2000.1至2008.1历年翻译

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英语六级考试历年阅读试题译文(2000年1月)

洛基英语，中国在线英语教育领导品牌2000年1月六级试题译文Passage one译文在娱乐界，电视访谈节目无疑充斥了白天所有的电视时间。

经常看这些节目的人都知道，每个访谈节目在风格和形式上各不相同。

但与斯波瑞格和欧波拉·温弗瑞主持的节目相比，没有哪两个节目能在内容上如此截然相反，而同时又都出类拔萃。

杰瑞·斯波瑞格可能很容易被认为是“废话”大王。

他主持的节目中话题非常令人震惊。

例如，节目在不同层面上谈论了访谈节目最普通的主题——爱、性、欺骗、罪行、仇恨、冲突和道德。

很清楚，杰瑞·斯波瑞格的节目是展示和挖掘社会的道德灾难，但人们对他人生活中令人好奇的困境兴趣盎然。

像杰瑞·斯波瑞格一样，欧波拉·温弗瑞把电视访谈节目发挥得淋漓尽致，但却反其道而行之。

他的节目致力于改进社会和提高个人生活质量。

话题从教育孩子有责任感、安排一周的工作到逐渐了解邻居。

与欧波拉相比，杰瑞·斯波瑞格的节目看来像是倾倒在社会上的有毒垃圾。

杰瑞结束节目时都用一个“最后的词”。

他用一段小演说总结节目的全部寓意。

但愿这是大多数人能学到的很有价值的东西的部分。

尽管欧波拉的节目很纯净，但并非适合每个人。

该节目主要面向美国的中产阶级观众。

这些人大部分都有时间、金钱，生活稳定，对生活中的难题能应付裕如。

而杰瑞·斯波瑞格的更多节目与青年人有关。

他们是18到21岁的青年人。

生活中的主要问题是爱情、人际关系、性、金钱和同伴。

在节目宣传下他们明白了某些价值和教训。

尽管这两个节目像昼夜一样迥然不同，但多年来在访谈节目中一直占主导地位。

每一个访谈节目都迎合不同观众的胃口，而二者在大批节目迷中又都有坚定的追随者。

有讽刺意义的是，二者均可视为访谈节目界的先锋。

Passage Two译文为理解市场营销的概念，有必要理解市场营销与销售之间的区别。

不久前，大多数行业主要致力于高效生产商品，而后依靠“劝销法”尽可能多地出售商品。

2000-2001年英语历年考研真题阅读翻译

2001 Passage 1Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrate d into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveal s not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represent ed worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of referee ing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where as the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delay ed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckon ed as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.专业化可被视为针对科学知识不断膨胀这个问题所做出的反应。

考研英语真题翻译（2000——2009）及详解

2000年考研英语真题翻译（划线部分）详解71. Under modern conditions,this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.【考核知识点】代词指代和术语的译法【结构分析】这是一个简单句，句子主干是this requires varying measures of centralized control and...the help of specialized scientists such as...。

and连接两个并列宾语。

【翻译要点】本句的难点是hence的译法，它在句中是承上启下起连接作用的逻辑词，hence意为“从而”，翻译的时候要体现句子间的逻辑关系。

需要注意的是：require有两个宾语，第2个宾语是the help，在翻译时需要加上“获得”二字。

【词汇点滴】varying意为“不同的”；measure在这里是“程度、幅度、限度”的意思；varying measures可译成“程度不同”；operational research experts直译是“研究操作过程的科学家”，用术语翻译就是“运筹学专家”。

【参考译文】在现代条件下，这就需要不同程度的中央控制措施，从而也就需要诸如经济学和运筹学等领域的专家的协助。

72. Furthermore,it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.【考核知识点】it is obvious that...的译法及短语翻译【结构分析】这是一个复合句。

2000考研英语真题中英对照解析

2000 Passage 1adj. 不费力的adj. 可怕的, 令人畏惧的n. 1.障碍,阻碍2.缺陷;残疾3.加给强对手的不利条件[ˈefətlɪs]adv.轻松地[ˈdredful] 极端的,糟糕的,讨厌的烦人的['hændikæp]vt.1.妨碍;阻碍2.使(某人)行动和生活不正常A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become一段长时间并且不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的不利因素，但若处理得当，这种不利因素也有可能转化为一种积极的a driving force.When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World推动力。

二战结束后，美国恰好进入了这样的一个辉煌时期倍[ʌn'pærə,leld]adj.无比的, 无双的, 空前的War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of当时，它拥有比任何竞争者大8倍的市场，这使其工业经济具有前所未有的规模经济。

[skel]n.1.规模;程度;范围2.等级;级别scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were美国的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是最富于技术的。

美国的国富民强是['prɑspərəs]adj.成功的,繁荣的,兴旺的prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚诸国做梦也无法达不到的。

2000-2011年专八翻译真题与答案

E-C原文：Possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood would have been Thoreau’s idea of the low levels. The active discipline of heightening one’s perception of what is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high. What he saved from the low was time and effort he could spend on the high. Thoreau certainly disapproved of starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only as much effort as would keep him functioning for more important efforts.
参考译文： In his later years (Late in his life), Qiao Yu has become enamored of fishing (developed a penchant / special fondness for fishing). He asserts: “ Mostly speaking, a place with water and fish must necessarily be blessed with a nice setting, which in return keeps people in good mood. I believe that the optimum fishing places are not those commercial fishing centers which provide the fishermen with all the conveniences and where fish are kept hungry for ready capture, but those naturally-formed places in the wilderness which exert a special appeal.” According to him, fishing can constitute an activity conducive to the cultivation of one’s temperament and to one’s health, at once physical and psychological. Qiao Yu claims: “Fishing can be divided into three stages. The first stage consists of mere fish-eating; the second a combination

2008年英语一真题翻译解析

2008年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题文章翻译Section I Use of English对于一些假设，人们尽管承认其合理性却不敢提出来，“有些民族同其他民族相比天资聪颖”就是这样的假设之一，但Gregory Cochran准备将其提出。

他是个少见的人，独立工作，不属于任何研究机构，曾经使这样一种观点得到普及，即人们以前并不认为是由细菌引起的一些疾病，实际上也是传染病，而这一观点一经提出就引发了大量争论。

但即使是他这样的人，一想到自己将要做的事也可能会不寒而栗。

他同其他两位科学家一起发表了一篇文章，这篇文章中不仅提出有些民族比其他民族聪明，而且解释了产生这一现象的过程。

他们所讨论的是源于欧洲中部的一个特殊民族，这一过程就是自然选择。

这一民族通常在智商（IQ）测试中都会取得很好的成绩，比平均值100高出12-15分，而且他们对西方的学术和文化生活做出了贡献，其中的精英分子，包括闻名世界的科学家，用自己的事业证实了这一点。

另一方面，与多数人相比，他们更容易患有很多严重的遗传病，例如乳癌。

然而以前认为这些现象之间是没有关联的。

人们把前者归因于社会影响，如尊重教育的坚定传统，而后者被看作是遗传隔离的结果。

Cochran博士指出智商和疾病是紧密联系的，他认为这些民族非同寻常的历史使他们服从于进化的压力，而进化的压力导致了这一看似矛盾的事实。

Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1现代生活中，女性仍在很多方面努力超越男性，但她们似乎已经在一个领域位居前列，尽管这一领域并不令人满意。

纽约退伍军人管理医院的首席精神病专家Yehuda医生说：“同男性相比，女性在面临压力时更容易产生精神紊乱和焦虑不安。

”针对动物以及人类所做的研究表明，性荷尔蒙在一定程度上影响面临压力时所作出的反应，面临压力的女性与同样条件下的男性相比，会产生更多的突发化学物质。

在一些研究中，当研究人员将极度紧张的雌鼠卵巢（女性生殖器官）切除，雌鼠产生的化学反应与雄鼠相同。

2000-1997考研英语真题阅读理解翻译.doc

2000-1997考研英语真题阅读理解翻译2000 Passage 1一段长时间并且不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的不利因素，但若处理得当，这种不利因素也有可能转化为一种积极的推动力。

二战结束后，美国恰好进入了这样的一个辉煌时期，当时，它拥有比任何竞争者大8倍的市场，这使其工业经济具有前所未有的规模经济。

美国的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是最富于技术的。

美国的国富民强是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚诸国做梦也无法达不到的。

随着其他国家日益强盛，美国的这一优势地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。

从优势地位上退出的痛苦也同样是不可避免的。

到了80年代中期，面对其日益衰退的工业竞争力，美国人感到不知所措。

面对国外竞争，一些大型的美国工业，如消费电子产业，已经萎缩或渐渐消失。

到1987年，美国只剩下Zenith这一家电视生产商。

(现在一家也没有了:Zenith于当年7月被韩国LG电器公司收购。

)外国制造的汽车和纺织品正在大举进入国内市场。

美国的机床工业也即将灭亡。

人们曾一度感觉下一个在海外品牌面前全军覆没的似乎该轮到美国的半导体制造业了，而在新计算机时代有着核心作用的半导体正是美国人发明的。

所有这一切导致了信任危机。

美国不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。

他们开始相信自己的商业经营方式不灵了，也相信不久他们的收入也会因此而下降。

80年代中期，人们对美国工业衰退的成因作了一次又一次的探寻。

在美国人那些有时耸人听闻的发现中充满着对其他国家日益增长的经济竞争的警告之词。

情况的变化真快～1995年，当日本还在奋力拼搏的时候，美国却可以对5年的稳固发展作一回顾了。

没几个美国人将这一巨变单纯归因于美元贬值或商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因。

到如今，对自身的怀疑已被盲目乐观所取代。

“美国的工业已经改变了结构，消除了滞胀，学会了明智”，这是哈佛大学肯尼迪管理学院行政院长理查德?卡佛纳的看法。

华盛顿特区的智囊团——卡托研究院的史蒂芬?莫尔说:“看到我们的企业正在提高自身的生产率，作为一个美国人，我感到自豪。

考研英语阅读翻译-2008Text1

2008 Text 1在现代生活中女性就算是在某些领域可以追赶上男性，但至少在一个方面是领先的，尽管是她们不太想要的。

纽约的退伍军管理医院精神科首席医生Yehuda博士说道，和男性相比，女性面对压力时，更容易受到影响，导致抑郁和紧张。

对于动物和人类的研究都显示出性激素会在某种程度去影响面对压力的反应，导致在同样的条件下，女性产生更多的致病化学物质。

在几项研究中，当受到压力的雌鼠的卵巢（雌性的生殖器官）被拿掉后，它们的化学反应变得和那些雄性的一样了。

对于女性来说，除了产生更多的导致压力的化学物质外，她们产生压力的“机会”也更多。

“并不是女性要处理的事情太少，而是她们有更多的事情要处理。

”Yehuda博士说道。

“她们对于压力的承受能力有时候甚至比男性的还大”，她观察到，“她们只是需要处理的事情太多，看起来会更容易精疲力尽。

”Yehuda博士注意到了另一个男女之间的不同点。

“我认为，女性通常要做的事是慢性的，重复的。

而男人去战场，承受的是格斗的压力。

男性面临的更多的是随意的身体上的暴力。

女性面对的人与人之间的暴力是在家庭环境中的。

不幸的是，她们与父母还有其他的家庭成员之间不是能够一次性解决的问题。

这种长期的关系的磨合是更有破坏性的。

Adeline Alvarez 18岁结婚并生了个儿子，但她决定完成大学学业。

“我尽了很大的努力拿到大学学位，因为我在实际生活中有很多的挫折，而这就是我的逃避，去学校，争取上游，做到更好。

”不久后，她离了婚变成一个单亲母亲。

“除了照顾一个十几岁的孩子，还要工作，付房租，养车，还债是最难的事情了。

我的生活就是不停的支付自己的账单。

”不是每个人经历着和Alvarez describes一样的长期的压力，但是大多数女性都在处理着太多的责任，很少得到喘息，从而感到了压力。

Alvarez的经历证明了当压力威胁你的健康和正常生理功能之前解压是非常重要的。

21.下面的哪一项符合文章的前两段？[A] 妇女在生理上更容易受到压力的影响。

上海卷01至08年翻译

1. 我们的祖国从来没像今天这样强大。

（Never…）2. 我们将作进一步的讨论，然后再做出最终结论。

（before）3. 据说那个湖底发现了一个古城的遗迹。

（discover）4. 这个地区的经济发展很快，可是某些市民的素质还不尽如人意。

（quality）5. 他们应从这事中吸取教训；玩火者必自焚。

（burn）上海卷20021. 当时，那位出租车司机别无选择，只能求助于游客。

(choice)2. 我没有想到汤姆会被选为学生会主席。

（occur）3. 如果方便的话，请帮我从邮局取回包囊。

（convenient）4. 应该鼓励学生将课堂所学的知识运用到实践中去。

(apply)5. 如果队员之间不加强配合，我校篮球队就不可能在决赛中战胜对手。

（unless）上海卷20031. 请尽早作出决定，不然你会坐失良机。

（or）2. 那些未曾去过那个小村庄的人很难描绘出他的美丽。

（It…）3. 勤洗手是避免疾病传染的有效方法之一。

（infect）4. 这条铁路横贯平原，把那个偏远山城与海港连接了起来。

(remote)5. 这部有关第一次世界大战的历史小说引人入胜，我简直爱不释手。

(so…that )上海卷20041 小组讨论有助于更好地理解课文。

(help)2 上周因为生病我缺了一些课，但是我会努力赶上大家的。

(miss)3 这个游戏的规则太复杂，三言两语解释不清。

(too…to)4 你该就刚才的所作所为，向在场的人道歉。

(apologize)5 我发现很难与那些一贯固执己见的人合作。

(…it…)上海卷20051 我希望尽快收到你的照片。

（hope）2 多吃蔬菜和水果有益健康。

（good）3 今天下午我没有空，我和牙医有约。

（appointment）4 你最好乘出租车去电影节的开幕式，不然就要迟到了。

（or）5 这款手机式样新颖、携带方便，深受年轻人的欢迎。

(popular)6 他进公司不久就独立完成了一项艰巨的任务，同事们对他刮目相看。

2000年英语一真题翻译

2000 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题文章翻译Part I (略)Part ⅡUse of English一个农民要想成功，就必须在其消费和生产之间努力保持着较大的差距。

他必须存储大量的粮食而不是立即把所有的粮食都消费掉。

农民若想养活自己及家人，就必须有余粮。

他必须用以下三种方式来使用这些余粮：留作种子，留作应对恶劣天气影响的保障，以及作为商品卖掉，来替换旧农具和购买化肥给土壤施肥。

他可能还需要钱来修建灌溉水渠，或在其他方面改善自己的农田。

如果没有余粮，农民就不能自给自足，他就只得变卖部分家产或通过贷款寻求额外的资金。

自然，他会尽量争取低息贷款，但这种贷款不是经常能够得到的。

Part ⅢReading ComprehensionPassage 1长期的、不费力气的成功史可能成为一种可怕的障碍，但是如果处理得当，它也可能成为一种动力。

二战结束后，美国恰好进入这样的一段辉煌时期，当时它拥有比任何竞争对手大八倍的市场，这使其工业经济规模前所未有。

它的科学家是世界上最优秀的，它的工人是最富于技巧的。

美国和美国人的繁荣是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚两大洲人民做梦都想像不出的。

当其他国家逐渐富有起来时，这种差距的缩小是必然的。

同样不可避免的是逐渐失去主导地位的痛苦。

在80年代中期，美国人为他们工业竞争力的减退感到困惑。

有些大型的美国工业，如消费电子工业，在外国的竞争面前萎缩或者崩溃。

到l987年，只剩下一家美国电视机制造企业——Zenith(现在已经完全没有了：Zenith已经被韩国的LG电子兼并)。

外国汽车和纺织品正在大举进入美国国内市场。

美国的机械工业岌岌可危。

在一段时期，好像半导体制造业，这个美国发明的并且对新的计算机时代极为关键的工业，也将成为下一个牺牲品。

所有这些引发了一种信心危机。

美国人已经不再将繁荣视为自然而然的事。

他们开始怀疑他们的经营方法出了问题，怀疑他们的收人很快就会下降。

80年代中期人们对美国工业衰退的原因进行一次又一次的调查。

上海历届春高考英语句子翻译汇编(2000年-----2010年)

上海历届春高考英语句子翻译汇编（2000年-----2010年）2000上海春考1. 进入大学以后, 他对计算机很感兴趣。

(become interested in)He became very interested in computers after he entered college.2. 集邮几乎占据了他所有业余时间。

(occupy)Collecting stamps occupies almost all his spare time.3. 只要专心学习, 你一定能顺利通过考试。

(concentrate)As long as you concentrate on your study, you are sure to pass the exam.4. 越来越多的人意识到遵守交通规则的重要性。

(be aware)More and more people are aware of the importance of observing traffic regulations.5. 尽管有很多困难, 我们仍将努力执行我们的计划。

(in spite of)In spite of many difficulties/hardships, we will still carry out our plan.6. 诺贝尔奖金授予那些在某一个领域作出巨大贡献的科学家。

(be awarded)The Nobel Prizes are awarded to those scientists who have made great contributions in a certain fi eld.2000上海高考1. 这张照片是我想起了我们在夏令营度过的日子。

(remind)This picture reminds me of the days that we spent in the summer camp.2. 假如你想从事这项工作，你必须先接受三个月的训练。

2000-2001年英语历年考研真题阅读翻译

上外2000年翻译英译汉答案

无庸讳言，书籍有类别之分，比如小说，传记，诗歌等等。

我们应该从各种不同类别的图书中获取不同的营养。

然而，事实上，只有少数人能正确对待书籍，从中吸取其所能给予的一切。

我们常常带着模糊而矛盾的观点来，要求小说该真实，诗歌应该不真实，传记必须充满溢美之词，历史得强化我们固有的观念。

阅读时，如果我们能摒弃这些偏见，便是一个好的开端。

不要强作者所难，而应与作者融为一体，作他的同路人和随行者。

倘若你未开卷便先行犹豫退缩，说三道四，你绝不可能从阅读中最大限度地获取有用价值。

但是，字里行间不易察觉的精妙之处，就为你洞开了一个别人难以领略的天地。

沉浸其中，仔细玩味，不久，你会发现，作者给予你的，或试图给予你的，绝非某个确定意义。

一部小说的三十二个章节——如果我们先来讨论怎么阅读小说的话——犹如建筑的构架，但词汇比砖头令人更难捉摸。

阅读比之于观看，当然是个更为长久而复杂的过程。

也许，最为快界地领略小说家工作的原理的方法，不是读，而是写；去冒险与词汇打交道。

回忆一下某个曾给你留下独特印象的事件：街角处你碰到两个人正在交谈，当时周围的场景是，树在随风摆动；街灯灯光摇曳不定；说话人声调悲喜交集；那一刻你感受到的情景全然融合在一起。

英译汉历年真题全文翻译(2002--2006

2006年真题参考ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ文
美国知识分子真的受到排斥，并且被认为对社会没有一点价值了吗?我要告诉大家的是，事实并非如此，布鲁克伯杰神父曾一语道破部分真相，他认为是知识分子抛弃了美国。但是知识分子的所作所为更为过火，他们已经对自己作为知识分子的角色变得深感不满。反对知识分子的是他们自己，而不是美国。
人类学研究十分重视文化概念。爱德华·泰勒爵士提出的文化概念是19世纪科学中伟大的学术成就之一。(64)泰勒把文化定义为“……一个复合体，它包括人作为社会成员获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯。”这种见解简单而深刻，为认识和理解人类生活提供了一种全新的方法。泰勒的定义中隐含了一个概念，那就是文化是通过学习获得的、人类共有的、模式化的行为。
(49)不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体，要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲品牌"绝非易事，需要人们做出战略性选择——即在欧洲制作出为欧洲服务的节目。这就要求我们减少对北美市场的依赖，因为他们的节目涉及的经历和文化传统与我们的大不相同。
要想达到这些目的，我们必须更加注重联合制作、新闻交换、文献服务和培训，同时还要求欧洲各国就建立欧洲电视制作银行达成一致意见，这个电视制作银行将以欧洲投资银行为榜样，为电视制作解决必要的资金问题。(50)在应对如此规模的挑战时，可以毫不夸张地说：“如果团结，我们就成功；如果分裂，我们就失败。”——如果我必须选一句口号，那就是“同中存异”：目标一致，但同时尊重每个国家各自的特性。
直到最近语言学家们才开始认真研究那些与他们自己的语言大不相同的语言。在20世纪上半叶，两位人类语言学家——法兰士·博阿斯和爱德华·萨丕尔成了研究南美和北美多种地方语言的创始人。(62)我们之所以感激他们(两位先驱)，是因为在此以后，这些语言中有一些已经不复存在了，这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡，或是被同化，从而丧失了自己的本族语言。然而，本世纪更早一些时候的其他语言学家对他们却不一定那么感激，因为他们对那些来自奇异语言的古怪资料不那么有研究兴趣。(63)那些新近描述的语言与得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言通常是如此明显地不同，以至于有些学者甚至指责博格斯和萨丕尔编造了材料。美洲各种地方语言的理解互不相同，其差别之大实际上可令纳瓦霍语在第二次世界大战期间被美军用来作密电码使用。

2000-2010历年考研英语一翻译真题

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)2010One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds.(48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.2009There is a marked difference between the education which everyone gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association. (46)It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire tosecure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance. (48)While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(50)We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group. 2008In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry.(48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing toassert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.2007The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component ofa journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primarysubjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.2006Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? 46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. 47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals -- the average scientist, for one. 48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine duties -- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. 49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. 50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars.Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in "public and ill ustrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say,is something else.2005It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. 46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. 47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. 48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.49) Creating a “European identity”that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice -- that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs. 50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unit ed we stand, divided we fall” -- and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.2004The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. 61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had someconnection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. 62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful. 63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. 64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. 65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.2003Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. 61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.“Anthropology”derives from the Greek words anthropos:“human”and logos“the study of.”By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.Anthropology is one of the social sciences. 62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the samereasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. 63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. 64) Tylor defined culture as “… that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.65) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.2002Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. 61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. 63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of theenvironment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditionalprescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. 64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values.” Who will use a technology and to what ends?65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.200171) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT’s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. “By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,” he says. 74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of t he next century.”Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids. 75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder -- kitchen rage.2000Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.71)Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization -- with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed -- was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements -- themselvesmade relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.答案略。

中级口译历年口译翻译真题(学生用).docx

2001年9月考题By the middle of this century, some two thirds of the worlds nation, with at least five billion people, will enjoy a standard of living, which only the advanced economies now have. Some three billion of these people will live in Asia. Collectively, the Asian Countries will have a larger economy than the rest of the world put togethe匸The rest of the world will have to react to this millennial economic shift to Asia, and to the rising power of China. The rest of the world will be divided between the Euro-American countries, and the two big peripheral powers, Japan and Russia. Russia is a huge geographical country, with well educated people, and will eventually recover.In terms of nations, it will be a world of much greater economic equality. Although there will still be poor countries, most will be quite rich. Inside these nations there will be mass prosperity, but with a large minority in serious poverty, and a small number who are very rich.2002年3月考题Foundations are tax-free institutions that are created to give grants to both individuals and nonprofit organizations for activities that range from education, research, and the arts to support for the poor and the upkeep of exotic gardens and old mansions. They provide a means by which wealthy people and corporations can in effect decide how their tax payments will be spent, for they are based on money that otherwise would go to the government in taxes. From a small beginning at the turn of the century they have become a very important factor in shaping developments in higher education and the arts.Think tanks and university research institutes are nonprofit organizations that have been developed to provide settings for experts in various academic disciplines- In this way, they may devote their time to the study of policy alternatives free from the teaching and departmental duties that are part of the daily routine for most members of the academic community. Supported by foundation grants and government contracts, they are a majorsource of the new ideas that are discussed in the policy・formation groups.2006年3月英语中级口译真题As a scourge of the modern society, obesity has become the world's biggest public-health issue today—the main cause of heart disease, which kills more people these days than AIDS, malaria, war. Si nce the World Health Organization labeled obesity an "epidemic” in 2000, reports on its fearful consequences have come thick and Fast.Will public-health warnings, combined with media pressure, persuade people to get thinner, just as they finally put them off tobacco? Possibly. In the rich world, sales of healthier foods are booming and new figures suggest that over the past year Americans got very slightly thinner for the first time in recorded history. But even if Americans are losing a few ounces, it will be many years before the country solves the health problems caused by half a century's dining to excess. And, everywhere else in the world, people are still piling on the pounds. That's why there is now a consensus among doctors that governments should do something to stop them.2008年3月英语中级口译真题Imagine you have two candidates for a job. Their CVs are equally good, and they both give good interview. You cannot help noticing, though, that one is pug-ugly and the other is handsome. Are you swayed by their appearance?If you were swayed by someone's looks, would that be wrong? In the past, people often equated beauty with virtue and ugliness with vice.Even now, the expression "as ugly as sin" has not quite passed from the language. There is, of course, the equally famous expression u beauty is in the eye of the beholderto counter it. Most beholders agree what is beautiful-and modern biology suggests there is a good reason for that agreement. Biology also suggests that beauty may, indeed, be a good rule of thumb for assessing someone of either sex. Not an infallible one, andcertainly no substitute for an in-depth investigation. But, nevertheless, an instinctive one, and one that is bound to contribute to the advantage of the physically well endowed.2008年9月英语中级口译真题In a slowing US economy, job opportunities are shaped by uncertainty. As president of a small college, I am keenly aware of the job market that awaits this yearns graduates. The recent news that Bear Stearns was nullifying a few hundred job offers to business school students fits a pattern of corporate downsizing that isrft lost on college campuses across the USA. But even with the darkening economic clouds, rays of good news await this yearns graduates. Sure, companies are laying off workers, but many are also looking for new talent, especially at the entry level.As more than a million entrants flood the job market, students should know that in a global marketplace, language skills will go a long way. So will flexibility. If a grad is ready to accept an entry-level job, give a little on job requirements and move if the company asks, chances are he'll land a job. So despite the rising job losses, a new graduate should embrace the market as the first challenge of a long career.2000年3月英语中级口译真题Information and communications are central to modern society and organizations. One approach to understand the working environment is to consider an organization as a communications system. An organization that has open lines of communication with valid, honest information going up, down, and throughout the organization will be much more effective and a much better place to work than the organization that attempts to restrict the flow of information or distort and deceive. When leadership attempts to keep workers in the dark, workers tend to become distrustful. This undermines their cooperation.It is easy to understand the value and importance of open, honest communications and valid information. Yet, few organizations are able to function in this manner. In the longrun, poor communication will undermine the entire organization. Restricting communication and distorting information are symptoms of short-range thinking. We must avoid these stupid, short-sighted traps and constantly strive for and open communications system with objective information.参考答案：信息和交流对现代社会和机构是非常重要的。

【真题汇总】2000-2011年翻译部分

2000年1、继续扩大国内需求，是当前应对亚洲金融危机和国际市场变化的正确选择，也是我国经济发展的基本立足点和长期战略方针。

In light of [Given] the Asian finiancial crisis and the changes in the international markets, it is proper/fitting for us to continue boosting/promoting domestic demand. This constitutes the basic foundation for China’s economic development as well as being part of our long-term strategy.2、中国各民族相互依存的政治、经济、文化了解，使其在长期的历史发展中有着共同的命运和共同的利益，产生了强固的亲合力、凝聚力。

Due to/Because of their interdependent political, economic and cultural ties, all Chinese nationalities have shared a common destiny and a common interest throughout their long historical development, creating a strong force for affinity and cohesion.3、当前正在进行以课程教材改革为核心的教育改革，改革的中心目标是变应试教育为素质教育。

An education reform centering on curriculum and teaching materials is under way. As our main goal, we will try to reform the educational system so that it focuses on the enhancement of students’ abilities instead of training them merely to pass exams.4、中国的事情能不能办好，社会主义和改革开放能不能坚持，经济能不能快一点发展起来，国家能不能长治久安，从一定意义上说，关键在于人。

考研英语一2000年的翻译

考研翻译题复习笔记-2000年英语一翻译题翻译题首先要解决单词量的问题，因此我们在学真题句子时就要注意这些常用单词在不同语境中的含义。

记忆的最简单方式就是重复，通过大量的真题实例长难句，去熟悉这些考严词汇在不同语境下的变化。

本篇的最好复习方法是先做真题句子，看看自己能否译出来、能不能译得通顺，其实不管译得好不好，自己都先写出来，然后再来比对文章的分析。

从2000年的英语一开始每年5句真题，名称分别为00-1，00-2...。

00-1Under modern conditions,this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.译：在现代条件下，这需要各种集中控制的手段（措施）因此需要专业科学家们的帮助。

如经济学和运筹学研究专家们。

你要知道的：1，本句要看懂this requires...，的意思和其主谓结构。

2，了解and hence,说明前后句是个并列结构。

3，help of...如果直译会变得不通顺，因此后面可补上谓语requires。

4，要了解并列结构的谓语require是如何运用的。

5，Such as....后面是对谁的补充要清楚。

6，本句中的and在翻译时可省略。

7，centralized是centralize的过去分词，是动词，要能看出其名词central。

8，measures译成“措施”会更合适。

9，注意Scientists、economists及experts都加了S，翻译时可加个“们”。

10，记住economists 和operational 是经济学和运筹学。

00-2Furthermore,it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.译：此外，很明显的是一个国家的经济实力直接取决于工农业的（生产）效率，并且效率的提高反过来依赖于各类科学家和技术人员的努力。