日本国家了介绍

Country Profile-Japan
1 .Output and income: gross domestic product and national income + world ranking + per capita GDP+ per capita income + world ranking
Japan's highly developed economy, in 2014, according
to the World Bank data show that Japan's GDP of $2
billion, ranked twenty-third in the world. Japan's per
capita GDP of dollars, ranked twelfth in the world.
Japan's per capita income: $32295, ranked twenty-third
in the world.1
2 .Country Classification: advanced industrialized economy, newly industrialized economy, the economy is not developed, the economic transformation
With nearly 100 years to
achieve industrialization,
Japan has rankeddeveloped
countriesand become the first
Asian country to achieve
industrialization. In 1980s,
Japan has been the second
largest economy in the world
and in the industrial scale,
technology and equipment,
mature technology products
processing capacity,
industrial structure and other aspects are in the world(Ginko,2015). Looking from the level of industrialization, Japan belongs to the advanced industrial economies. At the end of nineteenth century at the beginning of the twentieth Century Japanese industry has been rapid development and laid a foundation. Experienced after World War II, the Japanese industry has been hit, but after the restoration and development of 10 years, the economy recovered again. In the middle of the twentieth Century, Japan went into the high growth phase, and we knew in history as the high economic growth period". At the end of the 70's, because of the energy shortage and environmental constraints and commodity production overcapacity, slowing the pace of development again. But the Japanese government to increase efforts to adjust the industrial structure, the Japanese industry quickly out of the doldrums, into a new the stage of 11.llie Creighton,2015,Civil Society Volunteers Supporting Japan’s Constitution, Article 9 and Associated Peace, Diversity, and Post-3.11 Environmental Issues,VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 2015, Vol.26 (1), pp.121-143
development. In 80, it became the second largest economy in the world. In twenty-first Century, Japan's GDP growth rate also suffered decline, but from economic strength, as the world the second world economic power status has not wavered.
3 Industry: Industrial Distribution + professional distribution
Japanese industrial distribution is the
most prominent feature of coastal
nature. Industry is concentrated in
the coastal areas of the Pacific,
especially the so-called "three Bay
Sea “area, namely Tokyo Bay, Ise
Bay and Osaka Bay and Seto Inland
Sea coast. Kajima Tokyo Bay on the eastern side of the East and West Chiba, Tokyo, Yokohama, Suruga Bay coast - Nagoya, Osaka, Kobe - Seto Island Sea coast, the last direct Kitakyushu via, up to 1000 km, including five Keihin, Chukyo, Kobe, Seto, the northern Kyushu Industrial Zone and adjacent areas, the East-West banded area, often referred to as "Pacific belt industrial zone”. The area accounted for about 24% of the total area of the country, but it has 60% of the population of Japan and a number of factories, more than 67% of the total number of workers, 75% of industrial output value, large integrated iron and steel enterprise plant capacity of 95%, and 90% of the heavy chemical industry output value above(Creighton,2015). Especially after the war, a large number of raw materials of the consumption of raw materials, all distributed in this area, as a typical representative of the coastal industrial zone. The Pacific belt is not only Japan, but also one of the most developed industrial areas in the world.Kobe, Chukyo and Keihin are three industrial zones.Keihin industrial area of mechanical industry, publishing and printing industry, Kawasaki and Yokohama has a lot of oil refining.Chukyo industrial zone mainly in machinery industry, especially in the automotive industry developed. Ceramic kiln system is mainly concentrated in the area.Industrial zone metal industry developed textile industry with higher rates of Kobe.
4. Trade: exports + imports + major trading partners + trade patterns change Foreign trade plays a very
important role in the economic
development of a country, and has
a very important influence. In
particular, the object of Japan,
such a large population, and the
country is small, a serious lack of
natural resources for the country, and the development of foreign trade has a more profound meaning. In the history of Japan's economic development, the extreme imbalance between population and natural resources, constitutes the obstacles to its economic development, especially the lack of natural resources, and has seriously hampered the development of the Japanese economy. Therefore, Japan's economic development and international division of labor and the world market closely contact together, to ensure the continuous operation of imported raw materials, which finished products for export processing the basic cycle model, all which is a necessary condition for Japan's economic development. If there is no rapid expansion of the export trade, the rapid development of the postwar Japanese economy will be not envisaged. In this sense, foreign trade is a major issue in the country's survival. Japan has established its development policy in 1950s(Liu&Zhao,2015). After China accessed to the WTO, Japan began to gain equal status and other parties the same. According to the basic principles of the general agreement on Tariffs and trade (GATT) in the most favored nation treatment, with most of the countries and regions of free trade and to the size of Japan's foreign trade continues to expand and create a favorable international market conditions.
The main imported products are: crude oil, natural gas and other primary energy, food, raw materials, etc.; The main export commodities include: automobile, electrical appliances, general machinery, chemical products, etc..The main trade object is China, the United States, ASEAN, South Korea, Taiwan, Hongkong, Germany and so on. Japan's exports to China to reduce, is one of the main reasons for the trade deficit.
5.Finance: foreign direct investment + source country + foreign transnational enterprise
The Japanese government
wants to reverse the trend of
industrial empty foreign
direct investment in the
enterprise, and the recovery
is affected by the impact of
the Japanese economy, so
they began to actively
promote foreign investment
policy. With the rapid development of economic liberalization and internationalization, and the international competition is becoming more and more fierce, and the countries and regions are competing to attract international enterprises with high quality business resources. However, compared with the major developed countries in Europe and America, Japan's foreign direct investment is still in a relatively backward situation.
Japan in the introduction of foreign capital is far less than its foreign investment. The foreign direct investment, is mainly for the Americas, Europe and Asia, was the "three pillars" of the situation, while attracting foreign investment source is mainly
developed countries such as the US and Europe. 1989 to 2003, Japan's total introduction of foreign investment in North America accounted for 32.2%, 36.3% in Europe, central and South America accounted for 8.8%, Asia accounted for only 4.6%. This is because companies in the United States and Europe have a more solid financial strength and higher production technology; at the same time, from this point can be seen in the close relationship between Japan and the United States economic relations.
1899, the United States western electric company invested 54%, set up a NEC Corp that is NEC(Mayumi,2015).
Since then, GE, Shell petroleum, Nestle, IBM and other European and American some of the more powerful large enterprises have also entered the Japanese market by way of joint ventures with Japanese companies, becoming the main Multi-National Corporation in japan.
6: Government: infrastructure + professional project
Japan's per capita possession of
infrastructure assets at a high
level, complete facilities. Japan
said Fu County roads, harbors,
water, waste treatment, industrial
water, park, water, agriculture
and Fisheries nine main sector
infrastructure asset value a total
of 91 trillion yen, and city, town
and village totaled 422 trillion yen, 513 trillion yen. In road infrastructure prefectures, 41% for assets water conservancy facilities, and 27% assets for road facilities, and municipal infrastructure prefectures, the assets of 46% for road facilities. Road facilities overall 220 trillion yen, accounting for infrastructure assets 35%. On per capita, the Japanese per capita infrastructure assets to 405 million yen, Kanto, the East China Sea and the Kansai three metropolis circle per capita level lowest in other parts of the relatively high, the basic are in more than every person 500 million yen. Traffic statistics, Ministry of land, at the beginning of 2010 Japanese highway total mileage 7803 kilometers, up 5.7% over the beginning of 2005, the per capita 61 meters. Ordinary highway total mileage 55 thousand kilometers, it rises 1.3% over the beginning of 2005. Prefectures total road mileage 129 thousand kilometers, only 2005 than the beginning of the year grew 0.18%, the growth rate showed a gradual decreasing trend of road. The total number of islands outside the airport in 2010 was 66, an increase of 6 than in 2000. In 2011 a total of 996 ports, including the international strategic port 5, the stronghold of port 18,port 103(Utsunomiya,2016).
7. Assistance: the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund or aid agencies
Although Japan's economic power in the world to
stand posture, in the process of national
development, Japan has also encountered many
difficulties, and received the assistance of the
international community. For example, after
World War II, it received material assistance and
foreign aid LARA, GARIOA. In the 70 years of economic crisis, the World Bank and accept rescue loans(Teshima et al,1996).
8. Economic Outlook: economic growth, inflation, unemployment, debt, etc.
Economic growth faces many risks.
Japan's Government in October 2015
monthly economic report for the first time
to cut the economic situation assessment,
revealing the Abeconomics is difficult to
maintain long-term economic growth.
Over the next year, as wages continue to
improve, equipment investment continues
to expand as well as international oil prices continue to fall, Japan's economy in the short term there will be a rapid recovery. But in fact, the world economic slowdown, weak external demand, lack of personal consumption and structural problems, etc., which are still the main downside risks to the Japanese economy. Overall, in 2016 the Japanese economy will face greater challenges. Continuing accumulation of government debt has become a heavy burden on the Japanese finance, and Abeconomics continues to take expansionary fiscal policy space limited. Japan's economic growth will face a huge challenge, high debt and sluggish personal consumption is the most difficult problem of the government. First, in the case of limited income increase, expanding financial investment, it will further push the budget deficit; Two is an aging society social security overdraft, will further expand the scale of government debt. In particular, if the balance of the bond issue over a certain critical point, the price will be likely to cause a crash andup interest rates; But once the long-term interest rates rise, will increase the interest on the debt burden, and even lead to financial collapse.
The trade deficit continued to narrow. In view of the international oil prices fell sharply and it wasdifficult to quickly return to normal levels, and the Japanese government is likely to restart the nuclear power plant in 2016, Japan's energy imports will decrease obviously. At the same time, due to the depreciation of the yen and
slowing U.S. economy moderate recovery, Japan's trade deficit in 2016 will likely continue to shrink the size of, But the Japanese government will increase tax planning until 2017 April, the expansion of the manufacturing industry, enterprises will accelerate the transfer of production bases overseas and other factors, and the Japanese government in the short term is difficult to get rid of trade deficit.
9 Indicators: social inequality, poverty, disease, life
According to Japanese media reports,
the Ministry of health, labor and
welfare released statistics, last year,
Japanese women's average life
expectancy reached 86.83 years for
men aged 80.50, and are both to
refresh the historical record. At the
same time, the total population of the
average life and the average life
expectancy of women again firmly
occupy the first in the world. Since 1995, Japanese men and women the gap between the rich and the poor has been growing. In Japan 20 years old -65 years old working age population, single women living in poverty 1/3,here only refers to single women living alone does not include women, unmarried women living together with their parents; In 65 women over the age of 52%, living in poverty; if there are minor children of single mothers in poverty accounted for 57%. In addition, in all the poor population in Japan, women accounted for 57%. Single women economic constraints, the core factor is nearly half of the women workers cannot get full pay, bonus, insurance of stable work, many women can be temporary workers or to be dispatched workers.
Japan's medical insurance covering almost all citizens, with relatively high medical technology in Japan and the overall level of service, and in general people do not see the "difficult to see doctor and treatment is very expensive” phenomenon in Japan. Due to the relatively strong Japanese media supervision and other reasons, Japan has almost not doctors to collect patient envelopes. Ordinary Japanese nationals or is to provide medical services for the national doctors are not on the country's medical system without complaint. Japanese media had satirical Japanese hospital queuing 3 hours, 3 minutes to see a doctor". In Japan, large hospitals, queuing is It is quite common for thing, but not like some domestic well-known hospitals that appear the phenomenon that patient queuing overnight phenomenon waiting for registration. The Japanese people get sick after most personal first to a nearby clinic, if indeed the illness needs comprehensive examination or hospitalization, clinics will recommend appropriate hospitals to patients.
10.Cultural elements: religion, language, music, food, and how to do business in the country.
Japan is a various religious
country mainly Shinto, Buddhism,
Christianity of the three major
religions and many small religious.
The total number of religious
believers is nearly 2 times the total
population.
Japan's constitution does not
require legal language. So
Japanese is not the official language. But in fact, Japanese is widely used language, is actually the official language.
The Japanese already have their music culture. According to the archaeological data and the 8th century compilation "Kojiki", "Nihon shoki", "leaves collection" and other documents, the Japanese in ancient times has been their songs, dance and musical instruments.
The main dish in Japan is fish. Sashimi, sushi "is when the Tang Dynasty by the China introduced to Japan, and Japanese through improving it, which is very popular in Japan a food. And raw food is also very healthy way to eat, than ways of cooking can reduce the loss of nutrients in fish. Japanese method of cooking fish is cold cooked, steamed, and the fish are healthy fish.
Japan is China's neighboring country, which was deeply impacted by the impact of China's cultural tradition, so that it advocated confucianism.
Japanese common character is: aggressive, be particularly serious about work, pay attention to the concept of grade, also have suspicion. Japanese people doing things very polite, also not too care about the immediate interests, and they will be from the overall interests. So when doing business with them you should pay attention to the following points: First, there must be a strong sense of community, emphasizing collective decision-making. Second, trust is the premise of successful cooperation. Third, the Japanese are face-saving, talk about etiquette. Fourth, patience is the guarantee of the success of the negotiations.
Reference
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