The Strategies of Grassland Management in Farms of Northeastern Part of Poland
牧草作物生产加工与利用英语作文
牧草作物生产加工与利用英语作文Grassland Crop Production, Processing, and UtilizationGrasslands are a vital component of the global ecosystem, providing essential resources for livestock production, wildlife habitats, and the maintenance of ecological balance. The efficient production, processing, and utilization of grassland crops are crucial for ensuring food security, supporting sustainable agricultural practices, and preserving the natural environment. In this essay, we will explore the various aspects of grassland crop production, processing, and utilization, highlighting the importance of these processes in the modern agricultural landscape.Grassland Crop ProductionThe production of grassland crops is a complex and multifaceted process that requires a deep understanding of the local climate, soil conditions, and the specific needs of the targeted plant species. Proper soil preparation, seed selection, and planting techniques are essential for ensuring the successful establishment and growth of grassland crops. Factors such as rainfall, temperature, and nutrient availability must be carefully monitored and managed to optimize crop yields.One of the primary challenges in grassland crop production is the management of weeds, pests, and diseases. The use of integrated pest management strategies, which combine cultural, biological, and chemical control methods, can help to mitigate these threats and maintain the overall health and productivity of the grassland ecosystem. Additionally, the implementation of sustainable grazing practices, such as rotational grazing and rest-rotation systems, can help to maintain the balance between plant growth and livestock needs, ensuring the long-term viability of the grassland.Grassland Crop ProcessingOnce the grassland crops have been harvested, the next step is the processing and storage of the raw materials. This stage involves a range of activities, including drying, baling, and silage production, all of which are designed to preserve the nutritional value and extend the shelf life of the harvested biomass.Drying is a crucial step in the processing of grassland crops, as it reduces the moisture content and prevents the growth of harmful microorganisms. Various drying techniques, such as natural air drying, forced-air drying, and solar drying, can be employed depending on the local climate and the specific needs of the crop. Baling is another common processing method, where the dried biomass is compressed into dense, manageable units for storage andtransportation.Silage production is a particularly important process in grassland crop utilization, as it allows for the preservation of fresh, high-quality forage for use during periods of low pasture availability. The ensiling process involves the anaerobic fermentation of the harvested biomass, which results in the production of lactic acid and the preservation of the plant's nutritional value. Proper silage management, including the use of appropriate additives and the maintenance of optimal moisture and pH levels, is essential for ensuring the quality and palatability of the final product.Grassland Crop UtilizationThe utilization of grassland crops is a multifaceted process that encompasses a variety of applications, including livestock feeding, bioenergy production, and the development of value-added products.Livestock feeding is perhaps the most well-known and widespread use of grassland crops. The high-quality forage produced from grasslands can be used to supplement the diets of a wide range of livestock species, including cattle, sheep, goats, and horses. The nutritional value of the forage, which is rich in proteins, carbohydrates, and essential vitamins and minerals, can significantly improve the health and productivity of the animals.In addition to livestock feeding, grassland crops can also be utilized for bioenergy production. The biomass generated from grasslands can be converted into various forms of biofuel, such as biogas, bioethanol, and biodiesel, through processes like anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis. The use of grassland-derived bioenergy can help to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels and contribute to the development of a more sustainable energy landscape.Finally, grassland crops can also be used to create a wide range of value-added products, such as building materials, insulation, and even cosmetic and pharmaceutical ingredients. The unique properties of certain grassland species, such as their high fiber content or the presence of bioactive compounds, can be leveraged to develop innovative and sustainable products that cater to the growing demand for eco-friendly alternatives.ConclusionThe production, processing, and utilization of grassland crops are essential components of a sustainable and resilient agricultural system. By optimizing these processes, we can ensure the efficient use of natural resources, support the livelihoods of rural communities, and contribute to the preservation of the global environment. As we continue to face the challenges of population growth, climate change, and resource scarcity, the importance ofgrassland crop management will only continue to grow, making it a critical area of focus for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners alike.。
关于草原的资料
关于草原的资料1. 草原的定义和特征草原是指一种气候和地理环境条件下的植被类型，主要由草本植物组成的生态系统。
草原常见于干旱或半干旱地区的平原、丘陵和山地，是地球上最广阔的自然生态系统之一。
草原的特征包括：•植被类型：主要由草本植物组成，少量灌木和禾本科植物。
•土壤条件：草原的土壤通常肥沃，含有丰富的养分和有机质。
•平坦开阔：草原地形较为平坦，没有大范围的高低起伏。
•降水量和水分供应：草原地区的降水量通常适中，有利于植物生长。
•温度和气候：草原地区的温度较为适宜，具有明显的四季变化。
2. 全球草原分布全球各大洲都存在着不同类型的草原，尤以南美洲、北美洲、非洲和亚洲草原最为广泛。
以下是全球几个著名的草原地区：2.1 欧亚大草原欧亚大草原，也称为“大草原带”，是世界上最大的连续草原带之一，横跨俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦和蒙古等国家。
这个地区的草原植被种类繁多，有大片的草地和稀疏的树木。
欧亚大草原是世界上最重要的草原资源之一，也是牧业发达的地区。
2.2 大漠草原大漠草原位于蒙古国和中国北方的河套地区，是世界上最大的内陆沙漠之一。
这个地区的草原植被较为稀疏，适应干燥和寒冷的环境条件。
大漠草原是蒙古人民的传统牧区，也是各种野生动物的栖息地。
2.3 美洲大草原美洲大草原，又称为美国草原，位于北美洲的美国中部和加拿大西部。
这个地区的草原面积广阔，植物种类繁多，是美国牧业的中心地区之一。
美洲大草原也是野生动物保护区，许多珍稀的动物在这里生活。
3. 草原生态系统的重要性草原生态系统在地球上发挥着重要的作用，对环境和人类社会具有重要的价值。
3.1 保持土壤和水源草原植被覆盖稀密，但根系发达，能够稳定土壤，防止水土流失。
草原还能够吸收大量的降水，为地下水补给提供源源不断的水源。
3.2 碳储存和气候调节草原是重要的碳储存区，草原植物吸收大量的二氧化碳，并将其储存在植物组织和土壤中。
草原的存在还能够调节气候，减少极端天气的发生。
战略管理双语资料
战略管理双语资料(共71页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--Chapter 1 Strateg ic Ma n a gem e nt a nd Str a tegic Com pe titiven e ss ................... 错误!未定义书签。
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The critique of the rational model .................................................. 错误!未定义书签。
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治理草地退化的措施
治理草地退化的措施引言草地是重要的生态系统组成部分，对环境稳定和生物多样性的维持具有重要作用。
然而，由于人类活动和气候变化等因素的影响，草地退化现象日益严重。
为了维护草地生态系统的健康，我们需要采取一系列的措施来治理草地退化问题。
了解草地退化的原因了解草地退化的原因对于制定正确的治理措施至关重要。
以下是可能导致草地退化的一些常见原因：1.过度放牧：过量的牲畜放牧会导致草地过度利用，使土壤脆弱且容易受到侵蚀，进而引发草地退化。
2.土地过度利用：过度耕种、过量施肥等土地利用行为会破坏草地的生态平衡，导致退化。
3.外来入侵物种：某些外来入侵物种，如杂草，会抢夺草地植被的生存空间，导致草地退化。
4.气候变化：全球气候变暖导致干旱和水资源不足，进一步促使草地退化。
治理草地退化的措施为了治理草地退化问题，我们可以采取以下措施：1. 合理管理放牧过度放牧是导致草地退化的主要原因之一。
因此，合理管理放牧是治理草地退化的重要措施之一。
具体措施如下：•制定合理的放牧计划，包括放牧的时间、范围和密度等。
•设置合理的单位面积牲畜数量，避免过度放牧。
•实施轮牧制度，使放牧区得到合理休养，有利于草地恢复。
2. 促进土壤保护和改良草地退化往往与土壤质量下降有关。
因此，保护和改良土壤是治理草地退化的重要环节。
以下是一些建议的措施：•合理利用有机肥料和农业废弃物，改善土壤质量。
•实施旋作与间作，避免连作导致土壤养分缺乏。
•适时施用矿质肥料，补充土壤中缺失的关键营养元素。
•加强水土保持措施，如建设沟壑防护带、栽植护坡植物等，减少土壤侵蚀。
3. 控制外来入侵物种外来入侵物种是导致草地退化的重要原因之一。
为了控制外来入侵物种，我们可以采取以下措施：•监测外来入侵物种的扩散情况，及时进行防控。
•采用物理和生物方法，如人工清除和引入天敌，来减少外来入侵物种的影响。
•提倡禁止种植和销售具有潜在风险的外来植物。
4. 推动生态恢复和植被保护生态恢复和植被保护对于治理草地退化至关重要。
我国草地退化原因及治理对策
我国草地退化原因及治理对策作者：孙小富唐华江杨红文廖加法宋福元王勇来源：《安徽农业科学》2024年第09期摘要我国拥有草地面积近4亿hm2，占国土面积的40%以上。
草地在畜牧业和环境保护方面发挥着重要作用。
尽管我国已经采取了许多措施来遏制草地退化，但由于过度放牧、滥用耕地以及气候变化等因素，草地退化依然在广泛蔓延。
对我国草地退化的现状进行了具体分析，并对草地退化机理、草地生态系统功能、草地退化诊断方法、草地恢复与改善、利用地理空间技术进行草地管理等进行了探讨。
同时，结合我国草地退化的基本现状，深入分析了草地退化原因、表现特征和治理对策，以期为我国草地生态系统的恢复提供理论支撑，指导退化草地的改良和修复，推动我国草地生态畜牧业持续发展。
关键词草地退化；放牧；改良；监测；对策中图分类号 S812.6 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611（2024）09-0039-06doi：10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2024.09.010开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）：The Causes of Grassland Degradation and Countermeasures in ChinaSUN Xiao-fu1，TANG Hua-jiang2，YANG Hong-wen1 et al（1.Weining Plateau Grassland Test Station，Weining，Guizhou 553100;2.Guizhou Institute of Prataculture，Guiyang，Guizhou 550006）Abstract The grassland area is nearly 400 million hm2 in China，accounting for more than 40% of the land area.Grassland plays an important role in animal husbandry and environmental protection.Although China has taken many measures to curb grassland degradation，grassland degradation is still widely spreading due to overgrazing，abuse of arable land，climate change and other factors.In this paper，the present situation of grassland degradation in China was analyzed in detail.At the same time，the grassland degradation mechanism，the grassland ecosystem function，the grassland degradation diagnosis methods，the grassland restoration and improvement，the utilization of geospatial technology and the grassland management methods were discussed in depth.What’s more，the roots of grassland degradation，the characteristics of grassland degradation，and the control strategies of grassland degradation were analyzed deeply based on the basic situation of grassland degradation in China.The research results not only provide theoretical support for the restoration of grassland ecosystem，but also guide the improvement and restoration of degraded grassland and promote the sustainable development of the grassland ecological animal husbandry in China.Key words Grassland degradation;Grazing;Improvement;Monitoring;Countermeasures基金项目贵州省科技厅科技支撑计划项目（黔科合支撑〔2018〕2261号）；贵州省农业农村厅农业产业绿色发展项目“生态牧场建设技术示范推广”。
草地勘测技术报告范文模板
草地勘测技术报告范文模板Title: Template for a Grassland Survey Technical Report.Introduction:Grassland survey plays a crucial role in understanding the ecological dynamics and management of grassland ecosystems. This report aims to provide a template for conducting a comprehensive grassland survey, including the methodology, data analysis, and interpretation. The report will be presented in both English and Chinese languages,with the English version presented first, followed by the Chinese version.英文回答：Methodology:1. Selection of Study Area:Identify the target grassland area based on specific research objectives and geographical considerations.Consider factors such as accessibility,representative vegetation types, and land management practices.2. Field Data Collection:Conduct a systematic sampling approach to ensure representative data.Use appropriate sampling techniques such as quadrat sampling or transect sampling.Record relevant environmental variables, including soil characteristics, topography, and land use patterns.Collect data on plant species composition, abundance, and diversity using standardized protocols.3. Laboratory Analysis:Process and identify plant specimens collected in the field.Analyze soil samples for nutrient content, pH, and other relevant parameters.Use appropriate statistical tools to analyze data, including species richness, diversity indices, and community composition.Results and Discussion:1. Vegetation Analysis:Present the species composition, abundance, and diversity of the grassland.Discuss any patterns or trends observed in the data.Compare the results with previous studies or established benchmarks.2. Soil Analysis:Provide an overview of soil characteristics, such as nutrient content and pH.Discuss the implications of soil conditions on grassland vegetation.3. Ecological Interpretation:Interpret the findings in the context of grassland ecology and management.Discuss the potential impacts of human activities on grassland health and biodiversity.Propose recommendations for grassland conservation and management strategies.Conclusion:Summarize the main findings of the grassland survey and their implications for grassland management and conservation. Highlight any limitations or areas forfurther research.中文回答：方法：1. 研究区域的选择：根据具体的研究目标和地理考虑确定目标草地区域。
和保护草原有关的英语短文
和保护草原有关的英语短文Grasslands, often referred to as the "lungs of the Earth," play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance. They are home to a diverse array of flora and fauna, and they also serve as a significant carbon sink, absorbing andstoring carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, thesevast stretches of land are under threat due to variousfactors such as overgrazing, climate change, and human development.The preservation of grasslands is not just an environmental imperative but also a social and economic one. Many indigenous communities rely on these ecosystems fortheir livelihoods, and the health of the grasslands isdirectly linked to their well-being.One of the key strategies in protecting grasslands is sustainable land management. This involves implementing practices that prevent soil erosion, promote biodiversity,and maintain the natural water cycle. For instance,rotational grazing can help to prevent overgrazing, allowing the grasses to regrow and thrive.Education and awareness are also vital. By informing the public about the importance of grasslands and the threatsthey face, we can garner support for conservation efforts.This can be achieved through educational programs, community outreach, and media campaigns.Moreover, the establishment of protected areas, such as national parks and reserves, can provide a safe haven for grassland ecosystems. These areas are managed to ensure the long-term survival of the species that call them home and to maintain the ecological functions of the grasslands.Policy and legislation play a critical role in grassland conservation. Governments can enact laws that regulate land use, limit pollution, and promote sustainable practices. International cooperation is also essential, as grassland conservation is a global issue that transcends borders.Finally, the support of local communities is indispensable. Engaging with indigenous peoples and local residents to develop community-based conservation initiatives can lead to more effective and sustainable outcomes. By involving these communities in the decision-making process, we can ensure that their needs and perspectives are takeninto account.In conclusion, the protection of grasslands is a multifaceted challenge that requires a combination of sustainable land management, education, policy enforcement, and community involvement. By working together, we can help to preserve these vital ecosystems for future generations.。
incorporating grassland management in a global -回复
incorporating grassland management in aglobal -回复如何将草地管理纳入全球议程中第一步：认识草地管理的重要性草地是地球上最广泛的生态系统之一，占据了全球陆地面积的40以上。
草地不仅为许多动物提供了栖息地，还对水循环和碳循环具有重要影响。
此外，草地还是农业的重要基础，为人类提供食物和生计。
然而，由于人类活动，许多草地正面临着严重的威胁。
过度放牧、过度开垦和气候变化等因素导致草地退化和土地沙漠化。
这对于全球生态系统的稳定和人类的可持续发展造成了巨大的风险。
第二步：制定国际草地管理政策要将草地管理纳入全球议程中，国际社会需要制定和实施一系列政策和行动计划。
这些政策应涉及草地保护、生态恢复、可持续管理和农牧业发展等方面。
以下是几个关键目标：1. 保护草地生态系统：各国政府应加大力度保护草地生态系统，设立自然保护区和野生动植物保护区，并创造有利于草地恢复和保护的法律框架。
2. 提倡可持续管理：为了保护草地生态系统，农牧业活动应采取可持续管理措施。
包括合理放牧、旋转放牧、土壤保护措施和农牧业的科学规划等。
3. 推进生态恢复：国际社会应加强对已退化草地的生态恢复工作。
通过植被恢复、土壤改良和水资源管理等方法，帮助草地恢复生态功能。
4. 支持农牧民发展：为了实现草地的可持续管理，国际社会应提供技术培训和经济支持，帮助农牧民实现可持续发展，同时提高他们的环境意识。
第三步：建立全球合作机制要在全球范围内有效管理草地，国际社会需要建立起跨国界的合作机制。
以下是几个建议：1. 国际合作组织：建立国际合作组织，例如联合国草地保护组织，促进不同国家间的经验交流和技术合作。
2. 知识共享：各国政府和科研机构应该加强知识共享，分享草地管理的最佳实践和创新技术。
3. 资金支持：国际社会应提供资金支持，帮助贫穷国家改善草地管理和保护能力。
4. 议程推动：国际社会各方应将草地管理纳入全球议程，促使各国政府和组织将其作为重要议题来关注和解决。
森林防护草原的作文题目
森林防护草原的作文题目English response:Forest conservation and grassland protection arecrucial for maintaining the ecological balance and overall health of the planet. Forests act as carbon sinks, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and releasing oxygen, which is essential for life on Earth. They also regulate the water cycle, prevent soil erosion, and provide habitat for a vast array of plant and animal species. Grasslands, on the other hand, support diverse ecosystems, including grazing animals, birds, and insects. They play a vital role in preventing desertification, maintaining soil fertility, and providing food and shelter for livestock.To effectively protect forests and grasslands, various strategies can be implemented. One approach is to establish protected areas, such as national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, where human activities are restricted or prohibited. This helps to preserve these valuableecosystems and the species that depend on them. Another strategy is to promote sustainable land management practices, such as rotational grazing and controlled burning, which can help to maintain the health and productivity of grasslands. Additionally, reforestation and afforestation efforts can be undertaken to restore degraded forests and increase the overall forest cover.Education and awareness campaigns are also essentialfor fostering public support for forest and grassland conservation. By raising awareness about the importance of these ecosystems and the threats they face, individuals can be motivated to take action to protect them. This can include reducing deforestation, practicing responsible grazing, and supporting conservation organizations.Overall, the protection of forests and grasslands is a multifaceted endeavor that requires a collaborative effort from governments, organizations, and individuals. By implementing effective conservation strategies, raising awareness, and promoting sustainable land management practices, we can ensure the long-term preservation ofthese vital ecosystems and the benefits they provide to society.中文回答：森林和草原的保护对于维持地球生态平衡和整体健康至关重要。
草原征地办理流程详解
草原征地办理流程详解英文回答：Procedures for Acquiring Grassland Land.1. Land Surveying and Resource Assessment:Conduct a detailed survey of the grassland land, including its size, topography, vegetation, and soil conditions. Assess the availability of water and other natural resources.2. Land Identification and Selection:Identify specific parcels of land within the grassland area that meet the project requirements. Consider factors such as accessibility, suitability for the intended use, and potential environmental impacts.3. Application for Land Allocation:Submit an application to the relevant government agency (e.g., Land Administration Bureau) for the allocation of the selected land parcels. Provide documentation supporting the project proposal and justification for the land use.4. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA):Conduct a comprehensive EIA to assess the potential environmental impacts of the grassland development project. Identify mitigation measures to minimize any negative effects on flora, fauna, and water resources.5. Land Allocation Approval:Obtain approval from the government agency for the land allocation and EIA. This approval confirms theauthorization to use the land for the specified purpose and duration.6. Land Acquisition and Compensation:Negotiate with existing landowners or land users to acquire the land parcels. Determine the compensation or resettlement plan for affected parties, ensuring fair and equitable treatment.7. Land Tenure Arrangement:Establish a formal land tenure arrangement, such as a lease or land use permit, with the government agency. This agreement defines the terms and conditions of land use, including the duration, permitted activities, and any restrictions.8. Land Development and Management:Implement the grassland development project according to the approved plan and environmental guidelines. Ensure sustainable land management practices to maintain the ecological integrity of the grassland ecosystem.9. Monitoring and Evaluation:Establish a monitoring and evaluation framework totrack the progress of the grassland development project and assess its environmental and socio-economic impacts. Regularly review and adjust management strategies as needed.中文回答：草原征地办理流程详解。
森林草原工作计划规范文
森林草原工作计划规范文英文回答：Forest and Grassland Work Plan Guidelines.Introduction:In this work plan, I will outline the guidelines for effectively managing and maintaining forest and grassland areas. These guidelines will ensure the conservation of natural resources, protection of wildlife habitats, and promotion of sustainable land use practices.1. Setting Clear Objectives:To begin with, it is essential to establish clear objectives for the management of forest and grassland areas. These objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART). For example, an objective could be to increase the forest cover by 10% within thenext five years.2. Conducting Regular Assessments:Regular assessments of the forest and grassland areas should be conducted to evaluate their current condition and identify any potential issues or threats. This can be done through field surveys, remote sensing techniques, and consultation with experts. For instance, a vegetation survey can help determine the health and diversity of plant species in the area.3. Developing a Comprehensive Management Plan:Based on the assessments, a comprehensive management plan should be developed. This plan should include strategies for addressing the identified issues, such as invasive species control, wildfire prevention, and soil erosion management. Additionally, the plan should outline the allocation of resources, responsibilities, andtimelines for implementation.4. Engaging Stakeholders:Effective management of forest and grassland areas requires the involvement of various stakeholders, including local communities, government agencies, and environmental organizations. It is important to engage these stakeholders in decision-making processes and seek their input and support. For example, conducting public meetings and workshops can provide a platform for stakeholders to voice their concerns and suggestions.5. Implementing Conservation Practices:Conservation practices should be implemented to protect the natural resources and wildlife habitats in forest and grassland areas. These practices may include reforestation, controlled grazing, habitat restoration, and sustainable harvesting techniques. For instance, promoting sustainable logging practices can ensure the long-term viability of timber resources.6. Monitoring and Evaluation:Regular monitoring and evaluation of the implemented management strategies are crucial to assess their effectiveness and make necessary adjustments. This can be done through data collection, analysis, and feedback from stakeholders. For example, monitoring the population trends of endangered species can help determine the success of conservation efforts.Conclusion:In conclusion, effective management of forest and grassland areas requires clear objectives, regular assessments, comprehensive planning, stakeholder engagement, conservation practices, and monitoring. By following these guidelines, we can ensure the sustainable use and conservation of these valuable ecosystems.中文回答：森林草原工作计划规范文。
incorporating grassland management in a global -回复
incorporating grassland management in aglobal -回复在全球范围内将草地管理纳入考虑的步骤。
第一步：认识草地的重要性和潜力在开始讨论如何将草地管理纳入全球考量之前，我们需要首先认识到草地对我们的世界有着巨大的重要性和潜力。
草地是地球上最广泛的植被类型之一，占据着超过四分之一的陆地表面。
除此之外，草地还提供了许多生态系统服务，比如土壤保持、水资源过滤和气候调节。
此外，草地还是各种动植物的栖息地，保护了生物多样性。
因此，对于我们保护地球和其生态系统的健康发展来说，草地的管理至关重要。
第二步：了解草地管理的挑战草地管理面临着各种挑战。
其中包括土地的过度利用和资源过度消耗、不合理的畜牧和放牧行为、非法砍伐和过度开垦以及气候变化等。
这些挑战给全球草地带来了巨大的压力，威胁到其生态功能和持续使用。
因此，我们需要了解并应对这些挑战，以制定和实施有效的草地管理策略。
第三步：制定全球草地管理目标和指导方针为了将草地管理纳入全球考虑，我们需要制定明确的目标和指导方针。
这些目标和指导方针应包括以下几个方面：1. 保护和恢复草地生态系统功能：通过采取措施保护和恢复草地的生态功能，如还原退化的草地、重新引进适应当地条件的植物物种、控制侵入性物种的扩散等。
2. 促进可持续的草地管理：合理利用草地资源，确保其可持续发展。
这可以通过限制过度利用和过度消耗、改变畜牧和放牧行为、推广可持续的土地管理和农业实践等来实现。
3. 提高草地管理的科学性和技术性：加强科学研究和技术创新，改进草地管理的方法和工具。
这可以涵盖土壤改良、水资源管理、气候调节和动植物保护等方面。
4. 加强国际合作和知识共享：各国应加强合作，共同应对草地管理的挑战。
同时，加强知识共享和技术转让，促进草地管理的全球共识和行动。
第四步：实施可持续的草地管理措施要将草地管理纳入全球考虑，各国需要共同努力，实施可持续的草地管理措施。
基于FLUS和InVEST模型的云贵高原土地利用与生态系统服务时空变化多情景模拟研究
第31卷第3期2024年6月水土保持研究R e s e a r c ho f S o i l a n d W a t e rC o n s e r v a t i o nV o l .31,N o .3J u n .,2024收稿日期:2023-07-03 修回日期:2023-07-26 资助项目:国家自然科学基金项目 喀斯特城市景观格局时空演变及其对山体植物多样性影响的尺度效应 (42061039);贵州大学培育项目 喀斯特山地城市生物多样性维持的景观恢复力机制研究 (贵大培育[2020]46) 第一作者:李井浩(2001 ),男,重庆开州人,硕士研究生,主要从事景观与区域生态研究㊂E -m a i l :3354546236@q q.c o m 通信作者:王志杰(1986 ),男,甘肃会宁人,博士,教授,主要从事景观与区域生态㊁山地生物多样性保护研究㊂E -m a i l :z j w a n g3@g z u .e d u .c n h t t p :ʊs t b c y j .p a p e r o n c e .o r gD O I :10.13869/j .c n k i .r s w c .2024.03.004.李井浩,柳书俊,王志杰.基于F L U S 和I n VE S T 模型的云贵高原土地利用与生态系统服务时空变化多情景模拟研究[J ].水土保持研究,2024,31(3):287-298.L i J i n g h a o ,L i uS h u j u n ,W a n g Z h i j i e .M u l t i -s c e n a r i oS i m u l a t i o no fS p a t i o t e m p o r a lC h a n g e so fL a n d U s eP a t t e r na n d E c o s y s t e m S e r v i c e si n Y u n n a n -G u i z h o uP l a t e a uB a s e do nF L U Sa n d I n V E S T M o d e l s [J ].R e s e a r c ho f S o i l a n d W a t e rC o n s e r v a t i o n ,2024,31(3):287-298.基于F L U S 和I n V E S T 模型的云贵高原土地利用与生态系统服务时空变化多情景模拟研究李井浩1,柳书俊1,王志杰1,2(1.贵州大学生命科学学院,贵阳550025;2.山地植物资源保护与种质创新教育部重点实验室,贵阳550025)摘 要:[目的]探讨云贵高原不同情景下的土地利用与生态系统服务时空变化,为云贵高原土地利用空间格局优化㊁生态系统服务功能提升和可持续发展策略制定提供科学依据㊂[方法]以云贵高原为研究对象,以2001年㊁2010年和2020年3期M C D 12Q 1土地覆被数据为基础数据,辅以自然和社会经济数据,基于A r c G I S ,F L U S 模型和I n V E S T 模型,模拟2030年㊁2040年和2050年自然发展情景㊁生态保护情景和耕地保护情景下的土地利用以及碳储量㊁产水量和土壤保持量3项生态系统服务功能时空分布格局㊂[结果](1)不同情景下云贵高原的土地利用变化以林地持续增加和草地持续减少为主要趋势;耕地保护情景下,耕地面积最高可占总面积的10.38%;生态保护情景下,林草面积在2050年可达总面积的90%㊂(2)3种情景下,云贵高原2020 2050年碳储量和土壤保持量均呈上升趋势,而产水量呈下降趋势㊂生态保护情景下,2050年碳储量预测值最高,为8.13ˑ109t;产水量减少速率显著低于另外两种情景,降幅为0.46%㊂(3)宜昌市㊁普洱市和常德市等市州的生态系统服务供给能力较高;而贵阳市㊁毕节市和安顺市等市州的生态系统服务供给能力较低㊂[结论]云贵高原2020 2050年整体生态系统服务供给能力较好,各项服务功能在不同情景下表现出较强的空间聚集性和异质性㊂云贵高原今后的生态系统服务管理和可持续发展中,应考虑不同生态系统服务功能的空间异质性以及林地面积持续增加可能带来的水资源失衡问题㊂关键词:F L U S 模型;I n V E S T 模型;碳储量;产水量;土壤保持量中图分类号:F 301.2;X 171.1 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1005-3409(2024)03-0287-12M u l t i -s c e n a r i o S i m u l a t i o no f S p a t i o t e m p o r a l C h a n ge s o fL a n dU s e P a t t e r na n dE c o s ys t e mS e r v i c e s i nY u n n a n -G u i z h o uP l a t e a u B a s e do nF L U S a n d I n V E S T M o d e l sL i J i n g h a o 1,L i uS h u j u n 1,W a n g Z h i ji e 1,2(1.C o l l e g e o f L i f eS c i e n c e s ,G u i z h o uU n i v e r s i t y ,G u i y a n g 550025,C h i n a ;2.K e y L a b o r a t o r y o f Pl a n tR e s o u r c e C o n s e r v a t i o na n dG e r m p l a s mI n n o v a t i o n i n M o u n t a i n o u sR e g i o n ,M i n i s t r y o f E d u c a t i o n ,G u i y a n g 550025,C h i n a )A b s t r a c t :[O b j e c t i v e ]T h ea i m so ft h i ss t u d y a r et oe x p l o r et h es p a t i o t e m p o r a lc h a n ge sof l a n du s ea n d e c o s y s t e ms e r v i c e s u n d e r d i f f e r e n t d e v e l o pm e n t s c e n a r i o s o n t h eY u n n a n -G u i z h o uP l a t e a u ,a n d t o p r o v i d e a n i m p o r t a n t s c i e n t i f i c b a s i s f o r o p t i m i z i n g t h e s p a t i a l p a t t e r no f l a n du s e ,i m p r o v i n g t h e f u n c t i o no f e c o s ys t e m s e r v i c e s a n df o r m u l a t i n g s u s t a i n a b l ed e v e l o p m e n t s t r a t e g i e s .[M e t h o d s ]T h eY u n n a n -G u i z h o uP l a t e a u w a s t a k e n a s t h e r e s e a r c ho b j e c t .T h eM C D 12Q 1l a n d c o v e r d a t a o f ph a s e s 2001,2010a n d 2020w e r e t a k e n a s t h e b a s i c d a t a ,a n d t h e n a t u r a l a n d s o c i o -e c o n o m i c d a t aw e r e t a k e n a s t h e a u x i l i a r y d a t a .B a s e d o nA r c G I S ,F L U S m o d e l a n d I n V E S T m o d e l p l a t f o r m ,t h e l a n du s e p a t t e r nc h a n ge p a t t e r n so fY u n n a n -G u i z h o uP l a t e a uf r o m 2001t o2020w e r ea n a l y z e d .T h es p a t i o t e m p o r a ld i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r no f l a n du s ea n dt h es p a t i o t e m po r a lc h a n g e so ft h r e ee c o s y s t e m s e r v i c e sf u n c t i o n(c a r b o ns t o r a g e,w a t e r y i e l da n ds o i lc o n s e r v a t i o n)w e r e s i m u l a t e du nde rt h e N a t u r a l D e v e l o p m e n tS c e n a r i o(N D S),E c o l o g i c a lP r o t e c t i o n S c e n a r i o(E P S)a n d F a r m l a n dP r o t e c t i o nS c e n a r i o(F P S)i n2030,2040a n d2050.[R e s u l t s](1)T h e m a i nt r e n dof l a n du s e s t r u c t u r e i nY u n n a n-G u i z h o uP l a t e a uu n d e r d i f f e r e n t s c e n a r i o sw a s t h e c o n t i n u o u s i n c r e a s e o f f o r e s t l a n d a n d t h e c o n t i n u o u s d e c r e a s e o fg r a s s l a n d.Th e f a r m l a n da r e a c a na c c o u n t f o r10.38%o f t h e t o t a l a r e au n d e r t h e F P S.T h e f o r e s t l a n da n d g r a s s l a n d a r e awi l l r e a c h90%o f t h e t o t a l a r e ab y2050u n d e r t h eE P S.(2)U n d e r t h e t h r e es c e n a r i o s,t h et o t a lc a r b o ns t o r a g ea n ds o i lc o n s e r v a t i o no fe c o s y s t e m s e r v i c e si nt h e Y u n n a n-G u i z h o uP l a t e a u f r o m2020t o2050s h o wa n i n c r e a s i n g t r e n d,w h i l e t h e t o t a lw a t e r y i e l d s h o w s a d e c r e a s i n g t r e n d.U n d e r t h eE P S,t h e p r e d i c t e d v a l u e o f c a r b o n s t o r a g e i n2050w i l l b e t h e h i g h e s t,8.13ˑ109t,a n d t h e r e d u c t i o n r a t eo fw a t e r y i e l d w i l lb es i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e rt h a nt h eo t h e rt w os c e n a r i o s,w i t had e c r e a s eo f 0.46%.(3)Y i c h a n g,P u'e ra n d C h a n g d eh a v eh i g h e re c o s y s t e m s e r v i c e ss u p p l y c a p a c i t y.H o w e v e r,t h e s u p p l y c a p a c i t y o f e c o s y s t e ms e r v i c e s i nG u i y a n g,B ij i e a n dA n s h u n i s l o w.[C o n c l u s i o n]T h e s u p p l y c a p a c i t y o f e c o s y s t e ms e r v i c e s i nt h es t u d y a r e a i sb e t t e r f r o m2020t o2050,a n da l l s e r v i c e f u n c t i o n ss h o ws t r o n g s p a t i a l a g g r e g a t i o na n dh e t e r o g e n e i t y u n d e rd i f f e r e n t s c e n a r i o s.W h e nf o r m u l a t i n g s t r a t e g i e s f o re c o s y s t e m s e r v i c em a n a g e m e n t a n d s u s t a i n a b l ed e v e l o p m e n t i n t h eY u n n a n-G u i z h o uP l a t e a u,t h e s p a t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c so fd i f f e r e n te c o s y s t e m s e r v i c ef u n c t i o n sa n dt h e w a t e rs h o r t a g ec a u s e db y t h ec o n t i n u o u s i n c r e a s e o f f o r e s t a r e a s h o u l db e c o n s i d e r e d.K e y w o r d s:F L U Sm o d e l;I n V E S T m o d e l;c a r b o n s t o r a g e;w a t e r y i e l d;s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n生态系统服务(E c o s y s t e mS e r v i c e s)是生态系统所提供给人类生存所必需的生态产品与服务的统称,包括供给服务㊁调节服务㊁支持服务和文化服务[1],这些服务提供了人类赖以生存和发展的资源环境,是人类可持续发展的重要保障[2]㊂联合国千年评估报告指出全球60%的生态系统服务正在退化或丧失[3],而土地作为承载人类生产与生活的空间载体,其利用与变化可以直接反映人类活动对区域生态系统的影响[4],是直接影响生态系统服务的重要因素[5]㊂在全球气候变化和经济快速发展背景下,人类对土地过度开发和高强度转换土地覆被类型等行为极大地影响了生态系统的结构㊁过程与功能,对生态系统服务的稳定构成了威胁[6]㊂因此,如何基于有限的土地资源,协调生态保护与经济发展之间的关系,合理优化土地利用与生态系统服务空间布局,是实现区域可持续发展亟需解决的问题㊂国内外关于土地利用变化和生态系统服务评估的研究方法已有大量报道㊂土地利用变化预测模拟方面,自20世纪以来,元胞自动机模型(C A)㊁土地利用变化及效应模型(C L U E-S)㊁多智能体系统模型(MA S)和未来土地利用变化情景模拟模型(F u t u r e L a n dU s eS i m u l a t i o n,F L U S)等土地利用变化预测模型被相继提出,其中,F L U S模型模拟不同情景下土地利用变化结果具有较高的模拟精度,被广泛用于土地利用模拟研究中[7]㊂在生态系统服务评估方面, C o s t a n z a等[1]在1997年首次提出了单位面积经济价值参数评估模型,开启了生态系统服务评估的热潮㊂2008年谢高地等[8]在C o s t a n z a等[1]的研究基础上,结合中国实际情况提出了 中国生态系统服务当量因子表 并得到了广泛运用㊂近年来,随着 3S 技术在生态系统服务评估中的运用与发展,涌现出了众多生态系统服务评估模型,如A R I E S模型㊁S o l V E S模型和I n V E S T (I n t e g r a t e dV a l u a t i o no fE c o s y s t e mS e r v i c e s a n dT r a d e-o f f s)模型等[9],其中I n V E S T模型数据需求简单㊁评估精度高㊁结果空间表达清晰,在生态系统服务功能动态评估领域得到了广泛应用[10]㊂近年来,学者们尝试耦合F L U S模型和I n V E S T模型对未来土地利用变化与生态系统服务功能进行预测和评估,并取得了一系列成果㊂例如,任胤铭等[5]采用F L U S-I n-V E S T模型对京津冀地区2045年3种情景下的土地利用变化和多种生态系统服务功能进行模拟,结果表明生态保护情景是最有利于可持续发展的土地利用方案;王超越等[11]运用F L U S-I n V E S T模型探究呼包鄂榆城市群土地利用与碳储量时空变化之间的关系,结果显示生态保护情景下土地利用变化碳储量稳定性最优;邵壮等[12]基于F L U S-I n V E S T模型预测了多种情景下土地利用和碳储量变化,并得出绿色集约生态保护情景下的碳储量预测值最高㊂综上所述,目前基于F L U S-I n V E S T模型预测土地利用和生态系统服务功能时空变化的研究模式主要为单年多情景模式,研究地区主要集中在东部经济发达地区㊁北部干旱区或城市化地区,研究尺度主要集中在市域尺度上,而西南喀斯特山地区域尺度的多年多情景模拟相关研究鲜见㊂882水土保持研究第31卷云贵高原是世界上喀斯特地貌发育最典型地区之一,土地利用结构复杂,地理环境差异显著[13],拥有丰富的动植物资源和多样的生态系统[14],为该地区提供了碳储存㊁水源涵养和土壤保持等多种生态系统服务功能[15]㊂为解决西南山区贫困问题,中国政府自2000年开始实施西部大开发政策,加剧了云贵高原的人类活动和土地利用变化,深刻影响了自然环境和生态系统服务功能[16]㊂近年来,国家越来越重视生态环境的保护并实施了一系列生态保护与恢复措施,如 喀斯特石漠化恢复工程 ㊁ 退耕还林还草工程 和 天然林保护工程 等[17]㊂在此背景下,云贵高原的生态环境质量和生态系统结构得到了改善和优化,显著提高了碳储存㊁土壤保持和净化环境等生态系统服务功能[17]㊂然而,云贵高原未来土地利用与生态系统服务在当下经济发展速度持续加快㊁人为干扰不断增强和生态保护与修复工程不断实施的多重影响下的时空变化尚不明确,且精确刻画云贵高原在不同情景下的土地利用与生态系统服务时空变化的研究鲜有报道㊂因此,评估云贵高原不同情景下的土地利用与生态系统服务时空变化特征对该地区未来生态保护和可持续发展具有重要的实践与科学意义㊂基于此,本研究以云贵高原2001 2020年M O D I S 土地覆被数据集为基础数据,利用F L U S-I n V E S T模型预测云贵高原2020 2050年3种情景下的土地利用和生态系统服务功能空间分布格局,探讨不同情景下土地利用和多项生态系统服务功能时空变化特征,以期为该地区的土地资源可持续利用㊁优化土地利用结构和提升生态系统服务功能提供科学依据㊂1材料与方法1.1研究区概况云贵高原位于中国西南部,是中国四大高原之一,大致位于东经100ʎ 111ʎ,北纬22ʎ 30ʎ,总面积约77.54ˑ104k m2[18]㊂云贵高原属于典型喀斯特地区,是中国重要的生态功能区,也是全球生态脆弱区,其生态系统对气候变化和人类活动的影响极为敏感[19]㊂云贵高原是青藏高原向丘陵和平原地区的过渡地带,整体地形由西向东下降[20],由于其独特的地理位置㊁气候条件和生态系统多样性,云贵高原拥有着丰富的生态系统服务功能,包括碳储存㊁水源涵养㊁土壤保持和生物多样性保护等[21]㊂然而,在过去的几十年中,由于经济快速发展导致人地矛盾突出,云贵高原的生态环境受到严重的影响和破坏,主要包括石漠化㊁水土流失和生态系统退化等问题[18]㊂1.2数据来源与数据预处理本研究所采用的数据主要包括:(1)土地覆被数据:云贵高原2001年㊁2010年和2020年3期M C D12Q1土地覆被数据(I G B P方案),并根据研究区特点将数据中17类地类重分类为7类地类,即林地㊁草地㊁湿地㊁耕地㊁水域㊁裸地和建设用地;(2)生态系统服务功能评估数据:降水侵蚀性因子R,土壤可蚀性因子K,潜在蒸散发数据,土壤数据(沙含量㊁淤泥含量㊁黏土含量㊁有机物含量),流域数据提取自D E M;(3)土地利用变化驱动因子数据:社会经济因素(G D P和人口密度)㊁自然因素(D E M㊁坡度㊁坡向㊁年均气温㊁年均降水量和土壤类型)㊁交通区位因素(距公路距离)(图1)㊂所有数据统一为WG S_1984_U T M_Z o n e_48N 投影坐标系,并重采样至500m空间分辨率㊂具体数据及其来源如表1所示㊂1.3研究方法1.3.1土地利用变化多情景模拟(1)F L U S模型㊂F L U S模型在传统C A模型基础上采用多层前馈神经网络算法和轮盘赌选择机制进行了改进[22],可以很好地用于多种驱动因素作用下的土地利用变化多情景模拟[23]㊂模型主要计算过程如下:(1)基于神经网络的适宜性概率计算㊂神经网络算法(A N N)包括预测与训练阶段,由输入层㊁隐含层和输出层组成[24],计算公式为:p(p,k,t)=ðj w j,kˑ11+e-n e t j(p,t)(1)式中:p(p,k,t)为第k类地类在栅格p,时间t上的适宜性概率;w j,k是隐藏层和输出层之间的自适应权重;n e t j(p,t)在隐含层中表示神经元j在时间t从栅格单元p上所接收的信号㊂(2)自适应惯性系数㊂自适应惯性系数由每类土地的现状数量与未来需求决定,并在迭代过程中进行自适应调整使各地类数量向需求目标发展[25]㊂第k类地类在时间t上的自适应惯性系数A i t k为:A i t k=A i t-1k D t-2kɤD t-1kA i t-1kˑD t-2k D t-1k0>D t-2k>D t-1kA i t-1kˑD t-2k D t-1k Dt-1k>D t-2k>0ìîíïïïïïï(2)式中:D t-1k,D t-2k分别为t-1,t-2时第k类地类栅格数量与需求量之间的差值㊂(3)邻域因子与权重㊂邻域因子表示不同地类间以及邻域范围内不同土地利用单元间的相互作用[26],其表达式为:Ωt p,k=ðNˑN c o n(c t-1p=k)NˑN-1ˑw k(3)982第3期李井浩等:基于F L U S和I n V E S T模型的云贵高原土地利用与生态系统服务时空变化多情景模拟研究式中:ðN ˑN c o n (c t -1p=k )表示在N ˑN 的M o o r e 邻域窗口中,上一次迭代结束后第k 类地类的栅格总数;w k 为各地类邻域作用的权重㊂本文采用3ˑ3M o o r e 邻域,C A 迭代次数为300次㊂根据过往研究经验[12]与研究区土地利用特征,对各地类邻域权重赋值并反复调试,详细赋值信息如表2所示㊂图1 自然及社会因子空间分布F i g .1 S pa t i a l d i s t r ib u t i o no f n a t u r a l a n d s oc i a l f a c t o r s 表1 数据信息T a b l e 1 D a t e i n f o r m a t i o n数据类型数据名称数据来源土地利用数据M C D 12Q 1产品h t t p s :ʊl a d s w e b .m o d a p s .e o s d i s .n a s a .g o v 土地利用变化驱动因子数据D E M 坡度h t t p s :ʊw w w.gs c l o u d .c n 坡向年均气温年均降水量人口密度h t t ps :ʊw w w.r e s d c .c n G D P 土壤类型距公路距离生态系统服务功能评估数据降水侵蚀因子Rh t t p :ʊc l i c i a .b n u .e d u .c n 土壤可蚀性因子K h t t p s :ʊd a t a .t p d c .a c .c n 潜在蒸散发量土壤数据(沙含量㊁淤泥含量㊁黏土含量㊁有机物含量)h t t p:ʊw w w.n c d c .a c .c n 092 水土保持研究 第31卷表2 F L U S 模型邻域作用权重T a b l e 2 N e i g h b o r h o o dw e i gh t s o f F L U Sm o d e l 土地利用类型林地草地湿地耕地裸地水域建设用地邻域作用权重1.0000.5670.0070.3360.0010.0010.024(2)多情景设置㊂情景分析是权衡国土空间布局的重要方法[27],通过限制土地利用转移成本矩阵[12],设置云贵高原2020 2050年3种发展情景:耕地保护情景(F P S )㊁生态保护情景(E P S )和自然发展情景(N D S )㊂自然发展情景中,保持2001 2020年云贵高原土地利用变化特征,不对转移成本矩阵进行任何限制;生态保护情景中,将7类地类按照生态贡献从高到低排序为林地>草地>水域>湿地>耕地>裸地>建设用地[10],在自然发展的基础上限制高生态贡献用地向低生态贡献用地转化;耕地保护情景中,除建设用地外其他地类均可向耕地转换,并在生态保护情景的基础上限制耕地向其他用地转换[10]㊂各情景中土地利用转移成本矩阵如表3所示㊂表3 土地利用转移成本矩阵T a b l e 3 L a n du s e t r a n s f e r c o s tm a t r i x项目自然发展情景ABCDEFG生态保护情景ABCDEFG耕地保护情景ABCDEFGA 111111110000001101000B 111111111000001111101C 111111111100101111010D 111111111110100001000E 111111111111111101011F 111111111100101011010G1111111000010100101注:A ,B ,C ,D ,E ,F ,G 分别代表林地㊁草地㊁湿地㊁耕地㊁裸地㊁水域和建设用地;1表示可以转换,0表示不可以转换㊂(3)精度验证㊂采用K a p pa 系数和F O M 系数对模型精度进行验证㊂经过计算,模拟结果的K a p pa 系数为0.69(0.6<K a p pa ɤ0.8时表示模拟结果较好[23]),F O M 系数为0.3009(0.1~0.2为标准水平),表明F L U S 模型在云贵高原有较好的模拟能力,可以用于云贵高原2020 2050年的土地利用变化预测㊂1.3.2 生态系统服务功能评估 I n V E S T 模型即生态系统服务综合评估与权衡模型㊂本研究选取云贵高原典型的碳储量㊁产水量和土壤保持量3种生态系统服务功能,基于I n V E S T 模型进行评估㊂(1)碳储量㊂碳储量模块是以地表景观格局和覆被类型为评估单元,参考相关研究[28-29]确定研究区各地类的碳密度(表4)㊂模型计算公式为:C t o t =C a b o v e +C b e l o w +C s o i l +C d e a d (4)式中:C t o t 为总碳储量;C a b o v e 为地上部分的碳储量;C b e l o w 为地下部分的碳储量;C s o i l 为土壤碳储量;C d e a d 为死亡有机碳储量㊂(2)产水量㊂产水量模块是一种以栅格为单元的水量平衡估算模块[30]㊂模型计算公式为:Y (x )=(1-A E T (x )P (x ))ˑP (x )(5)A E T (x )P (x )=1+P E T (x )P (x )-1+(P E T (x )P (x ))w1w(6) P E T (x )=K c (l x )ˑE T 0(x )(7) w (x )=Z ˑAW C (x )P (x )+1.25(8)式中:Y (x )为栅格单元x 的产水量;A E T (x )为云贵高原每个栅格单元的实际蒸散发量;P (x )为栅格单元x 的降水量;P E T (x )为潜在蒸散发量;w 为自然气候 土壤性质的非物理参数;K c (l x )表示栅格单元x 中特定土地利用的植物(植被)蒸散系数;E T 0(x )表示栅格单元x 的参考作物蒸散;AW C (x )表示植物可利用水含量;Z 为经验常数,本研究取值为9.433[29]㊂(3)土壤保持量㊂土壤保持模块通过通用土壤流失方程(U S L E )方程对研究区潜在土壤侵蚀量与实际土壤侵蚀量进行定量估算,潜在侵蚀量与实际侵蚀量的差值即为土壤保持量[31]㊂公式如下: R K L S =R ˑK ˑL S(9) U S L E =R K L S ˑC ˑP(10)式中:R K L S 为栅格单元潜在土壤流失量;R 为降雨侵蚀力;K 为土壤可蚀性;L S 为坡度坡长因子;U S L E 为栅格单元每年土壤侵蚀量;P 为水土保持措施因子;C 为植被覆盖因子㊂1.3.3 相关性分析 为进一步探究不同地类变化对生态系统服务的影响,采用斯皮尔曼相关性系数对20202050年3种情景下不同地类面积和生态系统服务功能192第3期 李井浩等:基于F L U S 和I n V E S T 模型的云贵高原土地利用与生态系统服务时空变化多情景模拟研究变化量进行相关性检验㊂基于A r c G I S10.8平台,使用10k m ˑ10k m 的格网提取研究区土地利用及生态系统服务变化量,采用I B MS P S S 软件进行相关性分析㊂r s =ðni =1(x i -x )(y i -y )ðn i(x i -x )2ðn i(y i -y)2=1-6ðni =1d i2n (n 2-1)式中:d i 表示每对观察值(x ,y )的秩之差;n 为样本容量㊂表4 各土地利用类型碳密度T a b l e 4 C a r b o nd e n s i t y o f e a c h l a n du s e t y pe t /h m2类型C a b o v e C b e l o wC s o i lC d e a d林地46.208.62136.9813.00草地2.337.3043.720.10湿地4.230.00152.650.00耕地4.600.3021.600.00裸地1.001.8234.080.00水域2.750.00144.130.00建设用地0.406.9028.800.002 结果与分析2.1 云贵高原2020-2050年土地利用结构时空变化特征由图2可知,自然发展情景下,云贵高原20202050年的土地利用变化主要表现为林地持续增加,草地持续减少,耕地和建设用地少量扩张;其中,2050年林地面积增加至275565.50k m 2,面积占比由2020年24%上升至36%,而草地则下降至410393.25k m2,面积占比为53%,较2020年降幅为12%㊂在耕地保护情景下,耕地面积从2030 2050年逐步提高,不同模拟年份中耕地面积占比均在10%以上,从2020 2050年每十年分别增长了1914.75k m 2,141.25k m 2,141.25k m 2,20202030年耕地面积增幅最大,2050年耕地面积达到了最高值80502.75k m 2,占比为10.38%㊂在生态保护情景下,林地和草地两类主要生态用地面积总和最高,在2050年达到了696527.00k m 2,面积占比为90%㊂云贵高原2030 2050年3种情景下的土地利用均较好地维持了2020年的空间分布格局,具体表现为林地主要集中于云贵高原西南部和西北与青藏高原接壤区域,建设用地主要分布在各市州的建成区及其周边,耕地环绕建设用地分布,云贵高原土地利用结构从中心向外围呈建设用地ң耕地ң草地ң林地辐射状分布格局(图3)㊂图2 2020-2050年不同情景中土地利用类型面积堆积F i g.2 P l o t o f a r e a a c c u m u l a t i o n i nd i f f e r e n t s c e n a r i o s f r o m2020t o 20502.2 云贵高原2020-2050年不同情景下生态系统服务时空变化不同情景下,云贵高原2020 2050年碳储量和土壤保持量呈增加趋势,而产水量呈下降趋势(表5)㊂具体而言:2020 2050年生态保护情景㊁耕地保护情景和自然发展情景下,总碳储量分别增加1.426ˑ109t ,1.399ˑ109t 和1.399ˑ109t ,增幅分别为21.27%,20.87%和20.87%;土壤保持总量分别增加8.1ˑ109t ,8.5ˑ109t 和8.5ˑ109t ,增幅分别为1.92%,2%和2%;生态保护情景下的总产水量下降至4.767ˑ109m m ,降幅为0.46%,耕地保护情景和自然发展情景下的总产水量均下降至4.766ˑ109m m ,降幅为0.48%㊂生态保护情景下与耕地保护情景和自然发展情景下的土地利用变化与生态系统服务功能模拟结果差异显著,在生态保护情景下,各年碳储量预测值均显著高于另外两种情景,这是因为该情景下林地和草地得到了良好的保护,林草面积持续增加,储存了更多的生物量;虽然生态保护情景下产水量减少趋势并未得到有效遏制,但减少速率显著低于另外两种情景,这主要是由于生态保护情景下对草地的保护使其转出为其他地类的速率低于其他两种情景,因此具有更高的产水服务㊂在耕地保护情景下,2050年耕地面积显著大于其他两种情景,这体现出耕地保护情景中采取的耕地保护措施对维持耕地面积具有显著正向作用㊂空间分布和变化方面,2020 2050年不同情景下3项生态系统服务功能的空间格局呈现出相似的分布特征,而不同生态系统服务的空间分布与变化具有明显的异质性㊂具体而言:3种情景下碳储量高值区均主要集中在研究区西部的普洱市㊁丽江市和临沧市以及东北部的宜昌市等地区,低值区集中在中部地区的安顺市㊁毕节市和292 水土保持研究 第31卷贵阳市以及东部的娄底市等地区㊂不同情景下云贵高原各市州的单位面积碳储量均呈增加趋势;且西部地区增加较为明显,如丽江市㊁普洱市和凉山州等市州增加30t /h m 2以上;而中部和东部大部分市州增加相对较少,如安顺市㊁河池市和宜宾市等市州增加均不足7t /h m 2(图4)㊂图3 2030-2050年云贵高原土地利用空间分布F i g .3 S p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o no f l a n du s e i nY u n n a n -G u i z h o uP l a t e a ud u r i n g 2030-2050表5 2020-2050年不同发展情景的三项生态系统服务功能变化T a b l e 5 C h a n g e s o f t h r e e e c o s y s t e ms e r v i c e f u n c t i o n s i nd i f f e r e n t d e v e l o p m e n t s c e n a r i o s f r o m2020t o 2050发展情景年份基准年份2020自然发展情景203020402050生态保护情景203020402050耕地保护情景203020402050碳储量(ˑ109/t )6.7047.0967.5998.1037.1207.6258.1307.0967.6008.103产水量(ˑ109/mm )4.7894.7834.7754.7664.7844.7754.7674.7834.7754.766土壤保持量(ˑ1011/t)4.2264.2544.2814.3114.2504.2804.3074.2554.2824.311 3种情景下产水量高值区主要分布在云贵高原东部(常德市㊁宜昌市和张家界市)㊁北部(泸州市和宜宾市)和南部(文山州)等区域;低值区主要分布在西部(普洱市㊁大理州和临沧市)和东南部(河池市和黔南州)㊂不同情景下各市州单位面积产水量均呈下降趋势,且西部地区下降较为明显,如普洱市㊁丽江市和玉溪市等市州下降0.5mm /h m 2以上,而中部及东南部地区下降相对较少,如安顺市㊁河池市和黔南州等市州下降不足0.1mm /h m 2(图5)㊂3种情景下土壤保持量高值区主要分布在云贵高原东北部(宜昌市㊁张家界市和恩施州)㊁西北部(攀枝花市和凉山州)和西南部(红河州和普洱市)地区;低值区主要分布在中部(贵阳市㊁毕节市和黔南州)和中西部(曲靖市㊁昆明市和楚雄州)地区㊂不同情景下各市州的单位面积土壤保持量均呈增加趋势;且西南㊁西北和东北地区增加较为明显,如攀枝花市㊁宜昌市和丽江市等市州增加200t /h m 2以上;而中部和东南部地区增加相对较少,如安顺市㊁贵阳市和河池市等市州增加均不足40t /h m2(图6)㊂392第3期 李井浩等:基于F L U S 和I n V E S T 模型的云贵高原土地利用与生态系统服务时空变化多情景模拟研究492水土保持研究第31卷图4云贵高原碳储量空间分布及其变化F i g.4S p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o na n d c h a n g e o f c a r b o n s t o r a g e i nY u n n a n-G u i z h o uP l a t e a u图5云贵高原产水量空间分布及其变化F i g.5S p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o na n d v a r i a t i o no fw a t e r y i e l d i nY u n n a n-G u i z h o uP l a t e a u图6云贵高原土壤保持量空间分布及其变化F i g.6S p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o na n d v a r i a t i o no f s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o no nY u n n a n-G u i z h o uP l a t e a u2.3不同土地利用类型与生态系统服务功能的相关性不同情景下,各地类与生态系统服务功能的相关性具有明显差异(表6)㊂碳储量和土壤保持量在不同情景下均与林地呈极显著正相关关系(p<0.01),与草地呈极显著负相关关系(p<0.01),在自然发展情景和耕地保护情景下与耕地呈弱负相关关系(p<0.01),在生态保护情景下与耕地呈弱正相关关系(p< 0.01)㊂产水量在3种情景下均与林地呈极显著负相关关系(p<0.01),与草地呈极显著正相关关系(p< 0.01),在自然发展情景和耕地保护情景下与耕地呈弱正相关关系(p<0.01),在生态保护情景下与耕地呈弱负相关关系(p<0.01)㊂表6不同土地利用类型与生态系统服务功能变化之间的斯皮尔曼相关性T a b l e6S p e a r m a n c o r r e l a t i o nb e t w e e nd i f f e r e n t l a n du s e t y p e s a n d c h a n g e s i n e c o s y s t e ms e r v i c e f u n c t i o n s类型F o L G L W L F a L B L W B C LN D S-WY-0.961**0.912**-0.091**0.222**0.012-0.038**0.184** N D S-S C0.871**-0.821**0.056**-0.195**-0.027*0.017-0.133** N D S-C S0.974**-0.902**0.093**-0.282**-0.0060.034**-0.157** E P S-WY-0.960**0.956**-0.112**-0.269**0.005-0.035**E P S-S C0.867**-0.872**0.085**0.347**-0.024*0.019E P S-C S0.972**-0.955**0.113**0.221**-0.0030.036**F P S-WY-0.964**0.937**-0.088**0.315**-0.0090.036**0.214**F P S-S C0.87**-0.846**0.051**-0.358**-0.022*-0.028*-0.16**F P S-C S0.977**-0.95**0.088**-0.343**0.013-0.034**-0.182**注:**在0.01级别(双尾),相关性显著;*在0.05级别(双尾),相关性显著;林地(F o L);草地(G L);湿地(W L);耕地(F a L);裸地(B L);水域(W B);建设用地(C L);产水量(WY);土壤保持量(S C);碳储量(C S)㊂3讨论本研究利用F L U S-I n V E S T模型模拟云贵高原未来土地利用与生态系统服务功能的时空分布格局,发现云贵高原2020 2050年土地利用结构发生显著变化,林地和草地之间相互转移,林地持续增加,草地持续减少,与W a n g等[18]的研究结论一致,这与中国实施的一系列生态保护与修复工程有关;此外,592第3期李井浩等:基于F L U S和I n V E S T模型的云贵高原土地利用与生态系统服务时空变化多情景模拟研究云贵高原边缘山脉林立,如横断山脉㊁哀牢山和大娄山等大型山脉山势陡峭㊁海拔较高,人迹罕至,保持着良好的原生林草生态系统,也为云贵高原多样的生态系统服务功能奠定了基础㊂云贵高原不同生态系统服务功能在空间分布上有明显的差异性,碳储量和土壤保持量高值区主要分布在西部地区,该地区地表植被覆盖率高,森林茂密,而碳储量和土壤保持量与林地呈极显著正相关性,2020 2050年云贵高原林地面积不断增加,可以储存更多的生物量㊁拦截降雨和提高坡地稳定性[32],因而具有较好的固碳和土壤保持作用;低值区是云贵高原的经济中心,植被覆盖度低且受人类活动影响较大,主要用地类型为耕地和建设用地,导致该地区的碳储量和土壤保持量相对较低[33]㊂产水量高值区主要集中在东部地区,低值区主要集中在西部地区,这主要是因为云贵高原地势由西到东逐渐变缓,西部靠近青藏高原山势陡峭㊁植被覆盖度高不易存水,且林地蒸散发能力较强[34],对地表径流具有拦截作用延迟了降水汇流时间,产水量较低;而东部区域地势较缓,草地面积广阔,是云贵高原的主要集水区,汇水面积较大且大量人造地表和耕地改变了水量平衡,使洪峰流量增加[35],产水量较高;陈田田等[36]的研究结果表明中国西南地区产水服务的空间格局呈东高西低分布态势,与本文的研究结果相似㊂本文选择F L U S模型对云贵高原未来土地利用变化进行多情景预测,精度验证表明模型模拟结果较为可靠,但研究过程中仍然存在许多有待进一步考虑的问题㊂首先,研究区不同栅格尺度下的土地利用数据对F L U S模型模拟结果有一定影响,根据研究文献[11]和经验表明,当栅格尺度在30mˑ30m时, F L U S模型的模拟精度最高,多数学者均选择该尺度进行研究,本文鉴于研究区范围较大和数据可获取性的限制采用了500mˑ500m的栅格尺度,在未来的研究中可以考虑提高数据的分辨率以验证该栅格尺度是否为云贵高原的最佳研究尺度㊂其次,I n V E S T 模型存在一定的局限性,在计算碳储量时忽略了相同地类中4个碳库的差异[37],在计算产水量时仅考虑了降水量和蒸发量,但径流㊁冰川和冻土等其他因素在水文循环中也起着重要作用[38]㊂4结论(1)3种情景下,云贵高原2020 2050年土地利用结构发生明显变化,其中,自然发展情景下,林地通过侵占草地持续增加;耕地保护情景下,耕地面积在2050年可占云贵高原总面积的10.38%;生态保护情景下,林草面积在2050年可达研究区总面积的90%㊂(2)不同情景下,云贵高原地区2020 2050年3项生态系统服务功能的变化趋势基本一致,即碳储量和土壤保持量呈上升趋势,产水量呈下降趋势㊂其中,在生态保护情景下,各年碳储量预测值均显著高于另外两种情景,最高为8.13ˑ109t;虽然产水量减少趋势并未得到有效遏制,但减少速率显著低于另外两种情景,降幅为0.46%,表明生态保护情景是云贵高原可持续发展的最优情景㊂(3)各情景下不同生态系统服务功能的空间分布变化具有明显的异质性,宜昌市㊁普洱市和常德市等市州是云贵高原生态系统服务的核心供给区,贵阳市㊁毕节市和安顺市等市州是研究区各项生态系统服务低值区㊂今后在制定云贵高原生态系统服务管理和可持续发展策略时,应因地制宜,分类施策,采取有效措施保护生态系统服务核心供给区现有的大面积林地,同时应注意林地面积持续增加可能带来的水资源短缺问题;合理优化生态系统服务功能低值区的土地利用结构,平衡生态保护和经济发展的关系,以促进区域社会经济和生态环境的协调可持续发展㊂参考文献(R e f e r e n c e s):[1] C o s t a n z aR,D a r g eR,G r o o tR,e t a l.T h ev a l u eo f t h ew o r l d's e c o s y s t e ms e r v i c e s a n dn a t u r a l c a p i t a l[J].N a t u r e, 1997,387(15):253-260.[2] G o n g Y,C a iM,Y a oL,e t a l.A s s e s s i n g C h a n g e s i n t h eE c o s y s t e m S e r v i c e s V a l u ei n R e s p o n s et o L a n d-U s e/L a n d-C o v e rD y n a m i c si nS h a n g h a i f r o m2000t o2020[J].I n t e r n a t i o n a lJ o u r n a lo f E n v i r o n m e n t a l R e s e a r c ha n dP ub l i cH e a l t h,2022,19(19):12080.[3]M i l l e n n i u me c o s y s t e ma s s e s s m e n t(M A).E c o s y s t e m sa n dh u m a n w e l l-b e i n g[M].W a s h i n g t o n D C:I s l a n d P r e s s,2005.[4] X i eH,H eY,C h o i Y,e t a l.W a r n i n g o f n e g a t i v e e f f e c t s o fl a n d-u s e c h a n g e s o n e c o l o g i c a l s e c u r i t y b a s e d o nG I S[J].S c i e n c e o f t h eT o t a l E n v i r o n m e n t,2020,704:135427.[5]任胤铭,刘小平,许晓聪,等.基于F L U S-I n V E S T模型的京津冀多情景土地利用变化模拟及其对生态系统服务功能的影响[J].生态学报,2023,43(11):4473-4487.R e nY M,L i uXP,X uXC,e t a l.M u l t i-s c e n a r i o s i m u-l a t i o no f l a n du s ec h a n g ea n di t si m p a c to ne c o s y s t e ms e r v i c e si n B e i j i n g-T i a n j i n-H e b e ir e g i o n b a s e d o nt h eF L U S-I n V E S T M o d e l[J].A c t aE c o l o g i c aS i n i c a,2023,43(11):4473-4487.[6]李静芝,杨丹.荆南三口地区生态系统服务价值时空特征分析[J].安全与环境学报,2022,22(6):3529-3540.L i JZ,Y a n g D.A n a l y s i so f t h es p a t i a la n dt e m p o r a lc h a r a c t e r i s t i c so fe c o l o g i c a ls e r v i c ev a l u ei nt h et h r e eo u t l e t s o f s o u t h e r n J i n g j i a n g R i v e r[J].J o u r n a l o f S a f e t y692水土保持研究第31卷。
草地管理学实习指导英语
草地管理学实习指导英语课程名称：草地管理学（原草地培育学）Course Title：Rangeland Management面向专业：草业科学Major：Grassland Science预修课程：植物学、植物分类学、生态学Pre-courses：Botany、Taxonomy、Ecology学时：40（40/0）Total hours：40（theory lecture）主要内容：草地植物生物学、草地培育原理、放牧地和割草地的合理利用及草地多重利用、草地培育综合技术、退化草地治理、草地建设、草地法制管理等内容。
Main content: Grassland plant biology, grassland management prin ciple; grazing land rational use and multiple utilization; integrated cultiv ate technology of grassland, management of degraded grassland, grassl and construction, grassland legal management.教材名称：张英俊主编，草地与牧场管理学，北京：中国农业出版社， 2000 孙吉雄主编，草地培育学，北京：中国农业出版社， 2000Textbook: Sun Jixiong, grassland cultivation, Beijing: China Agricultu re Press, 2000参考书：Recommended reference material：1. 中国农业大学主编，草地学，北京：中国农业出版社，1995。
2. 内蒙古农学院主编，草地管理学，北京：中国农业出版社，1979。
3. 张普金主编，草原学，北京：中国农业出版社，1993。
4. 甘农大主编，草原学与牧草学实习实验指导书，兰州：甘肃教育出版社，1991。
草地退化 生态功能
草地退化生态功能英文回答：Grassland degradation refers to the deterioration of grassland ecosystems, resulting in a loss of ecological functions. This can occur due to various factors, such as overgrazing, land fragmentation, climate change, and invasive species.One of the main consequences of grassland degradationis a decline in biodiversity. As the grassland ecosystem becomes degraded, many plant and animal species that depend on it for habitat and food sources are threatened or driven to extinction. This loss of biodiversity can have cascading effects on the entire ecosystem, disrupting the balance of predator-prey relationships and nutrient cycling.Moreover, grassland degradation can lead to soil erosion. When the vegetation cover is weakened or removed, the soil becomes exposed to wind and water erosion. Thiscan result in the loss of valuable topsoil, which is richin nutrients and essential for plant growth. In turn, this can lead to decreased productivity and fertility of the grassland, making it more vulnerable to further degradation.Additionally, grassland degradation can contribute to climate change. Grasslands act as carbon sinks, absorbing and storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, when the grassland is degraded, the carbon stored in the vegetation and soil is released back into the atmosphere as greenhouse gases. This contributes to the increase inglobal warming and further exacerbates climate change.Furthermore, grassland degradation can have negative impacts on local communities and economies. Many communities rely on grasslands for livestock grazing, agriculture, and tourism. When the grassland becomes degraded, it can lead to a decline in livestock productivity, reduced crop yields, and decreased tourism revenue. This can have significant social and economic consequences for these communities.To illustrate the impact of grassland degradation,let's consider the example of the Mongolian grasslands. Overgrazing by livestock has led to extensive grassland degradation in Mongolia. As a result, the biodiversity of the grasslands has declined, with many native plant and animal species becoming endangered or extinct. The loss of vegetation cover has also led to increased soil erosion, resulting in the loss of fertile soil and decreased productivity of the grasslands. This has had negative effects on the livelihoods of nomadic herders who depend on the grasslands for their livestock grazing. Additionally, the release of carbon dioxide from the degraded grasslands contributes to climate change, which further exacerbates the environmental challenges faced by Mongolia.In conclusion, grassland degradation has significant ecological, economic, and social implications. It leads to a loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, contribution to climate change, and negative impacts on local communities. It is crucial to implement sustainable land management practices and conservation efforts to prevent further degradation and restore the health and functionality ofgrassland ecosystems.中文回答：草地退化是指草地生态系统的恶化，导致生态功能的丧失。
纪念世界第一本RANGE_AND_PASTURE_MANAGEMENT（《草原与放牧地管理学》）教材
纪念世界第一本RANGE AND PASTUREMANAGEMENT（《草原与放牧地管理学》）教材出版100周年胡自治（甘肃农业大学草业学院，草业生态系统教育部重点实验室，甘肃省草业工程实验室，中⁃美草地畜牧业可持续发展研究中心，甘肃兰州 730070）摘要：1923年，美国第一本，也是世界第一本草原管理学方面的教材——RANGE AND PASTURE MANAGEMENT（《草原与放牧地管理学》）出版。
本文通过对该书的作者、内容（前言、正文和索引）、对美国草原管理学教育和教材的重要影响、对我国草原管理学同类教材建设的意义进行介绍和论述，以纪念该书出版100周年。
关键词：RANGE AND PASTURE MANAGEMENT（《草原与放牧地管理学》）；桑普森（Arthur W Sampson）；纪念中图分类号：S812 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1009-5500（2023）05-0001-04DOI：10.13817/ki.cyycp.2023.05.001100年前，美国草原管理学教育最早的奠基人A W 桑普森（Arthur W Sampson；1884-1967年）所著的美国第1本，也是世界第1本草原管理学方面的教材——RANGE AND PASTURE MANAGEMENT （1923年；《草原与放牧地管理学》）出版。
该书出版后，推动美国和世界其他天然草原资源丰富的国家的草原管理学及其教育事业，进入新的发展时期。
本文作者有幸在20世纪80年代，从我国著名养马学家、留美学者崔堉溪教授处获赠此书，珍藏至今。
在该书出版100周年之际，特写此文以作纪念，并表示对崔堉溪教授的怀念。
1 A W 桑普森生平桑普森是美国草原管理学的创始人，现代草原管理学的奠基人（图1）。
青年时代他在美国内布拉斯加大学、霍普金斯大学和华盛顿大学先后获得理学士、文学硕士和植物生态学与气象学博士学位。
由于他坚实的科学基础，广泛的探索旨趣和创造精神，使他具有科学家和教育家的素质，从而在草原管理学、植物生态学和森林学等领域作出了杰出的贡献。
爱护草原英语作文
爱护草原英语作文Title: Caring for the Grasslands。
The grasslands, with their vast expanses of greeneryand unique ecosystems, are invaluable resources thatrequire our utmost care and attention. Here, I'll delveinto the significance of preserving these ecosystems and explore various measures to ensure their protection.First and foremost, the grasslands play a crucial rolein maintaining biodiversity. They are home to numerous species of flora and fauna, many of which are endemic and found nowhere else on Earth. By safeguarding the grasslands, we preserve the habitats of these species and prevent the loss of biodiversity, which is essential for the overall health of our planet.Moreover, the grasslands serve as carbon sinks, helping mitigate climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide fromthe atmosphere. Preserving these ecosystems is, therefore,vital in our efforts to combat global warming and its associated impacts.To effectively care for the grasslands, several measures can be implemented:1. Sustainable Grazing Practices: Livestock grazing isa common activity in grassland areas. By adopting sustainable grazing practices such as rotational grazing and rest periods for pasture recovery, we can prevent overgrazing and degradation of the grasslands.2. Restoration Projects: Initiatives aimed at restoring degraded grasslands through reseeding native grass species, controlling invasive plants, and implementing erosion control measures can help revitalize these ecosystems and enhance their resilience.3. Community Engagement: Engaging local communities in conservation efforts is essential for the long-term sustainability of grassland ecosystems. Educating communities about the importance of grassland conservationand involving them in decision-making processes fosters a sense of ownership and stewardship.4. Policy Support: Governments and policymakers play a crucial role in enacting and enforcing regulations that protect grasslands from unsustainable land use practices such as excessive mining, deforestation, and urbanization. Policy support is necessary to ensure the preservation of these valuable ecosystems for future generations.5. Research and Monitoring: Continuous research and monitoring are essential for understanding the dynamics of grassland ecosystems and identifying emerging threats. By investing in scientific research and monitoring programs, we can gather valuable data to inform conservation strategies and management decisions.In conclusion, caring for the grasslands is paramount for the well-being of our planet and future generations. Through sustainable practices, community engagement, policy support, and research efforts, we can ensure the preservation of these invaluable ecosystems and safeguardthe biodiversity and ecological services they provide. Let us commit to protecting and nurturing the grasslands for the benefit of all life on Earth.。