2013年考研考试英语英译汉难点
考研英语2013翻译题句型结构难
英语知识北京翻译公司天译时代发现，2013年考研英语翻译试题的特点表现在以下三个方面：1. 五个句子超纲或较难的词汇较多;2. 句子结构有些太复杂，有一些特别难分析的句子;3. 话题也是广大考生不太熟悉的话题。
2013年研究生入学考试英语一的翻译文章选自一本小品文集，题目是Gardens: AnEssay on the Human Condition 。
这篇文章的理论性不是特别强，对于大家来说应该不会感觉很很难，做起来应该困难不是很大。
跨考在今年冲刺班上反复强调翻译必考的句子成分，尤其是插入语，因此，考生需要多多注意:英语翻译的备考不能只停留在“看”的层面上，要扎扎实实的“做”翻译，提高动手、动笔的能力，那样才能切实的提高翻译水平，那么如何做呢?建议大家，基础阶段可以把考研阅读中的长难句拿出来翻译，提高一些动手能力。
那么拿到句子到底应该如何翻译呢?翻译句子解题思路：1、不要看每个单词是不是认识。
2、看结构，译主干。
3、找关系，加修饰。
例句：Heasserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train ofthought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never couldhave succeeded with mathematics. (2008年47题)先把主句从句分析出来。
英语语法非常严谨，逻辑非常明确。
That引导的是一个宾语从句，你可以用红色标注起来，这是一个大结构，后面for which大的定语从句，后面that又是一个宾语从句。
就应该这样做，首先看出大主干，好，看完结构了，下一步就是译主干。
我们把刚刚看到的主句和从句里面的核心主干找出来，“他也断言”第一个主干出来了，that引导的宾语从句，就是his power，was,limited,我们就可以翻译他的能力是有限的，后面，for which reason因为这个原因，他感觉确信，再看后面的that从句，他从来，决定没有成功过。
2013考研英语翻译-拆分组合分析难句
2013考研英语翻译:拆分组合分析难句翻译是考研英语中一个较难的部分，许多考生得分都不太理想。
究其原因，主要是难句分析、确定词义与逻辑组合等方面做得不太好。
在此建议，对于英语翻译首先是难句分析。
这一点与阅读部分和完型填空部分是类似的，不过英译汉部分更加集中地考查难句。
所以分析难句的能力是做好英译汉部分的一项极其重要的能力。
可以按照下列方法拆分一个句子：1)确定主句和从句，以及主句和从句中的主要成分(主谓宾);2)划分意群---将意义相对独立的单位，如包含一个动词的部分一一划分开来。
经过上述拆分以后，句子大致分成四个部分(也可能少于或多于四个部分)，因为一句话的分数是2分，一般分成4个给分点。
例如，72. “In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.” (1994-72)本句有四个动词：contends, call, was, expanded，可以分为四个部分：a leader of the new school contends…(说话人)as we call it…(定语从句，修饰the scientific revolution)“the scientific revolution…was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments…(直接引语部分，为contends的宾语) that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions(定语从句，修饰the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments)。
2013考研英语二难
2013考研英语二难
2013年的考研英语二难度相对较高，主要体现在以下几个方面：
1. 阅读理解部分：文章难度加大，有些文章中出现了比较难的词汇和长难句，导致考生在理解文章内容时比较困难。
同时，问题设置的陷阱也比较多，考生容易掉入陷阱，影响正确率。
2. 翻译部分：翻译的句子较长，且涉及的词汇和语法结构也比较复杂，对考生的语言能力要求较高。
3. 写作部分：大小作文的题目都比较抽象，对考生的思维能力和语言表达能力要求较高。
同时，评分标准也更加严格，要求考生在语言表达、逻辑性和语言准确性方面都要达到更高的要求。
总的来说，2013年的考研英语二难度较大，需要考生具备扎实的语言基础
和较高的思维能力。
考生在备考时需要加强英语基础知识的积累，多做模拟题，提高自己的语言运用能力和应试技巧。
2013考研英语辅导翻译标准及翻译技巧.doc
person.(2007年真题)
译文：传统上，这些院校一直把学习法律看作是律师专有的特权，而不是每一个受过教育的人必备的知识才能。
分析：原文的被动结构式主语变成了译文中的宾语，符合汉语表达习惯。
4.英语三大从句的译法
英语的三大从句是：名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句。
由于它们本身就是句子，放到大的句子中会让句子变得复杂，从而也增加了翻译的信息量和难度。
(1)名词性从句的译法
名词性从句通常表达一种具体的概念，如“how things stand”实际上是表达“情况”这一概念，如果直译为“事物是如何站着的”就不准确，同时也违背了原意。
所以通常采用概略法来翻译，使从句陈述的内容更明确化。
例：While we converse with what is above us, we do not grow old, but grow young.
译文：与高于自己的思想进行交流，人。
2013考研英语翻译出题三大规律破译.doc
language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society。
(2004-64)本题中出现典型的分词作状语的成分，修饰“developed”翻译时要前置，再者，本句中出现对名词的解释部分“that”解释“idea”，翻译时可参照前面讲过的第一点。
参考译文：Whorf对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，他逐渐形成了这样一种观念：在一个社会里，语言的结构决定了习惯思维的结构。
三、句中的分割结构英文里为什么会出现分割结构，我们可以理解成：因为对名词做了解释，对动词作了修饰，所以出现主谓分割或者谓宾分割。
具体翻译时注意一点：见到名词找动词，见到动词找名词。
例：His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision。
(2006-47)首先请大家注意对名词的解释部分“of”，其次“revealing”是动词，其宾语是“the course”，中间“in as obvious a manner as possible”对动词“revealing”进行了修饰，理解为“以一种…的方式”。
参考译文：他的职责与法官相似，必须承担这样的责任：用尽可能明了的方式来展示自己做出决定的推理过程。
理解上述三个规律，对考生正确理解翻译，做对翻译，拿到高分是非常需要而且必要的，由翻译出发，可以正确理解阅读中的长难句，甚至写出长难句，对考研英语分数的整体提升是有帮助的。
一位哲人说过“When it comes to the future, there are three kinds of people: those who let it happen, those who make it happen, those who wonder what happened。
2013考研英语翻译中六点英汉差异
2013考研英语翻译中六点英汉差异硕士研究生入学考试英语卷的翻译部分往往是广大考生薄弱的环节，根据统计，考生的得分大部分都是在3分到5分之间，能考到6分以上，就是很不得了的事情了。
那么考研翻译究竟难在哪里？是结构复杂？生词太多？缺乏技巧？领域陌生？虽然这些方面都有可能,但是,通过系统的训练和复习,以上方面都可以在短时间内克服。
毋庸置疑，翻译的质量取决于译者两种语言（源语言和目的语）的水平。
而考研英语要求的是理解和表达较复杂的英语材料的能力，因此难度是显而易见的。
但是，有一点不容忽视，那就是：说英语的人的思维和说汉语的人的思维方式有很大差异，同样，英语和汉语本身也有很大差异。
这往往是初涉翻译的人的最大的鸿沟。
下面专家们就为广大的2013年考研同学们总结一下英语和汉语的几个重大的差别,希望同学们多家体会和注意，减少对考研英语翻译的恐惧心理，从而提高翻译能力和水平。
1 英语形合，汉语意合2 英语多长句，汉语多短句3 英语多被动，汉语多主动4 英语多替代，汉语多重复5 英语重省略，汉语重补充6 英语重心在前,汉语重心在后一、形合和意合不同的语言中句子内部或外部连接几乎都使用句法、词汇、词义这三种手段。
用前两种手段连接称为形合，用后一种手段连接称为意合。
就英语和汉语来说，英语是强调形式上紧密结合，汉语是强调意义上结合紧密。
具体来讲，英语的句子是通过一整套完整系统的语法结构和连接词将单词和词组组合在一起，强调结构上正确，逻辑上严密，思维上严谨。
而汉语则不然，就是说一个汉语句子的分句与分句之间，或是短语与短语之间，在意思上有联系，但很少用关联词。
使用每一个分句或是短语的意思组合成一个完整的句子的。
大家在从高中考大学的时候也一定做过语文中有一种题让我们根据意思来为一篇文言文断句，那么断句的基础是什么呢？是不是通过每个文字的意思以及整个文章的意思来断句的，那么就是说汉语是通过意义来紧密结合起来的，表面上可以看起来是一些毫不相干的汉子，但是组合在一起却意义深刻。
2013考研英语(一)翻译真题及解析
2013考研英语（一）翻译真题及解析--中域教育网46. yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.解析考察重点：非谓语动词做后置定语，状语从句，插入语这个句子结构非常清晰：it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles,these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.是主句，其中for all their diversity of styles是插入语。
时间壮语从句yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless,提前至主句之前，其中created by the homeless 是过去分词短语充当后置定语，用来修饰the gardens。
词汇的识别：句子中的动词looks at，对应的宾语是the photographs of the gardens,因此翻译成“观看”。
句子中created by the homeless对应的宾语是the gardens,因此翻译成“创建、建立”。
句子中的动词speak of对应的宾语是various other fundamental urges，因此翻译成“透露、显示、表明”。
2013年考研英语二真题答案及解析
2013年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)答案详解SectionⅠUse of English文章分析本篇文章是一篇议论文。
阐述了当代社会电子支付方式已日益成为人们生活中不可或缺的生活方式之一。
由此引发的问题是我们是否会迎来一个无现金社会(社会中不存在现金交易，电子支付方式完全将其取代)。
作者认为这样的无现金社会还需很长时间才可实现。
因为虽然电子支付方式相较于现金支付方式有很多优势，但仍存在一定的安全隐患，比如可能泄漏用户信息，不能保障用户的隐私安全等。
试题解析Given the advantages of electronic money,you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically.__1__a true cashless society is probably not around the corner.Indeed, predictions have been__2__for two decades but have not yet come to fruition.For example,Business Weekpredicted in1975that electronic means of payment would soon“revolutionize the very__3__of money itself，”only to __4__itself several years later.Why has the movement to a cashless society been so__5__in coming?【译文】鉴于电子化付款方式的优势，你或许会认为，我们将很快进入一个无现金社会，所有的交易都由电子支付方式完成。
2013考研英语长难句
一、了解句子主要成分:英语基本的句型包括五种成分，五种功能句型，这些成分包括名词（N=noun）,谓语动词（V=verb）, 宾语（O=objective），直接宾语（Od=direct object）, 间接宾语（Oi=indirect object）,补足语（C=complementary）1. 句型的基本结构：（1）主----谓结构（SV）The existence of both racial and sexual discrimination in employment is well documented.(2)主系表(SVC)To be or not to be is a hard thing主---谓----宾(SVO)They are talking loudly about the political affairs.主----谓----直接宾语-----间接宾语(S-V-Od-Oi)He offered me a great hand(5) 主谓宾语补语(SVOC)We consider it a good opportunity to study abroad.(6) 主谓状We should confront hardships fearlessly and strive to overcome them各种从句的类型主语从句That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers have shown is just how fast things are going.宾语从句They don't know whether this decision comes out of convincing proof or whether it can be put into practice.表语从句One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature and so on.同位语从句In talking to some young scientists, you might gather the impression that Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request.定语从句1. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private internet.2.Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings which investors now view as necessary ingredient to a sustained boom.副词性从句阅读-----状语从句1. 时间状语从句Immediately he arrived, he started describing us what had happened注: 很多表示时间的名词词组和副词也可以引导时间状语从句, instantly, immediately, directly, the day, every time, the minute, the moment, the instant2.条件状语从句As long as you keep on trying, you will certainly succeed.注: 很多词组也可以引导条件状语从句, Provided that, Given that, Supposing that, On condition that, In case that原因状语从句Theory is valuable in that it can provide a direction for practice.注: 很多词组也可以引导原因状语从句, now that, in that, considering that, in that, on account of, owing to, due to, thanks to4.让步状语从句Tom always enjoys swimming, even though the weather is rough.注: 很多词组也可以引导让步状语从句,even if, as, no matter what, no matter how, despite, while,whatever, whenever, whoever, however.5.目的状语从句They climb ed to the top of the mountain in order that they could get a bird’s-eye view of the city. Take an umbrella in case it rains.注: 很多词组也可以引导目的状语从句, so that, in order that, lest, in case that, for fear that.二、 难句分析与突破技巧第一节 难点语法与难句分析1）考研英语难点语法1. 分隔结构A. 结构性分隔定语后置一般的时候，英语中的名词和其后面的定语是相邻的。
2013年考研考试英语英译汉难点
代词的处理方法内容比较简单的文章它会使用很多的代词，比较复杂的文章难懂的文章使用代词比较少。
代词在句子当中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语四大句子成分。
代词在种类上分成六大类：人称代词、物称代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、关系代词。
（1）人称代词处理原则：人称代词出现在句首的时候，要求大家一定在文章里边找出他具体的对象，名词到底解释谁而且要把代词翻译成名词，如果人称代词在句子的中间或者末尾的地方，而且同时指代对象，我们一般可以把他译成人称。
如果划线部分有很多个名词，而且指代并不十分明确的时候，我们代词可以分为名词。
当我们把翻译，翻译成代词表达非常清楚的时候把它译成代词，表达不清楚的时候译成名词。
例：But even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
（2）物称代词物称代词放在句首的时候有两种情况：一种是可以或者要求我们找到名词来代替它，另一种是找不到名词可以代替它或者是要说清楚这个代词是什么，没办法代出代词。
如果这个物称代词放在句中或者句末的时候要根据句子情况的翻译来表达，关键是要清除。
例：This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。
2013年考研英语翻译难点解析
由于各位考生自身素质参差不齐，对难点的认识也是各不相同的。归纳起来看，主要有以下几种类型：语法知识缺乏型、词汇缺乏型、翻译知识缺乏型和学习态度消极型。
语法知识缺乏型的考生一般认为句子结构太复杂，难以理解。按照考研英语大纲的要求，考生需要准确理解结构较复杂的英语文字材料。句子结构是英语大厦的支柱，学会分析句子结构是学好英语的必要前提。英文是一种结构严谨的形合性语言，大部分的英文正式材料基本上是用复杂长句写成的。所以，根据考研大纲的要求，结合英译汉翻译的实践，笔者以英语句子结构知识为出发点，辐射到篇章、段落、句子和词语的翻译技巧，从宏观到微观，将考研翻译中涉及的方法和技巧汇集成本书，希望能起到抛砖引玉的效果，让考生从中学到一些“渔技”。
态度消极型的考生只知道一个“难”字，“知其难而不知其所以难”。知道难，说明自身知识缺乏；不知道难在哪里，说明态度消极，对此根本不重视。这种考生的学习态度本身就有问题，只有转变态度，认真对待，变消极为积极，才能找到自己的不足之处和差距所在。
因此，考生要结合自身情况具体分析自己的弱点，找到症结所在，对症下药，平日里多加练习，相信定能攻克考研翻译难关。
其次，难度趋向稳定，更加注重考查考生的综合能力。尽管考研大纲经过了几次调整变化，但考研翻译的变化不大，其基本要求主要还是考查学生对语言的综合运用能力。对整份试卷而言，试题的难度保持在中等偏难的水平，而且基本趋于稳定，不会有大起大伏的变化。
再次，句型结构复杂，词义灵活多变。尽管考查点比较灵活多变，但主要还是以长难句、结构复杂句为主，以考查学生根据上下文准确理解概念并用汉语正确予以表达的能力为主。
词汇缺乏型的考生一般觉得生词太多，放眼望去，茫茫一片，不知所云。按照考研英语大纲的规定，在英译汉中一般不会有超纲词汇出现，尤其是在所需翻译的150词中，可以说95%以上的单词都是考研大纲规定要求掌握的词汇，都应该是各位考生所熟悉的词汇。由此可知，感觉生词多的考生的词汇量极小，语言基础也比较差，需要大幅度增加词汇量，最起码应该先把考研大纲要求的词汇背下来。
2013考研英语翻译标准及翻译技巧.doc
(2)定语从句的译法
在翻译英语的定语从句特别是复杂的定语从句时，最基本的方法是把它从整个句子结构中解放出来，即把原文的定语从句从其修饰地位中分离出来，使其相对独立地叙述所要表达的信息。
从结构上分，英语定语从句可以译为前置定语、并列分句、状语从句、独立句子等。
在2007年的真题中有这样一个句子：
On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.
译文：另一方面，法律以一种方式把这些观念同日常实际联系起来——这种方式类似于新闻记者在报道以及评论新闻时根据日常规则所形成的联系方式。
我们可以看出这个定语从句已从整个句子结构中脱离出来，并用破折号表明。
(3)状语从句的译法
英语的状语从句无论在结构外形上还是内涵表意上都与汉语的状语从句大致对等，这里只强调几个应该注意。
2013年考研英语真题及解析
2013年考研英语真题及解析2013年硕⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语⼀试题（完整版）Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMA T, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1.[A] grant [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers2.[A] minor [B]objective [C] crucial [D] external3.[A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment4.[A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle[D] Above all5.[A] fond [B]fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless6.[A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7.[A] if [B]until [C] though [D] unless8.[A] promote [B]emphasize [C] share [D] test9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10.[A] chosen [B]stupid [C]found [D] identified11.[A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12.[A] inspired [B]expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13.[A] assigned [B]rated [C] matched [D] arranged14.[A] put [B]got [C]gave [D] took15.[A]instead [B]then [C] ever [D] rather16.[A]selected [B]passed [C] marked [D] introduced17.[A]before [B] after [C] above [D] below18.[A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19.[A]achieve [B]undo [C] maintain [D]disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn‘t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant‘s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stor es and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn‘t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline‘s three-year indictment o f ―fast fashion‖. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnrounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal—— meant to last only a wash or two, although they don‘t advertise that——and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world‘s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan‘s The Omnivore‘s Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,‖ Cline argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year——about 64 items per person——and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 has make all of her own clothes——and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, can‘t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment——includingH&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line——Cline believes lasting-change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can‘t afford to it.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill. [B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion. [D]lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word ―indictment‖ (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim ―behavioural‖ ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission? In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft‘s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that ―behavioural‖ ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D]provide better online services27. ―The industry‖ (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D]internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D]goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciaction[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence .Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN‘s ―Red List‖ suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world‘s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet‘s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona‘s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration‘s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisio ns of Arizona‘s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to ―establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ‖and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court‘s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federa l sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately ―occupied the field‖ and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal‘s privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That‘s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as ―a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power‖.The White House argued that Arizona‘s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with .Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn‘t want to carry out Congress‘s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona‘s plan wer e overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers‘ duty to withhold immigrants‘information.[B] States‘ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States‘ legitimate role in immigration enfo rcement.[D] Congress‘s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states‘ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states‘ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today‘s global challenge s including climate change,security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction .Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywor ds ―environmental changed‖ or ―climate change‖ have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whe ther the community‘s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more intoday‘s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing inhighly specialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere,such as policy briefs.[B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these Keywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Part B: (10 points)Section III Translation46. Directions: Translate the following text from English to Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 points)Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamentalurges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of p eace in the midst of turbulence, a ―still point of the turning world,‖ to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one‘s relation to one‘s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn‘t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a ―liberated‖ sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In the m we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.Section III WritingParty A51 Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use ―Li Ming‖ instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B: (20 points)Part B52 Directions:Write an essay of about 160 – 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should(1) describe the drawing briefly,(2) interpret its intended meaning, and(3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2013年考研英语⼀真题答案解析1.【答案】A【解析】第⼀句提到―总体⽽⾔，当⼈们⾃⼰做决定时，并不擅长考虑背景信息。
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题及解析
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10 points）Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically.1, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions of such a society have been2for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment “would soon revolutionize the very3of money itself,” only to 4itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so5in coming?Although e money might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work6the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very7to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the8form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they9receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to10. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days11a check is cashed and funds are12from the issuer s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime.13electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment may14security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information15there.The fact that this is not an16occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and17from someone else s accounts. The18of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to19security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic20that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits. There are worries that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.1. ［A］However ［B］Moreover ［C］Therefore ［D］Otherwise2. ［A］off ［B］back［C］over［D］around3. ［A］power ［B］concept ［C］history ［D］role4. ［A］reward ［B］resist ［C］resume ［D］reverse5. ［A］silent ［B］sudden ［C］slow［D］steady6. ［A］for ［B］against ［C］with［D］on7. ［A］imaginative ［B］expensive ［C］sensitive ［D］productive8. ［A］similar ［B］original ［C］temporary ［D］dominant9. ［A］collect ［B］provide［C］copy［D］print10. ［A］give up ［B］take over ［C］bring back ［D］pass down11. ［A］before ［B］after［C］since［D］when12. ［A］kept ［B］borrowed ［C］released ［D］withdrawn13. ［A］Unless［C］Because［D］Though14. ［A］hide［B］express［C］raise［D］ease15. ［A］analyzed ［B］shared［C］stored［D］displayed16. ［A］unsafe ［B］unnatural［C］uncommon ［D］unclear17. ［A］steal［B］choose［C］benefit［D］return18. ［A］consideration ［B］prevention ［C］manipulation ［D］justification19. ［A］cope with ［B］fight against［D］call for20. ［A］chunk［B］chip［C］path［D］trailSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（40 points）Text 1In an essay entitled “Making It in America,” the author Adam Davidson relates a joke fro m cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”Davidson s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won t earn you what it used to. It can t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra—their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, “ In the 10 years ending in 2009, ［U.S.］factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs—about 6 million in total—disappeared.”There will always be changed—new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post high school education.21.The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate.［A］the impact of technological advances［B］the alleviation of job pressure［C］the shrinkage of textile mills［D］the decline of middle class incomes22.According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to.［A］work on cheap software［B］ask for a moderate salary［C］adopt an average lifestyle［D］contribute something unique23.The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that.［A］gains of technology have been erased［B］job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed［C］factories are making much less money than before［D］new jobs and services have been offered24.According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is.［A］to accelerate the I.T. revolution［B］to ensure more education for people［C］to advance economic globalization［D］to pass more bills in the 21st century25.Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?［A］New Law Takes Effect［B］Technology Goes Cheap［C］Average Is Over［D］Recession Is BadText 2A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens to be kicked out. That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health care aides and physicists are among today s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas. They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be bothhere and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle. Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.26.“Birds of passage” refers to those who.［A］immigrate across the Atlantic［B］leave their home countries for good［C］stay in a foreign country temporarily［D］find permanent jobs overseas27.It is implied in Paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the U.S..［A］needs new immigrant categories［B］has loosened control over immigrants［C］should be adapted to meet challenges［D］has been fixed via political means28.According to the author, today s birds of passage want.［A］financial incentives［B］ a global recognition［C］opportunities to get regular jobs［D］the freedom to stay and leave29.The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated.［A］as faithful partners［B］with economic favors［C］with legal tolerance［D］as mighty rivals30.Which is the best title for the passage?［A］Come and Go: Big Mistake［B］Living and Thriving: Great Risk［C］Legal or Illegal: Big Mistake［D］With or Without: Great RiskText 3Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard wired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open mindedness.But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we re doing. Subjects exposed to fast food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases—or hire outside screeners.John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation: two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: dog can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high speed trend.31.The time needed in making decisions may.［A］vary according to the urgency of the situation［B］prove the complexity of our brain reaction［C］depend on the importance of the assessment［D］predetermine the accuracy of our judgment32.Our reaction to a fast food logo shows that snap decisions.［A］can be associative［B］are not unconscious［C］can be dangerous［D］are not impulsive33.To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should.［A］trust our first impression［B］do as people usually do［C］think before we act［D］ask for expert advice34.John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on.［A］critical assessment［B］“thin sliced” study［C］sensible explanation［D］adequate information35.The author s attitude toward reversing the high speed trend is.［A］tolerant［B］uncertain［C］optimistic［D］doubtfulText 4Europe is not a gender equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europe s top corporate governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women—up to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate ladder fairly as they balance work and family?“Personally, I don t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But I like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.I understand Reding s reluctance—and her frustration. I don t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. But, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as well as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position—no matter how much “soft pressure” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power—as, for example, Shery Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women—whether CEOs or theirchildren s caregivers—and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.36.In the European corporate workplace, generally.［A］women take the lead［B］men have the final say［C］corporate governance is overwhelmed［D］senior management is family friendly37.The European Union s intended legislation is.［A］ a reflection of gender balance［B］ a reluctant choice［C］ a response to Reding s call［D］ a voluntary action38.According to Reding, quotas may help women.［A］get top business positions［B］see through the glass ceiling［C］balance work and family［D］anticipate legal results39.The author s attitude toward Reding s appeal is one of.［A］skepticism［B］objectiveness［C］indifference［D］approval40.Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of.［A］more social justice［B］massive media attention［C］suitable public policies［D］greater “soft pressure”Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A G for each numbered paragraph (4145).Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）［A］Live like a peasant［B］Balance your diet［C］Shopkeepers are your friends［D］Remember to treat yourself［E］Stick to what you need［F］Planning is everything［G］Waste not, want notThe hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has ￡60 a week to spend, ￡40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning ￡130,000 a year working in corporate communications and eating at London s best restaurants at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious.“The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I d lost. But it s still a day by day thing.”Now he s living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He s feeling positive, but he ll carry on blogging—not about eating as cheaply as you can—“there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food”—but eating well on a budget. Here s his advice for economical foodies.41.Impulsive spending isn t an option, so plan your week s menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it s not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It s also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being human, you llsometimes change your mind about what you fancy.42.This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, there s not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you ll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre packed in the supermarket chiller.43.You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer—that s not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you ll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to “go off”will be cooked or juiced.44.Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you ll feel comfortable asking if they ve any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, they ll let you have for free.45.You won t be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant—￡1.75 a week for three months gives you ￡21—more than enough for a three course lunch at Michelin starred Arbutus. It s ￡16.95 there—or ￡12.99 for a large pizza from Domino s: I know which I d rather eat.Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text from English to Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.（15 points）I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I ve been able to do this, since I was 4.I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of a sad memory, I dowhat everybody does—try to put it to one side. I don t think it s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn t make my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I also remember that the musical Hair opened on Broadway on the same day—they both just pop into my mind in the same way.Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale for kids in need of help. Write your classmates an email to1) inform them about the details and2) encourage them to participate.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. Don t write your address.（10 points）Part B48.Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words.（15 points）某高校学生兼职情况【2013年试题超精解】1.［答案］［A］［考点］上下文逻辑关系［解析］此类考题形式表明本题考查上下文之间存在的逻辑关系，理解上下文并破解其逻辑关系是解题的关键。
2013考研阅读部分—翻译分语法点解析
Withered vines hanging on old branches, Returning crows croaking at dusk. A few houses hidden past a narrow bridge And below the bridge a quiet creek running. Down a worn path, in the west wind, A lean horse comes plodding. The sun dips down in the west And the lovesick traveler is still at the end of the world.
sth else. 而且是在两个不定式之间进行比较。 (2) 该句中共有三个谓语结构, it是形式主语, 真正的主语为: to sit comfortably at home, 并与to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比较。 (3) 句首的for a family of four作状语, 表示条件。另外, 还有两 个介词短语作插入语: for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二个介词短语作伴随状语, 修饰to sit comfortably at home.
这个句子总共有36个单词。它的结构包括：while引导的主从复合句； 主句中that引导的定语从句；从句中as...as的结构。 conform to “符合于， 倾向于认为”因此整个句子非常复杂，对翻译造成了许多困难。
文字游戏的翻译
I love my love with an E, because she’s enticing; I hate her with an E, because she’s engaged. I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement. Her name’s Emily, and she lives in the east?
2013年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析
2013年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析2013 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文主要分析了无现金社会为何迟迟不来的原因。
第一段是文章的中心段落，指出真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来。
第二、三段从电子支付设备昂贵、纸质支票提供收据、使用纸质支票能获得浮存利息以及电子支付方式存在的安全隐私问题四个方面分析纸币系统得以继续存在的理由。
二、试题解析1．【答案】A （However）【解析】空前作者讲到“鉴于电子货币的优势,你也许会认为,我们将快速步入无现金社会,实现完全电子支付。
”而空后说“真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来”，两者之前出现了明显的转折关系，因此答案A。
B. moreover 表递进C.therefore 表结果D. Otherwise 表对比2．【答案】D （around）【解析】由空格所在句的“but”得知，句子前后是转折关系。
事实上,这样的预测已经二十年了,但迄今还没有实现。
A. off 停止; B. back 返回; C. over 结束，与后文均不构成转折，故答案选 D. around 出现。
3．【答案】B （concept）【解析】空格所在的句子意思为例如, 1975 年《商业周刊》预测电子支付手段不久将“彻底改变货币本身的____”将四个选项带入，能够彻底改变的对象只能是金钱的概念（定义），而A“力量”,C“历史”,D“角色”，语义都不恰当，并且如果选择role 的话，应该是复数roles, 因为是金钱的作用不止一个，故答案选B。
4．【答案】D （reverse）【解析】空格填入的动词跟前面的动词revolutionize （变革）意思上应该是同义替换的，要选择含有变革，彻底改变意思的词汇，四个选项中 A. reward 奖励 B. 抵抗 C. resume 重新开始，继续，都不合适，只有 D 选项reverse“颠覆”最为贴切，本句译为“电子支付方式不久将改变货币的定义,并将在数年后颠覆货币本身。
2013年翻译技巧指导
2013年翻译技巧指导：英汉八大差异解析一、英语重结构，汉语重语义我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过：“就句子的结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。
”(《中国语法理论》，《王力文集》第一卷，第35页，山东教育出版社，1984年)我们看一看下面的例子：Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers wi th inbuilt personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relax ation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.译文：孩子们可以和装有性格芯片的娃娃一起玩耍;内嵌性格装置的电脑将被视作人们工作上的伙伴而不仅仅是工具;休闲时，电视机还能满足人们嗅觉感官的需求——那时，数码时代就已经到来了。
这句英语是由四个独立句构成的并列句，前三个句子都用简单将来时，最后一个句子用的是将来完成时，句子之间的关系通过时态、逗号和并列连词and表示得一清二楚。
而汉语译文明显就是简单的叙述，至于句子之间的关系完全通过句子的语义表现出来：前三个句子可以看成是并列关系，最后一个句子则表示结果。
二、英语多长句，汉语多短句由于英语是“法治”的语言，只要结构上没有出现错误，许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达;汉语则正好相反，由于是“人治”，语义通过字词直接表达，不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。
正是由于这个原因，英译汉试题几乎百分之百都是长而复杂的句子，而翻译成中文经常就成了许多短小的句子。
例如：Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external chall enge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from int ernal quarrels among historians themselves.译文：人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣，这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。
2013年考研英语揭秘之翻译技巧.doc
语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。
倒置法通常用于英译汉，即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句符合现代汉语论理叙事
的一般逻辑顺序。
例如：
It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice。
分析：该句由一个主句，一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成，“……变得越来越重要”是主句，也是全句的中心内容，全句共有三个谓语结构，包含三层含义：A. ……变的越来越重要;B.如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会;C.得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息，作更多的指导。
为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯，我们可采用逆序法，翻译成：
因此，如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会，就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息，作更多的指导。
这个问题显得越来越重要了。
2013考研英语一翻译
2013考研英语一翻译【原创版】目录1.2013 年考研英语一翻译概述2.2013 年考研英语一翻译试题分析3.2013 年考研英语一翻译试题答案及解析正文【2013 年考研英语一翻译概述】2013 年考研英语一翻译部分主要考察了考生的英汉互译能力，试题分为两部分，共计 20 小题。
其中，英译汉部分共有 10 题，汉译英部分共有 10 题。
该部分的试题难度与往年相比，保持了一定的稳定性，但考生在词汇、语法和翻译技巧方面仍需具备较高水平。
【2013 年考研英语一翻译试题分析】英译汉部分：1.题目要求翻译一句英文，描述了某人的性格特点。
关键词为"individual"和"thoughtful"。
2.题目要求翻译一句英文，描述了某个现象的原因。
关键词为"whereas"和"以前"。
3.题目要求翻译一句英文，描述了某个活动的参与者。
关键词为"participants"和"volunteers"。
4.题目要求翻译一句英文，描述了某个事物的特点。
关键词为"distinctive"和"feature"。
5.题目要求翻译一句英文，描述了某个现象的结果。
关键词为"consequence"和"positive"。
"originate"和"from"。
7.题目要求翻译一句英文，描述了某个事物的作用。
关键词为"function"和"play"。
8.题目要求翻译一句英文，描述了某个现象的例子。
关键词为"example"和"illustrate"。
9.题目要求翻译一句英文，描述了某个事物的定义。
关键词为"define"和"as"。
2013年考研英语考题语法难点精析
2013年考研英语考题语法难点精析(1) besides与except前者表示”除...以外，还有...”;后者表示”从整体中除去...”这个大家都知道，就不举例子了.(2)except与except fora.除去的和非除去的是同类事物，用excepteg：All the essays are well written except Nelson’s.Nelson的文章(除去的)和All the essays(非除去的)是同类事物，所以用except.b.除去的和非除去的不是同类事物，用except for，并且从语气上通常表示遗憾.eg：His essay is well written except for a few spelling mistakes.a few spelling mistakes(除去的)和His essay(非除去的)是不同类的事物.(3)apart from 具有多重意义：既可表示besides，也可以表示exept或exept for，还可以表示without的意思eg：Apart from the cost,it will take a lot oftime.(=besides)The orphan had no one to take care of him apart from his uncle.(=except)He has done good work,apart from a few slight faults.(=except for)There can be no knowledge apart from practice.实践出真知.(=without)(4)excepting =except,但一般用于句首或用于not，without，always等词之后eg:Excepting his brother,they are all right.Everyone,not excepting myself,must share the blame.All of us,without excepting those who know more about the subject,should study.All my brothers com here every day,always excepting the youngest.(5)but与except同义，但but多用在every，any，no 等和由这些词构成的复合词如everything，anywhere，nobody等词以后及all，none之后eg：The children go to school everyday but Sunday. They are all gone but me.You can get the book anywhere but here.There is no one but me.Who but George would do such a thing?点击下载Word文档。
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2013年考研考试英语英译汉难点(一)代词的处理方法内容比较简单的文章它会使用很多的代词，比较复杂的文章难懂的文章使用代词比较少。
代词在句子当中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语四大句子成分。
代词在种类上分成六大类：人称代词、物称代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、关系代词。
（1）人称代词处理原则：人称代词出现在句首的时候，要求大家一定在文章里边找出他具体的对象，名词到底解释谁而且要把代词翻译成名词，如果人称代词在句子的中间或者末尾的地方，而且同时指代对象，我们一般可以把他译成人称。
如果划线部分有很多个名词，而且指代并不十分明确的时候，我们代词可以分为名词。
当我们把翻译，翻译成代词表达非常清楚的时候把它译成代词，表达不清楚的时候译成名词。
例：But even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structuresthat existed 15 billion years ago.但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
（2）物称代词物称代词放在句首的时候有两种情况：一种是可以或者要求我们找到名词来代替它，另一种是找不到名词可以代替它或者是要说清楚这个代词是什么，没办法代出代词。
如果这个物称代词放在句中或者句末的时候要根据句子情况的翻译来表达，关键是要清除。
例：This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。
（3）指示代词例：During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in thehistorical study.在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
（4）不定代词不明确的指代一个人或一个事物的代词例：However，the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world‘’s more fascinating and delightful aspects.然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。
（5）疑问代词例：It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources，and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体rong》例：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
（责任编辑：陈永雷）2013年考研考试英语英译汉难点(二)1、不认识的名词（1）从文章句形找它的解释例：Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.未来学家皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。
（2）看看前边有没有同义词例：But that，Pearson points out，is only the start of man-machine integration:It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.但皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，人机一体化最终会使人们在下世纪末之前研制出完全电子化的仿真人。
”（3）从构词法找答案例：Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures，and may report theirfindings soon.天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久后会报告他们的观测结果。
2、产生新意的名词（1）用逻辑推理法例：In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured orpredicted cannot be well defined.一般地说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。
（2）紧扣文章的主题例：There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to thevarious branches of historical inquiry.所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
（3）语言环境例：But even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structuresthat existed 15 billion years ago.但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
（4）熟悉习惯表达法例：Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect，extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moralchoice.这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
3、抽象名词如何处理把抽象名词按照以下四种方法来应对（1）名词和动词的配合例：The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang，first put forward in the 1920s，to maintain its reign as the dominant explanationof the cosmos.巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十世纪二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。
（2）用形容词和名词之间进行配合例：Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internalquarrels among historians themselves.人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
（3）名词和句子之间进行配合例：Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internalquarrels among historians themselves.人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。