中国人民大学考博英语真题常见名词单复数
中国人民大学博士英语入学考试之改错题要点
人大博士英语入学考试改错题常考点一、代词代词中主要讲解六个问题(一) 掌握代词的几种格主格、宾格、所有格名词前面用代词来修饰，只能用所有格（my books）(二) 反身代词当主语和宾语表示同一事物时，宾语使用反身代词。
He killed himself. （他自杀了）He killed him. （他杀了他）例：Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigatingA Ba series of indicators that could helpCthemselves to predict earthquakes.D分析：D 错，应改为them。
如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。
从句意来看，help 的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。
注意C 并没有错，情态动词could 比can 语气弱，表示较小的可能性。
Indicator 为征兆，这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。
主语是征兆，后面指研究者，不是同一个事物(三) 代词的单复数，代词的性别在考试中如果代词打横线，代词错误的概率是非常高的，因此代词打横线，应该先看代词有没有错。
例：The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockiesthat divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into theA B C DPacific.分析：D 错，应改为those。
D 指代复数名词waters, it 是单数，显然是错误的，根据习惯故改为those。
注意waters 一词并没有错，它指江湖河海中的大片水域，可用复数形式。
中国人民大学-考博英语真题
中国人民大学——英语2004年博士研究生入学考试试题客观题部分请用铅笔将此部分试题的答案填涂在答题卡上，否则无效！II. Vocabulary (10 points)PartA (5 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choicesmarked iL B, C arm 1). Choose the:one thatbest completes thesentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET 1.Example:She prefers foreign wine to that produced__A. previouslyB. vLrtuallyC. primarilyD. domesticallyThe sentence should read,; "She prefers foreign wine to that produce domesticany." Therefore, you should choose D.Sample Answer[A] [B] [C] [D]1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in thepresent organization of the Olympics somehow encourages__ patriotism.A. obsoleteB. aggressiveC. harmoniousD. amiableZ One call understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and __ to expressed thoughts.A. dilemmasB. countenancesC. concessionsD. junctions3. People innately _____ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power.A. striveB. ascertainC. justifyD. adhere4. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wildlifefor intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them.A. conservationB. maintenanceC. storageD. reserve5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence___ a breathtaking15 points .last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.A. soaredB. mutatedC. plummetedD. fluctuated6. Melissa is a computer___ that destroyed files in computers andfrustrated thousands of users around the world.A. geniusB. viresC. diseaseD. bacteria7. The emphasis:on examinations is iby far the. worst form ofcompetition in schools.A. negligentB. edibleC. fabulousD. disproportionate8. The boy seemed more _____ to their poverty, after seeing how hisgrandparents lived.A. reconciledB. consolidatedC. deterioratedD. attributed9. During his two-month stay, in China, Tom never____ a chance topractice his Chinese.A. passed onB. passed upC. passed byD. passed out10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ____ can bedistributed.A. paradoxesB. legaciesC. platitudesD. analoginPart B (5 points)Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, andD. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underiined part.Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET I.Example:The secretary is Very competent; she can finish all these letters within one.. ;.,ca, ODebour.A. carefulB. industriousC. cleverD. capableIn this sentence, "competent" is closest -;n m e:zting to "capable". Thereforeyou should choose D.Sample Answer[A] [B] [C] [DD]11. He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditionalroles such as cooking or taking care of the baby.A. depictB. advocate D; criticize D. analyze12,. They achieved more than they had eyer dreamed, lending a magic tO theirfamily story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival.A.confirmB. achieveC.match D exaggerate13. The most urgent thing is to find a dump. for those toxic____ industrial wastes.A. imminentB. recyclableC. smellyD. poisonousi4. British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns wouldnor be fired without an attempt to win a further U.N.sanction.A. alliesB. delegatesC. votersD. juries15. The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our :children's college andour own retirement security is ,chilling.A. frighteningB. promisingC. freezingD. revealing16. Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the BritishCrown.A. secret planB. bold attackC. clever designD. joint effort17. Evidence, reference, and foomotes by the thousand testify to a scrupulousresearcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different beorefical and political positions.A. trustworthyB. intelligentC. diligentD. meticulous18. Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, them are no stories of womenbeing raped or wanton violence against civilians in the region.A. intriguingB. exasperating:C. demonstrativeD. unprovoked19. The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked upfaces for .nocturnal raids in the forest.A. illegalB. night-time C, brutal D. abusive20. Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has amore avid fondness for the limelight,A. mercurial B, gallant C. ardent D. frugalIII. Cloze (10 points)Directions : Read the following passage. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across thesquare bracket on Answer Sheet I.Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, ___ 21 ___ into a hobby and Iately has ____22 ____ into a full- time passion. Thetwo developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph. D candidates___ 23 _ Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started theirguide inApril 1994 as a way to keep 24 of their personal interest on the Intemet. Before long they ___25 ___ that their home,brewed lists were becoming toolong and ____ 26____ Gradually they began to spend more andmore time onYahoo.During 1994, they ____ 27____ yahoo into a customized databasedesignedto____28_____ the needs of the thousands of users____29____ began to use theservice through the closely ___ 30____ Intemet community. They developedcustomized software to help them___ 31 ___ locate, identify and edit material___32___ on the Intemet. The name Yahoo is ____ 33____ to stand for "YetAnother Hierarchical Officious Oracle". but Filo and Yang insist they selectedthe ___34 ___ because they considered themselves yahoos. Yahoo? itself first___ 35 ___ on Yang's workstation, "akebono", while the search engine was___ 36 ___ on Filo's computer, "Konishiki".In early 1995 Marc Andreessen, co-founder of Netscape Communicationin Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files___ 37___ to larger computers ___38____ at Netscape. As a result Stanford'scomputer network returned to ___ 39___ , and both parties benefiasc. Today,Yahoo___ 40 ___ organized information on tens of thousands of computerslinked to the web.1. A. became B. grew C. mm D. intend2. A. made B. saw C. looked D. turned3. A. in B. on C. about D. fer4. A. touch ?. contact C. n-ack D. record5. A. founded E. found C. argued D. reported6. A. unwieldy B. tough C. tamable D invaluable7. A. exchanged B. shank C. sold D. converted8. A. explain B. serve C. discover D. evaluate9. A. which B. that C. actually D. eagerly10. A. relative B. interactive C.bound D. contacted11. A. fluently B. efficiently C.exactly D. actually12. A. transmitted B. purchased C. sold D.13. A. about B. bound C. going D. supposedI4. A. fable B. model C. name D. brand15. A. supported B. resided C. lived D. launched16. A. connected B. lodged C. introduced D. linked17. A. over B, away C. inside D. beneath18. A. housed B. caught C. hosed D. bidden19. A. average B. normal C. ordinary D. equal20. A. attains B.detains C. maintains D. containsIV. Reading Comprehension (20 points)Directions: Read the following passages, decideon the best one of the choicesmarked A, B, C, and D for each question or unfinished statement and then markthe corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on theANSWER SHEET.Passage 1Guthrie's contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how to breakbabies.One application of the thrcshoM method involves the time young childrenspend on academic activities. Young children have short attention spans, so thelength of time they can sustain work on one activity is limited. Most activitiesare scheduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 minutes. However, at the start ofthe school year, attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems oftenresult. To apply Gutiarie's theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year, limitactivities to 15 to 20 minutes. Over the next few weeks the teacher could gredually increase the time students spend working on a single activity.The threshold methoci also can be applied to teaching printing abd handwriting. When children first learn to form letters, their movements awkward and they lack free motor coordination. The distances between lines ona page are purposely wide so children can fit the letters into the space. If paperwith narrow lines is initially introduced, students' letters would spill over theborders and students might become frustrated. Once students can form letterswithin the larger borders, they can use paper with smaller borders to help themrefine their skills.The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive studentswho build paper airplanes and sail them across the room. The teachercanremove the students from the classroom, We them a large stack of paper, andtell them to start making paper airplanes. After the students have made severalairplanes, the activity should lose its attraction and paper will become a cue fornot building airplanes.Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter theirphysical education class. To employ the fatigue method, theteacher mightdecide to have these students continue to run a few more laps after the class hasbegun.The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk andmisbehave in the media center. Reading is incompatible with talking. The media center teacher might ask the students'to find interesting books and readthem while in the center. Assuming that the studentS find the books enjoyable,the media center will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading booksrather than for talking with other students.In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep. The teacherrealized that using the board and overhead projector while lecturing was veryboring. Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elements into each lesson,such as experiments, videotapes, and debates, in an attempt to involvs studentsand raise their interest in the course.41. The purpose of this passage is to___A. informB. persuadeC. debateD. narrate42. Guthrie identified three methods for__A. educating studentsB. altering bad habitsC. avoiding undesired actionD. forming good hobbies43. Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold method?A. Parents introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food than thechild enjoys over time so that the child will not refuse to eat it.B. Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for youngchildren and gradually increase session length but not to where studentsbecome frustrated or bored.C. Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with narrow lines isintroduced step by step to help children learn printing and handwriting.D. A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fan by hisparents in order to change his behavior of repeatedly throwing toys.44. To stop snacking while watching television, people should keep their handsbusy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth. Overtime. watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in an activity other than snac 'king. What method is used in this example?A. The threshold method.B. The fatigue method.C. The incompatible response method.D. The punishment method.45. We can draw the conclusion from the passage thatA. The incompatible response method is to force child to make unwantedresponse repeatedly in presence of stimulus until he or she becomes exhaustedB. The threshold method refers to introducing undesired behavior with aresponse incompatible with the undesired response so they can not beperformed simultaneouslyC. The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformdeinto avoiding it by introducing the stimulus at full strength so it becomesa cue for not performing itD. The fatigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers have childmake response incompatible with unwanted responsePassage 2The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive. Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too manycompanies, however, have jumped into foreign markets with embarrassingwralts .Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising.General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrole Nova to the Puerto Rican market. "Nova" is Latinfornew (star)" and means "star" in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it cansound like "no va", meaning "it doesn't go". Few people wanted to buy a carwith that cursed meaning. When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales picked up" dramatically.Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies.3ne American food company's friendly "Jolly Green Giant" (for advertising,egetables) became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as "Intimidating Green Ogre".When translated into German Pepsi's popular slogan, "Come Alive with Pepsi" came out implying "Come Alive from the Grave". No wonder customersin Germany didn't rush out to buy Pepsi.Successful international marketing doesn't stop with good ranslafions--,-other aspects of culture must be researched and understood ffaarketers are to avoid blunders.When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail tocapture their target market.For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new pentare ihtothe Latin American market but the product aroused little interest. The mailreason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals inmany South American countries.Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companiesare becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitiveto cultural distinctions.The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a techniquecalled "back translation" to reduce the possibility of blunders.The process uses one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back. Effective translators aim tocapturethe, overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplicationof the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings.In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be shotand simple.They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another.46. The best title of this passage might be __ .A. Culture Is Very Important ia AdvertishagB. Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between NationsC. Overcome Cultural Shock in Different CountriesD. Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles47. What does the word "blunder" mean in this passage?A. hesitationB. mistakeC. stutterD. default48. Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist fromParagraph 3 to Paragraph 6?A. Cultural shocksB. Faulty translationsC. Avoid cultural oversightsD. Prevent blunders49. We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word "ca " mostprobably mean____A. an animal used in perfume for its smellB. a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funeralsC. a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funeralsD. an nrnament used in prefume and at funerals50. One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to___A.fire the translators who don't know the target language.e the technique called "literal translation" to reduce the possibility ofblundersC. avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokesD. explain in details when designing advertisement for other countries Passage 3It is not unusual for chief executives to collect millions of dollars a year inpay, stock options, and bonuses. In the last fifteen years, while executive remuneration rose, taxes in the highest income bracket went down. Millionairesare now commonplace.Amiability is not a prerequisite for rising to the top, and there are a number of chief executive officers with legendary bad tempers. It is not theboss's job to worry about the well-being of his subordinates although the manwith many enemies wi!! be swept out more quickly in hard times; it is the company he worries about . His business savvy is supposed to be based onintimate knowledge of .his company and the industry .so he goes home nightlywith a full briefcase. At the very top - and on the way up - executives are exceedingly dedicated.The American executive must be capable of enough small talk to get himthrough the social part of his schedule, but he is probably not a highly culturedindividual or an intellectual. Although his wife may be on the board of the symphony or opera, he himself has little time for such pursuits. His readingmay largely concern business and management, despite interests in other fields.Golf provides him with a sportive outlet that combines with some useful socializing.These days, he probably attempts some form of aerobic exercise to "keepthe old heart in shape" and for the same reason goes easy on butter and alcohol,and substances thought to contribute to taking highly stressed executives out ofthe running. But his doctor's admonition to "take it easy" falls on deaf eyes. Helikes to work. He knows there are younger men nipping at his heels. Corporate head-hunting, carried on by "executive search fares," is a growing industry. America has great faith in individual talent, and dynamic andaggressive executives are so in demand that companies regularly raid eachother's managerial ranks.51. We can infer from the second paragraph that___A. promotion depends on amiabilityB. chief executives do not work hard enough at the top levelC. it is the duty of the chief executive to look after the well-being of hissubordinatesD. a chief executive is expected to know more about his company and theindustry52. The term "aerobic exercise" (fa'st line in second last paragraph) is a kind Of____A. hallucination exerciseB. physical exerciseC. meditation exerciseD. entertainment53. From the last paragraph we can gather that ____A. there are too many aggressive executivesB. individual talent is not essential for a companyC. the job of an "executive search rum" is corporate head-huntingD. it is not common for companies to undermine each other's managerialranks54. For executives, according to the article, a golf course is a pl where ________A. they can conduct their businessB. they can indulge themselvesC. they can cultivate their mindD. they can exercise as well as socialize55. What is NOT tree according to the article?A. Executives tend to ignore doctors' advice and warnings.B. Executives are sensitive to pressure from the younger generation.C. All chief executives can earn millions of dollars a year.D. Executives are careful of what they eat.Passage 4In November 1970 Yukio Mishima, together withsome of his fanatical followers from the ultranationalistic Shield Society WhiCh. he had four, dod in1966, broke into the headquarters of Japan's Eastern Defense Forces armedwith swords and daggers, overpowered some aides, tied up the commandinggeneral, and demanded that the troops be assembled to hear a speech. Mishimaaddressed the troops for ten minutes, inciting them to rebel against the constitutional govemment imposed by the United States that had, in his words,"turned Japan spineless." Receiving only ridicule in response, he returned to thegeneral's office and there, before the general's unbelieving eyes,proceeded tokill himself in strict accordance with the tradifonal samurai ritual of seppuku.After Mishima had driven a dagger deep into his left abdomen, one of his aidessevered his head with a sword. The aide likewise 'killed himself and was 5eheaded; the others surrendered.In 1936 there had been a similar revolt and, though equally unsuccessful,it had foreshadowed the repressive re,me of General Tojo that was to stage thoattack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. That earlier revolt is the one referred to in"Patriotism," one of Mishima's most powerful stories. Here life and fiction become joined. The act of seppuku was for Mishima a fulfdlment, "the ultimatedream of my life." Bom of an ancient samurai family, he longed to die a hero'sdeath in accordance with the ancient samurai code; but his weak body kept himfrom service in the war, and he had to compensate through body building (hebecame expert at karate and kendo) and, most important, through the disciplinewriting. In his short lifetime he turned out twenty novels, thirty plays, manyessays, and more than eighty stories: he also produced, directed, and acted inmovies, and even sang on stage. His first book of stories, A Forest in Flower,appeared in 1943, but it was Confession of a Mask (1948), dealing with themeditations of a young man of homosexual leanings in a repressive society, thatbrought him fame.Mishima has been called "Japan's Hemingway," while others have compared him to "aesthetic" writers like Walter Peter and Oscar Wilde.56. The article implies thatA. Mishima refused to join the army when he was youngB. Mishima has been regarded as a lunatic writerC. Mishima is a person who'is hard m defineD. Critics all agree that Mishima is an aesthetic writer57. The aim of the rebel led by Mishima wasA. Fo capture the commanding genera!B. to urge the government to declare a war against AmericaC. to incite the soldiers to rebel against the Constitutional govemmentD. to force the Emperor to give up the throne58. In the 1970 rebel, the speech made by Mishima____A. was web received by the soldiersB, was laughed at by the soldiersC. impressed the commanding generalD, left a deep impression tO the soldiers59. What IS true according to article?A. The general knew that Mishima had longed to die a hero's death.B. The general was greatly taken aback by Mishima's suicide attemnptC. Some soldiers surrendered after Mishima's speech.D. one of Mishima's aides was killed by the soldiers.60. Mishima became a well-known writer after he had ___A, written "Patriotism", one of his most powerful storiesB. written eighty short storiesC. published "A Forest in Flower"D. published "Confession of a Mask"主观题部分请用钢笔或圆珠笔将此部分试题的答案做在答题纸二上，否则无效！V. Translation (20 points)Fart A. (10 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese on your ANSWERSHEET.One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger ofloss. The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in theeconomy. Buying a commodity or stock in the belief that prices will rise speedsmarket equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers. If the pricechange lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, thefluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden. Remedial supplyaction could not be further delayed. Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus insome commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to someextent before the SurpluS actually occurs. When speculators foresee a shortageand bid up the price, they are also helphng to conserve the present supply. Asthe price goes up,less of the commodity is purchased; a rise in price encourages users to ecor, om2ze. Similarly, a lowering of price encourages usersto buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.Part B. (10 points)Directions: Translate the following into EngIish on your ANSWER SHEET. 中国已经发层成为一个全球极富吸引力的、现实的大市场。
2004年中国人民大学考博英语真题试卷(精选)(题后含答案及解析)
2004年中国人民大学考博英语真题试卷（精选）(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages ______ patriotism.A．obsoleteB．aggressiveC．harmoniousD．amiable正确答案：B2．One can understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and ______ to expressed thoughts.A．dilemmasB．countenancesC．concessionsD．junctions正确答案：B3．People innately ______ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power.A．striveB．ascertainC．justifyD．adhere正确答案：A4．Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of zoo or wildlife ______ for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them.A．conservationB．maintenanceC．storageD．reserve’正确答案：D5．According to the latest report, consumer confidence ______ a breathtaking 15 points last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.A．soaredB．mutatedC．plummetedD．’fluctuated正确答案：C6．Melissa is a computer ______ that destroyed files in computers and frustrated thousands of users around the world.A．geniusB．virusC．diseaseD．bacteria正确答案：B7．The ______ emphasis on examinations is by far the worst form of competition in schools.A．negligentB．edibleC．fabulousD．disproportionate正确答案：D8．The boy seemed more ______ to their poverty after seeing how his grandparents lived.A．reconciledB．consolidatedC．deterioratedD．attributed正确答案：A9．During his two-month stay in China, Tom never ______ a chance to practice his Chinese.A．passed onB．passed upC．passed byD．passed out10．When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ______ can be distributed.A．paradoxesB．legaciesC．platitudesD．analogies正确答案：B11．He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby.A．depictB．advocateC．criticizeD．analyze正确答案：A12．They achieved more than they had ever dreamed, lending a magic to their family story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival.A．confirmB．achieveC．matchD．exaggerate正确答案：C13．The most urgent thing is to find a dump for those toxic industrial wastes.A．imminentB．recyclableC．smellyD．poisonous正确答案：D14．British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns would not be fired without an attempt to win a further U. N. sanction.A．alliesB．delegatesC．votersD．juries15．The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our children’s college and our own retirement security is chilling.A．frighteningB．promisingC．freezingD．revealing正确答案：A16．Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the British Crown.A．secret planB．bold attackC．clever designD．joint effort正确答案：A17．Evidence, reference, and footnotes by the thousand testify to a scrupulous researcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different theoretical and political positions.A．trustworthyB．intelligentC．diligentD．meticulous正确答案：D18．Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, there are no stories of women being raped or wanton violence against civilians in the region.A．intriguingB．exasperatingC．demonstrativeD．unprovoked正确答案：D19．The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked up faces for nocturnal raids in the forest.A．illegalB．night-timeC．brutalD．abusive正确答案：B20．Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avid fondness for the limelight.A．mercurialB．gallantC．ardentD．frugal正确答案：CClozeLike many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea,【21】into a hobby and lately has【22】into a full-time passion. The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph. D candidates【23】Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started their guide in April 1994 as a way to keep【24】of their personal interest on the internet. Before long they【25】that their home-brewed lists were becoming too long and【26】. Gradually they began to spend more and more time on Yahoo. During 1994, they【27】yahoo into a customized database designed to【28】the needs of the thousands of users【29】began to use the service through the closely 【30】Internet community. They developed customized software to help them【31】locate, identify and edit material【32】on the Internet. The name Yahoo is【33】to stand for “Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle”, but Filo and Yang insist they selected the【34】because they considered themselves yahoos. Yahoo itself first【35】on Yang’s workstation, “akebono”, while the search engine was【36】on Filo’s computer, “Konishiki”. In early 1995 Marc Andreessen, co-founder of Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files【37】to larger computers【38】at Netscape. As a result Stanford’s computer network returned to【39】, and both parties benefited. Today, Yahoo【40】organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked to the web.21．A．becameB．grewC．turnD．intend正确答案：B22．A．made B．saw C．looked D．turned正确答案：D23．A．inB．on C．about D．for正确答案：A24．A．touch B．contact C．track D．record正确答案：C25．A．founded B．found C．argued D．reported 正确答案：B26．A．unwieldy B．tough C．tamable D．invaluable 正确答案：A27．A．exchanged B．shank C．sold D．converted正确答案：D28．A．explain B．serve C．discover D．evaluate正确答案：B29．A．which B．that C．actually D．eagerly正确答案：B30．A．relative B．interactive C．bound D．contacted 正确答案：C31．A．fluently B．efficiently C．exactly D．actually正确答案：B32．A．transmitted B．purchased C．sold D．stored正确答案：D33．A．about B．bound C．going D．supposed正确答案：D34．A．fable B．model C．name D．brand正确答案：C35．A．supported B．resided C．lived D．launched 正确答案：B36．A．connected B．lodged C．introduced D．linked正确答案：B37．A．over B．away C．inside D．beneath 正确答案：A38．A．housed B．caught C．hosed D．hidden正确答案：A39．A．averageB．normalC．ordinaryD．equal正确答案：B40．A．attainsB．detainsC．maintainsD．contains正确答案：DReading ComprehensionGuthrie’s contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how to break habits. One application of the threshold method involves the time young children spend on academic activities. Young children have short attention spans, so the length of time they can sustain work on one activity is limited. Most activities are scheduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 minutes. However, at the start of the school year, attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems often result to apply Guthrie’s theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year, limit activities to 15 to 20 minutes. Over the next few weeks the teacher could gradually increase the time students spend working on a single activity. The threshold method also can be applied to teaching printing and handwriting. When children first learn to form letters, their movements are awkward and they lack fine motor coordination. The distances between lines on a page are purposely wide so children can fit the letters into the space. If paper with narrow lines is initially introduced, students’ letters would spill over the borders and students might become frustrated. Once students can form letters within the larger borders, they can use paper with smaller borders to help them refine their skills. The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students who build paper airplanes and sail them across the room. The teacher can remove the students from the classroom, give them a large stack of paper, and tell them to start making paper airplanes. After the students have made several airplanes, the activity should lose its attraction and paper will become a cue for not building airplanes. Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their physical education class. To employ the fatigue method, the teacher might decide to have these students continue to run a few more laps after the class has begun.The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk and misbehave in the media center. Reading is incompatible with talking. The media center teacher might ask the students to find interesting books and read them while in the center. Assuming that the students find the books enjoyable, the media center will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading books rather than for talking with other students. In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep. The teacher realized that using the board and overhead projector while lecturing was very boring. Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elements into each lesson, such as experiments, videotapes, and debates, in an attempt to involve students and raise their interest in the course.41．The purpose of this passage is to ______.A．informB．persuadeC．debateD．narrate正确答案：D42．Guthrie identified three methods for ______.A．educating studentsB．altering bad habitsC．avoiding undesired actionD．forming good hobbies正确答案：B43．Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold method?A．Parents introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food that the child enjoys over time so that the child will not refuse to eat it.B．Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for young children and gradually increase session length but not to where students become frustrated or bored.C．Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with narrow lines is introduced step by step to help children learn printing and handwriting.D．A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fun by his parents in order to change his behavior of repeatedly throwing toys.正确答案：D44．To stop snacking while watching television, people should keep their hands busy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth. Over time,watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in an activity other than snacking. What method is used in thisA．The threshold method.B．The fatigue method.C．The incompatible response method.D．The punishment method.正确答案：C45．We can draw the conclusion from the passage that ______.A．The incompatible response method is to force child to make unwanted response repeatedly in presence of stimulus until he or she becomes exhausted.B．The threshold method refers to introducing undesired behavior with a response incompatible with the undesired response so they can not be performed simultaneously.C．The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformed into avoiding it by introducing the stimulus at full strength so it becomes a cue for not performing it.D．The fatigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers have child make response incompatible with unwanted response.正确答案：CThe increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive. Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too many companies, however, have jumped into foreign markets with embarrassing results. Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising. General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrolet Nova to the Puerto Rican market. “Nova” is Latin for “new (star)” and means “star” in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can sound like “no va”, meaning “it doesn’t go”. Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning. When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales “picked up” dramatically. Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies. One American food company’s friendly “Jolly Green Giant”(for advertising vegetables) became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as “Intimidating Green Ogre”. When translated into German, Pepsi’s popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi” came out implying “Come Alive from the Grave”: No wonder customers in Germany didn’t rush out to buy Pepsi. Successful international marketing doesn’t stop with good translations--other aspects of culture must be researched and understood if marketers are to avoid blunders. When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market. For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new perfume into the LatinAmerican market but the product aroused little interest. The main reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in many South American countries.. Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural distinctions. The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a technique called “back translation”to reduce the possibility of blunders. The process uses one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back. Effective translators aim to capture the overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplication of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings. In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be short and simple. They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another.46．The best title of this passage might be ______.A．Culture Is Very Important in AdvertisingB．Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between NationsC．Overcome Cultural Shock in Different CountriesD．Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles正确答案：A47．What does the word “blunder” mean in this passage?A．hesitationB．mistakeC．stutterD．default正确答案：B48．Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6?A．Cultural shocksB．Faulty translationsC．Avoid cultural oversightsD．Prevent blunders正确答案：B49．We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word “camellia” most probably mean ______.A．an animal used in perfume for its smellB．a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funeralsC．a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funeralsD．an ornament used in perfume and at funerals正确答案：C50．One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to ______.A．fire the translators who don’t know the target languageB．use the technique called “literal translation”to reduce the possibility of blundersC．avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokesD．explain in details when designing advertisement for other countries正确答案：CIt is not unusual for chief executives to collect millions of dollars a year in pay, stock options, and bonuses. In the last fifteen years, while executive remuneration rose, taxes in the highest income bracket went down. Millionaires are now commonplace. Amiability is not a prerequisite for rising to the top, and there are a number of chief executive officers with legendary bad tempers. It is not the boss’job to worry about the wellbeing of his subordinates although the man with many enemies will be swept out more quickly in hard times; it is the company he worries about. His business savvy is supposed to be based on intimate knowledge of his company and the industry so he goes home nightly with a full briefcase. At the very top--and on the way up--executives are exceedingly dedicated. The American executive must be capable of enough small talk to get him through the social part of his schedule, but he is probably not a highly cultured individual or an intellectual.Although his wife may be on the board of the symphony or opera, he himself has little time for such pursuits. His reading may largely concern business and management, despite interests in other fields. Golf provides him with a sportive outlet that combines with some useful socializing. These days, he probably attempts some form of aerobic exercise to “keep the old heart in shape”and for the same reason goes easy on butter and alcohol, and substances are thought to contribute to taking highly stressed executives out of the running. But his doctor’s admonition to “take it easy” falls on deaf eyes. He likes to work. He knows there are younger men nipping at his heels. Corporate head-hunting, carried on by “executive search firms”, is a growing industry. America has great faith in individual talent, and dynamic and aggressive executives are so in demand that companies regularly raid each other’s managerial ranks.51．We can infer from the second paragraph that ______.A．promotion depends on amiabilityB．chief executives do not work hard enough at the top levelC．it is the duty of the chief executive to look after the well-being of his subordinatesD．a chief executive is expected to know more about his company and the industry正确答案：D52．The term “aerobic exercise” (first line in second last paragraph) is a kind of ______.A．hallucination exerciseB．physical exerciseC．meditation exerciseD．entertainment正确答案：B53．From the last paragraph we can gather that ______.A．there are too many aggressive executivesB．individual talent is not essential for a companyC．the job of an “executive search firm” is corporate head-huntingD．it is not common for companies to undermine each other’s managerial ranks 正确答案：C54．For executives, according to the article, a golf course is a place where ______.A．they can conduct their businessB．they can indulge themselvesC．they can cultivate their mindD．they can exercise as well as socialize正确答案：D55．What is NOT true according to the article?A．Executives tend to ignore doctors’ advice and warnings.B．Executives are sensitive to pressure from the younger generation.C．All chief executives can earn millions of dollars a year.D．Executives are careful of what they eat.正确答案：CIn November 1970 Yukio Mishima, together with some of his fanatical followers from the ultranationalistic Shield Society which he had founded in 1966, broke into the headquarters of Japan’s Eastern Defense Forces armed with swords anddaggers, overpowered some aides, tied up the commanding general, and demanded that the troops be assembled to hear a speech. Mishima addressed the troops for ten minutes, inciting them to rebel against the constitutional government imposed by the United States that had, in his words, “turned Japan spineless.” Receiving only ridicule in response, he returned to the general’s office and there, before the general’s unbelieving eyes, proceeded to kill himself in strict accordance with the traditional samurai ritual of seppuku. After Mishima had driven a dagger deep into his left abdomen, one of his aides severed his head with a sword. The aide likewise killed himself and was beheaded; the others surrendered. In 1936 there had been a similar revolt and, though equally unsuccessful, it had foreshadowed the repressive regime of General Tojo that was to stage the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. That earlier revolt is the one referred to in “Patriotism,” one of Mishima’s most powerful stories. Here life and fiction become joined. The act of seppuku was for Mishima a fulfillment, “the ultimate dream of my life.”Born of an ancient samurai family, he longed to die a hero’s death in accordance with the ancient samurai code; but his weak body kept him from service in the war, and he had to compensate through body building (he became expert at karate and kendo) and, most important, through the discipline of writing. In his short lifetime he turned out twenty novels, thirty plays, many essays, and more than eighty smiles: he also produced, directed, and acted in movies, and even sang on stage. His first book of stories, A Forest in Flower, appeared in 1943, but it was Confession of a Mask (1948), dealing with the meditations of a young man of homosexual leanings in a repressive society, that brought him fame. Mishima has been called “Japan’s Hemingway,”while others have compared him to “aesthetic”writers like Walter Peter and Oscar Wilde.56．The article implies that ______.A．Mishima refused to join the army when he was youngB．Mishima has been regarded as a lunatic writerC．Mishima is a person who is hard to defineD．Critics all agree that Mishima is an aesthetic writer正确答案：C57．The aim of the rebel led by Mishima was ______.A．to capture the commanding generalB．to urge the government to declare a war against AmericaC．to incite the soldiers to rebel against the constitutional governmentD．to force the Emperor to give up the throne正确答案：C58．In the 1970 rebel, the speech made by Mishima ______.A．was well received by the soldiersB．was laughed at by the soldiersC．impressed the commanding generalD．left a deep impression to the soldiers正确答案：B59．What is TRUE according to the article?A．The general knew that Mishima had longed to die a hero’s death.B．The general was greatly taken aback by Mishima’s suicide attempt.C．Some soldiers surrendered after Mishima’s speech.D．One of Mishima’s aides was killed by the soldiers.正确答案：A60．Mishima became a well-known writer after he had ______.A．written “Patriotism”, one of his most powerful storiesB．written eighty short storiesC．published “A Forest in Flower”D．published “Confession of a Mask”正确答案：DWriting61．Write an essay in no less than 250 words with the title “My Understanding of Globalization”. Your essay should be written on the ANSWER SHEET.正确答案：My Understanding of Globalization Nowadays,the word “globalization”is not unfamiliar to the mass .People hold different attitudes towards globalization . Some people show completely friendliness for it with the conception that it can bring all the good ,while others lead hostile attitude towards it ,worrying that they will bing devastating results. In my opinion ,globalization is just like the water ,which itself is neither good nor bad ,used properly can prosper and nourish an area and its culture;but dealt with improperly ,it will bring devastating results. Globalization indeed brings challenges and causes bankruptcy an unemployment .But it also brings scarce opportunities and benefits ,such as more abundant resources for use,bigger stage to perform ,better chance to be well known. When a completely new phenomenon appears ,there are always people who are blind to the downside effects it may bring , and also ,there will always be people who exaggerate the dark side of the new phenomenon thus deny accepting it .Both of the two attitudes are not right .Wise people should pick out from the mess the good parts and then make the best of it ,while abandon the evil parts ,and minimize the negative effects it has .So it is the same with globalization---a mixed blessing.。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：20
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题A product is to be regarded as being （）when introduced into the commerce of another country at less than its normal value.问题1选项A.dischargedB.discardedC.disposedD.dumped【答案】D【解析】上下文语义。
句意：一种产品以低于正常价值的价格进入另一国家的贸易时，被认为是。
根据语境可知，这里应填入与进出口货物相关的词汇。
dump指倾销，符合语境，选项D正确。
2.单选题（） the increase in the number of computers in our offices, the amount of paper that we need has risen as well.问题1选项A.Along withB.AltogetherC.AlthoughD.All along【答案】A【解析】along with随同...…一起；altogether完全，总而言之；although尽管，虽然；all along始终，一直。
句意：随着我们办公室电脑数量的增加，我们需要的纸的数量也增加了。
选项A符合句意。
3.写作题Write a letter of invitation of about 100 words to your close friend Tom, asking him to come and stay for a week-end with your family at your riverside cottage :(a)you have not seen him for a long time;(b)the country air will do him good;(c)he can catch a train after work on Friday;(d)you ask him to let you know the time of his arrival;(e)you will meet him at the station.【答案】Dear Tom,It has been a long time since I last see you! How are you, my dear friend!Recently, I heard that you have been though a terrible time of losing your wife, all my family is very sad about this grievous news. We are all worrying about you!We recently bought a riverside cottage at XXX, and because it is spring now and the flowers are blooming here, we sincerely invite you to come here to have a wonderful weekend, we are sure that the country air will be good for you.You can catch a train after work on Friday if you will come here and please let me know the exact time of your arrival, I would be expecting you at the train station.Sincerely, yours4.单选题Who would have thought we would become a planet of “ologies”？ There’s biology, psychology, herpetology, etymology, and geology just to name a few. However, one “ology” truly helps us to understand the most part of our planet, our environment. Ecology (which is filled with ecologists) is the study of ecosystems and the beings and organisms that inhabit those ecosystems. Just think, in condition of bees, deer and other organisms, you are important toecologists.Ecosystems are communities that vary in size and location. They can be as small as a patch of glass or as large as the entire biosphere. The many varieties of plants and animals that exist in our planet ecosystems are important to our ecosystems. Plants in particular provide oxygen and nutrients all organisms need to survive. These producers have the ability to use t he sun’s energy to produce food (think photosynthesis). This is where the animals and consumers become important. The animals get their energy by eating the plants and other organisms within the ecosystem. Without the producers and consumers, decomposers would not have a job. As you may have guests, decomposers, like bacteria, step in broken down, the organic materials are absorbed by the soil and gases are sent back into our atmosphere. The whole process is ready to start again through the Earth’s natural cycles. There has to be a balance of producers, consumers, decomposers in order to remain a balanced ecosystem. Remember, all organisms need matter and energy to survive. An ecosystem is balanced when matter and energy move efficiently through those ecosystems. Just as your backpack has a limit on the number of huge textbooks it can carry at any given time, all ecosystems have a limit on the populations they can maintain. Carrying capacity is the largest population an ecosystem can support at any particular time. The support of this population depends on the amount of resources (matter and energy) that are available and the movement of those resources within that ecosystem. If energy and matter are moving efficiently through an ecosystem, then the current po pulation of plants and animals has not reached beyond the ecosystem’s carrying capacity. Once resources dwindle or animal populations increase dramatically, the ecosystem may not be able to support those populations. Fortunately, nature has three ways to control the balance of ecosystems: ecological responses to change, energy transfer, and food chains and food webs.1.The purpose of starting the article with the word-ending “ology” ( Line 1, Paragraph 1) is（）.2.According to this article, the ecosystems（）.3.According to the article, the word “producers” (Line 3, Paragraph 2) refers to（）.4.We can infer from the article that in the ecosystem the job for the “decomposer”( Lines6, Paragraph 2) is to（）.5.According to the article,（）has three ways to control the balance of the ecosystems.问题1选项A.to trace the origin of “ology”B.to give an example for the meaning of “ology”C.to introduce the term “ecology”D.to illustrate the importance of balancing the ecosystems 问题2选项A.are in danger of being destroyedB.are very small in sizeC.refer only to the entire biosphereD.vary greatly in size and location问题3选项A.plantsB.animalsC.ecologistsD.consumers问题4选项A.absorb the sun’s energyB.produce oxygen and nutrientsC.break down the dung and the remains of dead organD.eat the plants and animals问题5选项A.human beingsB.the environmentC.animals and plantsD.nature【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.信息推断题。
人大考博英语历年真题
中国人民大学2001Ⅱ Vocabulary (10 points)Part A (5 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET.1.And the topic “fat” is forbidden. Even the slightest paunch betrays thatone is losing the trim and of youth.A. vagueB. vigorC. vogueD. vulgar2.All specialists agree that the most important consideration with diet drugsis carefully the risks and benefits.A. valuingB. evaluatingC. estimatingD. weighing3.Chinese often shake my hand and don’t let go. They talk away contentedly, of my discomfort and struggle to disengage my hand.A. obliviousB. patentC. obviousD. pernicious4.The word “foolish” is too mild to describe your behavior, I would preferthe word .A. ideologicalB. idyllicC. idioticD. idiomatic5.Because of its excellence in quality, for the last two years, Audi car hasGermany’s Touring Car Championship.A. conqueredB. contestedC. dominatedD. determined6.What we consider a luxury at one time frequently becomes a , many familiesfind that ownership of two cars is indispensable.A. fashionB. necessityC. proclivityD. nuisance7.The chief editor thought he took some liberties with the original in translation. So it was necessary that he make the suggested.A. alterationsB. alternativesC. alternationsD. altercations8.Many well-educated people don’t believe that will endanger freedomof speech.A. censershipB. censureshipC. sensorshipD. censorship9.The of “snake” is simply this: a legless reptile with a long, thin body.A. connotationB. denominationC. donationD. denotation10.When the opposing player fouled John, John let his anger his good senseand hit the boy back.A. got the feel ofB. got the hang ofC. got the better ofD. got the worst ofPart B (5 points)Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEETⅠ.11.Although this book claims to be a biography of George Washington, many ofthe incidents are imaginary.A. fascinatingB. factitiousC. fastidiousD. fictitious12.The trade fair is designed to facilitate further cooperation between Chinese auto industries and overseas auto industries.A. promoteB. protectC. preserveD. prolong13.He was concerned only with mundane matters, especially the daily stock market quotations.A. rationalB. obscureC. worldlyD. eminent14.The earthquake that occurred in India this year was a major calamity in whicha great many lives were lost.A. casualtyB. catastropheC. catalogueD. crusade15.The doctors were worried because the patient did not recuperate as rapidly as they had expected.A. withdrawB. emergeC. recoverD. uncover16.The purchaser of this lorry is protected by the manufacturer’s warranty that he will re place any defective part for five years or 50,000 miles.A. prohibitionB. insuranceC. prophecyD. guarantee17.The boy could not reconcile himself to the failure, he did not believe that was his lot.A. submitB. commitC. transmitD. permit18.In some cities of North China, the noise pollution is as pronounced as that in Tokyo.A. contemptuousB. contagiousC. conspicuousD. contemplated19.Trivial breaches of regulations we can pass over, but more serious ones will have to be investigated.A. exceedB. witherC. overpassD. neglect20.We were discussing the housing problem when a middle-aged man cut in and said,“There’s no point in talking about impossibilities.”A. intersectB. interjectC. penetrateD. adulterateⅢ Cloze (10 points)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage, and for each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D at the end of the passage. You should choose the ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.Motorways are, no doubt the safest roads in Britain. Mile 21 mile, vehicle for vehicle, you are much 22 likely to be killed or seriously injured than on an ordinary road. On 23 hand, if you do have a serious accident on a motorway, fatalities are much more likely to 24 than in a comparable accident 25 on the roads.Motorways have no 26 bends, no roundabouts or traffic lights and 27 speeds are much greater than on other roads. Though the 70 mph limit is 28 in force, it is often treated with the contempt that most drivers have for the 30 mpb limit applying in built up areas in Britain. Added to this is the fact that motorway drivers seem to like traveling in groups with perhaps 29 ten metres between each vehicle. The resulting horrific pile-ups 30 vehicle stops for some reason, such asmechanical failure, driver error and so on, have become all 31 familiar through pictures in newspapers or on television. How 32 of these drivers realize that it takes a car about one hundred metres to brake to a stop 33 70 mph? Drivers also seem to think that motorway driving gives them complete protection from the changing weather. 34 wet the road, whatever the visibility in mist or fog, on they 35 at ridiculous speeds oblivious of police warnings or speed restrictions 36 their journey comes to a conclusion. Perhaps one remedy 37 this motorway madness would be better driver education. At present, learner drivers are bared 38 motorways and are thus as far as this kind of driving is 39 thrown in at the deep end. However, much more efficient policing is required, 40 it is the duty of the police not only to enforce the law but also to protect the general public from its own foolishness.B. afterC. toD. byB. farC. lessD. lesserB. otherC. oneD. the otherup B. occur C. be found D. ariseB. elsewhereC. anywhereD. somewhereB. steepC. verticalD. sharpB. thenC. soD. thereuponB. evenC. stillD. subsequentlyB. simplyC. barelyD. purelyB. sinceC. whenD. forB. alsoC. undulyD. unreasonablyB. muchC. deeplyD. profoundlyB. fromC. atD. forB. HoweverC. WhoeverD. HowB. rakeC. tillD. ploughB. beforeC. thusD. untilB. forC. ofD. onB. againstC. awayD. offB. consideredC. concernedD. touchedB. thenC. themD. forⅣ Reading Comprehension(20 points)Directions: Read the following passages, decide on the best one of the choices marked A, B,C and D for each question or unfinished statement and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.Passage 1The next time the men were taken up onto the deck, Kunta made a point of looking at the man behind him in line, the one who lay beside him to the left when they were below. He was a Serere tribesman much older than Kunta, and his body, front and back, was creased with whip cuts, some of them so deep and festering that Kunta felt badly for having wished sometimes that he might strike the man in the darkness for moaning so steadily in his pain. Staring back at Kunta, the Serere’s dark eyes were full of fury and defiance. A whip lashed out even as they stood looking at each other—this time at Kunta, spurring him to move ahead. Trying to roll away, Kunta was kicked heavily in his ribs. But somehow he and the gasping Wolof managed to stagger back up among the other men from their shelf who were shambling toward their dousing with buckets of seawater.A moment later, the stinging saltiness of it was burning in Kunta’s wounds, and his screams joined those of others over the sound of the drum and the wheezing thing that had again begun marking time for the chained men to jump and dance for the toubob. Kunta and the Wolof were so weak from their new beating that twice they stumbled, but whip blows and kicks sent them hopping clumsily up and down in their chains. So great was his fury that Kunta was barely aware of the women singing “Toubob fa!” And when he had finally been chained back down in his place in the dark hold, his heart throbbed with a lust to murder toubob.Every few days the eight naked toubob would again come into the stinking darkness and scrape their tubs full of the excrement that had accumulated on the shelves where the chained men lay. Kunta would lie still with his eyes staring bale fully in hatred, following the bobbing orange lights, listening to the toubod cursing and sometimes slipping and tailing into the slickness underfoot—so plentiful now, because of the increasing looseness of the men’s bowels, that the filth had begun to drop off the edges of the shelves down into the aisleway.The last time they were on deck, Kunta had noticed a man limping on a badly infected leg. This time the man was kept up on deck when the rest were taken back below. A few days later, the women told the other prisoners in their singing that the man’s leg had been cut off and that one of the women had been brought to tend him, but that the man had died that night and been thrown over the side. Starting then, when the toubob came to clean the shelves, they also dropped red-hot pieces of metal into pails of strong vinegar. The clouds of acrid steam left the hold smelling better, but soon it would again be overwhelmed by the choking stink. It was a smell that Kunta felt would never leave his lungs and skin.The steady murmuring that went on in the hold whenever the toubob were gone kept growing in volume and intensity as the men began to communicate better and better with one another. Words not understood were whispered from mouth to ear along the shelves until someone who knew more than one tongue would send back their meanings. In the process, all of the men along each shelf learned new words in tongues they had not spoken before. Sometimes men jerked upward, bumping their heads, in the double excitement of communicating with each other and the fact that it was being done without the toubob’s knowledge. Muttering among themselves for hours, the men developed a deepening sense of intrigue and of brotherhood. Though they were of different villages and tribes, the feeling grew that they were not from different peoples or places.41.The living conditions for the Blacks in the hold of the slave ship were .A. adequate but primitiveB. inhumane and inadequateC. humane but crowdedD. similar to the crew’s quarters42.The prisoners had difficulty communicating with each other because .A. they were too sick to talkB. they distrusted one anotherC. no one felt like talkingD. they spoke different languages43.Which of the following words is closest in meaning to balefully as used in “Kunta would lie still with his eyes staring balefully in hatred”?A. IndulgentlyB. VacantlyC. ForlornlyD. Menacingly44.By constantly referring to such things as filth and choking stink, the author seeks to create a tone that arouses a feeling of .A. disgust with the dirtB. horror at the injusticeC. revolting at the foul odorD. relief that this happened long ago45.Despite their intense pain and suffering, the Black men found a small measure of comfort in .A. their exercise periods on deckB. the breathtaking ocean sceneryC. their conversations with the Black womenD. their conversations with one anotherPassage 2Large, multinational corporations may be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines. But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the economy’s vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and factories. Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than 100 workers, now employ nearly 60 percent of the work force and are expected to generate half of all new jobs between now and the year 2000. Some 1.2 million small firms have opened their doors over the past six years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an additional 200,000 entrepreneurs striking off on their own.Too many of these pioneers, however, will blaze ahead unprepared. Idealists will o verestimate the clamor for their products or fail to factor in the competition. Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally, the capital that success requires. Midcareer executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may savor the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also, at least for a while, be bookkeeper and receptionist, too. According to Small Business Administration data, 24 of every 100 businesses starting out today are likely to have disappeared in two years, and 27 more will have shut their doors four years from now. By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start-ups will have folded. A new study of 3,000 small businesses, sponsored by American Express and the National Federation of Independent Business, suggests slightly better odds: Three years after start-up, 77 percent of the companies surveyed were still alive. Most credited their success in large part to having picked a business they already were comfortable in. Eighty percent had workedwith the same product or service in their last jobs.Thinking through an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical. But many entrepreneurs forget that a firm’s health in its infancy may be little indication of how well it will age. You must tenderly monitor its pulse. In their zeal to expand, small-business owners often ignore early warning signs of a stagnant market or of decaying profitability. They hopefully pour more and more money into the enterprise, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that mean the market for their ingenious service or product has evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish offices. Only when the financial well runs dry do they see the seriousness of the illness, and by then the patient is usually too far gone to save.Frequent checks of your firm’s vital signs will also guide you to a sensible rate of growth. To snatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer new markets, add products or perhaps franchise your hot ideA.46.According to the passage, a country’s economy is probably decided by .A. the prosperity and decline of the transnational corporationsB. the rise and fall of the markets and products as well as capitalC. the fate of the small businesses such as small plants and restaurantsD. the economic increase and decrease of the large companies47.In order to succeed in a business, the entrepreneur should .A. get very well prepared for his new businessB. choose a business he’s already familiar withC. examine the company’s crucial signs now and thenD. invest as much as possible into his enterprise48.Which of the following statements about small business is not true? .A. It helps effectively to fight unemployment.B. The earlier it starts, the sooner it collapses.C. There’s a good omen for small business according to a survey.D. Some small business owners are blind to early premonition of failure.49.What does the last sentence in the 3rd paragraph mean according to the passage?A. The patient is seriously ill because of lack of water in the well.B. The patient can be saved if he has enough money to solve the financial problem.C. It’s too late for small business owners to realize the gravity of the problem because they have used up their money.D. It’s urgent for small business owners to pour all their money into the enterprise to revitalize their business.50.What’s the main idea of this passage?A. How to become a winner in small business?B. How to be a successful boss in multinational corporation?C. How to deal with the ups and downs in small business?D. How to conquer new markets and gain the largest profit?Passage 3The blue, mystic Lake Elsinore lies in an inland California valley which is teeming and steaming with hot springs. Rimmed by shaggy mountains whose forestedcrests are reflected in its clear waters, Lake Elsinore is the very personification of peace—but on it rests the curse of Tondo.The lake has had a colorful history. Much of it lies buried in legend, and it is difficult to separate fact from fiction. There have been stories of underground volcanoes on the lake bottom, erupting, killing fish and discoloring the water. There have been stories of a playful sea serpent that lived in its depths.Long noted for its scenic beauty and health-giving waters, the lake was a famous resort in the Nineties. But long before the first white man had set foot along the shore of the lake, this part of California had been the home of the Soboba Indians. Their chief was Tondo, a stern and unforgiving man.He had a daughter, Morning Star, who was in love with Palo, son of the chief of the Palas, a neighboring tribe. The Sobobas and Palas were sworn enemies. For a time the lovers met secretly. Then one day they were discovered by Tondo. His rage was terrible to behold. He forbade the lovers ever to meet again.Morning Star tried in every way to appease her father’s anger, to soften his heart toward Palo. But in time she saw that it was useless; that he would never give his consent to their marriage. Vowing that they would never be separated, the Indian maid and her lover walked hand in hand into the lake, as the dreary November sun cast long shadows on the land. They were followed by a group of orphan children whom Morning Star had befriended. All walked into the lake, singing the mournful death song of their people, while Tondo stood on the shore and cursed the lovers, cursed the blue water into which they all walked to their death.Ever since that day it would seem that a jinx has been laid over Lake Elsinore. Oldtimers tell of a great upheaval in the lake which caused water to spout into the air like a geyser and turn blood-red. Later, it became known that three hundred springs of boiling mud and water were born in the valley during that upheaval. The springs reeked with sulphur.For many years after this phenomenon the lake remained peaceful. Then boats were overturned for no apparent reason, and few of their occupants ever returned to tell the story. This continued for several years. At the same time, strong swimmers dived into the lake never to reappear.In 1833 and again in 1846, fish in the lake suddenly died.In the spring of 1850 came the Battle of the Gnats. They bred in the water of the lake and swarmed over the land. They invaded the countryside until the harassed inhabitants called for help.And in July 1951, the sky-blue waters of the lake vanished like mist before a noonday sun. When the bottom was laid bare there was no trace of a volcano, the bottomless pits, or the other disturbances of legend or fact.The copious winter rains of 1951—52 have replenished the lake. But what menace does its haunting beauty hold today? For tomorrow?The once mighty Sobobas are few now. But the old men swear that their ancestors still haunt the lake. They nod grizzled head and murmur that the Great Tondo’s curse will forever remain upon the lake. Only time, the wise and silent one, can tell.51.Which of the following statements is true of Lake Elsinore?A. It is considered by legend to be rich in golb.B. It was once famous as a beautiful resort.C. It is located in a volcanic crater in California.D. It used to be the center of a mining village.52.Probably Tondo’s rage was due the fact that .A. Morning Star was too young to marryB. Tondo’s tribe and Palas’s tribe were enemiesC. Palo mistreated his Soboba girl friendD. Palas vowed meet Morning Star in secret53.According to the old-timers, on two occasions .A. the water of the lake turned redB. lake water sprouted into the airC. the Gnats invaded the countrysideD. fish in the lake suddenly died54.The word “jinx” (Line 1, Paragraph 6) probably means .A. spell of bad luckB. hot air currentC. strange tranquilityD. storm of unusual duration55.Which can be considered the best title for the passage?A. The Curse of Tondo.B. The Beautify Lake Elsinore.C. The Mysterious Indian Tribes.D. The Tragic Love of Morning Star.Passage 4The crucial years of the Depression, as they are brought into historical focus, in creasingly emerge as the decisive decade for American art, if not for American culture in general. For it was during this decade that many of the conflicts which had blocked the progress of American art in the past came to a head and sometimes boiled over. Janusfaced, the thirties look backward, sometimes as far as the Renaissance; and at the same time forward, as far as the present and beyond. It was the moment when artists, like Thomas Hart Benton, who wished to turn back the clock to regain the virtues of simpler times came into direct conflict with others, like Stuart Davis and Frank Lloyd Wright, who were ready to come to terms with the Machine Age and to deal with its consequences.America in the thirties was changing rapidly. In many areas the past was giving way to the present, although not without a struggle. A predominantly rural and small town society was being replaced by the giant complexes of the big cities; power was becoming increasingly centralized in the federal government and in large corporations. As a result, traditional American types such as the independent farmer and the small businessman were being replaced by the executive and the bureaucrat. Many Americans, deeply attached to the old way of life, felt disinhereited. At the same time, as immigration decreased and the population became more homogeneous, the need arose in art and literature to commemorate the ethnic and regional differences that were fast disappearing. Thus, paradoxically, the conviction that art, at least, should serve some purpose or carry some message of moral uplift grew stronger asthe Puritan ethos lost its contemporary reality. Often this elevating message was a sermon in favor of just those traditional American virtues which were now threatened with obsolescence in a changed social and political context.In this new context, the appeal of the paintings by the Regionalists and the American Scene painters often lay in their ability to recreate an atmosphere that glorified the traditional American values—self-reliance tempered with good-neighborliness, independence modified by a sense of community, hard work rewarded by a sense of order and purpose. Given the actual temper of the times, these themes were strangely anachronistic, just as the rhetoric supporting political isolationism was equally inappropriate in an international situation soon to involve America in a second world war. Such themes gained popularity because they filled a genuine need for a comfortable collective fantasy of a God-fearing, white-picket-fence America, which in retrospect took on the nostalgic appeal of a lost Golden Age.In this light, an autonomous art-for-art’s sake was viewed as a foreign invader liable to subvert the native American desire for a purposeful art. Abstract art was assigned the role of the villainous alien; realism was to personify the genuine American means of expression. The argument drew favor in many camps: among the artists, because most were realists; among the politically oriented intellectuals, because abstract art was apolitical; and among museum officials, because they were surfeited with mediocre imitations of European modernism and were convinced that American art must develop its own distinct identity. To help along this road to self-definition, the museums were prepared to set up an artificial double standard, one for American art, and another for European art. In 1934, Ralph Flint wrote in Art News, “We have today in our midst a greater array of what may be called second, third, and fourth-string artists than any other country. Our big annuals are marvelous outpourings of intelligence and skill; they have all the diversity and animation of a fine-ring circus.”56.According to the passage, in the 1930s, abstract art was seen as .A. uniquely AmericaB. uniquely EuropeanC. imitative of European modernismD. counter to American regionalism57.The second paragraph deals mainly with in America.A. the rapid growth of urban populationB. the impact of industrialization on rural lifeC. the disappearance of traditional valuesD. the changing scenes in religion and politics58.According to the passage, the best word to describe America in the 1930s would be .A. reactionaryB. consistentC. dynamicD. melancholic59. “The artificial standard” (Paragraph 4) refers to the difference between standards of judgement for .A. realism and abstract artB. politically oriented intellectuals and museum officialsC. European art and American artD. landscape painting and abstract painting60.The best choice for title of the passage would be .A. The Thirties in Art. Reaction and RebellionB. America in the Thirties: A Changing TimeC. Thomas Hart Benton and RegionalismⅤ Translation (20 points)Part A (10 points)Directions: Translate the following English into Chinese onto your ANSWER SHEET.This organization is also a manufacturing firm. Here, however, management encourages and rewards risk taking and change. Decisions based on intuition are valued as much as those that are well rationalized. Management prides itself on its history of experimenting with new technologies and its success in regularly introducing innovative products. Managers or employees who have a good idea are encouraged to “run with it”, and failures are treated as “learning experiences”. The company prides itself on being market driven and rapidly responsive to the changing needs of its customers.There are few rules and regulations for employees to follow, and supervision is loose because management believes that its employees are hardworking and trustworthy. Management is concerned with high productivity but believes that this comes through treating its people right. The company is proud of its reputation as being a good place to work.Part B (10 points)Directions: Translate the following Chinese into English onto your ANSWER SHEET.我在这风光奇异的地方所呆的时间不长，但我的心灵得到了升华。
2002年中国人民大学考博英语真题试卷(精选)(题后含答案及解析)
2002年中国人民大学考博英语真题试卷（精选）(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English Translation 6. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．He seemed reluctant to send his troops in an effort to discourage the______peasants.A．animatedB．rebelliousC．creasedD．impassive正确答案：B解析：本题意为“他似乎不太愿意用他的军队去阻止起义的农民”。
rebellious 的意思是“反叛的，反抗的”，如：a rebellious behaviour(反叛行为)。
其他三项animated“活泼的，生动的”，creased“有折痕的”，impassive“冷漠的”都不符合题意，因此正确答案为B。
2．The company will______to its agreement, no matter how costly the process may be.A．retainB．alterC．abandonD．adhere正确答案：D解析：本题意为“该公司将信守协议，不论这一过程的代价有多大”。
adhere 的意思是“坚持”，与to构成常用词组，如：I will adhere to this opinion until contrary facts appear．(如果没有相反的事实，我将坚持我的意见。
)其他三项retain“保持，保留”，alter“改变”，abandon“放弃，遗弃”都与题意不符，因此D项为正确答案。
3．The drug store at the corner of our street sells aspirins and______penicillin prescriptions.A．dispensesB．disposesC．dispersesD．dispatches正确答案：B解析：本题意为“街角上的药店出售阿斯匹林和处方盘尼西林”。
名词单复数变化及习题
名词的单复数名词(Nouns）是词性的一种,也是实词的一种，是指待人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。
➢专有名词和普通名词1.专有名词:表示具体的人,事物,地点，团体或机构的专有名称(第一个字母要大写）China中国Asia亚洲Beijing北京the People’s Republic of Chin a中华人民共和国专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语，则必须使用定冠词the。
如：the Great Wall （长城）姓氏名如果采用复数形式，则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义），如：the Greens ( 格林一家人）。
2。
普通名词：表示某些人，某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。
（例如:teacher老师tea茶）1)。
个体名词（Individual Nouns）:表示单个的人和事物.（car汽车room房间fan风扇picture照片）2）. 集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示一群人或一些事物的名称。
( people人们police警察family家庭army军队government政府group集团) 3）. 物质名词(Material Nouns）：表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质.( fire火steel钢air空气water水milk牛奶)4）. 抽象名词（Abstract Nouns):表示动作,状态，品质或其他抽象概念。
（labor劳动health健康life生活friendship友情patienc e耐力)➢可数名词（Countable Nouns）和不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）◆1。
可数名词：可数名词是指能以数目来计算,可以分成个体的人或东西；因此它有复数形式名词的功能：名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语，宾语补足语，表语以及名词短语作状语。
1.主语：The bag is in the desk.书包在桌子里边。
2.宾语：I washed my clothes yesterday. 1昨天我洗了我的衣服。
人大考博英语真题常用词汇
人大考博英语真题常用词汇hang on/to稍等;坚持住;赖着不走;抱(推，抓)住不放hang out晾衣服;居住，呆(在某处);停留hang together团结合作，互相支持;一致，不矛盾hang up挂起来;挂上话筒;耽搁，搁置have/give access to得以进入;可以接近have/give an/the advantage over比...占上风;有利/优于...have to do with与...有关系hit on/upon无意中找到;偶然想出hold back犹豫(该不该做某事);阻止;阻碍;隐瞒;忍住hold in抑制(情绪等)，控制住hold on(to)坚持下去;等一等;别挂电话hold on to抓住不放hold out坚持要求;坚持到底;守住;提出;伸出;主张;坚持;维持hold out for坚持(得到...)而不肯妥协hold together(合在)一起;团结在一起hold up举起;托住;支撑;使停滞;耽搁;提出;阻挡;列举，推举;(理论等)经得住hunt for搜索;探求hurry up赶快;快点if only只要;哪怕;要是...就好了;真希望go up升高;提高;涨高;增长;盖起;建造起;被烧(炸)毁;(舞台幕布)拉起go with连带;带有;伴随;与...匹配;同...协调grow away from与...疏远起来grow from由...长大，由...发展起来grow in在...方面成长;增加(力量等)grow into成长为,发展为grow on使越来越感兴趣，渐渐成为习惯;加深对...的影响grow out of由...产生;长高大了(衣服等)穿不上;抛弃;戒除(恶习) grow up长大成人;成长;发展hand down(财产，技术或知识)往下传,传给(后人)hand in交进来(去);交上去;递交;面呈hand out派送;分发;(乱)给(批评，处分，忠告等)hand over/on to捐赠;移交;让与;将...移交给;交出;将...送交，依次传递hang about/around闲逛;转悠;观望/闲逛;缠(人);与...泡在一起hang back畏缩不前;迟疑(不肯做某事)hang behind迟迟不离开，落在后面a matter of几(分钟，里路，块钱等)的事;大约，左右;是个…问题，事关…about of即将;打算absent from不在;缺席absorbed in吸引;专心于…account for说明(原因);解释;占…adhere to粘附在…上;坚持，遵守;依附adjust to调整以适应after all还是;终于;毕竟aim of瞄准;致力于…;旨在all but几乎，差点;除…之外的全部all the while一直地;始终all the more更加越发all the same尽管如此，仍旧allow for酌量;考虑到and vice versa反过来也一样anything/nothing but一点也不/只是;仅仅是anything but一点也不，决不是nothing but只是，只不过是.apart from除了;且不说appeal to要求;上诉;引起…注意approve of赞赏，同意;获准，认可around the corner在拐角处;即将到来as a matter of course当然，理所当然的(事)as a result/consequence结果;因此as fellows如下as for/to/regards至于，说到就…而言/关于as it is(was)实际上;按照原样as it were似乎;实际上可以这么说;简直是;可谓as opposed to和…相反;与…相对比as well也…;和as/so far as就…而言;至于;到…程度;在…范围内ask after/for问候，询问，探问/请求;找某人;要求at a stretch不休息地，一口气地at a time一次at all一点也不，完全不(用于否定句)at(the)best/worst顶多，充其量也不过/最坏也就是at(all)time总是;无论何时，一直at a loss不知所措at all/any cost(s)不惜一切代价at all events不管怎样，反正at any moment随时at any rate不管怎样;总而言之at first起初;开始at first sight乍一看，一见就at intervals(of)不时，时时;每隔…at large一般的;普遍的;详尽地;在逃;逍遥自在地at leisure有空闲，闲着的;从容地，慢慢地at liberty自由，有权(做某事);闲着at(the)most/least至多/至少at stake关系到…的得失;在危险中at that就这样;而且at sea茫然，不知所措at the mercy of完全受…支配，听命于at the moment此刻at the risk of冒…的危险attach to附上;贴上;使隶属attend to处理，办理;照看，照料;注意,专心于back up支持;倒退be bent on(upon)一心想做(某事)be better of处境更好;情况转好be bound to肯定，注定;一定要;决心be composed of由…组成be concerned with关于…，与…有关;参与…be determined to坚定;坚决;决心be fed up with/about对…厌烦了;讨厌be fit for适合be inclined to倾向于…;想要be obliged to(do)被迫，不得不be obliged to感谢be related to与…相关的，同…有亲戚关系be/get tired/sick of对…失去兴趣;厌烦be/get used/accustomed to习惯于bear/keep in mind记住;牢记bear on/upon对…施加压力;与…有关;对…有影响before long很快;不久以后blow out(使火)熄灭;(轮胎)爆裂blow up炸毁;充气;放大(照片);勃然大怒boil/narrow down(to)压缩成;归结为;简化为…break down(机器)发生故障;(计划，谈判等)失败;分析;分解;破除;战胜;(感情)失控，(身体)垮了break in闯入;打断;训练;使驯服;使习惯于;break into闯入;打断;突然开始…;突然…起来break out突然暴发;逃脱break through突破;冲破;克服;挤过break up使粉碎;弄破;解散;结束;解体解散;中断;终止;(学校)放假使苦恼;恳(地)bring down使垮台;失败;击落，打下;降低(物价，温度等)本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
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中国人民大学考博英语真题常见名词单复数名词(Noun)：博士研究生考试有关名词的试题主要涉及名词的可数与不可数、名词的单复数形式、集体名词在数上的主谓一致和单数名词以复数形式出现及名词单复数同形的问题。
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一、名词的单复数(一)不可数名词a little/some/much/considerable/a great(good)deal of/a lot of (lots of)/plenty of/a large amount of/a large quantity of/a wealth of(大量)/heaps of(大量的)+不可数名词例句：The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel,that man being Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in15th century.(1995年第14题)分析：该句是复合句，其中that man...navigator是一个独立主格结构，进一步解释说明one man;who lived...是非限制性定语从句，解释说明Prince Henry。
译文：葡萄牙人给了这位促进海上旅行的人很多荣誉，此人便是15世纪的航海家亨利王子。
例句：If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely throughdealings with the young.(选自2009年Part C)分析：该句是复合句。
主句we may well believe...中带有that引导的宾语从句，if引导的条件状语从句中包含that引导的从句作realizing的宾语，短语made headway in...的意思是“在某方面取得进展”。
译文：每个机构的最终价值在于其对人类的独特影响，如果人类在对此的认识上已有所进展，那么我们也许完全可以相信这种经验已在与年轻人打交道的过程中学会了。
(二)复数可数名词some/a lot of(lots of)/plenty of/a large quantity of/a wealth of/heaps of/a few/the number of/a number of/quantities of/a great many(of)+复数可数名词例句：Plenty of other species are able to learn,and one of the things they ve apparently learned is when to stop.(选自2009年Use of English)分析：该句是并列句，在第二个句子中they ve apparently learned 是一个省略关系代词的定语从句，修饰things。
译文：许多别的物种能够学习，而且它们已经明显学会的东西之一就是何时停止学习。
例句：But a number of anthropologists in the early1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. (选自2009年Part B)分析：该句是简单句。
其中短语“in favor of”的意思是“赞成,支持;有利于”。
译文：但在20世纪初，许多人类学家也反对文化特殊论，转而支持文化传播论。
(三)单复数形式相同的名词meansseriesspeciessheepdeerfishgrouse(松鸡)plaice(鲽鱼)swine(野猪)Vietnamese(越南人)Viennese(维也纳人)JapaneseChinesePortugueseSwisscraftaircraftspacecrafthovercraft(气垫船)例句：The data received from the two spacecraft whirling around Mars indicate that there is much evidence that huge thunderstorms are occurring about the equator of the planet.(1996年第18题)分析：该句是复合句，主干是the data...indicate that...，其中received...Mars作定语修饰the data;that huge...the planet是evidence的同位语从句。
译文：环绕火星的两艘宇宙飞船接收到的数据表明,有充分的证据表明该行星的赤道附近正下着大暴雨。
例句：Crisis would be the right term to describe the decline in many animal species.(1999年第33题)译文：许多动物物种日渐减少，用危机一词来描述再恰当不过了。
(四)下列两类名词只有复数形式，与动词复数连用表示由两部分组成的物体名词，如：calipers(卡钳)glasses scales(磅秤)pantspliers(钳子)scissors trousers shoesjeans shorts(短裤)这些名词作主语时谓语动词用复数形式，前有a pair of修饰时，谓语的单复数由pair的单复数决定。
例句：I m going to weigh my luggage:are there any scales?译文：我想把行李过一下磅，有磅秤吗?例句：The girl wears sun glasses,which were bought from the glasses line,and a pair of old ones has been broken.译文：姑娘戴着从眼镜行买来的太阳镜，而那副旧眼镜已经折断了。
另外还有：arms goodsclothescontents headquarters minutes(会议记录)regards(敬意)wages respects(敬意，问候)thanks fireworks(烟火)archives(档案)例句：My wages are the principle source of my income.译文：薪金是我收入的主要来源。
(五)有些名词虽以s结尾，却表示单数概念，谓语动词用单数形式1.学科名称：politics linguisticsphysics economicsmathematics ethicselectronics informaticsmechanics(力学)statisticsacoustics(声学)athleticsphonetics(语音学)例句：Talk to anyone in the drug industry,and you ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drugresearch since penicillin was discovered.(2000年第8题)分析：该句是复合句，talk to anyone in the drug industry是祈使句，that引导宾语从句，since引导时间状语从句。
译文：与从事药品工业的人一交谈，你就会发现自从盘尼西林被研制出以后，遗传学是对药品研究最大的冲击。
2.游戏名称，如：checkers(跳棋)、darts(投镖游戏)、billiards(弹子戏)、cards(纸牌)以及专有名词，如Naples(那不勒斯)，the United States，the New York Times等，但表示瀑布、山脉、岛屿的以s结尾的专有名词常表复数。
例句：Today,the snooker billiards becomes an international sports activity that the people of various countries like.分析：该句是复合句，that the people of various countries like 作定语修饰sports activity。
译文：今天，斯诺克台球已经成为各国人民普遍喜爱的一项国际性的体育活动。
例句：Naples is an important seaport of the southwest in Italy.译文：那不勒斯是意大利西南部的一个重要海港。
(六)集体名词数的问题1.有些集体名词后接单数动词，如：merchandisepoetry machinery furnitureluggagebaggage foliage(树叶)例句：Modern machinery has been installed in the company.译文：公司已经安装了现代化的机械。
例句：This class of merchandise is usually sold on D/P(documentspayment)basis.译文：这种商品通常在付款交单的基础上出售。
2.有些集体名词后接复数动词，如：people police poultry clergy(教士)vermin(害虫)cattle militia(民兵)例句：These vermin are harmful to the plants,so they must be got rid of.译文：这些害虫对庄稼有害，应该尽快把它们消灭掉。
例句：All the poultry in Hong Kong were destroyed to stop the threat.译文：为了消除威胁，香港屠杀了所有家禽。
3.有些集体名词，如：audience boardfamily class couple crewcommitteegovernment jury party team publiccompany做整体讲时，谓语动词用单数;当看做集体的各个成员时，谓语动词用复数。