定语从句的翻译 2012 周五 第9次课 学生
定语从句的翻译
定语从句的翻译定语从句是指在句子中修饰名词或代词的从句。
它通过关系词引导和主句连接起来，以补充或说明主句中的名词或代词的具体信息。
下面是一些关于定语从句的翻译例句。
1. The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.我昨天买的那本书非常有趣。
2. The girl who is standing there is my sister.在那儿站着的女孩是我的姐姐。
3. I like the dog whose tail is wagging.我喜欢那条摇尾巴的狗。
4. The teacher whom we met at the park is very friendly.我们在公园遇见的那位老师非常友好。
5. The house where they live is quite small.他们住的房子非常小。
6. This is the restaurant which serves delicious food.这是一家供应美食的餐厅。
7. The car that he bought last month is very expensive.他上个月买的那辆车非常昂贵。
8. The movie that we watched last night was very exciting.我们昨晚看的那部电影非常精彩。
9. The person whom I met at the party is a famous singer.我在派对上见到的那个人是一位著名歌手。
10. The city where I was born is a beautiful place.我出生的那个城市是一个美丽的地方。
定语从句的翻译要根据句子结构和关系词的意义来选择适当的翻译方式。
在英语中，关系词有时会在定语从句中担任不同的角色，比如连接词（引导定语从句）或代词（在从句中替代先行词）的作用。
英语定语从句翻译
英语定语从句翻译英语定语从句翻译近代史开始时，世界拥有的每一项重大成就，已为历史发端期的人们所知晓。
以下内容是店铺为您精心整理的英语定语从句翻译，欢迎参考！英语定语从句翻译一一主二仆式定语从句是指一个先行词带有两个或两个以上定语从句的情况。
该结构中的定语从句比较规范，均修饰一个先行词，在翻译时，虽然也遵循一般定语从句的翻译技巧和方法，但还有其独特的地方。
归纳起来，有如下几种情况：1）译成定语可以把两个定语从句译成并列的定语，也可译成分开的定语修饰先地词，或分别修饰重复的先行词。
and the old ways of earning a living rivalled by new agricultural techniques, by commerce with hitherto unknown parts of the globe, and by new crafts with strane machines that saved labor and that ran without the traditional human or animal power古老的谋生之道正受到新的农业技术、新的贸易、新的行业的挑战；这种新贸易是与世界上一向无人知晓的地区进行的贸易，而种种新行业则是使用一些无需传统的人力畜力驱动、可节省劳动力的奇特机遇。
（并列的定语）Almost everything which really matters and which the world possessed at the commencement of the modern age was already known to man at the dawn of history.近代史开始时，世界拥有的每一项重大成就，已为历史发端期的人们所知晓。
（分开的定语）And it helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin or that had been known to the Greco-Romans, were fully developed and exploited ony by the WesternEuropeans.英语定语从句翻译二定语从句是由一些关系代词或者关系副词引导的从句组成，用来修饰名词中心词。
定语从句的翻译
friendship is of long standing. ▪ 我们两国是友谊长存的有好邻邦。 ▪ The people who worked for him lived in mortal
rashly attempt to cross the pass on foot. ▪ 尽管新建了隧道，有些旅行者还是企图步行穿过山口。
▪ There seems to be someone who wants to go with you. ▪ 好像有人想跟你去。 ▪ There happened to be a student who was able to work
▪ 定俗成式定语从句是指一种it...that...的句式，这 种含约定俗成式定语从句的复合句的意思实际上 相当于一个让步状语从句。如It is a wise mother that knows her own daughter.(再聪慧的母亲也不 见得了解自己的女儿。) 原句相当于一个状语从 句No matter how wise a mother is, she may not know her own daughter.翻译此类定语从句应该 用溶合法，即将主句和从句溶合在一起翻译。例 如：
▪ 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发
常用的定语从句的翻译方法
▪ 一、合译法
▪ 合译法通常用于句式较短的情况，主要以 限制性定语从句为主。在英译汉时，一般 将其译成“的”字结构，有时也将定语部 分译成谓语、兼语句的一部分或带有“这” 字句的简单句。
定语从句例句带翻译及讲解
定语从句例句带翻译及讲解定语从句例句带翻译及讲解定语从句（也称关系从句、形容词性从句），是指一类由关系词（英语：relative word）引导的从句,因为这类从句的句法功能多是做定语，所以曾被称为定语从句（英语：attributive clause），这类从句除了可以做定语之外，还可以充当状语等其他成分，所以现代语言学多使用“关系从句”这一术语。
下面是店铺整理的定语从句例句带翻译及讲解，一起来看看吧。
(1) who引导的非限制性定语从句Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook.我们的向导，一个法裔加拿大人，擅长于烹调。
My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year.我家的园丁非常悲观，他说今年将不结苹果。
(2) whom引导的非限制性定语从句关系代词whom用于指人，在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语，作介词宾语时，介词可位于句末。
如：Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。
Mr Smith，from whom I have learned a lot，is a famous scientist.史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家，我从他那儿学了许多东西。
(3) whose引导的非限制性定语从句whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。
whose 通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。
如：The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.那位小男孩学习很努力，他的父亲是位工程师。
Above the trees are the mountains whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. 在树林的高处是山，其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。
定语从句的翻译课件
They went to Mr. Chang, who gave them a hearty welcome.
他们去看张先生，张先生热诚地欢迎他们。
I had a problem, which became clearly obvious just as I was to appear at the meeting.
Those who do not wish to go need not go.
凡是不愿意去的人就不必去。
He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.
没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。
She had been too proud to admit the emotion (情感) which her heart felt.
我遇到了一个问题。当我就要
出席会议时，这个问题越发明
显。
（独立句）
同处理限制性定语从句的转换法一致，这 种译法同样适合非限制性定语从句。
We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.
另一种理论认为该地区的地形 是造成船只和飞机失踪的罪魁祸 பைடு நூலகம்。
一是作为领导干部一定要树立正确的 权力观 和科学 的发展 观，权 力必须 为职工 群众谋 利益， 绝不能 为个人 或少数 人谋取 私利
Many people have found these explanations difficult to believe.
定语从句的翻译方法
另外，有些定语从句英译汉时要需要将主句压缩成主语，而将定语从句译成谓语，融合为一个句子。
另外，在英语中常常会把需要强调的内容放于句首，而汉语中却习惯把附加性说明的定语部分翻译成后置型的并列分句，以求在形式上突出主句的内容。
例1: She suddenly thought of her husband, who had left her and their children behind and had never been heard of. 译文：他丈夫早就抛弃了妻儿一直杳无音信，现在她突然想起了他。
2．译成谓语 当定语从句是存在句，尤其是在“there be结构”和它的变体结构、以及在“it be +主语+定语从句”的结构中，定语从句的谓语在意义上也是整个主句的谓语，因此在英译汉时可将其译为主谓结构的简单句。
例1：There were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month.译文：在那群人中，有的人每天都站在那里，站了一个月。
例1：He took out a bottle of wine out of his pocket, which he began to drink slowly.译文：他从衣兜里掏出一瓶酒慢慢地喝起来。
例2： We will send the boy to Britain, where he can receive better education.译文：我们将要把这个孩子送到英国去接受更好的教育。
定语从句翻译方式
定语从句翻译方式定语从句翻译方式定语从句的翻译有一定的翻译方式，下面是店铺为大家整理的定语从句翻译方式!第一、前置翻译法：把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面，可以用“的”来连接。
但前置翻译法往往适用于较短的定语。
如：Yao Ming is a basketball player who is ver great.姚明是一名非常伟大的运动员。
He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.没有吃过苦的人不知道是甜。
Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。
His laughter，which was infectious，broke the silence.他那富有感染力的'笑声打破了沉寂。
第二、后置翻译法：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面，翻译为并列分句。
其中对于先行词的处理有两种：1. 重复先行词。
如：I told the story to John，who told it to his brother.他把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。
We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee，whose activities deserve to be encouraged.在我们对特别委员会表示满意，特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励。
Although he lacks experience，he has enterprise and creativity，which are decisive in achieving success in the area.他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创造力，而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。
《定语从句》的翻译方法
《定语从句》的翻译方法一：中、英文定语差异：1.中文：一个词修饰另一个词时，如：清香的茶叶、有趣的书籍。
可见在中文中，一个词修饰另一个词时，定语部分是前置的。
（清香的、有趣的）一个句子修饰另一个词时，如：趴在门口的猫、昨晚睡得很晚的茶茶。
可见在中文中，一个短语、一个句子甚至多个句子修饰一个词时，定语也是前置的。
（趴在门口的、昨晚睡得很晚的）当然也有特例，如中国古代汉语：中国疆域之辽阔，“之辽阔”就是后置定语，翻译时要翻译成China has a vast territory.2.英文：一个词修饰另一个词时，如：a beautiful girl,a child adopted.可见在英文中，一个词修饰另一个词时，定语可以前置也可以后置。
（beautiful,adopted）一个句子修饰另一个词时，如：a boy standing under the tree.可见英文中，所有的词组和句子在修饰一个单词时一定是后置的。
(which may help you pass the exam,standing under the tree.)看到这里，问题来了：因为英文中所有的定语从句都是放在被修饰词后面的，而中文是放在前面的，所以英译中时，一般需要将定语从句放到被修饰词前面翻译。
（前置译法）如：a book which may help you pass the exam.一本能帮助你通过考试的书。
当然也有将定语从句放到被修饰词后的译法（后置译法），之后再讨论。
二：中英文语序差异：先看一段话：中国作为一个发展中的大国高度重视中美两国之间的友谊。
翻译1：China is a major developing country and attaches great importance to the bilateral relations between China and the U.S.翻译2：As a major developing country,China attaches great importance to the bilateral relations between China and the U.S.这两种翻译看上去都是对的，因为两种都不影响理解。
定语从句英文翻译方法
定语从句英文翻译方法定语从句英文翻译方法定语从句，一个简单句跟在一名词或代词后（先行词）进行修饰限定，就叫做定语从句。
下面是店铺为大家整理的定语从句英文翻译方法，欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。
一、前置译法如果一个定语从句在句中的作用是修饰和限定名词，那么通常就采取译为前置定语的方法。
但注意译成前置定语后既不能影响原文所表达的意思，还要使整个句子的表达言简意赅、连贯通顺、语气较强。
例句：Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.译文：水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。
在前置译法的过程中如果定语从句中的谓语不含有具体意义，可省译从句中的谓语。
这种译法很简便，也很有效。
有时候，出于汉语行文的需要和逻辑关系方面的考虑，可将定语从句提在主语之前翻译，用来说明情况，但不作为被修饰名词的定语。
例句：There are also great advantages that come from the variety of culture brought by settlers from other lands.译文：移民从个地方带来了多种文化，产生了极大的好处。
二、后置译法我们都知道，英语中很多定语从句都是为了连接两个具有共同名词的句子而存在的，因此在翻译时最好分为两个分句。
而对于起限定作用的定语从句，如果结构较为复杂，句子太长，无法译成前置的定语，最后就译成一个后置的并列分句，这样更合乎汉语的习惯。
例句：Our war against terror is a contest of will in which perseverance is power.译文：我们的反恐战争是一场意志力的较量。
在这场较量中，不屈不挠的精神就是力量。
结构较复杂的定语从句常译成后置的并列分句，在多数情况下要重译先行词，或即便句子不长，出于某种原因需要强调先行词，也要重译先行词。
英语定语从句的汉译
英语定语从句的汉译英语和汉语分属两种不同的语系，其差别很大，翻译起来有诸多困难，英语定语从句的汉译便是困难之一。
由于定语从句在英语中应用十分广泛，因此，我们必须想办法、找方法、寻规律，从而很好地解决它。
一、限制性定语从句限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行项起限制作用，在意义上与先行项密切不可分。
如被省去，主句的意思就含糊不清，甚至变得毫无意义。
关系词和先行项之间一般不用逗号分隔。
（一）定语词组①I have but one lamp by which my feed are guided.我只有一盏指路明灯。
②It was so with the vast railroad yards with the crowded array of vessels she saw in the river.火车站广大的场地，河里鳞次梯比的船只，她也同样不能理解。
③Before following her in her round of seeking,let us look at the sphare in which her future was to lie.我们暂且把她找寻工作的事搁下来不谈，先看一看她的前途所寄托的这个世界。
④…and the thread which bound her so lightly to girlhood and home were irretrievably broken ……而那些把她和少女时代以及故乡轻轻系住的柔丝，不得不就此断绝了。
翻译这类从句，常常是将关系词省去，在句未加“的”字，放在被修饰项之前。
当然，也可视其情况不用“的”字，如①和②。
这种译法用得普遍，尤其适用于译简短的定语从句（二）并列从句1）省略英语的先行项①The lungs are subjecd to several diseases which are treatable by surgery.肺易受几种疾病的侵袭，但均可经手术治疗。
定语从句翻译
定语从句翻译定语从句的翻译(1): 较短的限制性定语从句可译成带“的”的定语词组。
在英语中，定语从句很常见，有的结构比较简单，有的结构相当复杂，有的与先行词关系密切(限制性)，有的与先行词关系不甚密切(非限制性)，有的定语从句还具有原因、结果、让步、目的、条件、假设等意义。
英语的定语从句种类较多，翻译时有比较大的灵活性，可根据其结构和含义采用不同的译法。
限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，尤其是一些较短的限制性定语从句，没有它主句的意义便不完整，可按照汉语定语前置的习惯将其译成带“的”的定语词组，放在先行词的前面。
例如：1. The boy who just went out is my nephew.刚出去的那个孩子是我的侄儿。
2. The book I read this morning is a dictionary.我今天上午看的那本书是词典。
3. He is the only one among us that knows French.他是我们中惟一懂法语的人。
4. The house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired.屋顶坏了的屋子现在已经修好。
5. Shanghai is the place where he was born.上海是他出生的地方。
6. I know the reason why he came late.我知道他来迟的原因。
练习:People who cannot distinguishbetween colours are said to becolour-blinded.We must know such symbols which are used to represent chemical elements.定语从句的翻译(2)：非限制性定语从句或较长的限制性定语从句可译成后置的并列分句。
非限制性定语从句用来对先行词作附加说明，在文字上一般有逗号与先行词隔开，与先行词的关系较为松散。
定语从句的翻译
• 例 They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased. • 译 他们制定出一种新方法，采用之后生产 已迅速得到提高。 • 例 Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully, which showed that the computations were accurate. • 译 不过，问题还是圆满的解决了。这说明 计算很准。
3.融合法
• By mixture here we mean combining the principal clause and the attributive clause into a single Chinese sentence without any distinction. Some restrictive clauses can simply be merged with the rest of the sentences. This method is usually adopted in translating English" there be …” structure. • 融合法就是把原句的主句同定语从句融合在一起， 融合法就是把原句的主句同定语从句融合在一起， 使定语从句成为主句的一个成分， 使定语从句成为主句的一个成分，用一个独立的 汉语句子进行表述的翻译方法。 汉语句子进行表述的翻译方法。这种情况多见于 限定性定语从句， 限定性定语从句，因为限定性定语从句和主句的 关系比较密切。 关系比较密切。
• 例 The newswoman wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to shipwreck. • 译 这位女记者想写篇文章，以便 能引起公众对那起沉船事件的注意。 （译成目的状语从句）
英语定语从句的翻译(学生)
英语定语从句的翻译一、定语从句的翻译（一）前置法1）Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with.污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切的问题。
2）A youngster who has no playmates of his age living nearby may benefit greatly from attending nursery school.（二）后置法A．重复关系代词所代替的先行词1）They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.2）Each team plays ten or eleven games each season which begins in September and ends in November.B．省略关系代词，把定语从句译成并列谓语3）It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle.4）Some of the energy is converted into heat, which helps to maintain our body temperature at about 37℃.C．把关系代词译成人称代词5）We have seen many chemical changes, from which physical changes are different.6）It was an old woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.D．当关系代词指整个主句时，应把关系代词译成指示代词“这”7）The activity was postponed, which was exactly what we wanted.8）Salt is crystalized from sea water, which is known to be a physical change.（三）融合法1）There is somebody waiting for you who I think might be one of your friends from your native town.有个人在外面等你，我想这个人可能是你家乡的一位朋友。
定语从句的翻译
定语从句的翻译
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前置法
省略法
后置法
前置法
一般适用于限定性定语从
句， 一些句子较短、句意较简 单的非限制性定语从句 翻译成“的”的词2.直接把定语从句承
0609
The
nonmaterial culture is that portion of the environment which surrounds man and which has an impact on his behavior but which lacks these material properties: values, beliefs, traditions, and all the other habits and ideas invented and acquired by man as a member of society. 非物质文化是环境的一部分，存在于人们周围 并影响其行为，但缺少上述物质属性：价值、 信念、传统、以及所有其它由作为社会成员的 人创造并习得的习惯和思想。
接上文的翻译
重复法
两步： 重复先行词
译成并列分句，或独立
成句
综合译法~~~
00-08五大经
典定语从句
（1）0003第三句 An organization that has open lines of communication with valid, honest information going up, down, and throughout the organization will be much more effective and a much better place to work than the organization that attempts to restrict the flow of information or distort and deceive.
定语从句的翻译
定语从句的翻译英语从句是英语各类从句中较为常见的一种，引导定语从句的关系代词包括that，which，who，whose，whom等，关系副词包括when，where，why等。
英语的定语从句可长可短，结构繁简不一，在翻译时应根据不同情况采用不同的方法。
1．英汉定语语序的比较英语句式是从左到右（LR）的句尾开放式，呈顺线性扩展。
英语是后置语序，定语可以后置。
实际上，英语的定语成分除单词外，多数都要置于中心词之后。
正因为呈右开放式，定语从句可以向右无限扩展，从而也造成的句子结构便是头大尾小，像只开屏的孔雀。
而汉语句子的语序正好相反，当然，汉语没有定语从句之说。
作为修饰成分的定语，无论其长短，习惯上都要置于中心词之前，也不能像英语的定语从句那样向右无限扩展。
汉语的句子是从右到左（RL）的句首开放式，呈逆线性扩展，形成头大尾小的狮子头，用“……的”结构表示。
但是，如果“……的……的”太多，就会不知所云，影响对整个句子的理解，也不符合汉语句子短小精悍的特点。
基于英汉语序及定语结构的不同，以及各自语言表达习惯的差异，在翻译英语定语从句，特别是复杂的长句时，要正确理解原文，确切表达，钻进去，跳出来。
大量的翻译实践证明，以下几种译法能较好地处理各种形式的定语从句。
2．定语从句的基本翻译方法定语从句有的结构比较简单，有的结构相当复杂，有的与先行词关系密切，有的和先行词关系不甚密切，有的定语从句还具有原因、结果、让步、目的、条件、假设等意义。
那么，一般情况，常见的英语定语从句分为限制性定语从句(关系比较密切的)和非限制性定语从句两种，由关系代词或者关系副词来引导，放在它所修饰的先行词后面。
先行词是指带定语从句的那个词或短语，关系词是指引导定语从句的词。
因此，定语从句的翻译就涉及到这两种从句的译法。
英语定语从句的翻译比较灵活，可根据其结构和含义采用不同的译法。
(1) 逆序合并法在定语从句句式较短的情况下(一般在10词以内)，翻译时，不按原文的顺序而把置于后面的定语从句译到前面，合并于主句中译成“……的”结构，使译文结构更为紧凑，语意更为连贯。
定语从句英译汉的方法
定语从句英译汉的方法
定语从句是英语中一个非常重要的语法结构。
它能够让我们在句子中描述或限定一个特定的人或物。
在英译汉中，正确理解和使用定语从句是非常关键的。
下面介绍一些定语从句英译汉的方法。
一、理解定语从句的构成
在英语中，定语从句通常由关系代词或关系副词引导，例如：who, whom, whose, that, which, where, when等。
在翻译定语从句时，需要理解关系代词或关系副词在句子中的作用以及其所代表的含义。
二、理解定语从句的作用
定语从句的作用是为主句中的名词或代词进行修饰或限定。
因此，在翻译定语从句时，需要根据主句中的名词或代词来判断定语从句的作用和意义。
三、注意定语从句和主句的顺序
在英语中，定语从句通常出现在主句之后。
但在中文中，定语从句通常出现在主句之前。
因此，在翻译定语从句时，需要注意调整定语从句和主句的顺序，以保证翻译的正确性和流畅性。
四、注意翻译定语从句的语序
在定语从句中，关系代词或关系副词通常在从句中起到重要的作用。
因此，在翻译定语从句时，需要保留关系代词或关系副词的位置和作用。
同时，需要注意翻译定语从句的语序，以保证其与主句的语序相符。
总之，在英译汉中，正确理解和使用定语从句是非常重要的。
需要注意定语从句的构成、作用以及语序，以保证翻译的准确性和流畅性。
定语从句 第九次课
定语从句：精讲定语从句1，定义一只丑陋的狗an ugly dog一个木头腿; a wood leg一个在船上的人: a in the boat man/ one man in the boat修饰名词的就是定语：包括形容词，名词，介词短语，修饰名词的这一类都是定语。
2，扩展Oneman in the boatI know one man who is in the boat.后面的定语从属于整个主要句子的成分，就是定语从句我们把修饰名词或者代词的句子就叫做定语从句结构：被修饰名词/代词（先行词）+关系词+句子I know a man(先行词) who（关系词）is in the boat定语从句如果不理解，我们反向思考一下I know a clever boy我知道一个他喜欢的孩子I know a_____boy，“他喜欢”，放这里太长，就放在后面去，这一坨就成了I know a boy he likes缺了连词，要显示后面是从句，小跟班，前面的是主句，修饰名词做定语，所以一定要一个连词I know a boy who he likes.3,定语从句的合成方法定语从句的连词汇总：E.g. I know a boy_who__isclever.I know a boy是主句，后面红色的就是从句，连词引导的从句，那么连词是属于从句的，那么我们再来看用哪个连词？从句也是一句话，我们先来看从句的连词是做什么成分？is谓语，clever表语，那么连词是做主语。
作主语：who, which, thatI know a book which__ is interestingI know a book__that is interestingE.g.I know a boy_whom__ she hates连词在定语从句中，做什么成分？作宾语，她讨厌，她讨厌谁呢？作宾语：whomthatE.g. I know a book___ she bought yesterday.我知道一本书，她买的一本书，定语从句缺宾语，所以用thatE.g. I know a boy___ brother is 15.定语从句的主谓宾都有了，brother是名词，什么可以修饰名词呢？形容词，所以这里缺形容词，先行词只有whose=the boy’sI know a room___ window is clean ( whose=the room’s) 好，接下来我们总结做主语：人（who，that）物（which，that）做宾语：人（who，whom，that）物（which，that）定语，修饰名词：whose如果抽象，没关系，我们来看句子！I know a shop which/ that is near my homeThis is the book which/ that he likes very much.He is a boy who/ that likes helping other people.The man whom/ that I talked to was a singer.He is a policeman whom bad guys are afraid ofIt is a house whose window is brokenI like the teacher whose hair style is unique接下来，我们把两个简单句变成一个定语从句，对于写作非常重要1, I know a manhe is in the boat口诀；一找二删三替四放一找：A man= he (先行词)二删：去掉重复的he三用关系词替代先行词：用who替代he(关系词)四放在一起合成句子：I know a man who is in the boat.2, I received a letter last weekThe letter is very importantI received a letter which is very important.3, He’s the manthe man bought those books接下来我们看考点：1, the young man___ is a friend of mine.A, I had a talk B, whom I had a talk withC, which I had a talk with D, who I had a talk2, do you know the girl___ is reading a book under the tree A, who B, whom C, / D, which3，whatareyou doing?I am looking for a book___ cover is redA, which B, who C, whose D, that4, the blouse___ is made of silk is expensive. I can’t afford it. A,/ B, who C, whose D, which5, a plane is a machine___ can flyA, / B, that C, who D, whose6, they talked about the things and people___were unforgettable. A, which B, who C, / D, that7, is oxygen the only gas___ helps fire burn?A, that B, / C, which D, it当被修饰的名词前面有最高级或者only我们一律用that 8, this is the best book___ was written by himA, which B, that C, who D, /9，the children like the second lesson___ is about the universe. A, that B, which C, / D, who10, there is nothing___ I want to sayA, which B，what C，whom D，that11，he is the cleverest boy___ always knows the answer in the class.A, whose B, who C, whom D, that。
定语从句的理解与翻译
定语从句的理解与翻译一般来说，一个句子主要由主语和谓语两大部分所组成，定语在句子中不是主要部分。
但作为名词词组中心语的修饰语，定语在准确理解句子的意义上确实起着非常重要的作用。
在翻译的实践中，很多人经常苦于那些较长的定语，非凡是比较复杂的定语从句和多项定语的顺序排列，觉得无从下手，有时甚至完全脱离了原句的意义，违反了翻译工作中“信为第一”的基本原则。
因此对英汉定语进行一些对比以及讨论一些翻译技巧是很有必要的。
前置定语以及后置定语翻译时侧重点不同；定语从句是英语定语的一大特色，翻译时必须符合汉语的表达习惯。
在此从定语的多种形式和用法方面出发，进行探讨，从而归纳出一些定语翻译的技巧。
一、定语从句（一）定义定语从句（Attributive Clauses）就是用一个句子在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词被称为先行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
如：The $25 billion tax cut that he (Carter) will propose is designed to revive business confidence.卡特将提出的减税二百五十亿美元的计划，目的在于恢复企业界的信心。
Anyone who chooses can apply.有意者均可申请。
I know the man you mean.我知道你说的那个人He is a man whom everybody respects.他是一个大家都尊敬的人.（二）功用定语从句一般是修饰名词或代词的，但间或也可以修饰整个句子或句子的一部分.如：He may have acute appendicitis,in which case he will have to go to hospital and be operated on.他可能得了急性阑尾炎，如果是这样，他就得住院动手术。
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看看下面哪些句是定语从句：
(61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. (62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. e.g：Her hair is the same （color） as her mother's (is )
定语从句的翻译
特殊表现：1.名词+句子（引导词省略） 例1：I collect some books you don't have. I just met the lady I saw last week. 2. 时间名词+when He told us the date when he would finish his work. 对比：He would leave BJ when he finished homework. 3.地点+where 4. reason\factor\cause\account 等+why 5. 介词+which +句子 例：This is the book for which you asked. ----- This is the book which you asked for.
确定“代词”
1.直接对应汉语代词， 2. 需指代明确时”就近+一致原则“确定； e.g. New source of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past.
That 引导的从句
1. that 前面是动词时，后为宾语从句； 2. that 如果放在句子中不做成分，汉语句首，引导的是主 语从句； 3.that 前面的如果是名词： that 在句子中不充当任何成分，后面的句子是完整的；后 面句子内容常常可以用“是”“”也就是说“等连接起 来； that在句子中充当一定的成分； 另外：so +adj\adv +that 从句 such +n\n短语+that 从句 当that 前面是 一个动词词组，改词组= suggest\conclude\assume\state etc 可以看成宾语从 句；
看这些that 引导的是什么从句
• Those who support the “nature”side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biologyical factors. • Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blcks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.
请你来给分
1．另外，人类具有调适生活的能力，这样，易于反对所有其
他的生命形式进入他们自己奇怪的思想和幻想中。 2．并且，人类具有能力改变适应他们的环境，其它的生命形 式也适应人类的愿望和爱好。 3．更进一步说，人们有改变他们所生活的环境的能力，这使 得人们随着他们的想法和爱好来安排其他所有的生活方式。 4．而且，人类还有改造他们所居住的环境的能力，这样，使 其他的生命都服从于他们特有的思维和想法。 5．不仅如此，人类还有改造他们所处的环境的能力，这就是 以人类自身所特有的观念和喜好来改造其他所有生命形式。
看看这句：
• This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail（s）.
Proper noun of Characters \Celebrities (2)
Galileo Greeks Socratic Einstein Darwin \Darwinism 伽利略 希腊人 苏格拉底 爱因斯坦 达尔文\学说 音译： Pearson Tylor Whorf Boas and Sapir Joshua Greenberg Chomsky Plato Aristotle Baconic Freud Martin Luther King Obarma Clinton Seoul Honda Mencius Sheraton Hotel
确定“代词”(2)
Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment （0.5 score） in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
前置法 sample 1
Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas 是定语从句（2）：
（63）The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. (64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought ma society.
定语从句的翻译
----- 考研阅读翻译最热门考点
定语从句翻译概论 --- 找定语从句
主要表现： 名词（名词性代词those,some,all等）+that，which， who，whom，whose； 例1：Space and oceans are the new world that scientists are trying to explore. His laughter, which was infectious, broke the slience. Those who have never tasted what is bitter do not know what is sweet. The boys whose names were called stood up.
Old Continent