词汇复习思路abandon (desert, discard, give up，let go, relinquish) abide by (obey, observe, comply with, conform to)A. abideB. conformC. complyD. observe______ to lawabolish (cancel, eliminate, get rid of)acceptable, accessible, available, adaptable accident(ally), incident(ally), event(ually), incidence==rate of occurringacquaint (with), acquire, require, inquire, enquire adapt, adjust, accommodateaccount (for, to, on account of, take into account) accumulate addiction, addition, condition, prediction adapt, adept, adopt admit, permit, allow, promise advocate advanced advantage affect, effect, afford, effort allege allocate altitude, attitude, latitude, longitudeamateur ambitious amendment amusement announcement annoyannual(yearly) anticipate(expect, dream, imagine) anxious appalling, appealing apparent appoint appreciate appropriate approve approximate arbitrary arouse, arise, rise, raise array, arrange argueartificial(man-made) assault(attack) assemble assert assess asset assign(ment) associate (with, to) assume assure(ance) astonish attach to, detach from attain, obtain, contain, sustain, maintain attempt (try, manage) attend to attract, contract, abstract, subtract, distract authentic authority (authorize) automatic average, common, usual, ordinary avoid award, reward be aware of awkward, embarrassed重要词组复习思路break (in, up) call (for, up) check (in, up) come (across, out) cut ( in, off) die (down, out) drop (in, out) fill (in, out) get (back, by) give (in, up) go (after, on) hand (in, out) hold (in, on) keep (from, up) lay (aside, down) live (by, on) look (at, after) make (for, out) pass (away, on) pay (for, off) pull (in, out) put (away, off) result (from, in) run (for, against) see (off, into) set (out, up) show (off, up) stand (by, for) take (in, up) try (on, out) turn (in, on, up) wait (for, on) wear (down, off, out) work (at, on, out) ward off, resort to, stick to, accuse of, attend to, back up, burn (out, up, down), burst into (tears, blames)break into (crying, fire) calm down, dedicate (devote)…to, deprive…of, derive…from, figure out, focus on, concentrate on, center on, count on, depend on, rely on/upon, relieve…from, remind sb. of… shut (up, off) speak (for, of, out) stop(keep, prevent, prohibit, ban)…from高频词汇50 state 42 take 39change 33 say 30 penalty 29 technology 26 result, statement22 global, paragraph 21 live, means 20 cent, consume, radiation 19 company, lack, medical, murder, program 18 increase, space, step 17 aid, mark, possible, rate, used16 choice, deal, social 15 center, graph, point 14 interview, less, mental, physical, reason, soup 13 climate, modern, provide, purpose, tech, traditional 12 ability, drought, kill, knowledge, last, matter, million, pollution, public, revenge, rise, society, spend, stock, title, volunteer 11 culture, emission, function, importance, individual, late, level, limit, material, minute, necessary, nuclear, patient, research, travel, type 10 applicant, cell, common, crime, factor, harmful, international, least, line, main, manner, personal, pressure, prevent, researcher, scientific, serious, sheet 9 complete, confidence, current, drop, effort, environment, estimate, expect, general, government, investment, lead, limited, remain, save, sell, set, traffic, video 8 capable, certain, continue, decade, effect, fuel, imply, involve, likely, living, measure, product, relate, tend, term 7 available, average, avoid, behavior, care, comprehension, cross, electronic, fall, keep, majority, motorist, murderer, natural, occur, popular, price, project, pure, record, refer, regard, retail, seal, section, single, species, suggest, trend, typical, victim 6 acquisition, adapt, allow, apply, approach, astronaut, attack, attitude, balance, clear, complex, concept, control, corporation, damage, data, decline, emergency, endanger, extinct, jam, leave, lie, loss, nature, object, perception, progress, prove,reflect, replace, response, restrict, riot, safety, service, shift, significance, smoke, solve, surrounding, theory, thought, total, tradition, university, value, view 5 adequate, appear, atmosphere, aware, belong, bother, creature, cue, custom, dependent, diagnosis, electrical, entire, exchange, failure, feedback, former, heap, image, immediate, impact, improve, insight, issue, lot, lower, marry, mention, national, network, objective, organize, practical, prefer, previous, raise, reduce, relation, relationship, rescue, safe, self, sense, share, sign, similar, situation, status, store, suffer, survival, threat, transmit, tribe, various, vast, wave, zone4 account, agreement, amount, appliance, arrow, aspect, bamboo, block, broadcast, career, cast, cause, chase, choose, consider, convention, cope, detail, enormous, entertain, evidence, executive, exist, express, extreme, flight, focus, fossil, fundamental, historical, ideal, impression, intend, locate, logical, lost, maintain, major, market, mid, mystery, notion, opinion, organization, overseas, ownership, participate, predict, protect, pump, purchase, rapid, realize, receive, recipe, register, regulation, relief, remains, report, responsible, revolution, risk, rule, satellite, scheme, select, sentence, silence, simple, standard, subject, support, survey, switch, system, taste, technique, throw, topic, trade, train, training, transport, understanding, universal, unusual, vehicle, visual, voltage, whole 3 absorb, academic, access, alive, alternative, appropriate, association, band, basic, bid, broad, cable, challenge, charge, chronic, cite, clue, code, colleague, comfort, construct, contact, crack, curiosity, cycle, desirable, develop, device, divorce, eliminate, entertainment, escape, essential, exception, exhaust, expand, expend, expert, fatal, favor, feasible, female, fiction, funeral, generation, genetic, genuine, goal, gossip, hydraulic, ignore, imagine, indicate, influence, initial, instruction, intelligence, introduction, item, jury, latter, layer, list, logic, mass, microwave, misery, mission, mobile, narrow, nerve, official, order, origin, ozone, pattern, permit, philosopher, pioneer, powerful, preserve, process, production, publish, punishment, quarter, range, rare, react, recite, reinforce, reluctant, remedy, remote, represent, require, requirement, retard, return, review, rhythm, running, scan, sequence, sight, significant, special, spirit, stand, steady, strengthen, substance, succeed, suppose, sweat, teaching, tolerate, transfer, transportation, treat, unique, unknown, veto, vital, weak, willing, yield 2 achieve, acquire, adjust, alliance, analysis, anticipate, appeal, associate, attract, auction, bandwidth, bang, bargain, benefit, biological, blame, boost, bound, breathe, breed, campaign, capital, carbon, casual, circle, club, communicate, compare, compensate, conclusion, conscience, conscious, consequence, consist, contrary, contribute, controversial, cost, council, course, cover, criminal, criticize, cure, cushion, debate, define, design, desire, desperate, diagnose, dioxide, disposal, distribute, doctrine, dominant, dose, drift, economical, effective, enterprise, enthusiastic, establish, evident, exclusive, execute, explosion, extend, faith, familiar, fatigue, feature, figure, financial, flame, forbid, frequent, fund, harsh, hawk, hazard, hostile, hunt, implication, impose, improper, independent, indifference, inherit, injection, inner, innocent, intention, interact, lean, legal, male, massive, microscope, migration, mix, motivate, negative, note, obstacle, obtain, offer, oppose, organ, outlet, outwards, oven, overall, owing, pace, passion, personnel, perspective, philosophy, pill, pilot, pipe, plot, policy, potential, pound, powder, precede, prevention, principal, private, procedure, prominent, prompt, property, recommendation, reference, religious, reserve, retirement, reward, role, roll, sacrifice, salute, satisfying, scarce, sculpture, season, seek, severe, shape, sharp, shock, shoot, shuttle, signal, solution, sponsorship, spouse, standardize,storage, strategic, studio, submit, subsequent, suit, summary, surge, survive, symptom, syndrome, temper, temporary, thirsty, tolerance, transform, trigger, undertake, unlikely, unprecedented, variety, voluntary, waste, wealthy, web, wing, wireless, workforce, worried, worth, yearly 1 abandon, abnormal, abundant, accelerate, accustom, acquaint, advertise, advocate, affirm, afford, aggressive, alert, alone, amaze, ambitious, amuse, analyst, annoy, annual, appointment, appreciate, approve, architecture, arouse, artistic, astonish, atomic, attach, automatic, awake, background, ban, banner, bare, beloved, bitter, blast, board, bough, brand, brutal, bulb, butcher, campus, canal, carve, cement, centigrade, central, channel, characteristic, charity, cheer(ful), chemical, chemist, chief, civilization, civilize, cloudy, coil, coincide, collapse, command, commission, commit, compact, complaint, concede, conflict, confront, confuse, confusion, consciousness, consistent, constant, constitute, contend, content, context, contract, contrast, convenient, convict, convince, coordinate, cosmetic, count, creative, credit, crew, critical, cruel, cyberspace, damp, declare, dedicate, deepen, delay, delicate, deliver, demonstrate, dense, deserve, differentiate, dim, dip, disappoint, discharge, dispute, dive, diversity, DNA, drain, drug, due, dump, durable, dynamic, efficient, elementary, elevator, embarrass, emotion, engage, entitle, era, eventually, evil, evolution, expertise, explore, extent, extinguish, extra, extraordinary, faculty, fail, famine, fasten, federal, feed, fill, filter, fireman, fit, flavor, formal, fraction, frequency, gain, gap, generate, grace, grant, gravity, gross, guidance, guilty, handicap, hesitate, historic, horrible, horror, humanitarian, humanity, humid, illustrate, illustration, imitation, impatient, impress, improvement, incidence, incline, infer, influential, informal, initiate, initiative, injure, inspector, insult, integration, intelligent, intense, interpret, invest, investigate, isle, jar, Jewish, kilowatt, kit, knot, label, lawn, leap, learned, leisure, liable, limitation, liquid, literary, lobby, lonely, lovely, lucky, mammal, manufacture, march, margin, marine, marsh, medium, melt, memorable, mere, migrate, minority, modernization, modify, moral, motoring, mysterious, myth, navigation, neat, negotiate, neighbor(hood), nitrogen, noticeable, observe, obvious, occurrence, odd, opening, opportunity, opposite, optimistic, option, outlook, overdo, overload, overwhelming, palm, passive, peak, perfect, personality, pet, petrol, petroleum, physician, physicist, pick, plate, plead, plenty, plight, plug, plus, p.m. poisonous, pole, politics, poll, pollute, portion, positive, possess, prayer, pregnancy, prejudice, premise, presence, presentation, presenter, preservation, press, prior, profession, professional, progressive, prohibit, proof, proper, propose, protest, proud, provoke, psychology, pub, publicity, punish, qualification, quality, questionable, quick, quit, race, rage, rally, reaction, reality, reasonable, recall, receiver, recognize, recommend, recording, recreation, recruit, reduction, regional, reject, relax, relevant, representation, representative, reptile, reputation, resemble, reservoir, resident, residential, resist, resistant, resort, respect, responsibility, retailer, reveal, revenue, roof, routine, rural, satisfy, saw, scale, scold, score, segment, senior, serious, session, setback, setting, shelf, shore, shot, shut, sick, skilled, skillful, sleeve, snap, soft, solar, span, specialist, specific, spectacular, spite, spoil, spoon, spring, spur, starve, statistical, stem, stimulate, storm, stream, strength, stress, strict, strip, stupid, style, substitute, sudden, sufficient, suggestion, suitable, summarize, supermarket, supply, supportive, surprising, surround, suspect, swift, symphony, tailor, target, tax, technological, temptation, tension, terrible, theoretical, threaten, tie, timber, timely, timing, tiny, tired, tissue, toilet, tone, trace, tragedy, trap, triumph, tropical, unable, uncomfortable, unemployment, unhealthy, UN, universe,unlike, upset, urge, utter, valuable, vertical, veteran, violent, virtue, visible, vision, voyage, warning, wear, weigh, weight, whatsoever=whatever, wheat, widen, wild, wildlife, wonderful, wooden, worldwide, worthwhile, worthy, warehouse, ward, wary, weird, withdrawal, yell abolish, abstract, abuse, accessible, accommodate, accomplish, accord, accumulate, accuse, activate, acute, addict, adhere, adjacent, adjust, administrate, adolescence, adopt, advantage, adverse, agency, agenda, agony, alarm, alcohol, alien, allegation, allege, alleged, alley, allied, allowance, ally, alphabet, alteration, alternate, altitude, amateur, ambassador, amend, amid, amplifier, amplify, analogue, ancestor, anonymous, antenna, antique, apologize, appalling, apparatus, appendix, appetite, applause, appoint, appraisal, apprehension, approximate, arbitrary, archaeology, architect, architecture, archives, arithmetic, arouse, artery, artificial, ascend, ash, assault, assemble, assert, assess, assume, assure, astronomer, astronomy, asylum, athlete, attain, attorney, attribute, audio, audit, aural, authentic, authorize, automobile, autonomy, auxiliary, avail, avenue, avert, aviation, award, awkward, bachelor, bacteria, bailmulti--: many multitude, multifunctionalearthworm; face to faceinformation agencypreview, review, overview, interview; vis--, --vid, --spic, --spis,anti--: against, opposite---pathy: feeling, emotionSympathetic, apathyHi—fi: high fidelitySci-fi:---scientific fictionDotcom companyAnthrop---: human being-ology: ---id, ---oid: like, seem; vivid: vit---: vital; viv---: life, live survive, revive; phil---: loveStimulant and depressant are both psychoactive drugs.Compliment===i 爱Mandate：---mand：orderCommander , demandAdamantMiss is sippiAss ass in; scourge ==courage意义组合：stStanch the woundT oken===take词形相关，词义相同或相近词形相关，词义相反Fertilizer==fertile sterileSterileAque--, aqua---: waterAquarium: ---ium 馆，堂，厅：auditorium, stadium, gymnasium, planetarium Aqueducts:--duce, --duct: leadProduce, productivity, induce, reduce, introduce, deduce, seduce, introduction, viaduct:栈道连锁词1.What does “the cats” mean in this passage?A.pets which can eat mouseB.tigersC. leopardsC.mother lion and her babies-ple: many, fullPlenty, ample, amplifier, accomplish, completeP361) BDBDB2) BCCAD3) ABDCCAA4) AACAC DCB5) CDABB ACDOpt---: light, sightOptics, optimistic,Choice: optional, adopt--fin: end, limitFinish, final, confine, define, infinitive (to do), infiniteT remble—Ped--, paed--: teach/education/childPediatrician;Omni---: all,omnibus --busomnipotent---ocu, ---opt--, opi--: sightOpinion, opticianBene--，beni--：goodBenign, benefit, beneficial,Benevolent, benevolenceEu---, u---: 真，善，美，good, real, ---top：placeEuthanasia, eugenics, euphemism, eulogy, eu-bacterium: 真菌--logue, --loque, --locu: word, talk; colloquial, eloquent, soliloquy, somniloquy, pronoun interlocutor, prolocutorMonologue, dialogueHyper--：hypermarket, hypersonic, hyperactive, super 超高过，hypo---：below 低，亚，次;False: hypothesis, hypocritical, hypocrhypotension,Hypodermic; skin injection—--crat, ---cracy: rule, govern: democrat, democracy : Bureaucrat, bureaucracyMob-cracydem--: mass, population, peopleEpidemic, demographyAuto---: self automobileAutonomy, autobiographyThe bulk of…..;A host ofOculist: 眼科医生Optician: 眼镜制造商、验光师Opticist: 光学家，光学物理学家Be preoccupied/obsessed withBe absorbed/engrossed inFocus/concentrate/bent/Be keen onBe crazy aboutBe addicted to doing/sthObsess, obesity词汇：1.量2.质1）一词多义Create，make：Native American Indians fashioned canoes from trunks. Mind: person, individualTwo great minds think alike.Doll: 玩具娃娃，玩偶，洋娃娃；玩具—toyBall personality chips：Chip，chin，lip，cheek：芯片，锌片；Smell TV：香味，气味，味道；smile，small届时，到时；DigitalDigestdignityapply==appliance, applicationrage===cage, ratsSome people have a foolish idea that….Others believe that….Noise, effects==influence/impactUnfavourable soundInternet;ｗｅｂｍｅｄｉａ，ｐｒｅｓｓ1.浏览式（概括类问题）阅读方法：首尾段，首尾句；抓主题词做题技巧：主题词猜答案2. 查阅式阅读（细节题）根据要点词一目十行查找对应句子：首尾句，带转折词句，细节句答题技巧：同义互释原则3. 跳跃式阅读1）标点符号：逗号：，aaaaa，，破折号：-----aaaaaa-----，括号：（aaaaaaaaa）; 冒号：aaaaa 2）句子结构：. ! ?主语谓语宾语从句. 主语谓语宾语从句. 主语系动词表语？3）篇章结构：主题、论点举例，引用，列数字：For example, AAAAA……4. 研究式阅读5. 意群式阅读阅读理解三部曲：1.3—5秒钟看结构；最长段：细节；最短段：主旨，独立成段句2.3—5 分钟：跳跃式阅读：抓重要词句：（首尾句，带转折词句，带总结归纳词句子，独立成段句，评议性、概括性）3.3—5 分钟查阅式阅读+研究式阅读做题找答案：同义互释；主题词猜答案；Best title:A.the change of AdolB.the length of AdolC.the pattern of AdolD.the ceremony of Adoladult rights are granted,gain/obtain/acquire/ attain;be entitled to do/be entitled to privacysb . is granted sth.Provide sb with sth.1.议论文1）提出论点：正面直接；反面间接2）论证：举例，引用，列数字；3）结论：论点/ 提出建议和展望2. 说明文：1）提出主题：2）分析说明：举例、引用、列数字、下定义、分类、顺序3）总结归纳：P76 DACDBIt is as proper to do A as to do BT erm/call/name:We call Xiao Wang Big Bear.photograph3．报刊评论1）叙述事实2）间接评论3）结论P73 CBACAThink，believe, argue, assume, suppose, state, imagine, expect, speculate, assert. Propose,````P70 BCCDIn the GB.A newly invented fatal computer virus that partly/completely destroyed all kinds of/various/different file in a large number of computers around the whole world in the early part of spring in 1999.Joy, enjoythe, ofP36页词汇活学活用1.replete, eminent, steeped, voracious, indiscriminate2.1)d 2)c 3)a 4)e 5)b词汇应试技巧1）BDBDB 2）BCCAD3）ABDCC AA4）AACAC DCB5）CDABB ACDP39—49 套题参考答案Exercise oneBBADC BDABBACDCA ADDBCExercise twoBABAD CACBDBAADB BBCCAExercise threeBDCAD CADBBCCACC DDCAAExercise fourBADAC DBCBBCADDA CBADCExercise fiveADBCC DAABCDBBCA CDADBExercise sixACCDD ADAABCDBAB ABCBCExercise sevenCADBD BCDACAADDB BDBAAExercise eightDADCD BBCBAADCBC DCDBD阅读理解P54页重点句式1）DDBC 2）BBDC3）BCAAD 4）DABBC5）DADC 6）CDBA 7）DAAB 8）CDBA 9）CBADP76 汽车的利弊CDAP79问题与应试I.A A C D DII. P1 BD P2 AAIII. P1 DACB P2 DDCC P3 CDDCBIV．P1 B P2 BP3 BBCCCBV. P1 AC P2 DDP3 BADCDVI. P1 D P2 DCCDP3 AADCDP95 模拟套题P1 DBCBCD P2 BDDABB P3 AACDAB P4ACACBA P5 DCCACB。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：13
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.写作题Write an essay about 200 words as your answer to the following question:“Should the Chinese government pay more attention and invest more in education for children in the rural area?” Write your answer on your ANSWER SHEET II.【答案】Nowadays, the society called for more efforts to upgrade the education quality in the vast western rural area, where the economy was relatively backward. To improve the education quality in the western provinces, especially in the rural area, we should promote social harmony, coordinate development between the cities and the countryside, and pay attention to the long-term development of the western region. More investment should be injected into the education sector in the western rural area to allow rural students to receive their free nine-year compulsory education. The government should attract more outstanding teachers to serve in the countryside. Also, more efforts should be made to improve the teaching and boarding facilities for rural students, and teaching methods should also be improved to help students develop creative thinking. The authority should also stress the importance of education for ethnic minorities. More efforts should be made to develop ethnic minority education so as to make contribution to the common prosperity of all nationalities.2.单选题The cultures of China and Japan have shared many features, but each has used them according to its national（）.问题1选项A.personalityB.temperamentC.interestD.destiny【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。
中国人民大学攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题
中国人民大学2006年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题（大概回忆）人大2006年试题没有公布。
一、词汇，40个小题，20分，超难！不少来自GRE词汇题。
人大2006年英语令很多人叫苦不迭，其实主要是词汇难。
二、阅读，30个小题，30分，6篇短文，题量大，有一题是2002年硕士研究生入学考试阅读原题。
其他难度不亚于硕士研究生入学考试的英语阅读理解题。
最后一篇讲的是古希腊的斯多葛学派、伊壁纠鲁学派等问题，哲学的一些观点。
整体看，阅读理解题材涉及经济、历史、传记、艺术、心理、哲学等方面。
阅读理解其中两篇Text 1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?”the new arrival asked St. Peter. “On, that's God,”came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties.With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don't succeed, give up”or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor. (447 words)1. To make your humor work, you should .［A］take advantage of different kinds of audience.［B］make fun of the disorganized people.［C］address different problems to different people.［D］show sympathy for your listeners.2. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are .［A］impolite to new arrivals.［B］very conscious of their godlike role.［C］entitled to some privileges.［D］very busy even during lunch hours.3. It can be inferred from the text that public services .［A］have benefited many people.［B］are the focus of public attention.［C］are an inappropriate subject for humor.［D］have often been the laughing stock..4. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered .［A］in well-worded language.［B］as awkwardly as possible.［C］in exaggerated statements.［D］as casually as possible.5. The best title for the text may be .［A］Use Humor Effectively.［B］Various Kinds of Humor.［C］Add Humor to Speech.［D］Different Humor Strategies.Key: 1.C 2.B 3.D 4.D 5.AText 2No one can be a great thinker, who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead .Truth gains more even by the errors of one, who, with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think .Not that it is solely, or chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required .On the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human being to attain the mental quality which they are capable of .There have been, and may again be great thinker in a general atmosphere of mental slavery .But there never been, nor ever will be in that atmosphere an intellectually active people .While any people has made a temporary approach to such a character, it has been because the dread of heterodox was for a time suspended .Where there is an unspoken convention that principals are not to be disputed, where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we can not hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable .Never when prolonged argument avoid the subjects which are large and important enough to rouse enthusiasm was a mind of a people stirring up from its foundation and impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of thinking beings.He who knows only his own side of the case knows little of that .His reason may be good, and no one may have been able to refute him. But if he is equally unable to refute the treason of the opposite side, and if he does not so much as know what they are, he has no ground for preferring either opinion .The rational position for him would be suspension of judgment, and unless himself with that, he is ether led by the authority, or adopt, like the generality of the world,the side to which he feels the most inclination .Nor is it enough that he should hear the argument of opponents form his own teachers, presented as they state them, add accompanied by what they offer as refutations > that is not the way to do justice to the argument, or bring them into real contact with his own mind .He must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them ;who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them .He must know them in their seemingly reasonable and persuasive form; he must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of ;otherwise he never really possess himself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty .Ninety-nine in a hundred of what we are called educated people are in this condition, and even those who can argue fluently for their opinions . They have never thrown themselves into the mental positions of those who think differently from them and considered what such persons may have to say.（以上是著名西哲约翰·穆勒的关于独立思考的经典文章，文章的语言相当精彩，对相关问题的论述具有很强的说服力和实用性。
中国人民大学考博英语分析与备考指导
中国人民大学考博英语分析与备考指导人大考博英语的词汇题部分共40道题，每道题0.5分，共20分。
要求考生从所给的四个选项中选出可用在句中的最恰当词或词组，考题中出现的词汇、词组、短语等都是重要的备考知识点。
这部分主要测试考生掌握的词汇量，是否具备根据上下文对词和词组意义进行判断的能力以及对语法的应用能力。
从人大考博英语词汇题整体来看，考查的重点都放在了词汇量、词义辨析、词组搭配上，语法知识的考查不多。
下面将介绍人大考博英语词汇部分的几种主要出题手段和实例分析。
1. 考查词组例2008. 5. The supervisor his explanation when his fault was pointed out by some talented young students.A. stumbled overB. got overC. dashed toD. gave out这类题出现频率很高，要求考生对动词词组进行辨析2. 考查同形词同形词辨析主要是指有相同的前缀、词根或后缀的词汇进行辨析。
例2008. 7. ’It’s probably just stress." How many times have you uttered those words toyourself to a headache, pain or illness?A. dismissB. disposeC. dispelD. disrupt这类题出现频率很高，要求考生对记忆过程中容易混淆的同形词进行辨析。
3. 考查近义词例2008. 6. it is evident that no one, no matter how much they is immunity from the effect of advertising.A. refuseB. reflectC. proclaimD. protest这种题型出现频率很高，要求考生对意义相近的单词进行辨析。
中国人民大学2010年博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】
中国人民大学2010年博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Part Ⅰ Vocabulary (20%)Directions:Choose the best answer (from A, B, C and D) to complete each of the following sentences. Mark your choice with a single bat across the square brackets on your Machining-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Today scientists have a greater understanding of genetics and its role in ______ organisms.A. liveB. lifeC. livingD. alive【答案】C【解析】句意：现在，科学家对基因学和它对在生物的作用有了更好的理解。
living现存的；活着的。
alive活着的。
live活的，有生命的；真正的。
life生命，生物。
2. The news commentator says that the argument the speaker has presented doesnot ______ water.A. haveB. containC. includeD. hold【解析】句意：新闻评论员说发言者的观点不和情理。
to hold water：（理论、计划等）证明合理，说得通。
3. Terrorists murder and kidnap people, ______ bombs , hijack airplanes, set fires, and commit other serious crimes.A. light upB. set offC. plant inD. ignite【答案】B【解析】句意：恐怖犯有分子谋杀绑架，爆炸袭击，劫持飞机，纵火以及其他严重罪行。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷(带答案)第100期
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby.问题1选项A.depictB.advocateC.criticizeD.analyze【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。
句意：他声称，如今的广告倾向于将女性塑造成做饭或照顾孩子等传统角色。
选项A与划线部分意思最为接近。
2.单选题Our journey was slow because the train stopped （）at different villages.问题1选项A.graduallyB.continuouslyC.constantlyD.continually 【答案】D【解析】副词词义辨析。
gradually逐渐地；continuously连续不断地；constantly不断地，时常地；continually不断地，频繁地。
句意：我们的旅行很慢，因为火车频繁地在不同的村庄停靠。
选项D更符合语境。
3.单选题Tom Jones, who（） around the world, will come to Asia next month.问题1选项A.will be touringB.have touredC.had been touringD.has been touring【答案】D【解析】根据句意可知，这里是已经开始并持续进行的动作，所以应该用现在完成进行时。
选项D正确。
4.单选题All workers, regardless of their sex and education, are required to （）at the age of 60. 问题1选项A.resignB.retireC.regainD.retain【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：72
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题In modern days, on the western bank of the upper Tigris River stands an Iraqi city called Qal’at Shartlat. Thousands of years ago, this very site was once the capital of a great Mesopotamian empire. At the time, the place had a different name. It was called Ashur or Arrur. The word Ashur eventually gave rise to the team Assyria, which was the northern part of Mesopotamia. People living in that region later became known as the Assyrians.Historians often divide the long history of Assyria into three periods even though they cannot reach a consensus over the exact dates of each era. The three periods was the Old Assyrian Period (circa 2000 B.C.—1400 B.C. ), the Middle Assyrian Period (circa 1365 B.C.—1100 B.C. ) and the Neo-Assyrian Empire ( circa 934 B. C.— 609 B.C.).Archaeological evidence showed that people began to settle in Ashur as early as 2500 B. C. But it did not attain any political significance until the third dynasty of Ur collapsed in 2004 B. C. After that fiasco, the Assyrians transformed the Ashur into a bustling commercial center, controlling trade routes to and from Anatolia. In 1813 B. C. , the first great Assyrian king, Shamshi-Adad I, ascended the throne and began a series of military expansions. At the height of his reign, his kingdom owned the entire northern Mesopotamia. Its growing influence gave its neighbor plenty of reasons to be wary. While things were going splendidly for this Assyrian upstart, Shamshi-Adad passed away in 1791 B. C. Soon after his death, the kingdom began to fall apart. Knowing that the Shamshi-Adad5s empire was on the verge of collapse, Hammurabi of the 1st dynasty of Babylon jumped at the chance and invaded northern Mesopotamia. He conquered Ashur in 1760 B. C. From that point on to the middle of 1300s B.C. , Assyria was reduced to a mere vassal state. At first, it had to answer to the 1st dynasty of Babylon. After that empire was eradicated, it turned to submit to a Human kingdom called Mitanni. It was not until 1365 B. C. that Assyria, then ruled by Ashur-uballit I, was able to regain its independence. For the next couple hundred years, Assyria grew increasingly powerful. It eventually defeated Babylonia and even occupied Egypt.1.According to the article, the Assyrian lived in part of modern-day（）.2.According to the historians, the history of Assyria has lasted for about （）.3.It was during the reign of Shamshi-Adad I, the first great Assyrian King, when the Assyrians （）.4.During the reign of Shamshi-Adad I, the neighboring countries of Assyrian Empire（）.5.In history, the Assyrians were once very powerful, and they even occupied（）at one stage. 问题1选项A.EgyptB.IndiaC.ChinaD.Iraq问题2选项A.4, 000 yearsB.3, 800 yearsC.3, 100 yearsD.1, 400 years问题3选项A.began to expand their empire with military forcesB.began to open new trade routesC.began to encourage commercial activitiesD.began to establish diplomatic relations with other countries问题4选项A.all showed their respectB.all admired the achievements of Shamshi-Adad IC.all became vigilant and anxiousD.all paid tribute to Shamshi-Adad I问题5选项A.IndiaB.RussiaC.EgyptD.Greece【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.事实细节题。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：55
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Melissa is a computer （）that destroyed files in computers and frustrated thousands of users around the world.问题1选项A.geniusB.virusC.diseaseD.bacteria【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析和上下文语义。
根据下句“destroyed files in computers”可推测Melissa是一种计算机病毒，选项B符合语境。
2.单选题Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avid fondness for the limelight.问题1选项A.mercurialB.gallantC.ardentD.frugal【答案】C【解析】形容词词义辨析。
根据句意可知，avid应该与lazy意思相反，所以选项C与之意思最为接近，正确。
3.单选题Men often wait longer to get help for medical problems than women, and （）, women live about six years longer than men on an average.问题1选项A.instead ofB.constantlyC.consequentlyD.because【答案】C【解析】根据句意可知，前后构成因果关系，前面是因，后面是由此产生的结果，所以选项C符合语境。
4.单选题According to the latest report, consumer confidence（） a breathtaking 15 points last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.问题1选项A.soaredB.mutatedC.plummetedD.fluctuated【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析和上下文语义。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：89
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Reporters and photographers alike took great （）at the rude way the actor behaved during the interview.问题1选项A.annoyanceB.offenceC.resentmentD.irritation【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。
take offence at sth., 意为“对某事生气”。
选项B符合句意。
2.单选题Tom Jones, who（） around the world, will come to Asia next month.问题1选项A.will be touringB.have touredC.had been touringD.has been touring 【答案】D【解析】根据句意可知，这里是已经开始并持续进行的动作，所以应该用现在完成进行时。
选项D正确。
3.单选题People innately（） for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power.问题1选项A.striveB.ascertainC.justifyD.adhere【答案】A【解析】固定搭配。
strive for意为“争取, 奋斗”；选项B为及物动词；选项C和D通常与介词to搭配。
所以选项A正确。
4.单选题Terrorists murder and kidnap people,（）bombs, hijack airplanes, set fires, and commit other serious crimes.问题1选项A.light upB.set offC.plant inD.ignite【答案】B【解析】动词词组辨析。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷(带答案)第64期
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.翻译题It goes without saying, then, that language is also a political instrument, means, and proof of power. It is the most vivid and crucial key to identity: it reveals the private identity, and connects one with, or divorces one from, the larger public, or communal identity. There have been, and are, times, and places, when to speak a certain language could be dangerous, even fatal. Or, one may speak the same language, but in such a way that one’s antecedents are revealed, or (one hopes) hidden. This is true in France, and is absolutely true in England: The range (and reign) of accents on that damp little island make England coherent for the English and totally incomprehensible for everyone else. To open your mouth in England is (if I may use black English) to “put your business in the street”: You have confessed your parents, your youth, your school, your salary, your self-esteem, and, alas, your future.【答案】不言而喻，语言也是一种政治工具、手段和力量的象征。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷(带答案)第5期
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题A product is to be regarded as being （）when introduced into the commerce of another country at less than its normal value.问题1选项A.dischargedB.discardedC.disposedD.dumped【答案】D【解析】上下文语义。
句意：一种产品以低于正常价值的价格进入另一国家的贸易时，被认为是。
根据语境可知，这里应填入与进出口货物相关的词汇。
dump指倾销，符合语境，选项D正确。
2.单选题The novel contains some marvelously revealing （） of rural life in the 19th century.问题1选项A.glancesB.glimpsesC.glaresD.gleams 【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析。
glance扫视，强调动作的快速性；glimpse一瞥，粗略地一看，强调快速但不完整的“一瞥”；glare怒视，强调目不转睛地“注视”；gleam闪光，瞬息的一现，还可指情感流露。
根据句意可知，选项B更符合语境。
3.单选题Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, there are no stories of women being raped or wanton violence against civilians in the region.问题1选项A.intriguingB.exasperatingC.demonstrativeD.unprovoked【答案】D【解析】形容词词义辨析。
根据句意可知，划线部分词应该为贬义，首先排除选项A和C；其次如果选B，这里应该指让人感到愤怒的，用-ed的形式，所以选项B不正确；选项D正确，指无缘无故的，符合语境。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：94
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题For the last 20 years or so the subject of global warming has（）heated debate among the world’s brightest minds.问题1选项A.spawnedB.injectedC.modeledD.moved【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。
句意：在过去20年左右的时间里，全球变暖这个话题在全球最聪明的头脑中引发了激烈的辩论。
只有选项A有引起的意思，所以正确。
2.单选题He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby.问题1选项A.depictB.advocateC.criticizeD.analyze【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。
句意：他声称，如今的广告倾向于将女性塑造成做饭或照顾孩子等传统角色。
选项A与划线部分意思最为接近。
3.翻译题美国财政部长亨利•保尔森昨天以上海为终点结束了他对亚洲三国的访问。
作为美国总统的首席经济政策顾问和最主要的经济事务发言人，保尔森昨天上午在上海期货交易所所发表的主题讲演被认为是布什政府对华经济政策的最新阐述。
在昨天的讲演中，保尔森多次强调中国的经济增长不仅不具有威胁性，而且对全球经济的增长有好处。
他表示，美国欢迎中国发展并成为全球经济中的一员。
【答案】Henry Paulson, Treasury Secretary, left Shanghai yesterday, where he made an end of the visit to the three countries in Asia. As the chief economic policy consultant and economic affairs spokesman of the America president, Paulson delivered a keynote address in Shanghai Futures Exchange. And the address was viewed as the latest exposition of the economic policies of the Bush-administration towards China. During the speech, Paulson repeatedly emphasized that China’s economic growth has benefit but no threat to the global economic growth. He declared that America welcomes the development of China to become a member of the global economy.【解析】4.翻译题但是，对于所有的正在进行的激动人心的工作而言，科学远没有达到一个能塑造完美的人或者甚至一个完美的番茄的美好新世界的境地。
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中国人民大学考博英语真题阅读理解精讲
As any homemaker who has tried to keep order at the dinner table knows,there is far more to a family meal than food.Sociologist Michael Lewis has been studying50families to find out just how much more。
Lewis and his co-workers carried out their study by videotaping the families while they ate ordinary meals in their own homes.They found that parents with small families talk actively with each other and their children.But as the number of children gets larger, conversation gives way to the parents’efforts to control the loud noise they make.That can have an important effect on the children.“In general the more question-asking the parents do,the higher the children’s IQ scores,”Lewis says.“And the more children there are,the less question-asking there is.”
The study also provides an explanation for why middle children often seem to have a harder time in life than their siblings.Lewis found that in families with three or four children,dinner conversation is likely to center on the oldest child,who has the most to talk about,and the youngest,who needs the most attention.“Middle children are invisible,”says Lewis.“When you see someone get up from the table and walk around during dinner,chances are that it’s the middle child.”There is,however,one thing that stops all conversation and prevents anyone from having attention:“When the TV is on,”Lewis says,“dinner is a non-event.”
21.The writer’s purpose in writing the text is to。
A.show the relationship between parents and children
B.teach parents ways to keep order at the dinner table
C.report on the findings of a study
D.give information about family problems
22.Parents with large families ask fewer questions at dinner because。
A.they are busy serving food to their children
B.they are busy keeping order at the dinner table
C.they have to pay more attention to younger children
D.they are tired out having prepared food for the whole family
23.By saying“Middle children are invisible”in paragraph3, Lewis means that middle children。
A.have to help their parents to serve dinner
B.get the least attention from the family
C.are often kept away from the dinner table
D.find it hard to keep up with other children
24.Lewis’research provides an answer to the question。
A.why TV is important in family life
B.why parents should keep good order
C.why children in small families seem to be quieter
D.why middle children seem to have more difficulties in life
25.Which of the following statements would the writer agree to?
A.It is important to have the right food for children。
B.It is a good idea to have the TV on during dinner。
C.Parents should talk to each of their children frequently。
D.Elder children should help the younger ones at dinner
1.[答案]C
[解析]主旨大意题。
2.[答案]B
[解析]文章第二段提到conversation gives way to the parents’efforts to control the loud noise they make.故正确答案应该选择B。
3.[答案]B
[解析]文章第三段提到Lewis found that in families with three or four children,dinner conversation is likely to center on the oldest child,who has the most to talk about,and the youngest,who needs the most attention.可以看出老大和老小都是谈话的焦点，只有中间的孩子是被人忽视的。
4.[答案]D
[解析]推理判断题。
Lewis的研究表明中间的孩子不受重视，可以推断出这对他们将来的生活会造成一定的影响。
5.[答案]C
[解析]对错判断题。
A原文没有提到，B和D可以用排除法排除。
本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。