general tolerance for machining 图纸
铣床图纸
Rev By:Part Name:Drn By:Date:File:Qty:Date:Rev No:DO NOT SCALE DRAWING Material:Dwg No:Part No:Scale:PROJECTIONGENERAL MACHINING TOLERANCE .X ` 0.20.XX ` 0.050 TO 250 ` 0.5500 & ABOVE ` 2.0TIR ` 0.20ANGULAR ` 1/4~THE HONG KONGBench Type Milling Machinecrossslide_screwsTable ScrewsCF Sincrossslide_screws.iamiccfsin 1 1 : 4Bench Type Milling MachinePart Name:Table ScrewPart No: Dwg No: Drn By: Date: File: Rev No: Rev By: Date: Qty: Material:mm02001 mm02001CF Sin 25/09/2003mm02001.ipticcfsin2.0 X Depth 1.0 M10X0.753.5n10 - 0.01n16 Acme ThreadScale:1 Mild Steel 1:2+0Pitch 4.0n10 - 0.01DO NOT SCALE DRAWING+0PROJECTIONGENERAL MACHINING TOLERANCE .X ` 0.20 .XX ` 0.05 0 TO 250 ` 0.5 500 & ABOVE ` 2.0 TIR ` 0.20 ANGULAR ` 1/4~2- 0.01 n8 - 0.0313.7 15 25 45 382.5 `0.01 13THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITYINDUSTRIAL CENTRE0.2Bench Type Milling MachinePart Name:1210Left Bearing HousingPart No: Dwg No: Drn By: Date:mm05005a mm05005aCF Sinmm05005a.iptn10.5n20File:Two Holes n5.5 THRU v n9 x 5.5Rev No:iccfsin 17/05/2005 Qty: 1 Material: Mild Steel Scale: 1:1Date: DO NOT SCALE DRAWINGRev By:33n60n30PROJECTION45GENERAL MACHINING TOLERANCE .X ` 0.20 .XX ` 0.05 0 TO 250 ` 0.5 500 & ABOVE ` 2.0 TIR ` 0.20 ANGULAR ` 1/4~THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITYINDUSTRIAL CENTREn4.54 Holes5043Bench Type Milling MachinePart Name:Table NutPart No:mm02002 mm0200227 34Dwg No: Drn By: Date: File: Rev No: Rev By: Date:CF Sin 25/09/2003mm02002.ipticcfsin17n16 Acme ThreadQty: Material: Scale:Pitch 4.05+ 0.02 17 - 0.021 Bronze 1:1DO NOT SCALE DRAWING PROJECTION30GENERAL MACHINING TOLERANCE .X ` 0.20 .XX ` 0.05 0 TO 250 ` 0.5 500 & ABOVE ` 2.0 TIR ` 0.20 ANGULAR ` 1/4~888 7.5 358THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITYINDUSTRIAL CENTRE40452 Holes M5x0.8 - 6H2518 9017.5125 44.516.5122620038010 4 Holes n6.5 THRU v n11 x 6.5 R62010515510431860°Bench Type Milling MachinePart Name:ColumnPart No: Dwg No: Drn By: Date: File:mm03000 mm03000CF Sin 25/09/2003mm03000.ipt33 R8Rev No: Rev By: Date:iccfsin3644.5Qty: Material: Scale:1 Cast Iron 2:5DO NOT SCALE DRAWING PROJECTIONGENERAL MACHINING TOLERANCE .X ` 0.20 .XX ` 0.05 0 TO 250 ` 0.5 500 & ABOVE ` 2.0 TIR ` 0.20 ANGULAR ` 1/4~257512 37THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITYINDUSTRIAL CENTREBench Type Milling MachinePart Name:Column ScrewPart No: Dwg No: Drn By: Date: File: Rev No: Rev By: Date:mm03003 mm03003CF Sin 25/09/2003mm03003.ipticcfsinn10 - 0.012.0 X Depth 1.0n8 - 0.03n16 Acme ThreadQty: Material: Scale:Pitch 4.03.5- 0.01M10X0.751 Mild Steel 1:2+0DO NOT SCALE DRAWING PROJECTION2 25 4513.8 15GENERAL MACHINING TOLERANCE .X ` 0.20 .XX ` 0.05 0 TO 250 ` 0.5 500 & ABOVE ` 2.0 TIR ` 0.20 ANGULAR ` 1/4~225THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITYINDUSTRIAL CENTRE100.6 1312.560°Bench Type Milling Machine125Part Name:32Head MountPart No: Dwg No: Drn By: Date:mm03001 mm03001CF Sin 25/09/2003mm03001.ipt30 15 95 3 Holes M4x0.7 - 6HFile: Rev No: Rev By:iccfsin4 Holes M6x1 - 6HDate: Qty: Material: Scale:25351 Cast Iron 1:2DO NOT SCALE DRAWING10022PROJECTION35GENERAL MACHINING TOLERANCE .X ` 0.20 .XX ` 0.05 0 TO 250 ` 0.5 500 & ABOVE ` 2.0 TIR ` 0.20 ANGULAR ` 1/4~395049.5266 4 Holes n4.5 THRU v n9 x 4.515THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITYINDUSTRIAL CENTREn60170n60Bench Type Milling MachinePart Name:85Head (Casting)65Part No: Dwg No: Drn By: Date:mm04000 mm0400065 160CF Sin 31/1/2004mm04000.iptFile: Rev No: Rev By: Date:iccfsin21516Qty: Material: Scale:221 Cast Aluminimun 2:522DO NOT SCALE DRAWING PROJECTION135 °447085138GENERAL MACHINING TOLERANCE .X ` 0.20 .XX ` 0.05 0 TO 250 ` 0.5 500 & ABOVE ` 2.0 TIR ` 0.20 ANGULAR ` 1/4~22104THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITYINDUSTRIAL CENTRE2 Holes M6x1 - 6HE71 R6 8 Holes M5x0.8 - 6H 2E-E52.5n70+ 0.01 n72 0Bench Type Milling MachineM5x0.8 - 6HPart Name:8052.541+ 0.1 130 - 041Milling Head60Part No: Dwg No:mm04001 mm0400115Drn By: Date: File:45 50 91 98E4141 60CF Sin 25/09/2003mm04001.ipt130Rev No: Rev By: Date: Qty:iccfsin205 95 808Material:154Holes n6.5 THRU160Scale:1 Cast Aluminimun 2:54 Holes M5x0.8 - 6HDO NOT SCALE DRAWING PROJECTION18GENERAL MACHINING TOLERANCE6025 75 601810525.X ` 0.20 .XX ` 0.05 0 TO 250 ` 0.5 500 & ABOVE ` 2.0 TIR ` 0.20 ANGULAR ` 1/4~145THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITYINDUSTRIAL CENTRE111260°6 3 Holesn4 -1 DEEPBench Type Milling MachinePart Name:Drift ZPart No: Dwg No: Drn By: Date: File: Rev No:mm03002 mm03002CF Sin 25/09/2003mm03002.ipt35Rev By: Date: Qty:iccfsinMaterial: Scale:1 Mild Steel 1:1100DO NOT SCALE DRAWING35PROJECTIONGENERAL MACHINING TOLERANCE .X ` 0.20 .XX ` 0.05 0 TO 250 ` 0.5 500 & ABOVE ` 2.0 TIR ` 0.20 ANGULAR ` 1/4~15THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITYINDUSTRIAL CENTRE2 Holes M4 X 0.76.5Bench Type Milling Machine6.5 95Part Name:Vice BodyPart No: Dwg No: Drn By:mm02003 mm0200311Date: File: Rev No:CF Sin 27/09/2003mm02003.ipt2040 20 12 12 M12x1.75 - 6H 12 90Rev By: Date: Qty: Material: Scale:iccfsin1 Mild Steel 1:2DO NOT SCALE DRAWING12.530 20.5 40PROJECTION2068GENERAL MACHINING TOLERANCE .X ` 0.20 .XX ` 0.05 0 TO 250 ` 0.5 500 & ABOVE ` 2.0 TIR ` 0.20 ANGULAR ` 1/4~10 16 65120THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITYINDUSTRIAL CENTRE。
EN21F(Toerances,2011)
This standard, which is in accordance with ISO 2768-1 1989, states the permissible deviations for dimensions without direct tolerance indications on metallic components manufactured by machining. On drawings , dimensions without direct tolerance indications must be in accordance with the m ( medium) values in the tables. See Engineering Procedure 20.21.05
3. Welding When manufacturing constructions by means of welding this standard refers to ISO 13920 1996. This ISO standard specifies general tolerances for linear and angular dimensions and for shape and position of welded structures in four tolerance classes, these being based on customary workshop accuracy. The main criteria for the selection of a particular tolerance class should be the functional requirements which are to be met.
1 典型外贸图纸及读图要点
C、图纸版次更改栏
图纸版次更改栏的内容相对简单，一般包括修改版次号、更 改单号或更改说明、更改日期等内容。 下图为一具体件号的图纸版次更改栏，供参考。
D、应用规范栏
应用规范栏也称作适用技术规范栏，用于注明制造该零件所要用到的规范 （或技术文件）。一般设计图都有专门的应用规范栏（或技术规范栏），也 有的设计图将其列入图纸的注释当中。 下列为GEAE某零件图纸注释（技术条件）的一部分。在注释1中标明了必 须符合的技术条件。
标题栏实例。
图文说明： Finish or treatment – 光饰或处理 Material: high strength, non magnetic stainless steel to conform to SH 620512. Material certification to be supplied with component. 材料：符合SH 620512的高强度无磁不锈钢。材料证书应与零部件一起提供。 90°countersink all tapped holes to major diameter of threads +0.25 对所有螺纹孔锪90°锥口孔，螺纹大径公差+0.25 Start and finish angle on machine threads to be 45°±15° 机加螺纹的起始和终止角度为45°±15° Surface finish 表面粗糙度 Remove burrs and break corners R0.2 max 去毛刺并倒圆R0.2最大 Inside corner R0.25 max 内角R0.25最大 Total runout T.I.M 0.1 总跳动总指示器测量值0.1 Units: MM – 单位：厘米 Angular tolerance – 角度公差 Dimension tolerance – 尺寸公差 Title: Bias unit body –名称：偏置件 DWG revision – 图纸版次
中英德图纸翻译
Bemerkungen /Notes注RPS…=Reference-point-system （德语）参照点系统RPS…=System referencnich bodu （捷克语）Gekennzeichnete Flaechen+0.5mm zum Datensatzlagebestimmende Flaeche fuer uebergeordnete ZusammenbautenTakto oznacene plochy +0.5mm k souboru datPlochy, urcujici polohu pro nadrazene sestavy做过该标记的表面+0.5mm，此记录的规定表面是为了更好的总体构造。
Nicht bemasste Beschnittradien R (5+1)mm未注明尺寸的极边缘半径R (5+1)mmZul. Abweichung bei Beschnittlinien +0.5mm zum DatensatzPripustna odchylka u orezovych a reznych hran +0.5mm k souboru dat边缘线的尺寸误差根据记录+0.5mmNicht gekennzeichnete Flaeche +0.8 mm zum Datensatz,Neoznacene plochy +0.8 mm k souboru dat未做过标记的表面根据记录+0.5mmNicht bemasste Geometrien sind dem Datensatz zu entnehmenNezakotovane tvary prevzit ze souboru dat未注明尺寸的几何形状根据电脑数据fuer RPS-Punkte +0.2 mm zum DatensatzPripustna odchylka pro RPS body +0.2 mm k souboru dat参照点的尺寸误差根据记录+0.2 mmKennzeichnung ist durch den Hersteller mit derKonstruktion abzustimmenOznaceni podle dohody mezi vyrobcem a konstrukci标记是由制造商根据设计图调整的。
常用机械制图英语
常⽤机械制图英语AA/C across corners 对⾓距A/F across flats 对边距above stuffing上填料accumulation of energy储能accumulation积聚性acme thread梯形(爱克姆)螺纹across corner 对⾓距across flat 对边距actual size实际尺⼨acute angle 锐⾓addendum 齿顶⾼addendum circle 齿顶圆admiralty metal含锡黄铜affiliation从属性(关系)ageing treatment时效处理AL aluminum 铝aligned sectional view旋转剖视图allowance容差、加⼯余量analytical method of line and plane线⾯分析法analytical method of shape形体分析法analyzable assembly分析装配图ANG angle ⾓angle bar or L-bar (beam)⾓钢angle between axonometric axes轴间⾓angular dimension ⾓度尺⼨angular gear⼈字齿轮angular section斜剖⾯angularity倾斜度anneal退⽕anti-clockwise逆时针⽅向的arrow or arrowheads 箭头asbestos packing⽯棉填料ASM assembly 装配(图)、部件assembly drawing number装配图图号assembly drawings装配(组装)图assembly for installation安装图assembly parts装配组合零件assembly sketches装配草图auxiliary circle辅助圆auxiliary plane辅助平⾯auxiliary sectional view斜(辅助)剖视图 aligned and developed展开视图AVG average 平均axial coefficients of foreshortening轴向变形系数axis line 轴线axis of rotation转轴axis轴线axonometric axes轴测轴axonometric drawing轴测图axonometric projection轴测投影BBAB Babbitt 巴⽒(轴承)合⾦back (rear) view后(背)视图bar杆base line 基准线base parts机座base plane底平⾯basic deviation基本偏差basic hole基准孔basic shaft基准轴basic size基本尺⼨BB ball bearing 滚动轴承bearing cover轴承盖bearing set轴承座 bearing轴承bell metal青铜(锡铜)合⾦belt wheel带轮bevel gear斜齿轮BHN Brinell hardness number 布⽒硬度值bisector 平分线blade spring板簧blind hole 盲孔(不通的孔)blind hole盲孔blind threaded hole螺纹盲孔blunt angle 钝⾓body of revolution回转体bolt joint螺栓连接bolt螺栓border 图框border line 图框线boring machine or boring镗床boring镗孔boss club凸台bottom shell 下轴⽡box箱体brazing metal铜锌合⾦bright washer平垫圈Brinell hardness布⽒(HB)硬度broacher拉床、绞孔机broaching拉床、扩孔机broach拉光broken line 断裂线broken view (local view)局部视图BRS brass 黄铜BRZ bronze 青铜burnish or polishing磨光butterfly valve蝶形阀buttress (screw) thread锯齿形(枪膛)螺纹caliper卡尺(钳)cap screw带帽螺钉(栓)capital letters ⼤写字母carburizing (carbon infiltration)渗碳case hardened硬化、表⾯淬⽕casting defect铸件缺陷casting processes铸造⼯艺casting铸造、铸件castle nut内六⾓圆螺母cavity空腔(⽳)CBORE counterbore 沉孔、埋头孔center to center distance 中⼼距centerline (central line) 中⼼线center-to-center spacing中⼼距central projection中⼼投影CH HD cheese head 开槽圆柱头CHAM chamfer 倒⾓chamfer倒⾓channel bar槽钢characteristics of projection 投影特性CHD checked (by) (由) …校对check drawings校(核)图cheese head圆柱头Chinese characters 汉字chrome plating镀铬CI cast iron 铸铁CIR circular 圆的circular arc 圆弧、弧circular pitch 齿距circular pitch周节circular runout圆跳动CL or centerline 中⼼线clamping夹紧clearance fit间隙配合clockwise顺时针⽅向的CM centimeter 厘⽶coarse pitch thread粗⽛普通螺纹coarse wheel粗砂轮加⼯coating涂覆coincidence (revolved) section重合断⾯coincident point重影(合)点color-hardening着⾊硬化、发蓝、发⿊combination solids组合体commom tangent公切线common axis公共轴线common point 共有点compass 圆规component构件compound sectional view复合剖视图concave millstone凹⾯磨盘concentric circle同⼼圆concentricity and coaxiality同轴(⼼)度conic (miter) gear圆锥(伞)齿轮connecting bar连杆construction line 作图线contact surfaces接触表⾯continuous straight thin line with zig zags 折线continuous thick line 粗实线continuous thin irregular line 波浪线continuous thin line 细实线contour arithmetic mean deviation轮廓算术平均偏差contour element外形素线conventional breaks折断规定画法conventional representation规定画法converge聚为⼀点convex millstone凸⾯磨盘coordinate axis坐标轴COP copper 铜copper plating镀铜corrosion腐蚀cotter (split) pin 开⼝(尾)销counterbore hole 阶梯沉孔、埋头孔counterboring tool 平底扩孔钻counter-drill 阶梯钻countersunk hole锥形沉孔、埋头孔coupling or union连轴器covering external thread套扣CP circular pitch 周节crank摇把cross rib⼗字肋cross section shape横断⾯形状crossing line交叉线crossing point交叉点CRS (C to C) centers 中⼼距CSK countersunk 锥孔、埋头孔CU cubic ⽴⽅的CU FT cubic foot ⽴⽅英尺CU IN cubic inch ⽴⽅英⼨CU YD cubic yard ⽴⽅码cube⽴⽅体cuboid长⽅体cup packing⽪碗密封curve template 曲线板curved line of intersection曲交线curved slot 曲线槽cutting plane symbol剖切平⾯符号cutting plane剖切平⾯cut断⾯图cycloidal gear摆线齿轮CYL cylinder (cylindrical) 圆柱、圆柱体的cylindricity圆柱度Ddashed thin lines 虚线datum feature基准要素datum line基准线datum plane基准⾯datum point基准点datum symbo基准代号 ldeburring去⽑刺dedendum circle 齿根圆dedendum 齿根⾼DEG or ? degree 度delineator制图者descriptive geometry 画法⼏何descriptive geometry solution 图解法design datum设计基准DET DWG detail drawing 零件图detail drawing零件图detailing (an assembly drawing) (由装配图)拆画零件图deviation尺⼨偏差（偏差）DIA or φ diameter 直径DIAG diagonal 对⾓线(的)diagonal line 对⾓线diagram assembly drawing装配⼯作图diagrammatic drawing⽰意图diameter 直径diamond knurling⽹纹滚花dimension 尺码dimension figure 尺⼨数字dimension form 尺⼨格式dimension line 尺⼨线dimension text 尺⼨数值dimension tolerance尺⼨公差dimetric drawing正⼆轴测图dividers 分规dome圆顶状double-start thread双线螺纹dowel pin 圆柱销draft or draught起模斜度drafting paper 绘图纸drafting tape 胶带纸drawing board 图板drawing number图号DRG drawing 制图、图样drilling钻孔drive gear主动齿轮driven gear从动齿轮driven shaft从动轴DRN drawn (by) (由) …绘图ductile cast iron球墨铸铁dynamometry测⼒Eedge line棱线effective diameters弹簧中径effective length有效长度EI or ei 来⾃法⽂ecart inferieur 下偏差代号elbow肘形弯管(头) element circle素线圆element symbol基本符号elementary unit基本体ellipse椭圆elongated hole延长孔、拉伸孔end cover端盖end face端⾯end point端点engineering requirements技术要求enlarged partial view局部放⼤图enlargement scale 放⼤⽐例EQUI SP or EQS equally spaced 均布erasing shield 擦图⽚ES or es 来⾃法⽂ecart superieur 上偏差代号EXT external 外部的extension line 尺⼨界线external (male) thread外(阳)螺纹external diameter弹簧外径external dimension外形尺⼨external tangency 外切external thread lathing车外螺纹external view外形视图extreme position of moveable part 活动极限位置extruding挤压FFAB fabricate 制造、装配faucet旋塞、⽔龙头feed spiral送料螺旋felt ring毡圈ferrous metal⿊⾊⾦属FIG. figure 附图、插图FIL fillister 凹槽file锉filing margin 装订边fill in填写fillet铸造(内)圆⾓fine boring精镗fine broaching精拉fine grinding精磨fine milling精铣fine pitch thread细⽛普通螺纹fine planning精刨fine turning精车finish all over全部加⼯fissure裂纹fit symbol配合代号fit system配合制fit配合55? non sealing pipe thread 55?⾮密封管螺纹55? sealing pipe thread 55?密封管螺纹fixed body固定钳⾝flange法兰盘、凸缘flat bar扁钢flat heads平顶flat or plane平⾯flatness平⾯度follower从动(⼤齿)轮font 字体font cavity缩孔、铸⼝forging锻压fork拨叉form error形状误差forth quadrant第四象限four quadrants四个象限45? mitre line 45?斜线free hand 徒⼿(画)free height⾃由⾼度frontal line正平线frontal plane (or V-plane)正投影⾯frontal plane正平⾯frustum of a cone圆锥台frustum of a cone截头圆锥frustum of a pyramid棱锥台FT or ′foot 英尺full sectional view全剖视图full size 原值⽐例full thread全螺纹functional dimensions功能尺⼨Ggasket密封垫(圈)gauge calipers卡(量)规gear box (case)齿轮箱gear train齿轮传动gear齿轮general fit class配合种类general-plane ⼀般位置平⾯general-position line⼀般位置直线generating circle母线圆generator (generation) line母线Geometric construction ⼏何作图geometrical solid⼏何体geometrical tolerance symbol形位公差符号geometrical tolerance形状位置公差GI galvanized iron 马⼝铁、镀锌铁gib-head key钩头楔键gland压盖gland密封压盖globe valve球阀good-quality carbon steel优质碳素钢grade 坡度grade A and grade B of type one hexagon nutI 型六⾓螺母A级和B级graduated scale ⽐例(分度)尺graphical representation 图⽰法Graphics 图学GRD grind 磨削grey cast iron灰⼝铸铁grinding machine磨床grinding研磨grinding磨削groove 凹槽、沟纹guard valve安全阀guide pin定位销guide screw丝杠Hhalf sectional view半剖视图half view半视图hand valve⼿压阀hard casting⽩⼝铁hard metal硬质合⾦hardened and tempered调质的harden淬⽕hardness number硬度值Hatching 剖⾯线heat-treatment热处理heavy lines 加深图线heavy metal重⾦属helical compression spring圆柱螺旋压缩弹簧helical spring螺旋弹簧helical spur gear斜齿圆柱齿轮helical tension spring圆柱螺旋拉伸弹簧herringbone gear⼈字形圆柱齿轮HEX hexagon 六⾓(边)形HEX HD hexagon head 六⾓头hex nut六⾓螺母hex slotted nut六⾓开槽螺母hexagon head 六⾓头hexagon head bolt六⾓头螺栓hexagon head bolt六⾓头螺栓hexagon socket cap screw内六⾓圆柱头螺钉hexagon thin nut六⾓薄螺母hidden edges 不可见轮廓线high-carbon steel⾼碳钢high-speed steel⾼速钢hole-basis system of fits基孔制配合horizontal (level) plane⽔平⾯horizontal line⽔平线horizontal projection plane (H-plane)⽔平投影⾯hot-rolled steel热轧钢HP horsepower 马⼒H-perpendicular line铅垂线H-perpendicular plane铅垂⾯HR hour ⼩时hub轮毂hub轮毂、中⼼hyperbola双曲线Ihypotenuse直⾓三⾓形之斜边(弦)I/D inside diameter 内径、内形尺⼨I-beam⼯字钢imaginary line 假想线IN or ″ inch 英⼨incenter 内(切圆)⼼included angle夹⾓inflexion拐点ingot iron低碳钢(⼯业纯铁)initial outline 初始轮廓线inlet side⼊⼝端inner race内圈inside diameter内径instruction book说明书instrumental drawing ⽤仪器画的图INT internal 内部的interchangeability互换性interference fit过盈配合internal (female) thread内(阴)螺纹internal (inside) caliper内卡尺(钳) internal diameters弹簧内径internal tangency 内切internal thread lathing车内螺纹interpenetration相贯intersecting plane截平⾯intersection line截交线intersection of plane surfaces平⾯之交线intersection of surfaces表⾯之交线intersection point交点Intersection相交Intuitive illustrations直观图involute gear渐开线齿轮iron铁ISO standards ISO国际标准ISO=International Standardization Organization国际标准化组织isometric drawing (diagram)正等轴测图isometric projection正等测投影isometric sectional view正等轴测剖视图Italic font 斜体Jjack千⽄顶、起重器jig body夹具体junction surface结合⾯Kkey diagram原理草图key joint键连接key seat键座key types键的型式key way (slot)键槽key键knobbled (wrought) iron熟(锻)铁knurling 滚花knurling nut滚花螺帽Llamp plank钳⼝板LAT lateral 侧(横)向的lathe车床LB pound 磅lead distance导程leader line 指引线lead导程leaf spring叶(薄)⽚弹簧left hand-thread左旋螺纹left-hand side (end) view左(端)视图length of thread engagement螺纹旋合长度letter 字母lever arm长臂杠杆LG long .length 长度、长的LH left hand 左旋、左⽅向light metal轻⾦属limit size极限尺⼨limiting deviations极限偏差limiting element转向轮廓素线LIN linear 线性的、直线的line segment 线段line styles 线型linearity直线性lines in planes线在⾯上L-iron⾓铁local (broken-out) sectional view局部剖视图location by dimension 定位尺⼨location dimension尺⼨定位lock nut防松螺母lock screw锁紧螺钉locking device锁紧装置LONG longitude 经度(线)long dashed dotted thin line 点画线long dashed double dotted thin line 双点画线lower-case letters ⼩写字母lower deviation下偏差lower limit下限(值)lubricant pump齿轮油泵。
冲压件工程图
SLAC Pub 7060Some Alignment Considerations for the Next Linear ColliderRobert E. Ruland, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford, CA 943091.0 INTRODUCTIONNext Linear Collider type accelerators require a new level of alignment quality. The relative alignment of these machines is to be maintained in an error envelope dimensioned in micrometers and for certain parts in nanometers. In the nanometer domain our terra firma cannot be considered monolithic but compares closer to jelly. Since conventional optical alignment methods cannot deal with the dynamics and cannot approach the level of accuracy, special alignment and monitoring techniques must be pursued.2.0 COMPONENT PLACEMENT TOLERANCESComponent placement tolerance specifications define the alignment operation. The definition of these tolerances has changed over recent years, resulting in significantly looser specifications. At the same time, the alignment requirements of NLC type machines are intrinsically more demanding, effectively offsetting these reductions.The available space here does not allow a detailed discussion of all parts of an NLC design. While the following discussion will focus on the main linac damping ring alignment, most of it is nonetheless directly applicable to the other machine parts.2.1 DefinitionsOriginally, alignment tolerances were calculated as the offset of a single component resulting in an intolerable loss of luminosity. This seemed a reasonable way to proceed and immediately gave relative sensitivities of component placement. However, this method had two flaws: it failed to take into account that, firstly, not just one but all elements are out of alignment simultaneously, and secondly, that sophisticated orbit and tune correction systems are applied to recover the lost luminosity. Permissible alignment errors, random or systematic, under these more realistic assumptions are much harder to estimate because they require an understanding of allconceivable interactive effects that go into a simulation and a detailed scenario of tuning and correcting. The continued increase in available computing power has made it possible to calculate the simultaneous offsets of all components. Operating experience from the present generation of colliders has yielded significant advances in orbit tuning and correcting. On this basis, alignment tolerances can be defined as the value of placement errors which, if exceeded, make the machine uncorrectable. Experience with higher order optical systems has shown that alignment tolerances derived in this manner tend to be about an order of magnitude looser than before.’2.2 NLC Linac TolerancesAlignment tolerances according to the first and the most recent definitions have been computed2 and are plotted in Fig. 1. The first curve shows the placement tolerances required to keep dispersion losses under a tolerable 3%, i.e. the machine would operate to design specifications. The placement requirements for adjacent components are a very tight 32.3. Measurement Quality EstimateTo estimate what alignment accuracy could be achieved in a conventional alignment procedure for the main linac, the process has been simulated. Fig. 4 shows the resulting tolerance curve. Comparing Fig. 1 to Fig. 2, one can see, that conventional alignment can support the ab initio alignment requirements but not the running tolerance requirements.Fig. 2. Quadrupole alignment tolerances vs. alignment accuracy3.0 DATUM DEFINITIONSince the earth is spherical, a slicethrough an equipotential surface, i.e. asurface where water is at rest, shows anellipse. For a project the size of an NLC,this has significant consequences.Fig. 3. Effect of earth curvature on linear and circularaccelerators3.1 Tangential Plane or Equipotential SurfaceTraditionally, accelerators were built in atangential plane, sometimes slightly tilted toaccommodate geological formations. All pointsaround an untilted circular machine lie at the sameFig. 4. Three plane lay-outheight (Fig. 3), but a linear machine such as theNLC cuts right through the equipotential iso-lines. The center of a 30 km linear accelerator is 17 m below the end points. To alleviate the problems one could build the accelerator on more than one plane, e.g. building the linacs and the final focus/detector section on three separate planes reduces the sagitta to 1.9 m (Fig. 4). To avoid the “height” difference completely, one would need to build the machine along an equipotential surface.3.2 Lay-out DiscussionSince most surveying instruments work relative to gravity, the “natural” solution is a lay-out which follows the surface generated by equal gravity, the equipotential surface, although, for conventional alignment methods, the choice of a tangential surface adds just one additional correction. The choice of lay-out surface does have a major impact upon which special alignment methods can be used: a diffraction optics Fresnel plate alignment system requires a straight line of sight, but a hydrostatic level system can not accommodate height differences of more than a few centimeters.4.0 SPECIAL ALIGNMENT SYSTEMSThe conventional alignment accuracy can be improved by adding alignment systems to the measurement plan which are optimized for the measurement of the critical dimension. The key element of any of these alignment schemes is to generate a straight line reference. Fig. 5 gives an overview of straight line reference systems categorized by their working principle.3 Most of these systems can also be used to establish on-line monitoring systems.4.1 Mechanical Reference LineA stretched wire is used to represent a straight line. While in the horizontal plane a wire projects to a first order a straight line, in the vertical plane it follows a hyperbolic shape due toFig. 5. Straight line reference systemsgravitational forces. The deviation from a straight line in the vertical is a function of the wire’s weight per unit length, wire length and tension. A 45 m spring steel wire with 0.5 mm diameter under a maximum tension has a sagitta of about 6 mm. A comparable wire made of a silicon-carbide material4 which has the same tensile strength but at only one tenth of the spring steel’s weight per unit length, creates a sagitta of only 0.6 mm. For very accurate measurements, deviations of a wire from a straight line in the horizontal plane must also be considered. These deviations are created by internal bending moments caused by molecular stress of the material. The bending moments can be reduced to negligible size by heat-treating the wire or by stretching it into the yield range.4. 1. 1. Optical Detection The “Light Shadow Technique”(Fig. 6) is implemented with a variety of detectors and canprovide very cost effective solutions, excellent range andresolution. At LLNL, a GaAs infrared emitting diode Fig. 6. Light shadow technique illuminating a silicon phototransistor across a 2.5 mm gap combination was used to measure the deflection of a wire in an electro-magnetic field.5 This set up was part of a system to align the solenoid focus magnets on the ETA-II linear induction accelerator. To stabilize drift problems, the phototransistor was replaced with CdS photoconductors.6 The resolution proved better than 14.1.2. Electrical Detection Electrical pick-ups useinductive or capacitive techniques to measure thewire position. A very simple inductive system wasdeveloped at KEK to support the alignment of theATF linac. The reference wire carries a 60 kHzsignal which is picked up by two coils on either sideof the wire (Fig. 8).8 The differential signal is ameasure for the relative wire position. The accuracyover the measurement range of 5 mm is better than± 30ESRF and CERN, in collaboration with the French company Fogale Nanotech, have developed capacitive sensors. The CERN sensor is bi-axial and resolves the wire position over a range of 2.5 mm to ± 1alignment of components to about ± 50In its simplest form, a laser beam images a spot on a PSD, QD or CCD array, allowing a direct position read-out to fewSLAC Linac/FFTB AlignmentSystem.12,13 The reference line of aFresnel system is defined by the pinhole and the center of the detectorplane (Fig. 12). The Fresnel zone Fig. 12. Fresnel alignment systemplate (Fig. 13) focuses the diffuse light onto the detector, forming an interference pattern (Fig. 14). The design parameters of the zone plates, size, width of strips, and gaps, are a function of the wavelength of the light source, image and object distances, and resolution. Only one Fresnel lens can be in the light path at any time. To incorporate more monitor stations into the system, the zone plates must be mounted on hinges so that actuators can flip the plates in and out of the light path. Since refraction would distort the fringe images to noise, the light path must be in a vacuum vessel.T h e F F T B a l i g n m e n tsystem’s Fresnel zoneplates, which, as anextension to the linacalignment system, are about3.2 - 3.4 km from the detec-tor, can resolve the motionof a zone plate to 5155.0 ERROR PROPAGATIONS WITH ADDITIONAL SYSTEMS5.1. Stretched WireFor the purpose of estimating the error propagation of a wire system over the length of a possible NLC linac the lay-out as sketched in Fig. 16 was assumed. A double overlapping wire arrangement is necessary since it was found that in order to preserve a position survey accuracy of ± 5VI/460The improved wire curve assumes that it will be possible to achieve the present FFTB wire accuracy for a 100 m long wire. This system would be able to fully support the alignment needs.Fig. 17. Wire alignment accuracies5.2. Hydrostatic Level SystemTo simulate the effect of supporting the alignment with a hydrostatic level system, two cases need to be considered. If the machine would be built on a tangential plane, one hydrostatic level system cannot accommodate the height difference. Therefore, the simulation assumes individual 500 m long sections set up like a stair. The second case assumes an equipotential surface as reference plane allowing one continues system. Fig. 18 shows the simulation results.Fig. 18. Hydrostatic alignment accuraciesVI/4616.0 SUMMARYAlthough the NLC requires alignment tolerances an order of magnitude tighter than required for existing machines, results from a conventional alignment will be sufficient to make the NLC correctable. It was shown also that more sophisticated alignment systems can very likely accommodate the operational requirements. While the beam itself is the ultimate judge of alignment, beam based alignment requires costly beam time. To maximize luminosity, the investment in more sophisticated alignment tools may well pay off.1Fischer, G., Alignment and Vibration Issues in TeV Linear Collider Design, Proc. International Conference on High Energy Accelerators, Tsukuba, 1989, SLAC-PUB 5024.2Adolphsen, C., A Linac Design for the NLC, Proc. 1995 PAC, Dallas, 1995, in print.3Schwarz, W. ed., Vermessungsverfahren im Maschinen- und Anlagenbau, Schriftenreihe DVW, Wittwer Verlag, 13/1995, p. 128.4Made by TEXTRON Specialty Materials.5Griffith, L., Progress in ETA-II Magnetic Field Alignment using Stretched Wire and Low Energy Electron Beam Techniques, Proc. Linac Conference, Albuquerque, 1990.6Griffth, L., private communication.7Gervaise, J. & E. Wilson, High Precision Geodesy Applied to CERN Accelerators, Applied Geodesy for Particle Accelerators, CERN 87-01, Geneva, 1987, p. 162.8Hayano, H., private communication.9Ruland, R., et al., A Dynamic Alignment System for the Final Focus Test Beam, Proc. Third IWAA, Annecy, 1993, pp. 243-4.l0Fuss, B., The SLAC Pyramid Magnet Monitoring System, Internal Report, Unpublished11Takeuchi, Y., ATF Alignment, Proc. KEK/SLAC X-Band Collider Design Mini-workshop, SLAC, 1994, SLAC-R-95-456.12Hermannsfeldt, W., Precision Alignment Using a System of Large Rectangular Fresnel Lenses, Applied Optics, 7, 1968, pp. 995-1005, SLAC-PUB 496.13Ruland, R., op.cit., pp. 246-251.VI/46214Griffith, L., et al., Magnetic Alignment and the Poisson alignment reference system. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 61 (8), 1990, pp. 2138-2154.15Roux, D., A historical First on Accelerator Alignment, Proc. Third IWAA, Annecy, 1993, pp. 88-91.。
图纸技术要求英汉翻译
图纸信息1．Dimensions apply after finished.图纸尺寸应用于成品。
2．Unless otherwise specified,the following profile and positional tolerance applies :未注尺寸的，按照轮廓度和位置度公差。
3．Condition part for safe handling per UL#1439. 规定以UL＃1439文件安全加工。
4．Surface treatment:electroless nickel .0001-.0002 thk.表面处理：无电沉镍，厚度.0001-.00025．Material:grey cast iron one percent nickel.材料：含1%镍的灰铸铁。
6．Draft adds mass.图样增大面积。
7．Normalize before machining.机加工前正火（热处理，解除内应力）8．Unless otherwise specified,draft angle to be 2°.未注公差，图样角度给到2度。
9．Straight knurl this surface.此表面直纹。
10．Check when restrained to datum A.以A基准检查工件。
11．Inside and outside radii 0.06 typ. 內外R角0.06.12．All bins and walls to be 0.38 thk unless otherwise specified.未注明，加强肋和壁给定0.38厚度.13．Casting to be stress relieved.铸造用来去除內应力。
14． A slip fit hole.间隙配合孔.Press fit.过盈配合。
15．An interference fit.过渡配合。
机械制图中英文对照
General 基本一般generate 生成产生geometric characteristic symbols 几何特性几何特性符号Geometric Tolerance 形位公差几何公差geometry 几何图形几何图形global 全局（的）整体Gouraud renderings Gouraud Gouraud 着色Gouraud 彩现Gradient 百分度渐层Grads 百分度分度graphic area 图形区图形区graphics cursor 图形光标图形游标graphics screen 图形屏图形萤幕graphics window 图形窗口图形视窗graphscr 图形屏图形萤幕gray 灰度灰阶grid 网格格点grid 网格,栅格格点grid mode 栅格模式格点模式grip 夹点掣点group 编组群组group code 组码群组码Haltftoning 半色调半色调handle 句柄处理码(用于性质对话方块)handshaking 握手信号交握Hardcopy 硬拷贝硬体复制,硬本hardware linetype 硬件线型硬体线型hardware lock 保密锁硬体锁hardware requirement 硬件需求硬体需求hatch 图案填充剖面线hatch areas 填充区域剖面区域hatch boundaries 填充边界剖面边界hatch pattern 填充图案剖面线样式hatch styles 填充样式剖面样式hatchedit 填充编辑剖面线编辑Heads-up Design 轻松设计抬头设计Height 高度高度help 帮助说明Hidden Line 隐藏线隐藏线hidden-line image 消隐图像隐藏线影像hide 隐藏(adj.) 隐藏hide 消隐(v.) 隐藏hideplot 消隐出图隐藏出图highlight 突出显示亮显highlight 亮光(for the color of 3D object) 亮显HIGHLIGHT 亮显亮显home page 主页首页home position 起始位置归位点hook line 钩线钩线hotspot 聚光角聚光点Hyperlink 超级链接超连结Icon 图标图示Identifier 标识符识别字IGES (International Graphics Exchange Specification) 初始图形交换标准基本图形交换规格Ignore 忽略忽略image 图像影像implement 实现实施import 输入汇入Imprint 压印盖印Imprint 压印盖印included angle 包含角夹角infinite lines 无限长线无限长直线information 信息资讯Inherit Properties 继承特性继承性质initial environment 初始环境初始环境Initialize 初始化起始设定in-place 在位现地inquiry 查询查询inscribed polygons 内接正多边形内接多边形insert 插入插入Insertion 插入点插入点insertobj 插入对象插入物件instance 引用实例Instruction 指示指示integer 整数整数IntelliMouse 智能鼠标智慧型滑鼠IntelliMouse 智能鼠标智慧型滑鼠Intensity 强度强度interactive 交互的互动式Interchange 互换交替interface 介面介面interfere 干涉干涉Interference 干涉干涉Interference 干涉干涉interlace 隔行交错internal 内部的内部Internet Utilities Internet应用程序网际网路公用程式interpolation points 插值点内插点intersect 交集交集interval 间距/间隔间隔时间Invalid 无效（的）无效inverse linear attenuation of light 线性衰减光线的线性反比衰减inverse square attenuation of light 平方衰减光线的平方反比衰减Invisible 不可见不可见invoke 调用呼叫island 孤岛孤立物件Island detection 孤岛检测侦测孤立物件ISO (International Standards Organization) ISO(国际标准化组织) ISO Isolation levels 隔离级别隔离层次isoline 素线等角线isometric 等轴测等角isometric snap style 等轴测捕捉样式等角锁点型式isometric view 等轴测视图等角视景isoplane 等轴测平面等角平面ISOPLANE 等轴测平面等角平面Italic 斜体斜体iterator 枚举器重述子join 合并结合joint 连接接合线Justification 对正对正方式justify 对正对正key 主键主键key n.名称主键knot vector 节点矢量要点向量label 标签标签landscape 横向横式Landscape 配景，风景,if used for "landscape object" etc. 横式Landscape Edit 编辑配景Landscape Library 配景库景物图库lateral tolerance symbol 尺寸公差符号侧向公差符号layer index 图层索引图层索引Layout 布局配置Layout from Template 来自样板的布局Layout from Template 来自样板的布局Layout Wizard 布局向导leader 引线引线Leading 前导前导Learning Assistance 学习助手学习助理Left View 左视图左视景legacy 传统旧式length 长度长度lengthen 拉长调整长度Lens Length 镜头长度镜头长度License Agreement 许可协议授权合约license key 许可证号授权码License Manager 许可管理器授权管理员License Server 许可服务器授权伺服器licenses 授权授权light 光源光源light color 浅色(for RAMT-wood ) 亮色Light Color 暖色亮色lighting 照明效果照明Lightness 亮度亮度limits 图形界限范围,图面范围line 行线line 直线线line font 线型线字体line object 线性对象线物件line segment 线段线段line width 线宽线宽Linear Dimension 线性标注线性标注linetype 线型线型Lineweight 线宽线宽link 链接连结list 表串列list 列表串列list box 列表框列示框List Files 文件列表load 加载载入locale 局部本地location 网址(for Internet) 位置location 位置(for file and directory) 位置locked 锁定锁护locked layer 锁定图层锁护图层logfileoff 关闭日志文件关闭记录档logfileon 打开日志文件开启记录档logical 逻辑逻辑的long file name 长文件名长档名loop 环回路ltscale 线型比例线型比例LTSCALE 线型比例线型比例Ltype 线型线型lump 块小块magnet 磁吸磁铁magnification （缩放）比例倍率magnifying glass 放大镜放大境main window 主窗口主视窗major axis 长轴长轴Make 新建制作Make 建立制作malformed 有缺陷畸形的Manipulate 操作管理Manipulate 操作管理Manufacture 制造商制造商mapper 贴图贴图mapping 贴图贴图,对映marble 大理石大理石mark 标记标记massprop 质量特性质量性质match 匹配相符material condition 包容条件材质条件material condition symbols 包容条件符号材质条件符号Materials 材质对话框材质Materials Library 材质库材质库matlib 材质库材质库measure 测量测量measure 等距等分（菜单内容）测量Measurement 测量单位测量结果MEASUREMENT 在图形中设置测量值测量结果member 成员成员memory 内存记忆体menu 菜单功能表menu bar 菜单栏功能表列menuload 加载菜单自订功能表Merge 合并合并message 信息讯息metafile 图元文件中继档Method 方法方法(用于物件导向程式观念)Middle 中央点中央Middle Center 正中点正中Midpoint 中点中点minsert 多重插入插入图块阵列mirror 镜像镜射mirror line 镜像射线镜射线mirror3d 三维镜像3 D 镜射Miscellaneous File Names 其他文件名其它档名Miter 斜接斜接mledit 多线编辑复线编辑mline 多线复线mlstyle 多线样式复线型式mode 模式模式model 型号模型model 型号模型model (v)建模，(n)模型模型model space 模型空间模型空间Modification 修改修改monitor resolution 显示器分辨率萤幕解析度monochrome 单色（的）单色mouse 鼠标滑鼠move 移动移动mslide 制作幻灯制作幻灯片mspace 模型空间模型空间mtext 多行文字多行文字Multiline 多线比例复线multiline scale 多线比例复线比例Multiline Style 多线样式复线型式mview 生成视口多重视埠mvsetup 设置图纸规格多重视埠设定named object 命名对象具名物件named plot style table 命名的打印样式表具名的出图型式表Named UCS 命名UCS 具名UCSnamed view 命名视图具名的视景NE Isometric 东北等轴测东北等角NE Isometric 东北等轴测东北等角Nearest 最近点最近点nested 嵌套巢状式nested blocks 嵌套块巢状式图块new 新建开新档案new 新的开新档案New Layout 新建布局New Layout 新建布局NURB surfaces NURBS（非一致有理B 样条曲线）NURBS 曲面NW Isometric 西北等轴测西北等角NW Isometric 西北等轴测西北等角object 对象物件Object Properties 对象特性物件性质Object Properties Manager 对象特性管理器物件性质管理员Object Snap 对象捕捉物件锁点object snap override 对象捕捉覆盖物件锁点取代Object Snap Setting 对象捕捉设置objects 对象物件Oblique 斜尺寸界线倾斜obsolete 废弃旧式ODBC database ODBC数据库ODBC 资料库offset 偏移偏移OLE OLE（对象链接和嵌入）物件连接与嵌入(OLE) olelinks OLE链接OLE 连结online help 联机帮助线上说明online manuals 联机手册线上手册oops 恢复取消删除opacity map 不透明贴图不透明贴图open 打开开启(大部分用于档案)open 打开(的) 开启(大部分用于档案)OPM(Object Property Manager) 对象特性管理器Optimization 优化最佳化option 选项选项Orbit 轨道动态, 动态检视Ordinate 坐标标注座标式orientation 方向方位origin 原点（对于坐标系）原点origin 原始位置(used for external Datebase) 原点origin 起点（对于尺寸界线和标注）原点ortho 正交正交Ortho mode 正交模式正交模式orthogonal 正交正交的orthographic 正交正投影osnap 对象捕捉物件锁点outside 外部的外侧(用于文字位置)overall dimension scale 全局比例整体标注比例overflow 溢出高溢(相对于underflow),溢位overlay 覆盖覆叠overline 上划线顶线override 忽略- For common sentences 取代override 替代- For dimension 取代overwrite 覆盖取代Palette 控制板选盘Palette 调色板选盘pan 平移平移pane 窗格窗格paper space 图纸空间图纸空间parameter 参数参数parent dimension style 上级标注样式父系标注型式parse 分析分析Partial 部分局部Partial Load 部分加载局部载入Partial Load 部分加载局部载入password 口令密码Paste Special 选择性粘贴选择性贴上pasteclip 粘贴贴上截取pastespec 选择性粘贴选择性贴上path 路径路径pattern 方式for "file search pattern" 样式pattern 图案for hatch pattern, line pattern, etc. 样式pedit 多段线编辑聚合线编辑pen plotters 笔式绘图仪笔式绘图机pen speed 笔速笔速pen width 笔宽笔宽Perfomance 性能效能perimeter 周长周长personalization 个人化个人化pface 复合面聚合面Phong shading Phong 着色描影Photo Raytrace renderer 照片级光线跟踪渲染光线追踪相片彩现Photo Real renderer 照片级真实感渲染真实相片彩现photo realistic rendering 照片级真实感渲染相片质感彩现pick button 拾取键点选钮pickbox 拾取框点选框PICKFIRST 选择优先先点选picture 图片图片pixel 像素像素placeholder 占位符定位器plan 平面图平面plan view 平面视图平面视景planar projection 平面投影平面投影pline 多段线聚合线plot 打印出图Plot Configuration 打印配置出图规划plot files 打印文件出图档plot rotation 打印旋转出图旋转plot spooling 打印假脱机出图伫列Plot Style Manager 打印样式管理器plot style table 打印样式表出图型式表plotter 绘图仪绘图机plotter linetype 绘图仪线型绘图机线型Plotter Manager 打印机管理器Point Filters 点过滤点过滤器point marker 点标记点标记Point Sample 点采样取样点Point Style 点样式点型式pointer 指针指标pointing device 定点设备指向设备polar array 环形阵列环形阵列polar coordinate 极坐标极座标polar tracking 极轴追踪极座标追踪polar tracking 极轴追踪极座标追踪polyface meshes 多面网格聚合面网面polygon 正多边形多边形polygon 多边形多边形polygon meshes 多边形网格多边形网面polygon window 多边形窗口多边形视窗polygonal clipping boundaries 多边形剪切边界多边形截取边界polyline 多段线聚合线polyline clipping boundaries 多段线裁剪边界聚合线截取边界polyline segments 多段线线段聚合线线段polymesh 多边形网格聚合网面popup 弹出弹出Popup List 弹出列表弹出列示port 端口埠Portrait 肖像直式Portrait 纵向，if used for paper layout 直式positional tolerances 位置公差位置公差precision 精度精确度predefine 预定义事先定义的preferences 系统配置环境设定Preferences dialog box 系统配置对话框「环境设定」对话方块preview 打印预览预览primitive 原型基本原件Priority 优先级优先权priviledge 特权专用权Procedural material 过程化材质程序材质process 处理程序Profile 配置/剖面(图) 轮廓program (v.) 编程程式Projected tolerance zone 投影公差带投影公差区Projected tolerances 投影公差投影公差prompt 提示提示Properties 特性内容Property painter 特性刷性质复制器Protocal 协议通讯协定prototype 原型原型proxy 代理代理proxy fonts 代理字体代理字型pull down menu 下拉菜单下拉功能表purge 清理清除pyramid 棱锥面三角锥体。
中英德图纸翻译
中英德图纸翻译Bemerkungen /Notes注RPS…=Reference-point-system （德语）参照点系统RPS…=System referencnich bodu （捷克语）Gekennzeichnete Flaechen+0.5mm zum Datensatzlagebestimmende Flaeche fuer uebergeordnete ZusammenbautenTakto oznacene plochy +0.5mm k souboru datPlochy, urcujici polohu pro nadrazene sestavy做过该标记的表面+0.5mm，此记录的规定表面是为了更好的总体构造。
Nicht bemasste Beschnittradien R (5+1)mm未注明尺寸的极边缘半径R (5+1)mmZul. Abweichung bei Beschnittlinien +0.5mm zum Datensatz Pripustna odchylka u orezovych a reznych hran +0.5mm k souboru dat边缘线的尺寸误差根据记录+0.5mmNicht gekennzeichnete Flaeche +0.8 mm zum Datensatz,Neoznacene plochy +0.8 mm k souboru dat未做过标记的表面根据记录+0.5mmNicht bemasste Geometrien sind dem Datensatz zu entnehmenNezakotovane tvary prevzit ze souboru dat未注明尺寸的几何形状根据电脑数据fuer RPS-Punkte +0.2 mm zum DatensatzPripustna odchylka pro RPS body +0.2 mm k souboru dat参照点的尺寸误差根据记录+0.2 mmKennzeichnung ist durch den Hersteller mit derKonstruktion abzustimmenOznaceni podle dohody mezi vyrobcem a konstrukci标记是由制造商根据设计图调整的。
(整理)常用机械制图英语
AA/C across corners 对角距A/F across flats 对边距above stuffing上填料accumulation of energy储能accumulation积聚性acme thread梯形(爱克姆)螺纹across corner 对角距across flat 对边距actual size实际尺寸acute angle 锐角addendum 齿顶高addendum circle 齿顶圆admiralty metal含锡黄铜affiliation从属性(关系)ageing treatment时效处理AL aluminum 铝aligned sectional view旋转剖视图allowance容差、加工余量analytical method of line and plane线面分析法analytical method of shape形体分析法analyzable assembly分析装配图ANG angle 角angle bar or L-bar (beam)角钢angle between axonometric axes轴间角angular dimension 角度尺寸angular gear人字齿轮angular section斜剖面angularity倾斜度anneal退火anti-clockwise逆时针方向的arrow or arrowheads 箭头asbestos packing石棉填料ASM assembly 装配(图)、部件assembly drawing number装配图图号assembly drawings装配(组装)图assembly for installation安装图assembly parts装配组合零件assembly sketches装配草图auxiliary circle辅助圆auxiliary plane辅助平面auxiliary sectional view斜(辅助)剖视图 aligned and developed展开视图AVG average 平均axial coefficients of foreshortening轴向变形系数axis line 轴线axis of rotation转轴axis轴线axonometric axes轴测轴axonometric drawing轴测图axonometric projection轴测投影BBAB Babbitt 巴氏(轴承)合金back (rear) view后(背)视图bar杆base line 基准线base parts机座base plane底平面basic deviation基本偏差basic hole基准孔basic shaft基准轴basic size基本尺寸BB ball bearing 滚动轴承bearing cover轴承盖bearing set轴承座 bearing轴承bell metal青铜(锡铜)合金belt wheel带轮bevel gear斜齿轮BHN Brinell hardness number 布氏硬度值bisector 平分线blade spring板簧blind hole 盲孔(不通的孔)blind hole盲孔blind threaded hole螺纹盲孔blunt angle 钝角body of revolution回转体bolt joint螺栓连接bolt螺栓border 图框border line 图框线boring machine or boring镗床boring镗孔boss club凸台bottom shell 下轴瓦box箱体brazing metal铜锌合金bright washer平垫圈Brinell hardness布氏(HB)硬度broacher拉床、绞孔机broaching拉床、扩孔机broach拉光broken line 断裂线broken view (local view)局部视图BRS brass 黄铜BRZ bronze 青铜burnish or polishing磨光butterfly valve蝶形阀buttress (screw) thread锯齿形(枪膛)螺纹caliper卡尺(钳)cap screw带帽螺钉(栓)capital letters 大写字母carburizing (carbon infiltration)渗碳case hardened硬化、表面淬火casting defect铸件缺陷casting processes铸造工艺casting铸造、铸件castle nut内六角圆螺母cavity空腔(穴)CBORE counterbore 沉孔、埋头孔center to center distance 中心距centerline (central line) 中心线center-to-center spacing中心距central projection中心投影CH HD cheese head 开槽圆柱头CHAM chamfer 倒角chamfer倒角channel bar槽钢characteristics of projection 投影特性CHD checked (by) (由) …校对check drawings校(核)图cheese head圆柱头Chinese characters 汉字chrome plating镀铬CI cast iron 铸铁CIR circular 圆的circular arc 圆弧、弧circular pitch 齿距circular pitch周节circular runout圆跳动CL or centerline 中心线clamping夹紧clearance fit间隙配合clockwise顺时针方向的CM centimeter 厘米coarse pitch thread粗牙普通螺纹coarse wheel粗砂轮加工coating涂覆coincidence (revolved) section重合断面coincident point重影(合)点color-hardening着色硬化、发蓝、发黑combination solids组合体commom tangent公切线common axis公共轴线common point 共有点compass 圆规component构件compound sectional view复合剖视图concave millstone凹面磨盘concentric circle同心圆concentricity and coaxiality同轴(心)度conic (miter) gear圆锥(伞)齿轮connecting bar连杆construction line 作图线contact surfaces接触表面continuous straight thin line with zig zags 折线continuous thick line 粗实线continuous thin irregular line 波浪线continuous thin line 细实线contour arithmetic mean deviation轮廓算术平均偏差contour element外形素线conventional breaks折断规定画法conventional representation规定画法converge聚为一点convex millstone凸面磨盘coordinate axis坐标轴COP copper 铜copper plating镀铜corrosion腐蚀cotter (split) pin 开口(尾)销counterbore hole 阶梯沉孔、埋头孔counterboring tool 平底扩孔钻counter-drill 阶梯钻countersunk hole锥形沉孔、埋头孔coupling or union连轴器covering external thread套扣CP circular pitch 周节crank摇把cross rib十字肋cross section shape横断面形状crossing line交叉线crossing point交叉点CRS (C to C) centers 中心距CSK countersunk 锥孔、埋头孔CU cubic 立方的CU FT cubic foot 立方英尺CU IN cubic inch 立方英寸CU YD cubic yard 立方码cube立方体cuboid长方体cup packing皮碗密封curve template 曲线板curved line of intersection曲交线curved slot 曲线槽cutting plane symbol剖切平面符号cutting plane剖切平面cut断面图cycloidal gear摆线齿轮CYL cylinder (cylindrical) 圆柱、圆柱体的cylindricity圆柱度Ddashed thin lines 虚线datum feature基准要素datum line基准线datum plane基准面datum point基准点datum symbo基准代号 ldeburring去毛刺dedendum circle 齿根圆dedendum 齿根高DEG or ? degree 度delineator制图者descriptive geometry 画法几何descriptive geometry solution 图解法design datum设计基准DET DWG detail drawing 零件图detail drawing零件图detailing (an assembly drawing) (由装配图)拆画零件图deviation尺寸偏差（偏差）DIA or φ diameter 直径DIAG diagonal 对角线(的)diagonal line 对角线diagram assembly drawing装配工作图diagrammatic drawing示意图diameter 直径diamond knurling网纹滚花dimension 尺码dimension figure 尺寸数字dimension form 尺寸格式dimension line 尺寸线dimension text 尺寸数值dimension tolerance尺寸公差dimetric drawing正二轴测图dividers 分规dome圆顶状double-start thread双线螺纹dowel pin 圆柱销draft or draught起模斜度drafting paper 绘图纸drafting tape 胶带纸drawing board 图板drawing number图号DRG drawing 制图、图样drilling钻孔drive gear主动齿轮driven gear从动齿轮driven shaft从动轴DRN drawn (by) (由) …绘图ductile cast iron球墨铸铁dynamometry测力Eedge line棱线effective diameters弹簧中径effective length有效长度EI or ei 来自法文ecart inferieur 下偏差代号elbow肘形弯管(头)element circle素线圆element symbol基本符号elementary unit基本体ellipse椭圆elongated hole延长孔、拉伸孔end cover端盖end face端面end point端点engineering requirements技术要求enlarged partial view局部放大图enlargement scale 放大比例EQUI SP or EQS equally spaced 均布erasing shield 擦图片ES or es 来自法文ecart superieur 上偏差代号EXT external 外部的extension line 尺寸界线external (male) thread外(阳)螺纹external diameter弹簧外径external dimension外形尺寸external tangency 外切external thread lathing车外螺纹external view外形视图extreme position of moveable part 活动极限位置extruding挤压FFAB fabricate 制造、装配faucet旋塞、水龙头feed spiral送料螺旋felt ring毡圈ferrous metal黑色金属FIG. figure 附图、插图FIL fillister 凹槽file锉filing margin 装订边fill in填写fillet铸造(内)圆角fine boring精镗fine broaching精拉fine grinding精磨fine milling精铣fine pitch thread细牙普通螺纹fine planning精刨fine turning精车finish all over全部加工fissure裂纹fit symbol配合代号fit system配合制fit配合55? non sealing pipe thread 55?非密封管螺纹55? sealing pipe thread 55?密封管螺纹fixed body固定钳身flange法兰盘、凸缘flat bar扁钢flat heads平顶flat or plane平面flatness平面度follower从动(大齿)轮font 字体font cavity缩孔、铸口forging锻压fork拨叉form error形状误差forth quadrant第四象限four quadrants四个象限45? mitre line 45?斜线free hand 徒手(画)free height自由高度frontal line正平线frontal plane (or V-plane)正投影面frontal plane正平面frustum of a cone圆锥台frustum of a cone截头圆锥frustum of a pyramid棱锥台FT or ′foot 英尺full sectional view全剖视图full size 原值比例full thread全螺纹functional dimensions功能尺寸Ggasket密封垫(圈)gauge calipers卡(量)规gear box (case)齿轮箱gear train齿轮传动gear齿轮general fit class配合种类general-plane 一般位置平面general-position line一般位置直线generating circle母线圆generator (generation) line母线Geometric construction 几何作图geometrical solid几何体geometrical tolerance symbol形位公差符号geometrical tolerance形状位置公差GI galvanized iron 马口铁、镀锌铁gib-head key钩头楔键gland压盖gland密封压盖globe valve球阀good-quality carbon steel优质碳素钢grade 坡度grade A and grade B of type one hexagon nutI 型六角螺母A级和B级graduated scale 比例(分度)尺graphical representation 图示法Graphics 图学GRD grind 磨削grey cast iron灰口铸铁grinding machine磨床grinding研磨grinding磨削groove 凹槽、沟纹guard valve安全阀guide pin定位销guide screw丝杠Hhalf sectional view半剖视图half view半视图hand valve手压阀hard casting白口铁hard metal硬质合金hardened and tempered调质的harden淬火hardness number硬度值Hatching 剖面线heat-treatment热处理heavy lines 加深图线heavy metal重金属helical compression spring圆柱螺旋压缩弹簧helical spring螺旋弹簧helical spur gear斜齿圆柱齿轮helical tension spring圆柱螺旋拉伸弹簧herringbone gear人字形圆柱齿轮HEX hexagon 六角(边)形HEX HD hexagon head 六角头hex nut六角螺母hex slotted nut六角开槽螺母hexagon head 六角头hexagon head bolt六角头螺栓hexagon head bolt六角头螺栓hexagon socket cap screw内六角圆柱头螺钉hexagon thin nut六角薄螺母hidden edges 不可见轮廓线high-carbon steel高碳钢high-speed steel高速钢hole-basis system of fits基孔制配合horizontal (level) plane水平面horizontal line水平线horizontal projection plane (H-plane)水平投影面hot-rolled steel热轧钢HP horsepower 马力H-perpendicular line铅垂线H-perpendicular plane铅垂面HR hour 小时hub轮毂hub轮毂、中心hyperbola双曲线Ihypotenuse直角三角形之斜边(弦)I/D inside diameter 内径、内形尺寸I-beam工字钢imaginary line 假想线IN or ″ inch 英寸incenter 内(切圆)心included angle夹角inflexion拐点ingot iron低碳钢(工业纯铁)initial outline 初始轮廓线inlet side入口端inner race内圈inside diameter内径instruction book说明书instrumental drawing 用仪器画的图INT internal 内部的interchangeability互换性interference fit过盈配合internal (female) thread内(阴)螺纹internal (inside) caliper内卡尺(钳)internal diameters弹簧内径internal tangency 内切internal thread lathing车内螺纹interpenetration相贯intersecting plane截平面intersection line截交线intersection of plane surfaces平面之交线intersection of surfaces表面之交线intersection point交点Intersection相交Intuitive illustrations直观图involute gear渐开线齿轮iron铁ISO standards ISO国际标准ISO=International Standardization Organization国际标准化组织isometric drawing (diagram)正等轴测图isometric projection正等测投影isometric sectional view正等轴测剖视图Italic font 斜体Jjack千斤顶、起重器jig body夹具体junction surface结合面Kkey diagram原理草图key joint键连接key seat键座key types键的型式key way (slot)键槽key键knobbled (wrought) iron熟(锻)铁knurling 滚花knurling nut滚花螺帽Llamp plank钳口板LAT lateral 侧(横)向的lathe车床LB pound 磅lead distance导程leader line 指引线lead导程leaf spring叶(薄)片弹簧left hand-thread左旋螺纹left-hand side (end) view左(端)视图length of thread engagement螺纹旋合长度letter 字母lever arm长臂杠杆LG long .length 长度、长的LH left hand 左旋、左方向light metal轻金属limit size极限尺寸limiting deviations极限偏差limiting element转向轮廓素线LIN linear 线性的、直线的line segment 线段line styles 线型linearity直线性lines in planes线在面上L-iron角铁local (broken-out) sectional view局部剖视图location by dimension 定位尺寸location dimension尺寸定位lock nut防松螺母lock screw锁紧螺钉locking device锁紧装置LONG longitude 经度(线)long dashed dotted thin line 点画线long dashed double dotted thin line 双点画线lower-case letters 小写字母lower deviation下偏差lower limit下限(值) lubricant pump齿轮油泵。
英文机械图纸常用翻译词句
9 . 零件中的限制物质和必须明 示的物质（环保要求） 依照标准 GMW 3059; 33) 10. Must comply with QP-I . 6-009 for produc tion a nd QP-I . 6-004 for Prototypes .
27) 4 . Por osity holes to be max 2.3 diameter by 1. 6 deep. 4 砂D良孔最大不 能超过直径 2.3 ， 深度 l .6;
28) 5. casting quality to conform with general motors standards and specifications.
攻美国固定特种螺纹 1\111 ＂，每英寸牙数 1 4，精度等级为 二 级
（注 NS=NATIONAL SPECIAL THREAD ： 美国 固 定特利’标准〉
2.2 佳1J 角（ CHAMFER )
例 1/8x45。BEV
1.5×45 。CHAM
倒 1/8×45。 （ 注 BEV=BEVEL， 斜面） 倒角 1.Sx45。（注 CHAM=CHAl\ilFER 倒角）
-Keskin kose ve capak olmayacak.(Remove all sharp edges}
汪 感应碎火 见 PS l 1 6-1 4 1 0 系列表－B 表面硬度见 PS 1 16-B 清除所有尖边
45 ) .remove all burrs & sharp corners .
TOLERANCE
Unit : ｍｍ over 5 to over 10 over 16 over 20 over 30 over 40 over 50 over 800 to over 60 to over 100 to over 200 to over 250 to over 300 to over 400 to over 500 to over 1000 to over 1600 to over 2000 to 5 or less 10 or to 16 or to 20 or to 30 or to 40 or to 50 or to 60 or 1000 or Processing method 100 or less 200 or less 250 or less 300 or less 400 or less 500 or less 800 or less 1600 or less 2000 or less 3000 or less less less less less less less less less Metallic material ±0.2 ±0.3 ±0.5 ±0.8 ±0.9 ±0.1 － General Non-metal material ±0.3 ±0.5 ±0.7 ±1.2 ±1.6 ±1.8 ±2.0 － machining Angle ±1° ±30′ ±20′ ±10′ of metals Parallelism 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.9 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 － +0.2 +0.3 +0.4 Diameter of Metallic material － Machining -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 drills hole Non-metal material ±0.４ ±0.5 － of metals ±0.2 ±0.４ ±0.６ ±0.８ － φ 10 or less Center Hole ±0.４ ±0.６ ±0.８ ±1.0 － distance of over φ 10 to φ 30 or less position of ±0.6 ±0.8 ±1.0 ±1.2 － over φ 10 to φ 50 or less holes drills ±0.４ ±0.5 ±0.7 ±1.0 ±1.5 Center distance of holes to edge － Anglarity of Drills hole It is 2 degrees to any direction +0.2 +0.3 +0.4 +0.８ +1.2 Punching outline and hole － -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 -0.３ -0.5 Center distance of holes ±0.4 ±0.7 ±1.0 ±1.2 － Center distance of holes to edge ±0.4 ±0.7 ±1.0 ±1.2 － Press Bending dimension ±0.4 ±0.7 ±1.0 ±1.2 － working Bending angle Right angled bend : ±2°, other angled bend : ±3° Parallelism 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.2 － ±0.5 ±0.7 ±1.7 ±1.5 － Diameter of Circular The shape of the other ±0.8 ±1.1 ±1.2 ±2.4 － throttling t3.2 or less ±0.5 ±0.7 ±1.0 ±1.5 Cutting over t3.2 to 6 or less ±1.0 ±1.2 ±1.5 ±2.5 width t3.2 or less 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.6 2.0 Shearing Straightnes over t3.2 to 6 or less 1.0 1.5 2.5 3.0 s － Perpendicularity 0.5 1.2 3.0 6.0 9.0 Parallelism 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.5 over t9 to 19 or less － ±3.0 ±5.0 ±6.0 Fusion over t19 to 40 or less － ±4.0 ±6.0 ±8.0 cutting Fusion － 3.0 5.0 8.0 Straightnes over t9 to 19 or less cutting over t19 to 40 or less － 3.0 5.0 8.0 s Perpendicularity － 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 12.0 ±0.5 ±1.0 ±1.5 ±2.0 ±3.0 Sheet metal forming Length ±1.0 ±1.5 ±2.0 ±3.0 ±4.0 ±5.0 ±7.0 Thickness ±2.0 ±5.0 － ±1.0 ±1.5 ±3.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.5 5.0 7.0 Casting Flatness － Parallelism 1.0 1.5ual molding : 3/100 , （Molding by machine operation : 1/100） , Small projection : 30°draft
英文机械图纸的几点经验
英文机械图纸的几点经验 (更多经验总结，陆续传上，请关注）外商传真发来的图纸都是英文标注，平时阅看有一定的困难。
下面把我们积累的几点看英文图纸的经验与同行们交流。
近几年，我厂和英国、西班牙的几个公司有业务往来，外商传真发来的图纸都是英文标注，平时阅看有一定的困难。
下面把我们积累的几点看英文图纸的经验与同行们交流。
1 标题栏英文工程图纸的右下边是标题栏（相当于我们的标题栏和部分技术要求），其中有图纸名称（TILE）、设计者（DRAWN）、审查者（CHECKED）、材料（MATERIAL）、日期（D ATE）、比例（SCALE）、热处理（HEAT TREATMENT）和其它一些要求，如：1)TOLERANCES UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIAL 未注公差。
2)DIMS IN mm UNLESS STATED 如不做特殊要求以毫米为单位。
3)ANGULAR TOLERANCE±1° 角度公差±1°。
4)DIMS TOLERANCE±0.1 未注尺寸公差±0.1。
5)SURFACE FINISH 3.2 UNLESS STATED 未注粗糙度3.2。
2 常见尺寸的标注及要求2.1 孔（HOLE）如：1）毛坯孔：3"DIA+1CORE 芯子Φ3"0+1;2）加工孔：1"DIA 孔Φ1"3）锪孔：锪孔 (注C＇BORE=COUNTER BORE锪底面孔);4）铰孔：1"/4 DIA REAM 铰孔Φ1"/45）螺纹孔的标注一般要表示出螺纹的直径，每英寸牙数（螺矩）、螺纹种类、精度等级、钻深、攻深，方向等。
如：例1. 6 HOLES EQUI-SPACED ON 5"DIA6孔均布在5圆周（EQUI-SPACED=EQUALLY SPACED均布）DRILL 1"DIATHRO＇钻Φ1"通孔（THRO＇=THROUGH通）螺纹孔的标注一般要表示出螺纹的直径，每C/SINK Φ22×6DEEP沉孔Φ22×6例2. TAP7"/8-14UNF-3B THRO 攻统一标准细牙螺纹，每英寸14牙，精度等级3级（注UNF=UNIFIED FINE THREAD美国标准细牙螺纹）1"DRILL 1"/4-20 UNC-3 THD7"/8 DEEP 4HOLES NOT BREAK THRO钻孔，攻Φ1"/4美国粗牙螺纹，每英寸20牙，攻深7"/8,4孔为盲（UNC=UCIFIED COAR SE THREAD 美国标准粗牙螺纹）1"-14NS-2 THRO -攻美国固定特种螺纹M1",每英寸牙数14,精度等级为二级（注NS=NATIONAL SPECIAL THREAD:美国固定特种标准）2.2 倒角（CHAMFER）例 1/8×45°BEV 倒角1/8×45°（注BEV=BEVEI，斜面）1.5×45°CHAM 倒角1.5×45°(注CHAM=CHAMFER倒角)2.3 方(SQUARE)例 5"SQUARE 5"×5"方2.4 剖视（SECTION）例 SECTION A-A A-A剖面2.5 圆角半径例 1"R R1"RADIUS MUST BE SMOOTH AND BLEND INTO FACE圆弧必须光滑且与平面相切2.6 加工余量例 DOTTED LINES INDICATED MAX FINISH 1"/8虚线表示最大加工余量1"/82.7 零件标记例 USE 5"/16 RAISED HAIRLINE LET-TERS MARKING ON ONE SIDE OF BODY 用突起高为5"/16的细实线字母在本体一侧打标记3 关于铸锻件的技术要求例1.FORGING MUST BE ANNEALED TO BE BELOW 203 BRINELL HARDNESS 锻件必须退火处理，布氏硬度<203例2. NORMALIZE TO 163-207BHNMUST BE FREE OF SCALE & RUST锻件正火处理，布氏硬度163-207,锻件表面不得有氧化皮和锈蚀例例3. FORGING TO BE SHOT OR SAND BLASTED 锻件需经喷丸或喷砂处理例4. UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED DRAFT ANGLES 7°未注明锻造拔模斜度7° 例5. CAST TO BE FREE OF EXCESSIVE FLASH 铸件不得有过多的毛边例6. DRAFT ANGLE 2° UNLESS OTHER-WISE SPECIFIED 未注明铸造拔模斜度2° 看英文机械工程图纸并不是高不可攀，只要坚持常看，熟记部分单词即可4、热处理(heat treatment)例1. HT 30T gear teeth 3mm min below root dia40-50HR热处理：感应淬火，在齿轮根径以下的3mm至少是,40-50HRC1.5min case deptp 层深度最小1.5例2. casting to be free from de-carburisation to allow for post selective hardening to 45-55 rockwell铸件需防止脱碳随后局部淬火到45-55洛氏硬度post selective Hardening随后淬火例3. HEAT TREATMENT: 热处理：HRU HARDEN AND TEMPER TO 41-45 HRC淬火并回火至HRC41－45PREHEAT: 预热FROM ROOM TEMPERATURE, RAMP UP TO 1200 DETREES F (650 DETREES C) AND SOAK AT TEMPERATURE FOR 45 MINUTES.从室温缓慢升至华氏1200度（650 氏度），保温45分钟HARDENING:硬化：FROM 1200DETREES F (650 DETREES C), RAMP UP TO 1555 DETREES F (845 DETREES C) AND SOAK AT TEMPERATURE FO R 45MINUTES.从华氏1200度（650摄氏度）加热至华氏1555度（845摄氏度）保温45分钟QUENCH: 淬火：IN OIL, AS-QUENCHED HARDNESS 53-55 HRC.油淬，淬火后硬度53-55 HRCEMPER:回火：600DETREES F (315 DETREES C) FOR TWO HOURS 在华氏600度（315 摄氏度）下保温2小时NOTE: 注意：DECARBORATION MUST BE PREVENTED BY USING ENTHER VACUUM FURNACE OR CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE.必须防止脱碳，可使用真空炉或者可控气氛炉4.4 常见的热处理方式:T empering回火Annealing 退火 Nnormalising正火 Hardening淬火Case carburising渗碳Case Hardening表面淬火nitriding氮化aging 时效处理 induction hardening 感应淬火impedance matching 感应淬火 hardening and tempering 调质常见的冷却方式：air cooling 空冷furnace cooling 炉冷oil cooling 油冷5、常见的表面处理 (surface treatment) Coating for casting/铸件喷涂1). Normal painting 普通喷漆2). Powder painting 粉末喷漆3).Galvanize (galvanization) 电镀 镀锌4).Zinc coating 镀锌5).Cataphoretic coating 电泳敷层 KTL (德语：Kathodische Elektrotauchlackierung )6). Hot dipping 热浸镀7). Bluing 发蓝 ，black 发黑8). Thermal spraying 热喷涂9).Electrostatic spraying 静电喷涂10).Aqueous rust preventive 防锈水11). Rust preventive oil 防锈油12).Oxiron painting 金属漆13)．Epoxy resin plastic powder painting 环氧树脂型塑料粉末喷漆14). descaling 除污，除氧化皮等black oxide coating 氧化发黑。
机械图纸说明(上)
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尺寸公差的朮語和基本概念
實際尺寸(Actual size)﹕零件生產出來﹐量測出來
的數值 ﹐它不可能完全一致的。
局部實際尺寸﹕一個孔或軸的任一橫切面中任一距
離。既任何相對點之間測得的尺寸。
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尺寸公差的朮語和基本概念
極限尺寸（Limit size)﹕實際尺寸必須在極限尺寸之間﹐既
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圖紙上常見英文含義:
minor distortion of material in areas shown shall not be cause for rejection of part. definitions: TSC - theoretical sharp corner（理論正確尺寸） burr on edges of part and openings shall not exceed 10% of material thickness.所有 折彎角處的開裂長度不能超過板材厚度的10% All formed edges shall have A minimum radius of 1.0 part must be free of cosmetic blemishes bue to material,finish,and material handling as defined by harman-oem and the vendor.
1 A(+/-X) 雙向公差
2 A(+X/-Y) 雙向公差
3 A(+X/-0) 單向公差
4 A(+0/-Y) 單向公差
呈雙邊對稱規格
呈雙邊不對稱規格, 實際中心值有偏動.要綜合直方圖來 判定 只有正公差,呈單邊規格
只有負公差,呈單邊規格
机械加工图纸参数中德双语对照,收藏吧,看懂德国图纸!ppt课件
Druckstellen 刮伤
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E
EAU 年需求量 Einsatzgehärtet Härtetiefe ………. mm硬化表面层 淬透深度……mm Einsatzgehärtet 硬化 Einzelpeis inklu 17% VAT 含17%的税价 Eigenschaften 性能 Entfallen 省略 Entfällt 那 Elox schwarz 黑色阳极氧化 Electric discharge machine 放电加工 Electrolytic grinding 电解研磨 Ellipsenausschnitt 椭圆形挖剪图画
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Bearbeitung saufmaßx mm 加工过量X毫米
Bearbeitung szugabe 3 mm „bzw.“ Gußteilabmessungen beinhalten eine
Bearbeitung szugabe von 3 mm 加工余量3mm/也即铸件尺寸留 有3mm的加工余量
Bearbeitung nur für Kokillengußausführung 只有金属模铸造的铸13 件要加工
Bearbeitung erst nach Montage aller Einzelteile.装 配完所有零部件后加工
Buchstabe ……. aufgeschlagen 字母—打印上去 的
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10
B
Barrel 滚筒加工 Bei montage gebohrt 在装配时 钻孔 Bei montage Für stift ∮3 在装配时，打∮3的销 Beschriftung mit Schlagzahlen: xx 印字母打标记:XXX Beschriftung aufgegossen 铸造标记 Beschriftung dauerhaft herstellen, z.B. mit Schlagbuchstaben oder Gravur: 用 钢印字母或铭刻打上持久的标记 Beschriftung dauerhaft herstellen, z.B. Schlagbuchstaben oder Gravur: XXXX 标上永久记号，如用钢印字母或铭刻： Bezugskante für spanende Bearbeitung 加工涉及到的边缘
常用机械制图英语
常用机械制图英语AA/C across corners 对角距A/F across flats 对边距above stuffing上填料accumulation of energy储能accumulation积聚性acme thread梯形(爱克姆)螺纹across corner 对角距across flat 对边距actual size实际尺寸acute angle 锐角addendum 齿顶高addendum circle 齿顶圆admiralty metal含锡黄铜affiliation从属性(关系)ageing treatment时效处理AL aluminum 铝aligned sectional view旋转剖视图allowance容差、加工余量analytical method of line and plane线面分析法analytical method of shape形体分析法analyzable assembly分析装配图ANG angle 角angle bar or L-bar (beam)角钢angle between axonometric axes轴间角angular dimension 角度尺寸angular gear人字齿轮angular section斜剖面angularity倾斜度anneal退火anti-clockwise逆时针方向的arrow or arrowheads 箭头asbestos packing石棉填料ASM assembly 装配(图)、部件assembly drawing number装配图图号assembly drawings装配(组装)图assembly for installation安装图assembly parts装配组合零件assembly sketches装配草图auxiliary circle辅助圆auxiliary plane辅助平面auxiliary sectional view斜(辅助)剖视图 aligned and developed 展开视图AVG average 平均axial coefficients of foreshortening轴向变形系数axis line 轴线axis of rotation转轴axis轴线axonometric axes轴测轴axonometric drawing轴测图axonometric projection轴测投影BBAB Babbitt 巴氏(轴承)合金back (rear) view后(背)视图bar杆base line 基准线base parts机座base plane底平面basic deviation基本偏差basic hole基准孔basic shaft基准轴basic size基本尺寸BB ball bearing 滚动轴承bearing cover轴承盖bearing set轴承座 bearing轴承bell metal青铜(锡铜)合金belt wheel带轮bevel gear斜齿轮BHN Brinell hardness number 布氏硬度值bisector 平分线blade spring板簧blind hole 盲孔(不通的孔)blind hole盲孔blind threaded hole螺纹盲孔blunt angle 钝角body of revolution回转体bolt joint螺栓连接bolt螺栓border 图框border line 图框线boring machine or boring镗床boring镗孔boss club凸台bottom shell 下轴瓦box箱体brazing metal铜锌合金bright washer平垫圈Brinell hardness布氏(HB)硬度broacher拉床、绞孔机broaching拉床、扩孔机broach拉光broken line 断裂线broken view (local view)局部视图BRS brass 黄铜BRZ bronze 青铜burnish or polishing磨光butterfly valve蝶形阀buttress (screw) thread锯齿形(枪膛)螺纹caliper卡尺(钳)cap screw带帽螺钉(栓)capital letters 大写字母carburizing (carbon infiltration)渗碳case hardened硬化、表面淬火casting defect铸件缺陷casting processes铸造工艺casting铸造、铸件castle nut内六角圆螺母cavity空腔(穴)CBORE counterbore 沉孔、埋头孔center to center distance 中心距centerline (central line) 中心线center-to-center spacing中心距central projection中心投影CH HD cheese head 开槽圆柱头CHAM chamfer 倒角chamfer倒角channel bar槽钢characteristics of projection 投影特性CHD checked (by) (由) …校对check drawings校(核)图cheese head圆柱头Chinese characters 汉字chrome plating镀铬CI cast iron 铸铁CIR circular 圆的circular arc 圆弧、弧circular pitch 齿距circular pitch周节circular runout圆跳动CL or centerline 中心线clamping夹紧clearance fit间隙配合clockwise顺时针方向的CM centimeter 厘米coarse pitch thread粗牙普通螺纹coarse wheel粗砂轮加工coating涂覆coincidence (revolved) section重合断面coincident point重影(合)点color-hardening着色硬化、发蓝、发黑combination solids组合体commom tangent公切线common axis公共轴线common point 共有点compass 圆规component构件compound sectional view复合剖视图concave millstone凹面磨盘concentric circle同心圆concentricity and coaxiality同轴(心)度conic (miter) gear圆锥(伞)齿轮connecting bar连杆construction line 作图线contact surfaces接触表面continuous straight thin line with zig zags 折线continuous thick line 粗实线continuous thin irregular line 波浪线continuous thin line 细实线contour arithmetic mean deviation轮廓算术平均偏差contour element外形素线conventional breaks折断规定画法conventional representation规定画法converge聚为一点convex millstone凸面磨盘coordinate axis坐标轴COP copper 铜copper plating镀铜corrosion腐蚀cotter (split) pin 开口(尾)销counterbore hole 阶梯沉孔、埋头孔counterboring tool 平底扩孔钻counter-drill 阶梯钻countersunk hole锥形沉孔、埋头孔coupling or union连轴器covering external thread套扣CP circular pitch 周节crank摇把cross rib十字肋cross section shape横断面形状crossing line交叉线crossing point交叉点CRS (C to C) centers 中心距CSK countersunk 锥孔、埋头孔CU cubic 立方的CU FT cubic foot 立方英尺CU IN cubic inch 立方英寸CU YD cubic yard 立方码cube立方体cuboid长方体cup packing皮碗密封curve template 曲线板curved line of intersection曲交线curved slot 曲线槽cutting plane symbol剖切平面符号cutting plane剖切平面cut断面图cycloidal gear摆线齿轮CYL cylinder (cylindrical) 圆柱、圆柱体的cylindricity圆柱度Ddashed thin lines 虚线datum feature基准要素datum line基准线datum plane基准面datum point基准点datum symbo基准代号 ldeburring去毛刺dedendum circle 齿根圆dedendum 齿根高DEG or ? degree 度delineator制图者descriptive geometry 画法几何descriptive geometry solution 图解法design datum设计基准DET DWG detail drawing 零件图detail drawing零件图detailing (an assembly drawing) (由装配图)拆画零件图deviation尺寸偏差（偏差）DIA or φ diameter 直径DIAG diagonal 对角线(的)diagonal line 对角线diagram assembly drawing装配工作图diagrammatic drawing示意图diameter 直径diamond knurling网纹滚花dimension 尺码dimension figure 尺寸数字dimension form 尺寸格式dimension line 尺寸线dimension text 尺寸数值dimension tolerance尺寸公差dimetric drawing正二轴测图dividers 分规dome圆顶状double-start thread双线螺纹dowel pin 圆柱销draft or draught起模斜度drafting paper 绘图纸drafting tape 胶带纸drawing board 图板drawing number图号DRG drawing 制图、图样drilling钻孔drive gear主动齿轮driven gear从动齿轮driven shaft从动轴DRN drawn (by) (由) …绘图ductile cast iron球墨铸铁dynamometry测力Eedge line棱线effective diameters弹簧中径effective length有效长度EI or ei 来自法文ecart inferieur 下偏差代号elbow肘形弯管(头) element circle素线圆element symbol基本符号elementary unit基本体ellipse椭圆elongated hole延长孔、拉伸孔end cover端盖end face端面end point端点engineering requirements技术要求enlarged partial view局部放大图enlargement scale 放大比例EQUI SP or EQS equally spaced 均布erasing shield 擦图片ES or es 来自法文ecart superieur 上偏差代号EXT external 外部的extension line 尺寸界线external (male) thread外(阳)螺纹external diameter弹簧外径external dimension外形尺寸external tangency 外切external thread lathing车外螺纹external view外形视图extreme position of moveable part 活动极限位置extruding挤压FFAB fabricate 制造、装配faucet旋塞、水龙头feed spiral送料螺旋felt ring毡圈ferrous metal黑色金属FIG. figure 附图、插图FIL fillister 凹槽file锉filing margin 装订边fill in填写fillet铸造(内)圆角fine boring精镗fine broaching精拉fine grinding精磨fine milling精铣fine pitch thread细牙普通螺纹fine planning精刨fine turning精车finish all over全部加工fissure裂纹fit symbol配合代号fit system配合制fit配合55? non sealing pipe thread 55?非密封管螺纹55? sealing pipe thread 55?密封管螺纹fixed body固定钳身flange法兰盘、凸缘flat bar扁钢flat heads平顶flat or plane平面flatness平面度follower从动(大齿)轮font 字体font cavity缩孔、铸口forging锻压fork拨叉form error形状误差forth quadrant第四象限four quadrants四个象限45? mitre line 45?斜线free hand 徒手(画)free height自由高度frontal line正平线frontal plane (or V-plane)正投影面frontal plane正平面frustum of a cone圆锥台frustum of a cone截头圆锥frustum of a pyramid棱锥台FT or ′foot 英尺full sectional view全剖视图full size 原值比例full thread全螺纹functional dimensions功能尺寸Ggasket密封垫(圈)gauge calipers卡(量)规gear box (case)齿轮箱gear train齿轮传动gear齿轮general fit class配合种类general-plane 一般位置平面general-position line一般位置直线generating circle母线圆generator (generation) line母线Geometric construction 几何作图geometrical solid几何体geometrical tolerance symbol形位公差符号geometrical tolerance形状位置公差GI galvanized iron 马口铁、镀锌铁gib-head key钩头楔键gland压盖gland密封压盖globe valve球阀good-quality carbon steel优质碳素钢grade 坡度grade A and grade B of type one hexagon nutI 型六角螺母A 级和B级graduated scale 比例(分度)尺graphical representation 图示法Graphics 图学GRD grind 磨削grey cast iron灰口铸铁grinding machine磨床grinding研磨grinding磨削groove 凹槽、沟纹guard valve安全阀guide pin定位销guide screw丝杠Hhalf sectional view半剖视图half view半视图hand valve手压阀hard casting白口铁hard metal硬质合金hardened and tempered调质的harden淬火hardness number硬度值Hatching 剖面线heat-treatment热处理heavy lines 加深图线heavy metal重金属helical compression spring圆柱螺旋压缩弹簧helical spring螺旋弹簧helical spur gear斜齿圆柱齿轮helical tension spring圆柱螺旋拉伸弹簧herringbone gear人字形圆柱齿轮HEX hexagon 六角(边)形HEX HD hexagon head 六角头hex nut六角螺母hex slotted nut六角开槽螺母hexagon head 六角头hexagon head bolt六角头螺栓hexagon head bolt六角头螺栓hexagon socket cap screw内六角圆柱头螺钉hexagon thin nut 六角薄螺母hidden edges 不可见轮廓线high-carbon steel高碳钢high-speed steel高速钢hole-basis system of fits基孔制配合horizontal (level) plane水平面horizontal line水平线horizontal projection plane (H-plane)水平投影面hot-rolled steel热轧钢HP horsepower 马力H-perpendicular line铅垂线H-perpendicular plane铅垂面HR hour 小时hub轮毂hub轮毂、中心hyperbola双曲线Ihypotenuse直角三角形之斜边(弦)I/D inside diameter 内径、内形尺寸I-beam工字钢imaginary line 假想线IN or ″ inch 英寸incenter 内(切圆)心included angle夹角inflexion拐点ingot iron低碳钢(工业纯铁)initial outline 初始轮廓线inlet side入口端inner race内圈inside diameter内径instruction book说明书instrumental drawing 用仪器画的图INT internal 内部的interchangeability互换性interference fit过盈配合internal (female) thread内(阴)螺纹internal (inside) caliper内卡尺(钳)internal diameters弹簧内径internal tangency 内切internal thread lathing车内螺纹interpenetration相贯intersecting plane截平面intersection line截交线intersection of plane surfaces平面之交线intersection of surfaces表面之交线intersection point交点Intersection相交Intuitive illustrations直观图involute gear渐开线齿轮iron铁ISO standards ISO国际标准ISO=International Standardization Organization国际标准化组织isometric drawing (diagram)正等轴测图isometric projection正等测投影isometric sectional view正等轴测剖视图Italic font 斜体Jjack千斤顶、起重器jig body夹具体junction surface结合面Kkey diagram原理草图key joint键连接key seat键座key types键的型式key way (slot)键槽key键knobbled (wrought) iron熟(锻)铁knurling 滚花knurling nut滚花螺帽Llamp plank钳口板LAT lateral 侧(横)向的lathe车床LB pound 磅lead distance导程leader line 指引线lead导程leaf spring叶(薄)片弹簧left hand-thread左旋螺纹left-hand side (end) view左(端)视图length of thread engagement螺纹旋合长度letter 字母lever arm长臂杠杆LG long .length 长度、长的LH left hand 左旋、左方向light metal轻金属limit size极限尺寸limiting deviations极限偏差limiting element转向轮廓素线LIN linear 线性的、直线的line segment 线段line styles 线型linearity直线性lines in planes线在面上L-iron角铁local (broken-out) sectional view局部剖视图location by dimension 定位尺寸location dimension尺寸定位lock nut防松螺母lock screw锁紧螺钉locking device锁紧装置LONG longitude 经度(线)long dashed dotted thin line 点画线long dashed double dotted thin line 双点画线lower-case letters 小写字母lower deviation下偏差lower limit下限(值)lubricant pump齿轮油泵。
图纸常用英语模板
复合剖视compound section剖面图section, sectional view重合剖面coincide section, revolved section移出剖面removed section剖面线section line剖面符号symbols for section-lining习惯画法conventional drawing局部放大图 drawing of partial enlargement零件图detail drawing, working drawing第三角投影third angle projection粗实线continuous thick line, full line, visible line细实线continuous thin line虚线dot line, dashed line, hidden line点划线dash and dot line双点划线double dots line波浪线断裂线break line剖切平面迹线cutting plane line尺寸线dimension line尺寸界线extension tine尺寸dimension size箭头arrowhead基准datum基准线datum line基准面datum plane中心孔central hole中心距center distance轴shaft, axle孔hole斜孔inclination装配图assembly drawing性能尺寸characteristic dimension大小尺寸size dimension总体尺寸外形尺寸outer dimension配合尺寸fit dimension内圆角fillet外圆角round尖角sharp corner倒角chamfer轮缘flange of wheel缘、边、环rim轴肩shoulder凸台boss凹坑concave pit 轴颈shaft neck轮毂hub轮辐spoke, spoke of wheel直纹滚花straight knurling s网纹滚花hatching knurling键槽key-way退刀槽escape拔模斜度pattern draft填料盒gland box油槽oil groove油封oil seal标准件standard parts螺纹thread外螺纹external thread内螺纹internal thread大径major diameter小径minor diameter螺距pitch of thread牙型form of thread旋向direction of turning右旋螺纹right-hand thread左旋螺纹left-hand thread头数number of thread导程lead粗牙coarse thread细牙fin thread螺栓bolt螺钉screw螺柱stud螺母nut垫片washer公差tolerance公差带tolerance zone零线zero line标准公差standard tolerance公差等级tolerance grade基本偏差fundamental deviation配合fit间隙配合clearance fit过盈interference过盈配合interference fit过渡配合transition fit基孔制hole-basic system of fits基轴制shaft-basic system of fits间隙clearance形状公差tolerance in form, form tolerance直线度straightness平面度flatness圆度roundness圆柱度cylindricity线轮廓度pro any line面轮廓度pro any plane位置公差tolerance in position, position tolerances平行度 parallelism齿轮gear圆柱齿轮cylindrical gear正齿轮spur gear斜齿轮spiral gear轮齿gear tooth节圆pitch circle齿顶圆addendum circle, outside circle齿根圆root circle, addendum circle模数modulus齿数number of teeth齿高tooth height齿顶高height of addendum齿根高height of addendum齿厚circular thickness齿间tooth space齿宽tooth width压力角angle of pressure弹簧spring销pin圆柱销round pin圆锥销taper pin开口销cotter pin, split键key平键flat key半圆键half round key, woodruff key轴承bearing滚动轴承rolling bearing向心铀承radial bearing密封装置sealing equipment锁紧装置locking equipment粗糙度roughness基本尺寸basic size实际尺寸actual size极限尺寸limits size最大极限尺寸maximum limit of size最小极限尺寸minimum limit of size偏差deviation 上偏差upper deviation下偏差lower deviation垂直度perpendicularity倾斜度angularity同轴度concentricity对称度symmetry位置度true position跳动run-out圆跳动cycle run-out全跳动total run-out轴测投影axonometric projection轴测投影面plane of axonometric projection 轴测图axonometric drawing正等轴测投影isometric projection正二测bimetric projection斜二测oblique bimetric projection轴测轴axonometric axis轴间角axis angle, angle between ales缩短foreshortened轴向缩短率coefficient of axial deformation ratio offore shortening for any axis切割法cutting method, by cutting方箱法boxing method坐标法coordinate method方框法enclosing-square method四心近似法four-center approximate method机械工程图中常用的英语词汇Abbreviation 缩写Accuracy 精度、准确性Acme thread 梯形螺纹(29°)Addendum 齿顶高Addendum angle 齿顶角Addendum circle 齿顶圆Addendum of mating gear 啮合齿轮的齿顶高Adjacent-part lines 相邻零件线Aligned sections 旋转剖视Aligned view旋转视图Allowance 容差、加工余量Alloy 合金Alloy steel 合金钢Alphabet 字母Alteration 变更、更改Alternate-position views 位置改变的视图Alternator 交流发电机Induction alternator 感应(交流)发电机Motor alternator 电动(交流)发电机Single-phase alternator 单向(交流)发电机Synchronous alternator 同步(交流)发电机Three-phase alternator 三相(交流)发电机Amount 总量、总计Analyzable assembly 分析装配图Anchor bolt 地脚螺栓Angles 角Acute angle 锐角Blunt angle 钝角Right angle 直角Sliding angle 摩擦角Spiral angle 螺旋角Taper angle 锥角Angular 有角的Angular bearing 径向止推轴承Angular bevel gears 斜交伞齿轮Angular gear人字齿轮Angular section斜剖面Anneal 退火Approval 批准、许可Arc 弧、圆弧Arc thickness 弧长厚度(齿厚)Arc welding 弧焊Arrangement 布置、装置Arrangement of views 视图的布置Clamping arrangement 夹紧装置Cramping arrangement 紧固装置General arrangement 总体布置Arrow 箭头Arrowheads 箭头Assembly 装配图、组装图Assembly drawing 装配图Assembly drawing number 装配图图号 Assembly for installation 安装图Assembly parts 组装配合零件Assembly sections 装配图剖视Assembly sketches 装配草图Auxiliary elevation 辅助立面图Auxiliary line辅助线Auxiliary section 辅助剖视Auxiliary surface 辅助面Auxiliary view 辅助视图Average 平均数Axial 轴的、轴向的Axial pitch 轴向节距Axial plane 轴向平面Axial thickness 轴向厚度Axis 轴线、中心线Axis of revolution 回转轴线Axis of rotation 旋转轴线Axis of symmetry 对称轴线Horizontal axis 水平轴Major axis 长轴Minor axis 短轴Vertical axis 垂直轴X axis X轴Y axis Y轴Axle 轴Axle bearing 轴向(止推)轴承Axle sleeve 轴向(止推)套筒Axonometric drawing 轴测图Babbitt 巴氏合金Back cone 背锥Back cone radius 背锥半径Back elevation 后视图Backstop 托架、棘爪Ball bearing 球轴承Bar 杆Angle bar 角钢Channel bar 槽钢Flat bar 扁钢Round bar 圆棒、圆钢Base 基础、底座、基线、基面、基准Base circle 基圆Base circular thickness 基圆弧线齿厚Base cylinder 基圆柱Base helix angle 基圆上的螺旋角Base plane 基平面Base point 基点Key base 键座Basic circle 基准圆Basic hole system 基孔制Base shaft system 基轴制Basic size 基本尺寸、公称尺寸、标称直径Basis 基础、基准、基线Battery 电池、蓄电池Bearing 轴承、支撑、方位Bearing accuracy 定位精度Bearing box 轴承箱Bearing brass 铜轴衬Bearing bridge 轴承支架Bearing oil seal 轴承油封圈Bearing support 轴承架Bearing unit 轴承组合件Anti-friction bearing 减摩轴承Ball and socket bearing 球窝轴承Conical bearing 锥形轴承Journal bearing 径向轴承Needle bearing 滚针轴承Plain bearing 滑动轴承Roller bearing 滚柱轴承Self-aligning bearing 自位轴承Thrust bearing 止推轴承Belt 带、皮带Bench 工作台Work bench 工作台Bend 弯头、接头Elbow bend 肘形弯管Normal bend 正弯管(90°)Bender 弯曲机Bending 挠曲Bending strength 抗弯强度Bent axle 曲轴Bevel 倾斜的、斜角的、斜面Bevel gear 圆锥齿轮、伞齿轮Bevel pinion 小圆锥齿轮Bevel washer 斜垫圈Bevel wheel 伞齿轮、斜摩擦齿轮Bilateral tolerance 双向公差Bill of materials 送料单Block in、block out 画草图Blue paper 蓝晒纸Blueprint 蓝图、设计图Board 板、(管理)局、厅Bottom board 底板Moulding board 模板Body 机体、机身Boiler 锅炉Bolt 螺栓、插销Adjusting bolt 调整螺栓Assembling bolt 装配螺栓Binding bolt 连接螺栓Bright blot 光制螺栓Captive bolt 固定螺栓Double-screw bolt 双头螺栓Fitter bolt 装配螺栓Foundation bolt 地脚螺栓Hexagonal head bolt 六角头螺栓Hook bolt 钩形螺栓Screw bolt 全螺纹螺栓Snap bolt 圆头螺栓Tension bolt 拉紧螺栓Bolted joints 螺栓连接Book 书、册Hand book 手册Instruction book 说明书Bore face machine 镗孔端面加工机床Borer 镗床Jig borer 坐标镗床Table borer 台式镗床Boring 镗孔Boring machine 镗床Boring mill 镗床Bottom case 底座Bottom clearance 径向间隙Bottom view 底视图Bracket 托架、支柱Brake 制动器、闸Brass 黄铜、铜轴衬Braze 铜焊Brazing 铜焊Breadth 宽度、厚度Break line 断裂线Brinell figure (number) 布氏硬度Brinell hardness 布氏硬度Broacher 拉床、绞孔机Broaching 扩孔机、拉床、拉削Broken circle 虚线圆Broken out section 断裂剖面Broken view 局部视图Bronze 青铜Burnishing 抛光、磨光Burr 三角矬、毛刺、去毛刺Bush 衬套、轴瓦Bushing 轴衬、衬套、套管Butt joint 对接焊Butterfly nut 蝶形螺母Butterfly valve 蝶形阀Button 按钮Push button 控制按钮Cable 电缆Cage 盒、罩、箱Caliper 卡尺、卡钳Gauge caliper 卡规、量规Internal caliper 内卡钳Sliding (vernier) caliper 游标卡尺Cam 凸轮Cam design 凸轮设计Cam shaft 凸轮轴Actuating cam 主动凸轮Adjustable cam 可调凸轮Control cam 控制凸轮Cap 盖、帽、罩Cap screw 带帽螺钉Capital 大写字母Carburizing 渗碳Card 卡片Cartographer 制图员Cartography 制图学、制图法Case 箱、盒、容器、表面Case hardened 表面淬火、硬化 Nitrogen case hardening 渗氮硬化 Casing箱、盒、壳Oil pump casing 油泵(壳)Casting 铸造、铸件Defect casting 铸件缺陷Die casting 压铸Sand casting 砂型铸造Spun casting 离心铸造Steel casting 铸钢Cast-iron 铸铁Castle circular nut 六角圆螺母Castle nut 蝶形螺母Catalogue data 表列数据Cave 凹槽、内腔Centre 中心、圆心Centre distance 中心距Centre hole 中心孔Centre line 中心线Centre-section 中心剖面Centre to centre 中心距Centesimal 百分的、百分之一的Centimeter 厘米、公分Central hole 中心孔Central plane 中心平面Central projection 中心投影Chafe 摩擦、磨损Chain 链Drive chain 主动链Transmission chain 传动链Chamfer 倒角、倒棱、斜面Dimensioning of chamfer 倒角的尺寸注法Changes on drawing 图的更改Channel 沟槽Chapter 章Chart 图表、计算图Chart of symbols 符号图表Auxiliary chart 辅助图Dimensions chart 外廓尺寸图Graphical chart 图表Process chart 工艺程序图Progress chart 工艺程序表、工作进度表 Charting 制图(表)、填图Check 校验、校核、制动装置Check drawings 校图Check nut 防松螺母Check ring 挡圈Check test校核试验Chief draftsman 主任制图员Chromium 铬Chromizing 镀铬处理Circle 圆、圆周Circle of reference 参考圆Addendum circle 齿顶圆Base circle 基圆Graduated circle 分度圆Imaginary circle 虚圆Outside circle 齿顶圆、外圆Pitch circle 节圆Rack circle 平面齿轮、扇形齿轮Root circle 根圆Top circle齿顶圆Circular cylinder 圆柱Circular pitch 弧线节距Circular thickness 弧线(齿)厚度Circumference 圆周长Clamp 夹紧、夹板Class 种类Class of fit 配合级别Classification 分类Claw 爪、钩、卡爪Clearance fit 间隙配合Clevice /clevis U形钩、U形夹Clevis bolt 套环(插销)螺栓Clevis pin U形夹销Clockwise 顺时针方向Clutch 离合器、联轴器Coat 外层、涂镀层Coat of metal 金属镀层First coat 底漆Coating 镀、覆盖Electrodeposited coating 电镀层Coaxial circle 共轴圆Cock 旋塞Coil 蛇形管、螺管、线圈Coil spring 盘簧Coincident line 重叠线Cold-rolled steel 冷轧钢Collet 夹头Collet chuck 弹簧夹头Color-harden 着色硬化、发蓝、煮黑Common difference 公差Company 公司 Joint company 股份公司Limited company 有限公司Compass 圆规Compass of proportion 比例规Component 零件、构件Compression spring 压力弹簧Compressor 压缩机Computer 计算机Concave face 凹面Concentricity 同心度Cone 圆锥Cones development 锥面展开Cone pulley 锥形轮、塔轮Conical spring 锥形弹簧Connection 联接Bolt-on connection 螺栓联接Flange connection 法兰联接Rivet connection 铆钉联接Screw connection 螺钉联接Contact 接触、接合、啮合Contact angle 啮合角Angular contact ball bearing 向心止推球轴承Contour 外形、轮廓线Contracted drawing 缩图Contrast 对比、对照、比较Convention 惯例、常规、习惯Convention for materials 材料的习惯表示法 Conventional break 习惯断裂画法Conventional diagram 习惯画法Conventional intersection 习惯交线(画法) Conventional practice 习惯画法Conventional sign 图例、习惯符号|Convex 凸面Conveyer 输送机、传送机Cooler 冷冻机Coordinate axis 坐标轴Coordinate paper 方格纸、坐标纸Copper 铜Copy 抄本、样板Correction 校正、修正Cotter pin 开口销Split cotter 开口销Counterbore 埋头孔、锥口孔Counterclockwise 逆时针方向Countersink 埋头孔、沉孔Countersink drill 中心钻、钻Countersunk 钻埋头孔、钻锥口孔Countersunk bolt 埋头螺钉Countersunk head 埋头Countersunk hole 锥坑Coupling 联轴节Cover 盖、罩Cylinder cover 汽缸盖Dust cover 防尘罩Cowl 壳、套、盖Crane 起重机Crank 曲柄、曲轴Crankshaft 曲轴Crest 峰、尖、牙尖Cross head 十字头Cross section 横剖面、横断面Crown gear 冕状齿轮Cube 立方形体、正六面体Current 电流Curvature 曲率Curvature radius 曲率半径Curve 弯曲、曲线、曲线板Curve plotter 绘图仪Curve ruler 曲线板French curve 曲线板Moment curve 力矩曲线、力矩图Cutter 刀、刀具Cutting plane 截平面Cutting plane symbols 剖切(迹线)平面符号Cycloid 摆线Cycloidal gear 摆线齿轮Cylinder 圆柱体Cylinder base 汽缸座Pump cylinder 泵缸Cylindrical cam 圆柱凸轮Cylindrical fit 圆柱配合Cylindrical roller bearing 圆柱滚子轴承Dash 短划线、虚线、破折号Dash and dot line 点划线Broken dash 断裂线Data 数据、资料Engineering data工程数据Master data 主要数据Date 日期、年代Datum 基准(点、线、面)、资料Datum line 基准线Datum point 基准点 Datum plane 基准面Decade 十进制、十进位Decelerator 减速器、制动器、缓动装置Decimal 小数的、十进位小数的Decimal fraction 十进制分数Decimal fraction system 十进小数制Decimal scale 十进位比例尺Decimeter 分米、公分Dedendum angle 齿根角Dedendum circle 齿根圆Definition 定义Deformation 变形、扭曲Degree 度、程度Degree of accuracy 精度Degree of freedom 自由度Degree of hardness 硬度Degree scale 刻度Circular degree 圆度Delineation 轮廓、草图Delineator 制图者Department 科、处、系、车间Draft department 设计科Engineering department 技术科Fitting department 装配车间Heat treatment department 热处理车间Mechanical department 机加工车间Processing department 工艺科Depth 深度、高度Depth dial gauge 深度千分表Depth of engagement 啮合深度Depth of thread 螺纹深度Depth of tooth 齿高Contact depth of tooth 啮合高度Working depth of tooth 齿工作高度Derivation 偏差Standard derivation 标准偏差Description 描述、作图、绘制Design 设计、计划Design activity 设计机关(组织) Design assembly 设计装配图Design drawing 设计图Design layout 设计草图、初步设计图Preliminary design 初步设计Standard design 标准设计Technical design 技术设计Designation 符号、标志Designation strip 铭牌Designer 设计员、制图者、设计师Desk 桌、控制台Drawing desk 绘图桌Detail 细目、细节、详图、零件Detail drawing 详图、零件工作图Detail paper底图纸、描图纸Detail specification 详细规格Detent 棘爪、扳手、制动器Developable surface 可展曲面Developed view 展开图Development inner port 内表面展开图Development of surface 表面展开图Deviation 偏差、偏移Angular deviation 角偏差Average deviation 平均偏差Standard deviation 标准偏差Tolerance deviation 允许偏差Device 装置、设备Diagram 示意图、图解Diagram drawing 图解图、结构图Arrangement diagram 布置图Assembly diagram 装配示意图Block diagram 方框图Schematic diagram 原理图、简图Diagrammatic drawing 草图、示意图Dial gauge 千分表Dial inside micrometer 内径千分表Diameter 直径Diameter of aperture 孔径Diameter of pitch circle 节圆直径Diameter pitch (齿轮)径节Diameter run-out径向跳动Major diameter 大直径、螺纹外径Minor diameter 小直径、螺纹内径Nominal diameter 公称直径Pitch diameter of screw thread 螺纹中径Thread diameter 螺纹外径(直径) Diametral pitch 齿轮径节Die 模具、扳牙Diesel 柴油机、内燃机Dimension 尺寸Dimension line 尺寸线Limiting dimension 极限尺寸Nominal dimension 公称尺寸Outer dimension 外形尺寸、轮廓尺寸Direction 方位、方向Clockwise direction 顺时针方向Disc = disk 圆盘、原板Disk cam 圆盘凸轮Dismount 拆卸Dismountable 可拆卸的Displacement 移位、变位Distance 距离、路程Distortion 变形、歪扭Distribution 分配、分布、配置Ditto machine 复印机Diversion 变更、转换Dividing head 分规Dot line 虚线Dotted line 虚线Double dots line 双点划线Double helical pinion 人字小齿轮Double helical spur gear 人字齿轮Double thread 双头螺柱Dowel thread 定位销、圆柱销Dozer 推土机Draft = draught (拔模)斜度、草图、制图Drafting 制图Drafting board 制图板Drafting machine 制图机Drafting tape 制图带、胶带Draftsman 绘图员Drawer 制图员Drawing 绘图、图样Drawing board 绘图纸Drawing control 图样管理Drawing free-head 草图Drawing instrument 绘图仪器Drawing number 图号Drawing pencil 绘图铅笔Drawing pin 图钉Drawing size 图纸尺寸Drawing table 制图桌Drawing with compass 用圆规画图Blue print drawing 蓝图Free hand drawing 徒手图Full size drawing 原大图Skeleton drawing 草图、结构图Working drawing 施工图、制造图、工作图Drill 钻孔、穿孔、穿孔器Drive 传动、驱动Drive fit 打入配合Air drive 气动Belt drive 带传动Chain drive 链传动Friction drive 摩擦传动Gear drive 齿轮传动Hydromatic drive 液压传动Speed-reducer drive 减速器传动Variable-speed drive 变速传动Worm-wheel drive 蜗轮传动Driven gear 从动齿轮Driven shaft 从动轴Driving gear 主动齿轮Driving shaft 主动轴Drum cam 凸轮轴Ductile iron 球墨铸铁Duplicating tracing 复制描图Durometer (钢轨)硬度计Dusting cloth 抹灰布、撒粉布Eccentricity 偏心距Edge iron 角铁Edge round 外圆角Edge view 边视图Effective diameter 有效直径Effective face width 有效齿宽Efficiency 效率、性能Mechanical efficiency 机械效率Elastic deformation 弹性变形Elasticity 弹性Elbow 肘形弯管、弯头Electric current 电流Electric element 电池Elephant 绘图纸(28X23英寸) Elevation 正面图、立视图End 末端、头Ball end 秋端Butt end 平端、端面Tail end 尾端Top end 顶端Engagement 啮合Engineer 工程技术人员、工程师Engineer-in-chief 总工程师Equipment 设备Eraser 橡皮Erasing shield 擦图片Erection diagram 安装图、装配图Error 误差Accumulated error 累积误差Allowance error 容许误差Average error 平均误差Permissible error 容许误差Relative error 相对误差Exterior 外表面External 外部External diameter 外径External dimension 外形尺寸External fillet 外圆角External thread 外螺纹Extra fine(screw)特细牙螺纹Eyelet = eyelet-hole 小孔Fabrication 建造、制造Face 面、正面、表面、端面Face cam 平面凸轮Face gear 平面齿轮Face hardening 表面硬化Inner face 里面Outer face 外面Face off 倒角Factor of safety 安全系数Factory 工厂、制造厂Factory made 工厂制造的Fastener 接合件、紧固件Fastening 连接件、紧固件Fatigue 疲劳Faucet 旋塞、龙头、开关Feather 滑键、冒口Feather key 滑键Feature 特征、特性、性能Basic mechanical design feature 主要机械设计性能Mechanical feature 机械性能(特性)Feed-pump 供油泵、供水泵Feet 英尺Ferrous metal 黑色金属Field 工场、现场Figure 形状、图样、插图、数字File 锉刀、锉平Filler 填料、垫片Fillet (内)圆角、填角、嵌条Fillet radius 内圆角半径Filter 过滤器Fine thread series 细螺纹级(系列)Finish 完工、加工、磨光Finish all over 全部加工Finish marks 加工符号Machine finish 机器光制Fit 配合Clearance fit 间隙配合Free fit 自由配合Interference fit 静配合Light press fit 轻压配合Light running fit 轻传动配合Loose fit 松配合Normal-running fit 传动配合Running fit 动配合Shrink fit 冷缩配合Slide fit 滑动配合Transition fit 过渡配合Fix 安装、装配、调整、修理、固定Flange 法兰盘、凸缘Flank 边、侧面、齿侧、后面Flat 扁头、平面Flat key 平键Flat spring 板弹簧Flat surface 平面Flexible disk coupling 挠性盘形联轴节Flexible gear-type coupling 挠性齿轮联轴节Flywheel 飞轮Foot 英尺Foot screw 地脚螺钉Force 力Fore word 序、前言Forge 锻Forge steel 锻钢Former 样板、模型、量规Wooden former 木模Formula 公式Foundation 基础、基座Foundation bolt 地脚螺栓Foundry 铸件、铸工车间Fraction 分数、小数Front view 前视图、主视图Full diameter 大直径、主直径Full line 实线Full size 原大Full scale 原大Full section 全剖视Full section view 全剖视图Furbish 研磨、擦光Fuse 保险丝、熔断器Gage = gauge 量规Gallon 加仑Galvanize 镀锌、电镀Gasket 垫圈、密封垫Gasket material 填料Gasoline engine 汽油(内燃)机Gate 门、阀门Gear 齿轮Gear addendum angle 齿顶角Gear box(case) 齿轮箱Gear centre 齿轮中心Gear dedendum angle 齿根角(圆锥齿轮) Epicyclic gear 行星齿轮Herringbone gear 人字齿轮Ratchet gear 棘轮General drawing 总图Geometry 几何学Gland 压盖、填料盖、密封装置Glass 玻璃Glasscloth 砂布、玻璃布Glossary 词汇(表)Grade 等级、斜度Steel grade 钢号Graduated hardening 分级淬火Graduated scale 比例尺、分度尺Gram 克Graph 图(表、解、形)、曲线图Graph paper 方格纸Graphic图示、制图学Grease 滑脂Grind 磨削、抛光Grinding machine 磨床Grinding wheel 砂轮Groove cam 槽凸轮Groove pulley 槽轮、三角带轮Guide 手册、指南Guide bar 导杆Guide pin 定位销、导向销Guide screw 丝杠Guidebook 参考手册、指南、入门Half 二分之一、一部分Half bearing 轴瓦Half section 半剖视Half section view 半剖视图Hammer 锤子Handbook 手册、指南Hand-made 手工制造的Hand-operated 手控的Handle 手柄Hand wheel 手轮Hard casting 白口铁Hard drawn 冷拔Hard rolled 冷轧的Hard surfacing 表面硬化Harden 淬火、硬化Hardened and tempered 调质的Hardened-steel 淬火钢Hardening 硬化Hardness 硬度Hardometer 硬度计Hatch 剖面线H-beam 工字梁、H形梁Heat–treatment 热处理Heavy force fit 重压配合Height 高度Helical bevel gear 螺旋伞齿轮Helical gear 螺旋齿轮、圆柱斜齿轮Helical rack 斜齿齿条Helical spring 螺旋弹簧Hex nut 六角螺母Hexagon jam nut 六角锁紧螺母Hexagon socket head 内六角头Hidden line 虚线Hidden outline 看不见的轮廓线High-carbon steel 高碳钢High-duty 重型的、大型的、优产的 High-speed steel 高速钢Hosting jack 千斤顶Hole 孔Horizontal datum plane 水平基准面Horizontal line 水平线Horizontal projection 水平投影Horizontal projection plane 水平投影面Horse-power 马力、功率Hose 软管Hose coupling 软管接头Hot-rolled steel 热轧钢Hot-work 热加工Hour 小时Housing 机座Housing of pump 泵体Bearing housing 轴承箱Gear housing 齿轮箱Hub 轮、中心、衬套I-beam 工字钢Illustration 插图、实例Inaccuracy 不精确、不准确Incenter 内(切圆)心Inch 英寸Incline 斜度、斜面Index plate 分度盘Indicator 指示计、百分表Industrial 工业公司Industrial drawing 工业制图Industry 工业Inertia 惯性Ink 墨水、油墨Ink holder 钢笔杆China ink 墨汁Inscription 标题Inside diameter 内径Inspection 检修、检查Inspection machine 检修机器Inspector 检查员Installation 装置、设备、安装Installation diagram 安装图Institute 研究所、协会、学院、学会Instruction 说明、指示Instrument 仪器、仪表、工具Instrument drawing 仪器图Intensity 强度Interchangeability 互换性1 Interconnection 互相连接Interference fit 静配合Interior view 内部(的)视图Internal combustion engine 内燃机Internal fillet 内圆角Internal gear 内齿轮Introduction 引言、介绍、序言Invisible line 虚线Involute 渐(伸)开线Involute gear 渐开线齿轮Involute rack 渐开线齿条Involute spline 渐开线花键Involute teeth 渐开线齿形Iron 铁Ingot iron 低碳铁、工业纯铁Knobbled iron 熟铁Magnetic iron 磁铁Malleable iron 可锻铁、韧性铁Plate iron 铁板、钢板Quadrant iron 方钢Rod iron 圆铁、棒钢Round iron 圆铁、圆钢Rustless iron 不锈铁Section iron 型钢Structural iron 结构钢White iron 白口铁Wrought iron 熟铁、锻铁Isometric diagram 等轴测图Isometric drawing 等轴测图Jack-screw 螺旋千斤顶Job sheet 零件图纸Joint 结合、连接、焊接Bolt joint 螺栓连接Riveted joint 铆钉连接Welded joint 焊接Journal 轴径Journal bearing 径向轴承Keeper 保持器(片)、架、定位件卡箍Keep-ring 保持环Key diagram 键、按钮Key way(seat、seating、slot)键槽Key wrench 套筒扳手Gib-head taper key 钩头斜键Square key 方形键Tightening key 斜扁键Woodruff key 半圆键Key-bolt 键螺栓Kilogram(me)公斤、千克Kilogram-meter 公斤米、千克米Kilometer 公里、千米Kilovolt 千瓦Kilowatt 千伏Kit 一套工具Knee 弯头、升降台Knee bend 弯管Knob 捏手、按钮Knuckle thread 圆形螺纹Knurl 滚花、压花Knurled nut滚花螺母L-bar = L-beam 角钢Laboratory 实验室、研究室Lamp 灯Alarm lamp 信号灯Daylight lamp 日光灯Incandescent lamp 白炽灯Indicating lamp 信号灯、指示灯Lantern 游环、套环Large compasses 大圆规Lathe 车床Lathe-hand 车工Lattin = Latten 金属薄板、黄铜片Law 规律、定律Lay 布置、安排、放置Layer 层Carburized layer 渗碳层Layout 计划、方案、草图Layout design 草图设计、方案设计Layout drawing 方案草图Lead angle 螺旋升角Lead line 指引线Leaf spring 板弹簧Left hand 左方向Left hand thread 左旋螺纹Legend 图例、图表符号、代号、说明书Length 长度、距离Length gauge 长度规Length of normal 法线长Length of side 边长Effective length 有效长度Lens 透镜、镜片Letter 字、字母Capital letter 大写字母Level surface 水平面Lift 升降机、电梯Light alloy 轻合金Light beam 光束Light series 轻系列Light-duty 轻型Lighting installation 照明装置Lightning switch 照明开关Liquid 液体Limit 极限尺寸Limit switch 限位开关Line 线Line of action (齿轮)压力线Line of contact (齿轮)接触线Line of shaft轴线Line of thickness 线型的粗度Line weight线的粗细程度Actual line实线Addendum line齿顶线Broken line断裂线Center line = central line中心线Continuous line实线Dash(ed) line虚线Diagonal line 对角线Imaginary line 假想线Generation line 母线Pitch line 节线Real line 实线Reference line 基准线、参考线Right line 直线Skeleton line 轮廓线Solid line 实线Straight line 直线Vertical line 垂直线Liner 衬套Bearing line 轴瓦Link 连接环、链节Line assembly 连杆装配图Chain link 链节L-iron 角铁List 注册、记录、名册、目录Load 符合Actual load 有效载荷、实际载荷Allowable load 容许载荷Full load 满载(荷)、全负载(荷) Local view 局部视图Localization 定位\固定Locating pin 定位销Location by angle 角度定位Location by dimension 定位尺寸Location pin 定位销Location tolerance 定位公差Lock 锁\阀Lock nut 防松螺母Lock screw 锁紧螺钉Lock washer 弹簧垫圈Valve lock 阀簧抵座销、气门制销Loco 机车、火车头Logarithm 对数Long break 长断裂线Long radius 长半径Longitudinal key 长方键Lower limit 下限Lubricant pump 润滑油泵Lubricating ring 润滑油环Lubrication 润滑Bath lubrication 油浴润滑Bearing lubrication 轴承润滑Ring lubrication 油环润滑Shot lubrication 油枪润滑Splash lubrication 飞溅润滑Lubricator 润滑器Lubro-pump 油泵Luminaire 光源Machine 机器、切割Machine building (manufacturing) 机械制造Machine drawing 机械制图Machine finish 机械加工Machine maker 机械工厂(制造者) Machine part 机械零件Machine shop 机工车间Drawing machine 绘图机Tracing machine 描图机Machining allowance 加工余量Machinist 机械工人\机械师Magazine 杂志Magnetic-particle clutch 电磁离合器Magnitude 数量、长度、大小Major type of slotted nut 大型锁母Make 制造、构造Malleable cast iron 可锻铸铁Malleable casting 韧铸件Malleable steel 软钢、展性钢Manual 手册、说明书Manual control 手控Manufacture 加工、制造业Manucturing engineering 制造工艺(技术) Manucturing machine 生产机械Manucturing tolerance 制造公差Master check 校正、校对Master drawing 样图Master gauge 标准规、校准规Master gear 主齿轮、标准齿轮Master making 手工Master screw 标准螺纹Match 匹配、配合Mate 啮合部分Material 物质、材料Fibre material 纤维材料Insulating material 绝缘材料Plastic material 塑料Maximal valve 极大值Maximum 极点、极限、最大量Maximum admitted diameter of work 工件最大许可直径Mean axis 中间轴Measure 量度、大小、尺寸Measure of precision 精确度Measurement 测定、尺寸、大小Measuring device 量具Measuring tools 量具Mechanical bolt 螺钉Mechanical drawing 机械制图Mechanical engineering’s scale 机械工程比例尺Mechanical properties 机械性能Mechanical reduction gear 齿轮减速装置Mechanism 机械结构、机械装置Medium series 中系列Mating member 配合件Meshing gear 啮合齿轮Metal 金属Admiralty metal 含锡黄铜Bell metal 青铜合金、种铜、铜锡合金Brazing metal 铜锌合金Hard metal 硬质合金Heavy metal 重金属Light metal 轻金属Monel metal 铜镍合金Power(ed) metal 粉末合金Wear-resistant metal 耐磨金属White metal 白合金(铅锑锡合金)Yellow metal 黄金、黄色金属Metallized 镀金属的、喷涂金属的Meter 米、公尺。
CAD图纸中的英语
引用图纸中的英语ALL WELDS CONTINUOUS UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED.未注焊缝均为连续焊ALL WELDS 3mm FILLET UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED未注焊角高3mm.ALL UNSPECIFIED RADI - R3未注圆角R3REMOVE ALL BURRS AND SHARP EDGES棱角倒钝CHANNEL槽钢RSA708角钢70X70X8M30X1.5 pitch M30X1.5的锥螺纹Tackweld点焊OD 1/4"outside dimension 1/4"的缩写外径直1/4"75 CRS尺寸为75 材质为冷轧钢板410 OPENING REF410 开口参考尺寸40 REF尺寸为40,参考值2.5" BSP 2.5”圆锥管螺纹2.5" BSPT HEXAGON 2.5”六角圆锥管螺纹(即对丝)30x2.5 FLAT BAR30X2.5 扁钢TYP 2 POSNS2处11 TOTAL COILS APROX.9 WORKING COILS APROX.RIGHT HAND WOUND ONLY,END COILS SQUARE TO TOUCH.总圈数约11圈；工作圈数约9圈；右旋；弹簧的端部磨平以便于接触.(此为弹簧技术说明)FEMALE:扣(母扣)MALE:外扣(公扣)偏心轴eccentric shaft销轴PIN开口销COTTER PIN螺杆screw紧定螺钉SET SCREW圆螺母ROUND NUT六角螺钉SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREW六角紧定螺钉HEX HD SETSCREW 六角螺栓HEX HD BOLT挡圈closing ring弹性挡圈circlip轴承隔套distance sleeve of axletree轴承axletree深沟球轴承DEEP GROOVE BALL BEARING 无扣长non-buckle longth弹簧SPRING吊环螺钉LIFTING EYE BOLT开槽盘头螺钉SLOTTED PAN HEAD SCREW 圆锥滚子轴承TAPERED ROLLER BEARING 推力球轴承THRUST BALL BEARING平键FLAT KEY弹簧垫圈SINGLE COIL SPRING WASHER 平垫圈FLAT WASHER螺母FULL NYLOCK NUT圆螺母ROUND NUT缩写全称翻译ACCESS Accessory附件ADJ Adjustable,Adjust调整ADPT Adapter使适应ADV Advance提前AL Aluminum铝ALLOW Allowance允许ALT Alternate改变ALY Alloy合金AMT Amout数量ANL Anneal锻炼ANSL Amer Natl Stds Institute APPROX Approximate大约ASME Amer Society of Mech Engrs ASSEM Assemble装配可修编-ASSY Assembly装配AUTH Authorized授权的AUTO Automatic自动的AUX Auxiliary辅助的AVG Average平均AWG American Wire GaugeBC Bolt Circle螺栓圆周BET Between之间BEV Bevel斜角BHN Brinell Hardness Number布氏硬度值BLK Blank ,Block空白B/NM Bill of Material材料费BOT Bottom底部BP or B/P Blueprint蓝图BRG Bearing轴承BRK Break破裂BRKT Bracket支架BRO Broach钻孔BRS Brass黄铜BRZ Bronze青铜B＆S Brown＆Shape棕色＆形状BSC Basic基本的BUSH Bushing套管BWG Birmingham Wire GaugeC TO C Center-to-Center中心到中心CAD Computer-Aided Drafting电脑辅助设计CAM Computer-Aided MfgCAP Capacity容量CAP SCR Cap Screw螺帽CARB Carburize使渗碳CBORE Counterbore扩孔CCW Counter Clockwise逆时针CDRILL CounerdrillCDS Cold-Drawn Steel缩写全称翻译EFF Effective有效的ENCL Enclose,Enclosure附上ENG Engine引擎ENGR Engineer工程师ENGRG Engineering工程学EQLSP Equally Spaced等距EQUIV Equivalent相等EST Estimate估计EX Extra额外EXH Exhaust消耗EXP Experimental实验性的EXT Exension,External围,外部FAB Fabricate伪造FAO Finish All OverFDRY Foundry铸造FIG Figure数据FIL Fillet,fillister带子FIM Full Indicator MovementFIN FinishFLX Fixture结构FLX Floor.Fluid,Flush基地,液体,冲洗FLEX Flexible易弯曲的FLG Flange边缘FORG Forging锻炼FR Frame,Front边框FIG Fitting装置可修编-FURN Furnish提供FWD Forward向前GA Gage,Gauge测量GALV Galvanized电镀GR Grade等级GRD Grind磨碎GRV Groove凹槽GSKT Gasket垫圈H＆G Harden and Grind加硬和磨碎HD Head主要的HDL Handle处理HDLS Headless无领导的HDN Harden使硬化HDW Hardware硬件HEX Hexagon六边形HGR Hanger衣架HGT Height高度HOR Horizontal水平的HRS Hot-Rolled SteelHSG Housing外罩HT TR Heat Treal缩写全称翻译EFF Effective有效的ENCL Enclose,Enclosure附上ENG Engine引擎ENGR Engineer工程师ENGRG Engineering工程学EQLSP Equally Spaced等距EQUIV Equivalent相等EST Estimate估计EX Extra额外EXH Exhaust消耗EXP Experimental实验性的EXT Exension,External围,外部FAB Fabricate伪造FAO Finish All OverFDRY Foundry铸造FIG Figure数据FIL Fillet,fillister带子FIM Full Indicator MovementFIN FinishFLX Fixture结构FLX Floor.Fluid,Flush基地,液体,冲洗FLEX Flexible易弯曲的FLG Flange边缘FORG Forging锻炼FR Frame,Front边框FIG Fitting装置FURN Furnish提供FWD Forward向前GA Gage,Gauge测量GALV Galvanized电镀GR Grade等级GRD Grind磨碎GRV Groove凹槽GSKT Gasket垫圈H＆G Harden and Grind加硬和磨碎HD Head主要的HDL Handle处理HDLS Headless无领导的HDN Harden使硬化HDW Hardware硬件可修编-HEX Hexagon六边形HGR Hanger衣架HGT Height高度HOR Horizontal水平的HRS Hot-Rolled SteelHSG Housing外罩HT TR Heat Treal缩写全称翻译NTS Not to ScaleOA Over All所有OBS ObsotetcOC On CenterOD Outside Diameter外直径OPP Opposite对立OPTL Optional可选择的OR Outside Radius外半径ORIG Original初始的PAT.Patent专利PATT Pattern形式PC Piece,Pitch Circle件，节距圆PCH Punch打孔PD Pitch DiameterPERF Perforate打孔PERM Permanent永久的PERP Perpendicular垂直的PFD Preferred首选的PKG Package,Packing包装PL Parting Line,Places,PlatePNEU PncumaticPNL Panel面板POL Polish磨光POS Position,Postive位置PR Pair对立PRI Primary基本的PROC Process程序PROD Product,Production产品，产量PSI Pounds per Square InchPT Part,Point零件，点QTR Quarter四份之一QTY Quantity数量QUAL Quality质量R Radius半径RA Rockwell Harden,A-ScaleRB Rockwell Harden,B-ScaleRC Rockwell Harden,C-ScaleRECD Received巳收到的RECT Rectangle长方形REF Reference相关的REINF Reinforce增强REL Release,Relief释放，缓解REM Remove移除REQD Requird有需要REE Retainer,ReturnREV Reverse,Revision,RevolutionRFS Regardless of Feature SizeRGH Rough粗糙的RH Right Hand右手RIV Rivet起皱RM Ream扩展RND Round周围RPM Revolutions per MinuteRPW Resistance Projection Weld可修编-SAE Society of Automotive EngrsSCH Schedule进度表行业标准规(英汉对照)－加工工艺standerd of machining and technics (Chinese －English version)1 GB/T 780－1979 汽油发动机化油器出口凸缘尺寸Carbureters for automobile engines－－Dimensions of outlet flanges2 GB/T 983－1995 不锈钢焊条Stainless steel covered electrodes3 GB/T 984－1985 堆焊焊条Covered electrodes for hardfacing4 GB/T 985－1988 气焊、手工电弧焊及气体保护焊焊缝坡口的基本形式与尺寸Basic forms and sizes of weld grooves for gas welding manual arc welding and gas－Shielded arc welding5 GB/T 986－1988 埋弧焊焊缝坡口的基本形式和尺寸Basic forms and sizes of weld grooves for submerged arc welding6 GB/T 1173－1995 铸造铝合金Casting aluminium alloys7 GB/T 1174－1992 铸造轴承合金cast bearing metals8 GB/T 1176－1987 铸造铜合金技术条件Specification for cast copper alloys9 GB/T 1177－1991 铸造镁合金Casting magnesium alloys10 GB/T 1348－1988 球墨铸铁件Spheroidal graphite iron castings11 GB/T 1954－1980 铬镍奥氏体不锈钢焊缝铁素体含量测量方法Determination of the weldign seam iron element contentin chromium,nickel austenitic stainless steel12 GB/T 2100－1980 不锈耐酸钢铸件技术条件Stainless acid－resistant steel castings－－Specifications13 GB/T 2649－1989 焊接接头机械性能试验取样方法Methods of sampling for mechanical properties tests of welded joint14 GB/T 2650－1989 焊接接头冲击试验方法Method of impact test for welded joint15 GB/T 2651－1989 焊接接头拉伸试验方法Method of tensile test for welded joint16 GB/T 2652－1989 焊缝及熔敷金属拉伸试验方法Method of tensile tests for weld and deposited metal17 GB/T 2653－1989 焊接接头弯曲及压扁试验方法Methods of bend and compression tests for welded joint18 GB/T 2654－1989 焊接接头及堆焊金属硬度试验方法Methods of hardness tests for welded joint and surfacing metal 19 GB/T 2655－1989 焊接接头应变时效敏感性试验方法Method of strain－age sensibillity test for welded joint20 GB/T 2656－1981 焊缝金属和焊接接头的疲劳试验法Weld beads metal and welds－－Fatigue test21 GB/T 2684－1981 铸造用原砂及混合料试验方法Foundry sands and sand mixtures for casting－－Method of testing22 GB/T 3180－1982 中锰抗磨球墨铸铁件技术条件Specification for medium manganese wear－resistant spheroidal iron castings23 GB/T 3375－1994 焊接术语Welding terminology24 GB/T 3669－1983 铝及铝合金焊条Coated electrodes for aluminium and aluminium alloys25 GB/T 3670－1995 铜及铜合金焊条Coated electrodes for copper and copper alloys26 GB/T 3731－1983 涂料焊条效率、金属回收率和熔敷系数的测定Covered electrodes －－Determination of the efficiency, metal recovery and deposition coefficient27 GB/T 3934－1983 普通螺纹量规Gauges for general purpose screw threads28 GB/T 3965－1995 熔敷金属中扩散氢测定方法Methods for determination of diffusible hydrogen in deposited metal 29 GB/T 4675.1－1984 焊接性试验斜Y型坡口焊接裂纹试验方法Weldability testing－－Method of Y－groove cracking test30 GB/T 4675.2－1984 焊接性试验搭接接头(CTS) 焊接裂纹试验方法Weldability testing－－Method of controlled thermal severity cracking test31 GB/T 4675.3－1984 焊接性试验T型接头焊接裂纹试验方法Weldability testing－－Method of cracking test for welded tee joint32 GB/T 4675.4－1984 焊接性试验压板对接(FISCO) 焊接裂纹试验方法Weldability testing－－Method of FISCO cracking test33 GB/T 4675.5－1984 焊接性试验焊接热影响区最高硬度试验方法Weldability testing －－Testing method of maximum hard ness in weld heat－affected zone34 GB/T 4863－1985 机械制造工艺基本术语General terminology of machine－building technology35 GB/T 5117－1995 碳钢焊条Carbon steel covered electrodes36 GB/T 5118－1995 低合金钢焊条Low alloy steel covered electrodes37 GB/T 5185－1985 金属焊接及钎焊方法在图样上的表示代号Welding, brazing, braze welding and soldering of metals－－List of processes for symbolic representation on drawings可修编-38 GB/T 5293－1985 碳素钢埋弧焊用焊剂Fluxes for the submerged arc welding of carbon steel39 GB/T 5613－1995 铸钢牌号表示方法Code for representing cast steels40 GB/T 5614－1985 铸铁件热处理状态的名称、定义及代号The designations definitions and symbols for heat treatment tempers of iron castings41 GB/T 5615－1985 铸钢件热处理状态的名称、定义及代号The designations, definitions and symbols for heat treatment tempers of steel castings42 GB/T 5676－1985 一般工程用铸造碳钢Cast carbon steels for general engineering purposes43 GB/T 5677－1985 铸钢件射线照相及底片等级分类方法Methods of radiographic testing and classification of radiographs for steel castings44 GB/T 5678－1985 铸造合金光谱分析取样方法The method for sampling cast alloys for spectrochemical analysis45 GB/T 6208－1995 钎料型号表示方法Filler metal for soft soldering and brazing－－Designation46 GB/T 6296－1986 灰铸铁冲击试验方法Grey cast iron impact test47 GB/T 6416－1986 影响钢熔化焊接头质量的技术因素Technical factors influencing the quality of the fusion welded joints in steel48 GB/T 6417－1986 金属熔化焊焊缝缺陷分类及说明Classification of imperfections in metallic fusion welds, with explanations49 GB/T 6418－1993 铜基钎料Copper base brazing filler metals50 GB/T 6967－1986 工程结构用中、高强度不锈钢铸件Medium and high strength stainless steel castings for engineering structure purposes51 GB/T 7032－1986 T型角焊接头弯曲试验方法Method of bend test for T type fillet welded joint52 GB/T 7143－1986 铸造用硅砂化学分析方法Methods for chemical analysis of silica sand for foundry53 GB/T 7216－1987 灰铸铁金相Gray cast iron metallography54 GB/T 7232－1987 金属热处理工艺术语Terminology of metal heat treatment55 GB/T 7233－1987 铸钢件超声探伤及质量评级标准Methods for ultrasonic testing and for specifying quality levels of steel castings56 GB/T 7659－1987 焊接结构用碳素钢铸件Carbon steel castings suitable for welded structure57 GB/T 8063－1994 铸造有色金属及其合金牌号表示方法Designation of cast nonferrous metals and their alloys58 GB/T 8110－1995 气体保护电弧焊用碳钢、低合金钢焊丝Welding wires for gas shielding arc welding of carbon and low alloy steels59 GB/T 8121－1987 热处理工艺材料名词术语The terminology of technological materials for heat treatment60 GB/T 8263－1987 抗磨白口铸铁技术条件Specification for abrasion resistant white cast irons61 GB/T 8454－1987 焊条用还原钛铁矿粉中亚铁量的测定Determination of ferrous iron content in reduced ilmenite powder for welding rod62 GB/T 8491－1987 高硅耐蚀铸铁件Corrosion resistant high silicon iron castings63 GB/T 8492－1987 耐热钢铸件Heat resistant steel castings64 GB/T 8493－1987 一般工程用铸造碳钢金相Metallograph of cast carbon steels for general engineering purposes65 GB/T 8539－1987 齿轮材料及热处理质量检验的一般规定General specification for quality inspection of gear materials and their heat treatment66 GB/T 8619－1988 钎缝强度试验方法Method of the strength test for brazed and soldered seam67 GB/T 9437－1988 耐热铸铁件Heat resistant iron castings68 GB/T 9438－1988 铝合金铸件技术条件Aluminium alloy castings－－Technical specification69 GB/T 9439－1988 灰铸铁件Grey iron castings70 GB/T 9440－1988 可锻铸铁件Malleable iron castings71 GB/T 9441－1988 球墨铸铁金相检验Metallographic test for spheroidal graphite cast iron72 GB/T 9446－1988 焊接用插销冷裂纹试验方法Welding－－Cold cracking test method using implants73 GB/T 9447－1988 焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验方法Test method for fatigue crack growth rates of welded joints74 GB 9448－1988 焊接与切割安全Safety in welding and cutting75 GB/T 9450－1988 钢件渗碳淬火有效硬化层深度的测定和校核Determination and可修编-verification of the effective depth of carburizod and hardened cases of steel parts76 GB/T 9451－1988 钢件薄表面总硬化层深度或有效硬化层深度的测定Determination of total or effective thickness of thin surface hardened layers of steel parts77 GB/T 9452－1988 热处理炉有效加热区测定方法Testing method for working zone of heat treating furnace78 GB/T 9460－1988 铜及铜合金焊丝Welding wire and rods of copper and copper alloys79 GB/T 10044－1988 铸铁焊条及焊丝Covered electrodes and welding rods for welding cast iron80 GB/T 10045－1988 碳钢药芯焊丝Carbon steel flux cored wires for arc welding81 GB/T 10046－1988 银基钎料Silver brazing filler metals82 GB/T 10858－1989 铝及铝合金焊丝Aluminium and aluminium alloy welding rods and wires83 GB/T 10859－1989 镍基钎料Nickel base brazing filler metals84 GB/T 11350－1989 铸件机械加工余量Machining allowances on castings85 GB/T 11351－1989 铸件重量公差Mass tolerances for castings86 GB/T 11352－1989 一般工程用铸造碳钢件Carbon steel castings for general engineering purposes87 GB/T 11354－1989 钢铁零件渗氮层深度测定和金相组织检验Steel－iron parts—Determination of nitrided case depth and metallographic examination of nitriding structure88 GB/T 11363－1989 钎焊接头强度试验方法Methods of the strength tests for brazed and soldered joint89 GB/T 11364－1989 钎料铺展性及填缝性试验方法Test method of spreadability and clearance filling ability for filler metal90 GB/T 12214－1990 熔模铸造用硅砂、粉Silica sand and flour for investment casting91 GB/T 12215－1990 熔模铸造用铝矾土砂、粉Bauxite sand and flour for investment casting92 GB/T 12216－1990 铸造用合脂粘结剂The residue from distillation of synthetic fatty acids as binder for foundry93 GB/T 12361－1990 钢质模锻件通用技术条件General specification of steel die forgings94 GB/T 12362－1990 钢质模锻件公差及机械加工余量Tolerances and machining allowances of steel die forgings95 GB/T 12363－1990 锻件功能分类Classification of forging functions96 GB/T 12469－1990 焊接质量保证钢熔化焊接头的要求和缺陷分级Quality assurance of welding—Requirement for fusion welding joint of steel and classification for imperfection 97 GB/T 12470－1990 低合金钢埋弧焊用焊剂Fluxes for the submerged arc welding of low alloy steel98 GB/T 12603－1990 金属热处理工艺分类及代号Classification and designation on metal heat treatment99 GB 12935－1991 焊条烘干炉运行能耗标准Energy consumption standard in operation of covered electrode furnace100 GB/T 13311－1991 锅炉受压元件焊接接头机械性能试验方法Boiler pressure parts—Mechanical test for welded joints101 GB/T 13320－1991 钢质模锻件金相组织评级图及评定方法Metallographic grading atlas and assessing method for steel die forgings102 GB/T 13450－1992 对接焊接头宽板拉伸试验方法Method of wide plate tension test for butt welded joint103 GB/T 13679－1992 锰基钎料Manganese base brazing filler metals104 GB/T 13814－1992 镍及镍合金焊条Nickel and nickel alloy covered welding electrodes 105 GB/T 13815－1992 铝基钎料Aluminium base brazing filler metals106 GB/T 13816－1992 焊接接头脉动拉伸疲劳试验方法Test method for pulsed tensile fatigue of welded joints107 GB/T 13817－1992 对接接头刚性拘束焊接裂纹试验方法Method of rigid restraint cracking test for welding butt joint108 GB/T 13818－1992 压铸锌合金Zinc die－casting alloys109 GB/T 13819－1992 铜合金铸件Copper alloy castings110 GB/T 13820－1992 镁合金铸件Magnesium alloy castings111 GB/T 13821－1992 锌合金压铸件Zinc alloy die castings112 GB/T 13822－1992 压铸有色合金试样Test specimens for non ferrous diecasting alloys113 GB/T 13914－1992 冲压件尺寸公差Tolerance of dimensions for stampings114 GB/T 13915－1992 冲压件角度公差Tolerance of angles for stampings115 GB/T 13916－1992 冲压件形状和位置未注公差Unnoted tolerance of shape and可修编-position for stampings116 GB/T 13925－1992 铸造高锰钢金相Metallographs for high manganese cast steel117 GB/T 14235.1－1993 熔模铸造模料熔点测定方法(冷却曲线法) Testing method for melting point of pattern materials in investment casting118 GB/T 14235.2－1993 熔模铸造模料抗弯强度测定方法Testing method for bending strength of pattern materials in investment casting119 GB/T 14235.3－1993 熔模铸造模料灰分测定方法Testing method for ash content of pattern materials in investment casting120 GB/T 14235.4－1993 熔模铸造模料线收缩率测定方法Testing method for linear contraction of pattern materials in investment casting121 GB/T 14235.5－1993 熔模铸造模料表面硬度测定方法Testing method for surface hardness of pattern materials in investment casting122 GB/T 14235.6－1993 熔模铸造模料酸值测定方法Testing method for acid number of pattern materials in investment casting123 GB/T 14235.7－1993 熔模铸造模料流动性测定方法Testing method for fluidity of pattern materials in investment casting124 GB/T 14235.8－1993 熔模铸造模料粘度测定方法Testing method for viscosity of pattern materials in investment casting125 GB/T 14235.9－1993 熔模铸造模料热稳定性测定方法Testing method for thermal stability of pattern materials in investment casting126 GB/T 14408－1993 一般工程与结构用低合金铸钢件Low alloy steel castings for general engineering and structural purposes127 GB/T 15055－1994 冲压件未注公差尺寸极限偏差Permissible stamping varitions in dimensions without tolerance indication128 GB/T 15056－1994 铸造表面粗糙度评定方法Evaluation method on cast surface roughness129 GB/T 15111－1994 点焊接头剪切拉伸疲劳试验方法Test method for shear tensile fatigue of spot welded joints130 GB/T 15114－1994 铝合金压铸件Aluminium alloy die－castings131 GB/T 15115－1994 压铸铝合金Die casting aluminium alloys132 GB/T 15116－1994 压铸铜合金Die casting copper alloys133 GB/T 15117－1994 铜合金压铸件Copper alloy die castings 134 GB/T 15169－1994 钢熔化焊手焊工资格考核方法Approval testing of manual welders －－Fusion welding－steel135 GB/T 15620－1995 镍及镍合金焊丝Nickel and nickel alloy welding wires136 GB 15735－1995 金属热处理生产过程安全卫生要求Requirements for the safety and health in production process of metal heat treatment137 GB/T 15747－1995 正面角焊缝接头拉伸试验方法Method of tension test for front fillet welded joint138 GB/T 15825.1－1995 金属薄板成形性能与试验方法成形性能和指标Sheet metal formability and test methods－－Formability and indexes139 GB/T 15825.2－1995 金属薄板成形性能与试验方法通用试验规程Sheet metal formability and test methods－－General test rules140 GB/T 15825.3－1995 金属薄板成形性能与试验方法拉深与拉深载荷试验Sheet metal formability and test methods－－Drawing and drawing load test141 GB/T 15825.4－1995 金属薄板成形性能和试验方法扩孔试验Sheet metal formability and test methods－－Hole expanding test142 GB/T 15825.5－1995 金属薄板成形性能与试验方法弯曲试验Sheet metal formability and test methods－－Bending test143 GB/T 15825.6－1995 金属薄板成形性能与试验方法锥杯试验Sheet metal formability and test methods－－Conical cup test144 GB/T 15825.7－1995 金属薄板成形性能与试验方法凸耳试验Sheet metal formability and test methods－－Earing test145 GB/T 15825.8－1995 金属薄板成形性能与试验方法成形极限图(FLD)试验Sheet metal formability and test methods－－Forming limit diagram (FLD) test146 GB/T 15826.1－1995 锤上钢质自由锻件机械加工余量与公差一般要求Machining allowances and tolerances for steel open die forgings on hammer－－General reguirement 147 GB/T 15826.2－1995 锤上钢质自由锻件机械加工余量与公差盘、柱类Machining allowances and tolerances for steel open die forgings on hammer－－Disks and columns148 GB/T 15826.3－1995 锤上钢质自由锻件机械加工余量与公差带孔圆盘类Machining allowances and tolerances for steel open die forgings on hammer－－Disk swith holes149 GB/T 15826.4－1995 锤上钢质自由锻件机械加工余量与公差圆环类Machining allowances and tolerances for steel open die forgings on hammer－－Rings可修编-150 GB/T 15826.5－1995 锤上钢质自由锻件机械加工余量与公差套筒类Machining allowances and tolerances for steel open die forgings on hammer－－Seamles cylinder hushings151 GB/T 15826.6－1995 锤上钢质自由锻件机械加工余量与公差光轴类Machining allowances and tolerances for steel open die forgings on hammer－－Shaft without steps152 GB/T 15826.7－1995 锤上钢质自由锻件机械加工余量与公差台阶轴类Machining allowances and tolerances for steel open die forgings on hammer－－Shaft with steps153 GB/T 15826.8－1995 锤上钢质自由锻件机械加工余量与公差单拐曲轴类Machining allowances and tolerances for steel open dle forgings on hammer－－Single throw crankshaft154 GB/T 15826.9－1995 锤上钢质自由锻件机械加工余量与公差黑皮锻件Machining allowances and tolerances for steel open die forgings on hammer－－Forging without machining155 GB/T 15829.1－1995 软钎焊用钎剂分类、标记与包装Soldering fluxes－－Classification, labelling and packaging156 GB/T 15829.2－1995 软钎焊用钎剂树脂类钎剂Soldering fluxes－－Resin basis fluxes157 GB/T 15829.3－1995 软钎焊用钎剂有机物类钎剂Soldering fluxes－－Organic fluxes158 GB/T 15829.4－1995 软钎焊用钎剂无机物类钎剂Soldering fluxes－－Inorganic fluxes159 GB/T 16253－1996 承压钢铸件Steel castings for pressure purposes160 GB/T 16672－1996 焊缝工作位置倾角和转角的定义Welds－－Working positions －－Definitions of angles of slope and rotation161 GB/T 8541－1997 锻压术语Terminolgy of forging and stamping162 GB/T 16743－1997 冲裁间隙Blanking clearance163 GB/T 16746－1997 锌合金铸件Zinc alloy castings164 GB/T 1175－1997 铸造锌合金Casting zinc alloys165 GB/T 16923－1997 钢件的正火与退火Normalizing and annealing of steel parts166 GB/T 16924－1997 钢件的淬火与回火Quenching and tempering of steel parts167 GB/T 16957－1997 复合钢板焊接接头力学性能试验方法Mechanical tests on welded joints in clad plates 168 GB/T 6060.1－1997 表面粗糙度比较样块铸造表面Roughness comparison specimens Cast surfaces169 GB/T 5611－1998 铸造术语Foundry terminology170 GB/T 5680－1998 高锰钢铸件Austenitic manganese steel castings171 GB/T 9442－1998 铸造用硅砂Foundry silica sand172 GB/T 17445－1998 铸造磨球Cast grinding balls173 GB/T 12467.1－1998 焊接质量要求金属材料的熔化焊第一部分: 选择及使用指南Quality requirements for welding－－Fusion welding of metallic materials－－Part 1: Guidelines for selection and use174 GB/T 12467.2－1998 焊接质量要求金属材料的熔化焊第二部分: 完整质量要求Quality requirements for welding－－Fusion welding of metallic materials－－Part 2: Comprehensive quality requirements175 GB/T 12467.3－1998 焊接质量要求金属材料的熔化焊第三部分: 一般质量要求Quality requirements for welding－－Fusion welding of metallic materials－－Part 3: Standards quality requirements176 GB/T 12467.4－1998 焊接质量要求金属材料的熔化焊第四部分: 基本质量要求Quality requirements for welding－－Fusion welding of metallic materials－－Part 4: Elementary quality requirements177 GB/T 17493－1998 低合金钢药芯焊丝Low alloy steel flux cored electrodes for arc welding自改革开放以来，我国引进了不少国外设备、图纸和其它技术资料，有不少发达国家的机械图样投影方法与我国所采用的投影方法不同。
英文图纸技术要求翻译
部分机械英文图纸翻译1、REVISED DIMENSIONS TO MACHINE PART CORRECTLY经修订的机械零件尺寸正确2、SURFACE FINISH OF MACHINED SURFACES MUST BE 3.2 Ra OR BETTER, UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED.机加工表面必须3.2Ra或更好的表面光洁度，除非另有说明。
3、UPDATED DIMS：更新后的尺寸4、UPDATED GD&T TO SIMPLIFY MACHINING PROCESS更新后的尺寸可以简化机械加工工艺5、REMOVED CHAMFER, UPDATED TITLE BLOCK删除倒角，更新标题块。
6、REVISED DIMENSIONS TO MACHINE PART CORRECTLY经修订的机械零件尺寸正确7、CHANGED DEPTH OF SLOT：槽深度变化8、ADDED GD&T TRUE POSITION SYMBOL TO M10x1.5 TAPPED HOLES：新增正确的形位公差符号为M10x1.5螺纹孔9、DRAWING TITLE：图纸标题10、ALL UNSPECIFIED CAST RADII MUST BE 12mm.铸件未注半径均为R1211、CAST DRAFT ANGLE TO BE 3°MAXIMUM, UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED.未注拔模斜度最大3°12、ALL CAST DIMENSIONS ARE POSITIVE (+) DRAFT, UNLESS OTHERWISE S PECIFIED. 铸造尺寸往+方向13、SURFACE FINISH OF CAST SURFACES MUST BE 12.5 Ra OR BETTER, UN LESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED.铸造表面必须Ra12.5或更好的表面光洁度，除非另有说明。