Renaissance Period Study文艺复兴时期研究
The Renaissance英国文学文艺复兴时期总结
The RenaissanceThis is a greatest and most advanced revolution in the human history. This is the age the giants are needed and produced.------F. Engles<1> Brief introduction▪Renaissance in European history, refers to the period between 14th century to 17th century. It started in Italy and ended in England and Spain.▪“Renaissance” means “revival”, the revival of interest in Ancient Greek and Roman culture and getting rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introducing new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.▪Renaissance sprang first in Italy (Florence and Venice) with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture, and gradually spread all over Europe;▪Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science (ancient Greek and Roman culture) after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.During the period of Renaissance:1. the Roman Catholic Church was shaken,2. old sciences revived and new sciences emerged,3. national languages and cultures took shape,4. art and literature flourishedBrief introduction▪There arose an interest in the manuscripts surviving from ancient Greece and Rome. Classical learning and philosophy were enthusiastically studied.▪The intellectual wisdom of ancient Greece and Rome encouraged a rebirth of human spirit，a realization of human potential for development and creation．▪Never before in human history were men and women so eager to create and discover something new．In Italy a group of artists，scientists，politicians，and writers created the most brilliant page of culture and science in Renaissance Europe．Examples:①Copernicus (哥白尼) asserted that the earth was not the center of the universe；②The passionate Petrarch produced sonnets that influenced Shakespeare and many others；③Boccaccio(卜伽邱) wrote tales of eternal charm: The Decameron；④Marco Polo (马可波罗) made journeys into the remote kingdom of China；⑤Michelangelo（米开朗琪罗），Leonardo da Vinci (达芬奇)，Raphael (拉斐尔)，and Titian (提香) createdpaintings and sculptures that are invaluable treasures of the world．<2>Essence and features▪Essence: It is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie in the sphere of cultural life.（另版本）：Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to:to get rid of conservatism in Feudalist Europe;to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie,to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.Briefly it is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie inthe sphere of cultural life.▪Features: there are two striking features①A thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.②The keen interest in the activities of humanity.<3>Renaissance and HumanismRenaissance: the term originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. Indeed, a great number of the works of classical authors were translated into English during the 16th century.Humanism：The progressive thinkers of the humanists held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and bravely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance. It reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class;<4>HumanismHumanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a reverence for the Greek and Roman civilization based on the conception that man is the measure of all things.Contrary to the subordination of individuals to the feudal rules and the sacrifice of earthly life for a future life in the medieval society, Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development for perfection.By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.<5>Features of humanism in RenaissanceEmphasizing the power, value and dignity of the human being and holding that human beings are glorious creatures The core of Renaissance thought is the greatness of man/giants. This is best summarized in the lines of Shakespeare’s HamletWhat a piece of work is man; how noble in reason; how infinite in faculty, in form and moving how express and admirable; in action how like and angel; in apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world, the paragon of animals.人是一件多么了不起的杰作！多么高贵的理性！多么伟大的力量！多么优美的仪表！多么文雅的举动！在行为上多么像一个天使！在智慧上多么想一个天神！宇宙的精华！万物的灵长！▪1. Emphasizing secular happiness and individualism against the medieval ideas of asceticism;▪2.shifting man’s interest from Christianity to humanity, from religion to philoso phy, from beauty and greatness of God to the beauty of human body in all its joys and pains.▪3. Applying Aristotle’s theory, Humanist literature mainly use realistic style and take literature as the mirror or miniature of the society.<6>Influence and English RenaissanceInfluences:1.These Italians, and many others, helped to make Italy the center of the Renaissance movement in Europe.2.The movement changed the medieval Western Europe into a modern one．3.The intellectual wisdom of ancient Greece and Rome encouraged a rebirth of human spirit，a realization of human potential for development and creationEnglish Renaissance:Oxford Reformers: the Oxford reformers, scholars and humanists introduced classical literature to England. Education was revitalized and literature became more popular.This was England’s Golden Age in literature. There appeared many English literary giants such as Shakespeare, Spenser, Johnson, Sidney, Marlowe, Bacon and Donne.English RenaissanceContents●I.TheSixteenthCentury England ●II. Renaissance in England ●III. The main artistic styles●IV. William Shakespeare●V. Francis BaconI. The Sixteenth Century England1. Enclosure Movement2. The establishment of absolute monarchy3. Religious reformation4. International situation5. Cultural preparati●The background of the humanism in Europe●The introduction of printing led to an enlarged reading public and a commercial market for literature;●The great economic and political changes led to the rise of democracy;●The spirit of nationalism;●The growing of "new science” etc.Characteristics of the Elizabethan Age1. An age of comparative religious tolerance;2. An age of comparative social contentment;3. An age of dreams, of adventures, of unbounded enthusiasm;4. An age of intellectual liberty, of growing intelligence and comfort among all classes and of unbounded patriotism.II. Renaissance in England▪The time: mainly from the reign of Henry VIII, Edward, Mary and then to Queen Elizabeth and Jacobean Eraa. Beginning: the last years of the 15-th century---first half of the 16-th centuryb. Flourishing: the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)c. Declining: the period of James I (1603-1625) early 17-th centuryThe flowering of English literatureThe second half of the 16th century, “a nest of singing birds”The early period:imitation and assimilation, translated works, poetry and poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms. ▪Sonnet: an exact form of poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed.▪Blank verse: iambic pentameter unrhymedThe latter period:Drama— the real mainstream of the English Renaissanceyears 1587-93. they were all of humble birth and struggled for a livelihood by writing. Through hard work, they revised old plays and wrote new ones. They made rapid progress in dramatic techniques because they has close contact with the actors and audiences. They were looked down upon by the gentlemen and suspected by the government. It was their industrious works that furnished the Elizabethan stage.Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareIII. The main artistic stylesThe artistic styles as lyric poetry, narrative poetry, drama are maturized; new styles which characterized the modern literature such as sonnets, short stories and novels were produced.translation:Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Homer’s Iliad, Montaigne’s Essays▪travel books:More’s Utopia▪poetry: Edmund Spenser▪drama: “University Wits”, Marlowe, Shakespeare▪essay: Francis BaconForerunner of utopian socialism▪An imaginative travel narrative written in the form of conversation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager describing an ideal state governed by reason.▪The subject is the search for the best possible form of government: Utopia---a community of property---a pure, pre-Marx form of communism.The Sheph erd’s Calendar 《牧人日历》: 12 pastoral poems and eclogues, one for each month, put into the mouths of speakers distinguishing themselves as shepherds, really representing Spenser and his friends.▪Amoretti《爱情小诗》:a series of 88 sonnets in honor of his lover Elizabeth. All except one was written in the Spenserian sonnet.▪Epithlamion 《婚后曲》: marriage hymns to celebrate his marriage with Elizabeth.The Faerie Queene《仙后》:▪The blending of religious and historical allegory with chivalric romance: a long poem planned 12 books. 12 knights for the qualities of the chivalric virtues--- the six completed books are holiness, temperance, chastity, friendship, justice and courtesy.Fairy Queen—Queen Elizabeth, the knights as a whole --- England, the evil figures—enemies.Themes of the poem :●nationalism( celebration of Queen Elizabeth)●humanism (strong opposition to Roman Catholicism),●Puritanism (moral teaching)Spenserian stanza:it is a nine-line stanza with the first 8 lines iambic pentameter and the ninth, iambic hexameter 六步格的诗rhyming abab,bcbc,c which is the typical verse in The Faerie Queene.For its rare beauty, this verse form was much used by many later poets, esp. imitated by the romantic poets of the 19th century.Spenser’s position in English Literature:the publica tion of “The Shepherd’s Calendar” marks the budding of Renaissance flower in the northern island of England.The language he used was modern English which has distinguished itself from the Middle English of Chaucer's day. Spenserian stanza: a model of poetic art among the Renaissance English poets.“the poet’s poet”, the first master to make the Modern English the natural music of his poetic effusion and held his position as a model of poetic art. His influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley and Keats.Life: short but riotous⏹Major works:➢Tamburlaine the Great:《帖木耳》•A drama in a blank verse•About the rise and fall of Tamburlaine the Mongol conqueror on the 14th century central Asia.•A tragedy about a man who thinks he can but actually can not control his own fate.•By depicting a great hero with high ambition and sheer brutal force, the author voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority.•➢The Jew of Malta:《马耳他的犹太人》•A study of the lust for wealth, which centers around Barabas the Jew, an old money lender, whose only philosophy is the art of gaining advantage.•Suggestive of Shylock in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice.•A tragic result: typically greedy of riches and gold, which is another feature shared by those in Renaissance England. •➢The History of Doctor Faustus 《浮士德博士》•Refer to compare with Goethe’s Faust•The Faust myth in 16th century Germany: the myth of men seeking great earthly power from demons at the cost of their immortal soul.•The conventional view: Dr. Faustus is a morality play that vindicates humility, faith and obedience to the law of God. •The new view: Dr. Faustus celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness, and also reveals man’s frustration in realizing the high aspiration in a hostile moral order.⏹Social significance and literary achievement1.showing the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie. Its eager curiosity for knowledge, power and gold.The praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe.The heroes are mainly individualists. Their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and to themselves.…soul of the Age!The applause! Delight! The wonder of our stage! Triumph, my Britain, thou hast one to show To whom all scenes of Europe homage owe. He was not of an age, but for all time!William Shakespeare1. Brief Introduction2. Shakespeare’s dramaFour periods of his literary career Categories of his drama 3. the artistic features of his plays4. Shakespeare’s place and contribution5. Shakespeare’s sonnetsWhat to be at least known about ShakespeareLife: birthplace, birth date, death date, important time in his life and career●His major works: 37 plays(10histories, 10 comedies, 10 tragedies), 2 long narrative poems, 154 sonnets.Plays to be read: great comedies & 4 great tragedies●Writing features in each of four periodsI. Brief IntroductionA dramatist “not of an age, but of all time” by Ben Jonhson, not of Engla nd, but of the world.●Not only a master of English language but also a genius of character portrayal and plot construction●A “poet of reality” for his idea that literature should reflect nature and reality.●37 plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems.II. Shak espeare’s dramaFour Periods of Shakespeare’s Literary careerFour major phrases represent respectively his early, mature, flourishing and late periods.1. Period of early experiment and apprenticeship (1590-1594)Background:A. it was in the middle of the highly thriving Elizabethan Age.B. The thoughts of humanism and the ideas of man’s emancipation, freedom of love was rapidly spread.C. Shakespeare was a young man full of astonishing versatility and wonderful talent and the great interest in the political questions of his time.Features:A. the writer made experiments in a number of dramatic forms: the historical plays, comedy, the revenge tragedy and the romantic tragedy.B. this period is distinctively marked by youthfulness and exuberance of imagination, by extravagance of witty language or speech, and by the final and frequent use of blank verse. In his hand, blank verse developed into a happy vehicle to express all kinds of thoughts and emotions (thus shaking off the rigidity of rimed and mechanic lines) .2. Period of maturity (1595-1600)Features:A. a period of “great comedies” and mature historical plays and sonnets.B. a sweet and joyful time when the writer portrays successfully a magnificent panorama of the manifold pursuit of people in real life.C. a great shift in characterization. A notable gallery of heroines in the comedies and vivid characters in historical plays is presented: Portia, Posalynd, Voila, Beatrice, Sir John Falstaff.3. Period of gloom and depression (1601-1607)Background:A. the aggravation of the social situation: the rising of peasants, the corruption, the tension between bourgeoisie and the feudal lands.B. the change of mood in the playwright: gloomy and indignantFeatures:A. a period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”B. the writer gave a scathing exposition of the somber pictures and scenes of murder, lust, treachery, ingratitude and crime.C. a higher level of crafts is reached: more intricate plotting, intense inner conflict, meticulous depiction of human mind.4. Period of calm and reconciliation (1608-1612)Background:A. the fall and collapse of absolute monarchB. the retirement of the playwright back into the tranquil countrysideFeatures:A. some serenity and optimism, instead of the beginning lightness and the middle somber violence reigned.B. romantic dramas and comedies were the main form.C. moral teaching and supernatural forces were relied on to restore the rightful honor and position. These plays all show a falling off from his previous works.Categories of his dramacomedies histories tragedies romances？？Comedy is a light form of drama aiming primarily to amuse and ending happily. It often deals with people in their human state, restrained and ridiculous by their limitations, faults, bodily functions.Four Great ComdiesThe Merchant of VeniceA Midsummer Night’s DreamAs you Like itTwelfth NightComedies of the First PeriodThe keynote of his comedies:●to portray people just freed from the feudal fetters, sing of youth, love and ideas of happiness.●The heroes and heroines fight against destiny and mould their fate according to their own free will. Thus becomethe sons and daughters of Renaissance.●The victory of humanist ideal is inevitable. The general spirit of these plays is optimistic.The Merchant of Venice•The double plot: one is about the Bassanio’s winning of a bride by undergoing a test; the other is about the demanding of a pound of human flesh by Shylock.•The traditional theme is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.•The new one is to regard the play as a satire of the Christian hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and unreasoning prejudice against Jews.Portia: a rich heiress of Belmont in Shakespeare's comedy The Merchant of Venice.●1. Portia is a woman of Renaissance—beautiful, prudent, cultured, courteous and capable of rising to an emergency. She is one of Shakespear’s ideal women.●2. the young heroes in Shakespeare's comedies are always independent in character and take their own path of life.History plays aim to present some historical age or character, and may be either a comedy or a tragedy.●His histories include two tetralogies (四部曲)and two other plays. Characterizes two centuries of English history from Richard III to Henry VIII (1377-1547)●There is only one ideal king---Henry V who represents the aspiration for national unity under a powerful and efficient monarchy.The image of Henry V:Henry V is the symbol of Shakespear’s ideal kingship. He represents the upsurging patriotism of the time. In depicting Henry V as a prince and as a man, Shakespeare looks deep into the personality of his hero and shows a profound understanding of the politics and social life of the time.Theme: Shakespeare’s historical plays describe the decaying of the old feudal society an d the rising of the new forces. His historical plays sum up the necessity for national unity under a mighty and just sovereign. The idea is anti-feudal inIt is concerned with the harshness and injustice of life. They are often serious plays with sad endings.●Often the hero’s tragedy is due to a weakness in his or her character which brings self-destruction. A weakness such as the excessive pride of Faustus, the overweening ambition of Macbeth, or the uncontrolled jealousy of Othello.●In S hakespeare’s plays, he saw sharp contradictions between his lofty humanistic ideals and the evil social forces. Background for Shakespeare’s tragediesHe began to observe life with penetration, to expose mercilessly the contradiction of the Elizabethan society. The economical and social crisis which began at the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth continued right up to the English Revolution.The bourgeoisie intended to break up the yoke of absolute monarchy and struggled for free development.It was in this atmosphere of general unrest that he created his great tragedies.Four Great Tragedies All analyzing the human wickedness.●Hamlet: the hero’s weakness makes him vulnerable in fighting against the outward evil.●Othello shows how an outward evil make s use of the hero’s weakness and causes his fall.●King Lear demonstrates how man’s mistake sets free the evils of treachery, hypocrisy, flattery, selfishness and distrust.●Macbeth reveals how the outward evil stirs up the wickedness in man and destroys him.Hamlet“Hamlet” is considered the summit of Shakespeare's art.Hamlet is a man of genius, highly accomplished and educated, a man of profound perception and sparkling wit. He is a scholar, soldier and statesman all combined. His image reflects the versatility of the man of Renaissance.Hamlet’s melancholy is not the negative, over-subtle and fruitless kind, it is the result of his penetrating mind. It expresses, in away, the crisis of humanism at the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century.III. the artistic features of his plays1. Characterization: By using comparison and contrasts, he depicts a group of individuals with strong and distinct personalities.The melancholy of Hamlet, the wickedness of Claudius and Iago, the honesty of Othello, ambition of Macbeth and the beauty and wit of Portia.2. Psycho-analytical study: He reveals the intricate inner workings of the character’s minds through the full use of soliloquies(独白).3. Structure:⏹His plays usu. have more than one plot. Through contrast and parallel, the major and minor plots are woven intoan organic whole.⏹the device of a play within the play also plays an important part.4. Language: Shakespeare is a master of the English language, with a large vocabulary of 16000 English words. More important are the figurative speeches such as analogy and metaphor.5. style: realistic style. The reader may be impressed by the typical speech modes —the question in Hamlet, the ambiguities in Macbeth, the exclamations and very simple but also very basic questions in King Lear.IV. Shakespeare’s place and contributionOne of the founder of realism in world literature. Living in the historical period of the transition from feudalism to capitalism, he paints a panorama of the decline of the old feudal nobility and the rise of new bourgeoisie.Amazing prolificacy. In 22years, nearly 40 plays, no two of which evoke the same feeling or image among the audience, a master of every forms of drama.Skilled in many poetic forms. The songs, sonnets, couplets, esp. at home with blank verse, which became a vehicle of utterance to all the possible sentiments of his characters.A great master of English language. He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom. He is known to have used 16,000 different words. His coinage of new words and distortion of the meaning of the old ones also create striking effects on the reader.He was universally regarded are the summit of English Renaissance. His influence on later writers is immeasurable. Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point view, in literary form or in language.SonnetDefinition:▪A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter with a carefully patterned rhyme scheme.Origin:▪A form of lyrical poetry was originated in Italy. “sonnet” was derived from Provencal (普罗旺斯语) “Sonet”. It was once a short popular poetry used for singing in the medieval age.▪Italian poet Petrarch was the major representatives of the poets who used this poetic form. He wrote altogether 375 sonnets, dedicated to his lover. That is the Petrarchan sonnet.▪Sonnet was introduced into England by Thomas Wyatt . It flourished in the 1590s and reach its peak of popularity with the surge of Renaissance in England.Two types of sonnetThe Italian, or Petrarchan sonnet :Petrarchan Sonnet▪The Italian form, in some ways the simpler of the two, Its fourteen lines break into an octave （八行诗）(or octet), which usually rhymes abba,abba, and a sestet （六行诗节）, which may rhyme cdecde or cdcdcd, or any of the multiple variations possible using only two or three rhyme-sounds.▪It usually projects and develops a subject in the octave, then executes a turn at the beginning of the sestet, which means that the sestet must in some way release the tension built up in the octave.▪Example: see Wyatt's "Farewell Love and all thy laws for ever."Farewell, LoveSir Thomas Wyatt (1503~1542)Farwell, Love, and all thy laws forever,Thy baited hooks shall tangle me no more;Senec and Plato call me from thy lore,To perfect wealth my wit for to endeavor,In blind error then I did persever,Thy sharp repulse, that prickth aye so sore,Hath taought me to set in trifles no storeAnd’ scape forth since liberty is leverTherefore farewell, go trouble younger hearts, And in me claim no more authorityWith idle youth go use thy property,And therein spend thy many brittle darts,For hitherto though I have lost all my time,Me lusteth no longer rotten boughs to climb.别了，爱，以及你所有的法则，你上饵的钩子不再能把我缠绞，塞内克与柏拉图叫我离开你那套，并尽我才智把完美的财富获得。
Renaissance period
Renaissance period (文艺复兴时期)1. Renaissance:①the “rebirth” of literature, art and learning strongly influenced by the rediscovery(重新发现)ofclassical Greek and Latin literature.②it was a European phenomenon. It had its origin(起源)in north Italy in the 14th century. In theRenaissance period, scholars(学者) and educators(教育学家) who called themselves humanists(人文主义者) began to emphasize(强调) the capacities(容量，能力) of the human mind and the achievements of human culture in contrast(对比) to the medieval(中世纪的) emphasis on God and contempt(轻视) for the things of this world.③the Renaissance is commonly(t通常)held to mark the close(终结)of the middle ages and thebeginning of the modern Western world.2. Social background(1) a period of the breaking up of feudal(封建的) relations and the establishing of the foundations ofcapitalism(资本主义制度).(2) at the beginning of the 16th century, absolute monarchy(君主制度) was formed in England. KingHenry viii broke off with the pope(罗马教皇) , proclaimed(正式宣布) himself head of the church of England.(3) Queen Elizabeth I: a powerful England with the fast development of capitalism(资本主义制度).3. Literary development①The highest glory of the Renaissance was its drama which could be traced(追溯) back to the middleages.•Mystery plays a medieval(中世纪的)play representing episodes(片段,一集)from the life of Christ(救世主).•Miracle plays a medieval play representing episodes from the life of a saint(圣徒) or martyr(烈士，殉教者). (中世纪表演<<圣经>>故事的)奇迹剧•Morality plays an allegorical play popular in the 15th and 16th centuries; characters personified virtues and vices•“University Wits”—the companies(客人)of theatre were in constant(不断的)need of new plays.They called on men of letters for assistance. There was a group of so called “university wits” (Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash) who wrote for the stage of the time. They were all of humble birth and struggle for a livelihood(生计) through writing. They were looked down upon by the gentlemen.②several important writers—Thomas More (Utopia); Edmund Spenser (The Fairy Queen);Christopher Marlowe (three plays—Doctor Faustus; Tamburlaine; The Jew of Malta); Francis Bacon ; ShakespeareEdmund Spenser (1552- 1599)•A contemporary(同代人) of Shakespeare yet considered to be the greatest English poet of his age.Spenser is sometimes called the “poet’s poet” because so many later English poets learned from him and imitated(模仿) his example.•The language of his poetry is purposely(故意地) old. As such, it is supposed to remind readers of such earlier works as The Canterbury Tales of Geoffrey Chaucer, whom Spenser greatly admired. •The Shepheardes Calendar•1st Poem to earn him notability•Suggested as an allegory, meant to symbolize the state of humanity at large in a universal sense. •Spenser’s first important work is The Shepherd’s Calendar, a pastoral(田园的) poem in 12 parts, one for each month of the year.•It is written in the tradition of Virgil’s(维吉尔) verse(诗歌) dialogues(对话) in a rural(农村的) setting with shepherds(牧羊人) and shepherdesses who adopt(采用) classical, French, or English peasant(农民) names. The poet’s intention is to give different description of the English countryside at each particular time of the year, but the main themes embodied(表现,包含) in the poem are love,poetry, and religion. The Shepherd’s Calendar set the pastoral fashion in English li terature, and inaugurated(开创) the great lyrical poetry of the last two decades of the 16th century.The Faerie Queen•The major contribution to English poetry.•A long allegory(寓言), in epic(叙事诗) form, of Christian virtues(美德), tied into England’s mythology (神话)of King Arthur.•Consisting of 12 books, only managing to complete 6 before his death.•Gloriana, the queen of Fairyland(仙界), represents both glory and Queen Elizabeth I, in whose honor12 knights(骑士), who represented the qualities of the chivalric(骑士精神的)virtues, engage in aseries of adventures.•The figure of Arthur, the perfect knight, also appears.•The six completed books tell the adventures of the knights who represent the qualities of holiness神圣, temperance节制, chastity贞洁, friendship, justice, and courtesy礼貌.Marlowe•Tamburlaine is a play about an ambitious and pitiless(无情的) Tartar(鞑靼人) conqueror in the fourteenth century who rose from a shepherd(牧羊人) to an overpowering(强大的) king. By depicting(描述) a great hero with high ambition and sheer(十足的) brutal(野蛮的) force in conquering one enemy after another, Marlowe voiced the desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite(无限的) power and authority.•Dr. Faustus is a play based on the German legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.It celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness; it also reveals man's frustration in realizing the high aspirations ina hostile moral order.William Shakespeare (1564-1616)1.life－“All the world 'sa stage, And all themen and womenmerely players.”•B orn in Stratford, The 3rd of 8 kids•M arried at age 18 (his wife was 26)•W orked as an actor•B y 1594 at least 6 plays had been published2.his works (in our textbook)•F our great tragedies—King Lear,•O thello, Macbeth, Hamlet.•F our comedies—A Midsummer Night’ Dream; The Merchant of Venice; As You Like it;Twelfth Night 3.The Merchant of Venice(威尼斯商人)The theme of The Merchant of VeniceThe traditional theme(主题)of the play is to praise(赞美)the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize(使理想化) Portia as a heroine of great beauty and intelligence, wit(风趣) and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable(无法满足的)greed(贪婪)and brutality(野蛮)of the Jew(犹太人). But some modern critics tend to regard the play also as a satire(讽刺) of the Christian prejudice(偏见) against the law, and their hypocrisy(虚伪).4.The soliloquy(独白)“to be or not to be”•-----what is it about?It expresses Hamlet’s indecisiveness(优柔寡断). The melancholy(忧郁的) prince is pondering(深思熟虑) on the question of life and death, thinking that death may be a good means to escape from his world that is full of “slings(吊链)and arrows”, injustice(冤枉), conspiracy(阴谋)…at last, the fear of death and his courage make him rather bear the sufferings in this world. Shakespeare sings high praise of the noble quality of the Prince Hamlet as a humanist(人道主义) thinker(思想家).•Hamlet Hamlet’s mother and father: King Claudius & Polonius Laertes Ophelia•Old Poetic Use sonnet (18)Thou: “you” as subjectThee: “you” as objectThy: “your” followed by a consonantThine: “your” followed by a vowelArt: areEst, st: second person singularHath: hasThis poem might be divided into 3 parts.Characteristics of Shakespeare’ works①Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism(现实主义)in English literature. Many of his playsreflect his sympathy for the poor people and condemns(谴责)the greed, hypocrisy(虚伪)and cruelty(残忍) of the upper class people.②Shakespeare is a humanist. All his works show his firm belief in the nobility of human nature and inthe power of love.③He is good at characterization. True to life.④He is the master of English language. He has a large vocabulary. Language is colourful, vivid(生动的)and musical. Creates a lot of new words and expressions.Francis Bacon•Style—his essays touch many aspects of life,from personal to national affairs(事件). Hewrites about truth, friendship, studies,selfishness, marriage etc.•Many essays are noted for their conciseness(简明), brevity(简洁)and forcefulness(有力). Buthis preference of Latin words and phrasessometimes make his writing difficult to read.。
文艺复兴Renaissance
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法国园林
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法国：勒· 诺特（尔）式园林 英语和德语国家：巴洛克园林 中国：古典主义园林 勒· 诺特的造园保留了意文艺复兴庄园的一些要素， 又以一种新的更加开朗、华丽、宏伟、对称的方 式重新组合，创造了一种更显高贵的园林（宫廷 文化，伟大风格）。
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第六章 法国园林
古典主义 第一节、法国古典主义园林 一、文艺复兴前的法国园林 二、文艺复兴时期的法国园林 三、法国古典主义园林 第二节 法国古典主义园林在欧洲的影响
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古典主义
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17世纪和18世纪前半期流行于欧洲君主专制 时期的一种文艺思潮或文艺流派。它的代表人 物在创作实践和文艺理论上，把古希腊、古罗 马时代的文艺视为必须仿效的崇高典范，从中 吸取题材、情节、形象和创作经验，并赋予它 们新的历史内容。古典主义一词由此而得名。
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Amboise
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二、文艺复兴时期的法国园林（4）
16世纪中叶，王权进一步加强，中央集权的君主政体 要求在艺术上有与其相适应的审美观点。 同时，一批杰出的意大利建筑师来到法国，而且在意 大利学习的法国建筑师也结业回国。 意大利的影响更加广泛、深刻，不再停留在花园的局 部处理及造园要素上，而是影响到庄园的整体布局 。
文艺复兴Renaissance
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当时人们认为，文艺在希腊、罗马古典时代曾高度繁 荣，但在中世纪“黑暗时代”却衰败湮没，直到14世 纪以后才获得“再生”与“复兴”。因此，文艺复兴 着重表明了新文化以古典为师的一面，但它并非单纯 的古典复兴，实际上是反封建的新文化的创造。文艺 复兴宣扬个性解放、尊重人、爱人等人文主义思想， 用资产阶级的“人道”反对封建阶级的“神道”，用 资产阶级的纵欲主义反对封建阶级的禁欲主义。文艺 复兴主要表现在科学、文学和艺术的普遍高涨。
西方文化史名词解释
西方文化史名词解释1. 文艺复兴（Renaissance）: 文艺复兴是指15世纪至17世纪初欧洲发生的一场从中世纪脱胎而生的文化革新运动。
这场运动最早在意大利出现，后来影响了整个欧洲。
文艺复兴时期的人们对古代文化和艺术的研究和追求达到前所未有的高度，创作了许多优秀的艺术作品和文学作品，对欧洲和世界文化产生了深远的影响。
2. 宗教改革（Protestant Reformation）：宗教改革指的是16世纪欧洲发生的一场与罗马天主教会斗争的宗教运动。
该运动的领导人包括马丁·路德、约翰·加尔文等人，他们对教会的教义和实践提出了批评和质疑，并提出了一系列新的教义和教派。
宗教改革最终导致天主教和新教之间的分裂，并对欧洲社会、政治和文化产生了深远的影响。
3. 启蒙运动（Enlightenment）：启蒙运动是指18世纪欧洲兴起的一场主张人类通过理性思维解放自己的运动。
启蒙运动的思想家强调人的理性和自由，主张摒弃过去的迷信和专制，追求真理和进步。
这一运动对政治、哲学、科学、艺术等领域都有深远影响，促进了民主、科学和人权的发展。
4. 工业革命（Industrial Revolution）：工业革命是指18世纪末至19世纪初英国发生的一场从农业社会转变为工业社会的经济和技术变革。
工业革命以机械化和工厂制生产为标志，推动了农业、制造业和交通运输业的现代化，使生产力大大提高。
这一革命改变了人们的生产方式和生活方式，对全球经济、社会和环境产生了深刻影响。
5. 民族国家（Nation-State）：民族国家指的是以民族为基础的政治实体。
在西方文化史上，民族国家的形成通常与16世纪后的宗教改革和17世纪后的绝对君主制有关。
民族国家的发展不仅强调民族一体性和国家主权，也对形成现代国际关系和民主制度产生了重要影响。
6. 进化论（Evolutionism）：进化论是指19世纪达尔文等科学家提出的一种关于物种起源和发展的理论。
英美文学选读英国部分第一章文艺复兴时期
英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案英国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE)第一章文艺复兴时期(The Renaissance Period)二、背景知识(Background knowledge)1、历史文化背景(Historical and cultural background)(1)文艺复兴是从中世纪向近代过渡时期发生在欧洲许多国家的一场思想文化运动。
它是在一些历史因素的合力作用下而引发的，如对希腊罗马古典文化的重新发现，宗教改革运动，地理和自然科学领域的探索，以及资本主义经济的扩张等。
(2)人文主义是文艺复兴的主要特征。
它颂扬人性，强调以“人”为本，宣传个性解放，反对神秘主义和中古神权，反对野蛮和兽性。
(3)16世纪的宗教改革导致了新教的创立。
英格兰同罗马教皇的决裂最初源于国王亨利八世决定与其第一位妻子离婚但遭到教皇否决。
宗教教义的改革则发生在后来的爱德华六世和女王伊丽莎白一世统治期间。
(4)工商业持续发展，中产阶级逐渐壮大，非神职人员获得受教育的机会，王权巩固，宫廷成为文化生活的中心，以及海外扩张和科学探索日益拓展人们的视野，所有这些都为文学提供了新的推动力和发展方向。
威廉·卡克斯顿首次将印刷术介绍到英国，使那里的出版社迅速增加，随之而来的是印刷书籍的繁荣。
2、英国文艺复兴时期文学的特点(Features of English Renaissance literature)(1) 诗歌(Poetry)开创文艺复兴时期一代新的华丽诗风的两个最重要的人物是菲利普·悉尼爵士和埃德蒙·斯宾塞。
在他们的抒情和叙事作品中，展现出一种词藻华丽、精雕细琢的文风。
到16世纪末，出现了两类新的诗歌风格。
第一类以约翰·邓恩和其他玄学派诗人为代表；第二类风格的典范是本·琼森和他所代表的流派。
英国文艺复兴时期的最后一位大诗人是清教作家约翰·密尔顿，他的诗歌具有惊人的震撼力和优雅的韵致，同时传达出深邃的思想。
文艺复兴英文单词
文艺复兴英文单词单词：Renaissance1.1 词性：名词1.2 释义：文艺复兴（欧洲 14 至 16 世纪的文化运动、思想解放运动）1.3 英文释义：A period of great cultural and artistic change and development in Europe from the 14th to the 16th century.1.4 相关词汇：rebirth---2 起源与背景2.1 词源：源自法语，由 re-（再次）和 naissance（诞生）组成。
2.2 趣闻：文艺复兴时期产生了众多伟大的艺术家和作品，如达芬奇的《蒙娜丽莎》等，对欧洲乃至全球的文化发展产生了深远影响。
---3 常用搭配与短语3.1 短语：Renaissance art 文艺复兴艺术例句：The Renaissance art is famous for its beauty and detail.翻译：文艺复兴艺术以其美丽和细节而闻名。
3.2 短语：Renaissance literature 文艺复兴文学例句：Shakespeare is one of the most important figures in Renaissance literature.翻译：莎士比亚是文艺复兴文学中最重要的人物之一。
---4 实用片段（1） "I'm studying the Renaissance period in history class. It's so fascinating to learn about the great thinkers and artists of that time." said Tom. "Yes, the Renaissance was a time of great innovation and creativity." replied the teacher.翻译：“我在历史课上学习文艺复兴时期。
文艺复兴的名词解释
文艺复兴的名词解释文艺复兴（Renaissance），指的是15世纪至17世纪期间在欧洲兴起并持续发展的一场文化运动。
这场运动涵盖了艺术、文学、哲学、科学等领域，标志着欧洲社会从中世纪的黑暗时期逐步脱胎换骨，进入了一个全新的时代。
文艺复兴的起源可以追溯到15世纪初的意大利，特别是在佛罗伦萨这个艺术和商业中心。
当时，欧洲的经济开始复苏，人们的生活水平有所提高。
对古希腊罗马文化的热情再度被点燃，人们开始重新研究和欣赏罗马帝国时期的艺术、文学和哲学作品。
这种对古典文化的热爱与对中世纪朦胧文化的反感形成鲜明对比，成为文艺复兴的重要特征之一。
文艺复兴时期的艺术追求以人文主义为核心。
人文主义强调人的自由和尊严，重视个体的力量和智慧。
艺术家们开始追求以人为中心的艺术表达，塑造出栩栩如生的人物形象，并探索透视法和真实感的表现手法。
著名画家达·芬奇（Leonardo da Vinci）就是这一时期的代表人物之一，他的作品《蒙娜丽莎》成为了文艺复兴的经典之作。
除了绘画艺术，文学也在文艺复兴时期得到了巨大的推动。
著名的作家但丁（Dante）的《神曲》被视为欧洲文学的巅峰之作，具有很高的文学艺术价值。
同时，诗歌、散文以及戏剧等文学体裁也得到了极大的发展，其中最著名的是威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）的戏剧作品，他的作品深刻地揭示了人性的善恶和复杂性。
在哲学和科学领域，文艺复兴时期也有了重要的突破。
人们开始关注世界的自然规律，深入研究天文学、物理学等科学领域。
著名的科学家伽利略（Galileo）通过望远镜的观察，提出了日心说，揭示了地球绕太阳公转的真相，推动了科学的进步。
文艺复兴时期的影响远远超出了意大利，它很快传播到欧洲其他地区。
法国、英国、德国等国家也纷纷受到文艺复兴的影响，出现了一批优秀的艺术家、文学家和科学家。
文艺复兴的思想理念对于后来的启蒙时代和现代文化的形成都产生了深远的影响。
英国文学 各个时期介绍
二、文艺复兴时期文学 作品
? 托马斯·莫尔《乌托邦》（Utopia）
? 开空想现实主义小说之先河 ? 埃德蒙·斯宾塞的长诗《仙后》 ? 塑造一个能实现12种美德的完美绅士。宣
扬人文主义思想，创造“斯宾塞诗体”。
弗兰西斯·培根Francis Bacon
? 《论说文集》（Essays） ? 58篇 ? 现代科学之父 ? 《Of Study （论读书）》 ? STUDIES serve for delight, for ornament, and for
二、文艺复兴时期文学 背景
? 中世纪结束后遍及欧洲许多国家的文化和 思想运动。以复兴希腊罗马古典文化为契 机，推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新 思想，具有强烈反封建反教会倾向。核心 是人文主义 humanism
? 普遍认为文艺复兴发端于14世纪的意大利 ，15世纪后期起，扩展到西欧各国，16世 纪达到鼎盛。
一、中世纪文学 作品
? 英国文学最初同其他国家一样，是口头的 。
? 《贝奥武甫》（Boewulf），是英国8世纪 的一部英雄史诗，该诗长达千余行，用古 典语写成。
? 公元10世纪，浪漫传奇 ? 《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》 ? Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ? 以亚瑟王和圆桌骑士为题材
英国文学
? 一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485） ? Old and Medieval English Literature ? 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初） ? The Renaissance Period ? 三、17世纪文学 ? 四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期） ? The Enlightenment Period ? 五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832） ? The Romantic Period ? 六、现实主义时期文学（19世纪30年代-1918） ? 七、现代主义文学时期（1918-1945） ? 八、当代文学（1945— ）
文艺复兴艺术理论概述
文艺复兴艺术理论概述本文从网络收集而来，上传到平台为了帮到更多的人，如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载本文档（有偿下载），另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意！文艺复兴(意大利语：Rinascimento，由ri-“重新”和nascere“出生”构成，法语：LaRenaissance)是指十四五世纪在意大利佛罗伦萨和威尼斯兴起，后扩展到欧洲各国，于16世纪在欧洲盛行的一场思想文化运动，带来一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了近代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。
马克思主义史学家认为是封建主义时代和资本主义时代的分界。
13世纪末期，在意大利商业发达的城市，新兴的资产阶级中的一些先进的知识分子借助研究古希腊、古罗马艺术文化，通过文艺创作，宣传人文精神。
文艺复兴为西欧近代三大思想解放运动(文艺复兴、宗教改革与启蒙运动)之一。
一、文艺复兴的理论内涵文艺复兴产生的根本原因在于生产力的发展，资本主义萌芽的出现。
正在形成中的资产阶级在复兴希腊罗马古典文化的名义下发起的弘扬资产阶级思想和文化的运动。
意大利诗人但丁作为为旧时代的最后一位诗人，同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人，他所创作的长诗《神曲》，明确表达了自己对天主教会的厌恶，率先对教会提出批评。
文艺复兴的中心是人文主义精神，提出以人为中心而不是以神为中心，肯定人的价值和尊严。
主张人生的目的是追求现实生活中的幸福，倡导个性解放，反对愚昧迷信的神学思想，认为人是现实生活的创造者和主人。
二、文艺复兴的代表乐派(一)尼德兰乐派音乐文化尼德兰乐派(Netherlandish Music School)文艺复兴时期的音乐流派之一。
亦称“弗兰德斯乐派”。
尼德兰即荷兰，比利时与法国北部的总称。
代表作曲家在前期有杜费(1400-1474)，后期有欧伯列希特(1450-1505)与约斯堪(1450-1521)。
作品大多为弥撒曲、经文歌等宗教乐曲，也有许多世俗性歌曲。
创作上高度发展模仿对位技法，尤其大量运用轮唱法，其中包括“螃蟹式轮唱曲”与“镜子式轮唱曲”等。
文艺复兴1therenaissanceperiod知识讲解
1. Jonh Wycliffe (1320-1384)---the Morning Star of the Reformation
2. Man stands directly under God and needs no mediation from church and priest.
2. The keen interest in activities of humanity---
admire human beauty and human achievement
• Humanism ( the key-note of the Renaissance)
• According to humanist: both man and the world are hindered only by external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of reason.
2. The Reformation
Henry VIII (1509-1547) declared him to be the “supreme Head of the English Church and Clergy , confiscated the property of the Church, thus enriching the new bourgeoisie nobility.
1. The New Monarchy
历史中的文艺复兴知识点
历史中的文艺复兴知识点文艺复兴（Renaissance）是西方历史上的一个重要时期，从14世纪末至17世纪初，标志着欧洲从中世纪的黑暗时代进入现代文明的新阶段。
本文将介绍文艺复兴的起源、特征、重要人物和影响等知识点。
一、起源文艺复兴起源于意大利，特别是佛罗伦萨。
14世纪末，由于城市商业的繁荣、罗马古迹的重现以及古希腊和罗马文化的再度受到重视，人们开始对中世纪的僵化宗教观念感到不满，并倡导以人为中心、追求自由与个性发展的新思潮。
二、特征1. 人文主义：人文主义是文艺复兴的核心理念，强调个人才能和人的价值。
人文主义思想对古希腊罗马的学问进行了重新发掘，并将这些学问与基督教思想进行了融合。
2. 人体与透视的研究：文艺复兴时期，艺术家开始研究人体的解剖结构，追求真实的人体表现。
同时，对透视的研究也使得画面逼真，在绘画中呈现了立体感。
3. 文学创作：文艺复兴时期的文学作品，尤其是诗歌和戏剧，追求真实性和自由性。
著名的文艺复兴作家有但丁、莎士比亚等。
三、重要人物1. 达芬奇（Leonardo da Vinci）：达芬奇是文艺复兴时期的杰出艺术家和科学家，他既是画家、雕塑家又是发明家。
他的代表作《蒙娜丽莎》和《最后的晚餐》被誉为世界艺术的巅峰之作。
2. 米开朗基罗（Michelangelo）：米开朗基罗是文艺复兴时期的雕塑家和画家，代表作品有《大卫像》和梵蒂冈圣彼得大教堂的壁画《创世纪》等。
他对人体结构的研究和艺术创作具有重要影响。
3. 文森佐·贝利尼（Giovanni Bellini）：贝利尼是意大利文艺复兴时期著名的画家，被誉为威尼斯画派的奠基人。
他的作品富有细腻的色彩和光影效果，对后世画家影响深远。
四、对欧洲的影响1. 艺术风格的变革：文艺复兴时期的艺术作品在形式上追求真实、逼真，技巧上更加精湛。
从中世纪追求神圣与超验的艺术风格转向对人类的关注和描述。
2. 科学和人文思想的进步：文艺复兴时期，科学家们开始对宇宙和人类进行更深入的研究，推动了科学思维的发展。
文艺复兴英文介绍
文艺复兴英文介绍The Renaissance, a period in European history that spanned from the 14th to the 17th century, is oftenreferred to as the "rebirth" of art, culture, and learning. It was a time of great intellectual and artistic achievement, marked by a renewed interest in classical antiquity and a shift towards humanism. The Renaissance saw a revival of interest in literature, philosophy, science, and the arts, with scholars and artists looking back to the works of ancient Greece and Rome for inspiration.One of the defining characteristics of the Renaissance was the emergence of a new artistic style known as "Renaissance art." This style was characterized by a focus on realism, perspective, and human anatomy, as well as a greater emphasis on individualism and the portrayal of the human experience. Artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael are among the most famous figures of the Renaissance, known for their groundbreaking work in painting, sculpture, and architecture.In addition to the arts, the Renaissance also saw significant advancements in science and technology. The period witnessed the development of new scientific theories, such as those of Copernicus and Galileo, which challenged long-held beliefs about the universe and the natural world. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenbergin the mid-15th century also played a crucial role in spreading knowledge and ideas throughout Europe, leading to an increase in literacy and the dissemination of new scientific and philosophical thought.The Renaissance was not just a period of artistic and intellectual achievement; it was also a time of political and social change. The rise of powerful city-states in Italy, such as Florence and Venice, led to a flourishing of trade and commerce, as well as the patronage of the arts by wealthy merchants and rulers. The printing press alsoplayed a role in the spread of new ideas and the rise of a more educated middle class, who began to questiontraditional authority and challenge established norms.Overall, the Renaissance was a transformative period in European history, characterized by a renewed interest in learning, a flourishing of the arts, and significant advancements in science and technology. It laid the foundation for the modern world, shaping the development of Western culture and thought in profound ways. The legacy of the Renaissance continues to influence our understanding of art, science, and society to this day, making it a pivotal moment in human history.。
我最喜欢文艺复兴时期的艺术家英语作文
我最喜欢文艺复兴时期的艺术家英语作文The Renaissance period, which spanned from the 14th to the 17th century, was a time of great cultural and artistic achievement in Europe. It was a period of rebirth and revival, during which artists, scholars, and thinkers sought to revive the classical traditions of ancient Greece and Rome. The Renaissance was characterized by a renewed interest in humanism, science, and the arts, and it produced some of the most iconic and influential artists in history.One of the most famous and influential artists of the Renaissance was Leonardo da Vinci. Da Vinci was a true polymath, excelling in a wide range of disciplines including painting, sculpture, architecture, science, and engineering. He is perhaps best known for his iconic paintings, such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, which are celebrated for their revolutionary use of perspective, composition, and light. Da Vinci's scientific and engineering achievements were equally impressive, as he made significant contributions to the fields of anatomy, astronomy, and engineering. His insatiable curiosity and relentless pursuit of knowledge epitomized the spirit of the Renaissance, and his work continues to inspire and captivate audiences to this day.Another iconic figure of the Renaissance was Michelangelo Buonarroti, whose contributions to art and sculpture are nothing short of legendary. Michelangelo's masterpieces, including the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and the sculpture of David, are renowned for their technical brilliance and emotional depth. His sculptures, in particular, are celebrated for their exquisite attention to detail and their ability to convey powerful emotions. Michelangelo's work exemplifies the ideals of the Renaissance, as he sought to capture the beauty and complexity of the human form in a way that was both lifelike and transcendent.In addition to da Vinci and Michelangelo, the Renaissance produced a wealth of other talented artists who made significant contributions to the cultural and artistic landscape of the time. Figures such as Raphael, Titian, and Botticelli produced works that are celebrated for their beauty, elegance, and emotional resonance. These artists, alongwith many others, helped to define the visual language of the Renaissance and set the stage for the development of Western art for centuries to come.The impact of the Renaissance on the world of art cannot be overstated. The period marked a dramatic shift in the way that artists approached their craft, as they began to prioritize naturalism, perspective, and emotional expression. The Renaissance also saw the rise of the individual artist as a creative genius, a concept that continues to shape our understanding of artistic practice today. The legacy of the Renaissance artists lives on in the countless museums, galleries, and cultural institutions that continue to celebrate and preserve their work.In conclusion, the Renaissance was a period of extraordinary artistic achievement, and its artists continue to be celebrated for their groundbreaking innovations and timeless masterpieces. The work of artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and their contemporaries has had a profound and lasting impact on the world of art, and their legacy continues to inspire and influence artists and audiences around the globe. The Renaissance remains a testament to the power of human creativity and the enduring capacity of art to move, inspire, and enrich our lives.。
我的文艺复兴时期研究
我的文艺复兴时期研究I. 背景介绍文艺复兴是欧洲历史上的一段重要时期，起始于14世纪末15世纪初的意大利，随后扩散至整个欧洲。
文艺复兴时期对欧洲文化和艺术的发展产生了重大影响，也为当今世界的艺术和文化遗产留下了丰富的宝藏。
作为一名艺术爱好者，我对文艺复兴时期的研究一直充满热情。
II. 研究内容1. 文艺复兴时期的艺术文艺复兴的艺术特别注重真实性和自然描绘，追求完美的人体比例和透视效果。
著名的文艺复兴艺术家有达芬奇、米开朗基罗、拉斐尔等。
我曾深入研究过米开朗基罗的作品《大卫像》，这是一件将人体神韵与人文主题完美融合的杰作。
通过观赏和分析这样的艺术品，我更加深入地了解了文艺复兴艺术对人类文明的贡献。
2. 文艺复兴时期的文学文艺复兴时期的文学以形式美为主，强调古典文学的研究和仿效，同时也有自己的创新和发展。
著名的文艺复兴文学家有但丁、莎士比亚、蒙田等。
我曾经阅读蒙田的《随想录》，这是一本独特的散文集，在语言和思想方面都非常精彩。
通过阅读这样的文学作品，我更加了解了文艺复兴时期的文学思潮和传统。
3. 文艺复兴时期的音乐文艺复兴时期的音乐以多声部合唱为主，强调和声的美和多元化。
著名的文艺复兴音乐家有巴赫、维瓦尔第等。
我曾经学习过巴赫的《无伴奏小提琴组曲》和维瓦尔第的《四季》，这些作品在音乐史上有着巨大的影响力和地位。
通过学习这样的音乐作品，我更加了解了文艺复兴时期的音乐创作和表现手法。
III. 研究成果通过对文艺复兴时期艺术、文学、音乐等方面的研究，我深入了解了这个时期的文化和思潮。
同时，我也在这个过程中得到了一些启示和收获，如：追求真实和自然、注重多元化和创新、尊重传统和历史等。
这些思想和精神财富对于我的人生和事业都有着重要的借鉴和启示。
总之，我的文艺复兴时期研究无论从内容还是成果来看，都是我人生中一段充实和有意义的经历。
我相信在未来的学习和工作中，这些经验和收获也会对我有着积极的影响和贡献。
文艺复兴时候艺术家英语作文
文艺复兴时候艺术家英语作文The Renaissance Artists: Masters of a New Era.The Renaissance period, spanning roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, marked a significant cultural and artistic rebirth in Europe. It was a time of profound intellectual and artistic advancements, as well as arevival of classical learning and values. Within this golden age, a plethora of artists emerged, eachcontributing their unique vision and talent to the rich tapestry of Renaissance art.One of the most renowned artists of the Renaissance was Leonardo da Vinci. Born in Vinci, Italy, in 1452, Leonardo was a polymath whose genius spanned painting, sculpture, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history, and invention. His most famous works include the Mona Lisa, a portrait of a woman with a mysterious smile that has captivated viewers for centuries, and The LastSupper, a mural depicting Jesus Christ and his disciples at the Last Supper before the Crucifixion. Leonardo's paintings were noted for their realism, use of chiaroscuro (contrast between light and dark), and sfumato (blurred outlines). His scientific inquiries and experiments also influenced his artistic works, as evidenced in his anatomical drawings and studies of nature.Another towering figure of the Renaissance was Michelangelo Buonarro.。
文艺复兴时期的思想与文化变革
文艺复兴时期的思想与文化变革文艺复兴（Renaissance）是指从14世纪末至16世纪初，主要发生在欧洲的一场思想与文化变革运动。
此时期，人们对于古代文化的热情重新燃起，对人文主义的理念也深受重视，众多艺术家、学者及思想家的涌现，为欧洲社会带来了深远的影响。
本文将从艺术、科学、文化领域等多个角度，探讨文艺复兴时期的思想与文化变革。
一、艺术领域的变革文艺复兴时期的艺术首先体现在绘画和雕塑方面。
艺术家们追求恢弘、真实和自然的表现形式，克制中世纪繁杂的绘画风格。
例如，达·芬奇（Leonardo da Vinci）的名作《蒙娜丽莎》以及米开朗基罗（Michelangelo）的杰作《大卫像》等，都展现了文艺复兴时期对人体解剖学和透视法研究的重视，并以此为基础展现出绘画和雕塑的技巧和艺术魅力。
此外，建筑也在文艺复兴时期发生了深刻的变革。
人们开始借鉴古代罗马和希腊文化的建筑风格，恢复大规模、对称和有序的建筑设计。
意大利佛罗伦萨的圣安吉洛堡和圣彼得大教堂，都体现了当时建筑师们对称和比例的追求。
二、科学领域的变革文艺复兴时期的思想与文化变革不仅仅体现在艺术方面，还有在科学领域的革新。
在这个时期，人们开始回到对观察和实验的重视，对于自然的探索和研究成为当时学者的热点。
尤其是在天文学、解剖学和物理学等领域，人们积极地进行研究和实践。
尼古拉·哥白尼（Nicolaus Copernicus）提出了日心说，认为地球不是宇宙的中心，而是围绕太阳运行。
这一观点打破了地心说的传统观念，对于科学思维的发展有着重要的影响。
三、文化领域的变革文艺复兴时期也在文化领域带来了一系列重大变革。
人们开始重新评估古代的经典文化，并将其视为人类的精神财富。
人文主义思想的触发，促使人们重新关注人类的尊严以及人的自由和个体价值。
这一时期涌现了许多知名的人文主义学者，如伊拉斯弗（Erasmus）、托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More）等，他们以心灵的自由和理性的追求为核心，对社会道德和教育进行了广泛的讨论和改革。
文艺复兴时期的艺术与文化革新
文艺复兴时期的艺术与文化革新文艺复兴（Renaissance）是欧洲历史上一段充满创新和变革的时期。
这个时期的艺术与文化革新对整个欧洲产生了巨大的影响，也成为了现代文化发展的重要里程碑。
文艺复兴时期的艺术和文化变革包括了绘画、雕塑、建筑、音乐、文学等方面的发展，使得整个欧洲社会的审美观念和价值观发生了重大变化。
在文艺复兴时期，艺术家们开始对古典时代的文化和艺术进行深入研究，并从中汲取灵感和启发。
他们尤其对古希腊和古罗马的文化产生了浓厚的兴趣，并试图将其复兴。
这种古典主义的倾向表现在绘画和雕塑中，艺术家们开始描绘古希腊神话和古罗马历史，展现古典时代的美和高贵。
伟大的文艺复兴艺术家达·芬奇（Leonardo da Vinci）和米开朗基罗（Michelangelo）都是那个时期最有代表性的人物。
他们的作品展现了文艺复兴时期人文主义思想的核心价值。
达·芬奇是一位多才多艺的艺术家，他精通绘画、雕塑、建筑等各个领域。
他的作品《蒙娜丽莎》被誉为世界上最著名的艺术品之一，其中展现的逼真人物形象和细腻的色彩处理技巧都成为了后来艺术家们学习的范本。
米开朗基罗则以其壮丽的壁画《创世纪》和《最后的审判》闻名。
他通过这些作品展示了人体的力量和美丽，对后世的艺术产生了深远的影响。
在建筑方面，文艺复兴时期出现了许多创新和独特的建筑风格。
以意大利为中心的文艺复兴建筑注重对称和比例，追求和谐的美感。
代表性的建筑师包括布鲁内莱斯基（Filippo Brunelleschi）和文艾特拉（Andrea Palladio）。
他们的建筑作品采用了古罗马建筑的形式和元素，打破了中世纪教堂的传统模式，给人一种庄严而有力的感觉。
文艺复兴时期的音乐也经历了重大的变革。
在这个时期，音乐开始变得更加人本主义，注重表达个体情感和思想。
作曲家们开始采用新的和声和曲式结构，使音乐更加富有层次感。
著名的作曲家包括巴赫（Johann Sebastian Bach）、莫扎特（Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart）和贝多芬（Ludwig van Beethoven）。
Renaissance 文艺复兴
Renaissance 文艺复兴※Renaissance means “rebirth” and refers to a period in the development of Western art and culture beginning in 1300 and ending in 1600. It was a time of rediscovery, ambition and change, dominated by a number of trends and contradictions. It is usually associated with Italy, in particular Florence, Venice and Rome, but Northern Europe also contributed to the Renaissance, particularly in the development of Naturalism.文艺复兴意为重生，源自公元1300年和1600年之间西方艺术和文化大发展时期。
这是一个重新发现、渴求和变革的时期，漫溢着无数潮流和矛盾，通常认为与意大利，尤其是翡冷翠，威尼斯和罗马息息相关，但北欧对于文艺复兴，特别是自然主义的贡献也不可小觑。
※KEY WORDS:Order; symmetry; perspective; classical; space; movement 关键词：秩序；对称性；透视；古典；空间；动感※The Renaissance witnessed a ”rebirth” of interest in the classical past in which individuals, rather than academic institutions, took the lead. The study of ancient Greece and Rome was central to Renaissance Humanism. This is a broad, philosophical trend in which questions abouthuman relationships (social, religious and political) are answered by the use of reason and reflection on experience, rather than by reference to spiritual authorities. The central, immensely ambitious, and ultimately self-contradictory project of the Renaissance was the synthesis of Classical, or Humanist, values with Christianity. Giorgio Vasari, author of the Lives of the most Excellent Italian artists, Painters and Sculptors (1550 and 1568) thought that Renaissance artists had excelled the Classical past because they had achieved this union.文艺复兴见证了过往古典主义审美意趣的再生，彼时个体相对于学院派的研究更具领导地位。
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MUSICAL STYLE
The composers of the Renaissance concerned themselves with three different areas of music:
Sacred music: Composers continued to work with the older forms such as the motet and Mass. It is in this music that we find the clearest international style.
Architecture
Literature
William Shakespeare Miguel de Cervantes,
Don Quixotte Dante Alighieri, The
Divine Comedy
Geoffery Chaucer’s
Canterbury Tales
Published
Territorial Expansion and Increased Wealth
As a result of colonial expansion, great wealth flowed into European cities and courts.
Travel and the resulting musical exchange became a driving force for the creation of a more international musical style.
Increased Interest in Humanist Learning
The arts became an important measure of learning and culture.
Music moved from the science of number to an expressive art.
B.C. – 475 A.D. 475 A. D. – 1450 1450 – 1600 1600 – 1750 1750 – 1825 1825 – 1910 1910 - Current
The RENSAISSANCE
Means “Rebirth” 14th – 17th
Centuries Began in Florence,
Italy Was a cultural
movement
Italian Political Climate
1500, AD
Exploration
Columbus sailed from Spain across the Atlantic Ocean to the West Indies.
Black Death
The Bubonic Plague
Famous Art and Artists
Leonardo da Vinci
Famous Art and Artists
Michelangelo
Famous Art and Artists
Raphael
Architecture
Renaissance Period Study
Music, Culture, and Ideas from 1450-1600
Musical Time Periods in Western Music
Ancient Medieval RENAISSANCE Baroque Classical Romantic 20th Century
MUSICAL STYLE
All three types of music share many musical features:
The use of four-voice choirs or groups of likesounding instruments (consorts)
Imitative or homorhythmic textures (often
The Zink
/anonage of Music
The rich courts and civic governments of the Renaissance supported music to a degree not previously seen.
This level of musical support was also provided by the religious institutions of the day.
The rise and rapid spread of music printing increased access to music and books about music.
Music Genres
Mass Motet Madrigal Laude Frottola Chanson Caccia Rondeau Virelai Ballade Canzonetta Villancico Villanella Lute Song Consort Toccata Prelude Fugue Ricercar Canzona Pavane Basse danse Galliard Allemande Courante Comedy Intermedio Intabulation Spirituale
What is Polyphony?
2 or more melodic lines
Difference between polyphony, monophony, and homophony
What was Melismatic Organum?
Dance
Instruments
Instruments
Secular music: Composers created new forms that reflected national trends, such as the Italian
madrigal and the French chanson.
Instrumental music: The rise of music printing encouraged the spread of instrumental music for amateurs, and more specific types emerged.
Vasco da Gama sailed from Portugal, around Africa to Calicut in India.
Ferdinand Magellan leads a expedition to sail around the world.
Sir Francis Drake completes the second voyage around the world.
alternating within a single piece).
Smooth, gentle rhythms.
Melodies with balanced phrases.
Harmonies that use full triads.
Vocal forms tied to structure of texts. Dances based on simple binary forms.