2016年管理类联考考试大纲(综合能力和英语二)
mem和mba考试科目
mem和mba考试科目考试内容是一样的，都是管理类联考，具体科目如下：MEM的考试科目有两个，具体如下综合能力：上午8:30-11:30考试时间3小时，总分200分，试卷是由数学、逻辑和写作构成，其中数学75分，逻辑60分，写作65分。
数学就是初等数学，比如初数，排列组合概率，几何等。
但大多考MEM的都是在职人士，已经毕业至少3年，基本忘得差不多，需要重新拾起来学习。
在数学考试内容中，考的最多的是初数，其次是概率题，几何一般出两道大题，一道容易的，一道难的。
数学掌握题型考点之后，一定要多做真题，大量地练习巩固。
逻辑就逻辑而言，它考的是形式逻辑，要特备注重它的语言结构和语法结构。
如果没有弄清楚，在逻辑上，你会比较吃力。
逻辑需要一段时间来培养语感和对题型的了解。
如果发现自己搞不定，建议你可以报个都学课堂，这些知识和陷阱，老师会给你详细总结，备考时间有限，尽量做到最好。
写作600字要求的论证有效性分析30分；700字要求的论说文35分。
长久的电子化办公让大家失去了基本的写作能力。
写作一定要注意，多积累一些素材与模板，并且要强化自己的练笔能力，多写，多抄，否则最后的考试就是很凌乱。
写作 600字要求的论证有效性分析30分；700字要求的论说文35分。
长久的电子化办公让大家失去了基本的写作能力。
写作一定要注意，多积累一些素材与模板，并且要强化自己的练笔能力，多写，多抄，否则最后的考试就是很凌乱。
英语（二）：下午2:00-5:00考试时间3小时，总分100分，英语题型难度介于四、六级之间，求掌握大纲词汇词汇量在4500~5500个单词左右，核心词汇3500个左右。
英语虽说是介于四、六级之间，因为我们很多考生长时间不使用，加之原来储备的也不是很牢固，所以很多备考MEM学生已经失去了英语的应试能力。
建议广大备考2022年MEM的考生务必现在开始就要迅速进入英语的备考状态，开始从英语的核心单词记忆开始，为英语备考打下坚实的基础。
2016管理类联考英语真题(含答案)
Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Happy people work differently. They’re more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggest that happiness might influence 1 firms work, panies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper. 2 , firms in happy places spend more on R&D (research and development ). That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer —term thinking 3 for making investments for the future.The researchers wanted to know if the 4 and inclination for risk —taking that come with happiness would 5 the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities’ average happiness 6 by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.7 enough, firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were 8 . But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities 9 why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researchers controlled for various 10 that might make firms more likely to invest —like size, industry, and sales —and for indicators that a place was 11 to live in, like growth in wages or population. The link between happiness and investment generally 12 even after accounting for these things.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors 13 to “less codified decision making process” and the possible presence of “younger and less 14 managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.” The relationship was 15 stronger in places where happiness was spread more 16 . Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality.17 this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer —term view, the authors believe it at least 18 at that possibility. It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help 19 how executives think about the future. “It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and 20 R&D more than the average,” said one researcher.1.[A]why [B]where [C]how [D]when2.[A]In return [B]In particular [C]In contrast [D]In conclusion3.[A]sufficient [B]famous [C]perfect [D]necessary4.[A]individualism [B]modernism [C]optimism [D]realism5.[A]echo [B]miss [C]spoil [D]change6.[A]imagined [B]measured [C]invented [D]assumed7.[A]Sure [B]Odd [C]Unfortunate [D]Often8.[A]advertised [B]divided [C]overtaxed [D]headquartered9.[A]explain [B]overstate [C]summarize [D]emphasize 10.[A]stages [B]factors [C]levels [D]methods 11.[A]desirable [B]sociable [C]reputable [D]reliable 12.[A]resumed [B]held [C]emerged [D]broke 13.[A]attribute [B]assign [C]transfer [D]compare 14.[A]serious [B]civilized [C]ambitious [D]experienced 15.[A]thus [B]instead [C]also [D]never 16.[A]rapidly [B]regularly [C]directly [D]equally 17.[A]After [B]Until[C]While [D]Since2016年管理类专业学位全国联考英语（二）试卷18.[A]arrives[B]jumps[C]hints[D]strikes19.[A]shape[B]rediscover[C]simplify[D]share20.[A]pray for[B]lean towards[C]give away[D]send outSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1It’s true that high—school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science in college. Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses,said Tom Cortina,the assistant dean at Camegie Mellon’s school of computer science.However,Cortina said,every exposure is beneficial.When younger kids learn computer science,they learn that it’s not just a confusing,endless string of letters and numbers—but a tool to build apps,or create artwork or test hypotheses.It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students.Breaking down problems into bite—sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal. Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap,Cortina said.Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college,where introductory computer science classes are packed to the brim,which can drive the less—experienced or –determined students away.The Flatiron school,where people pay to learn programming,started as one of the many coding boot-camps that’s become popular for adults looking for a career change.The high—schoolers get the same curriculum,but“we try to gear lessons towards things they’re interested in,”said Victoria Friedman,an instructors.For instance,one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.The student in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook. Programming Languages have a quick turnover,so the“Ruby on Rails”language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market.But the skills they learn—how to think logically through a program and organize the results—apply to any coding language,said Deborah Seehorn,an education consultant for the state of North Caroline.Indeed,the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all.But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes.These kids are going to be surrounded by computers—in their pockets,in their offices,in their homes—for the rest of their lives.The younger they learn how computer thinks,how to coax the machine into producing what they want—the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that—the better.21.Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to______.[A]compete future job training[B]remodel the way of thinking[C]formulate logical hypotheses[D]perfect artwork production22.In delivering lessons for high—schoolers,Flatiron has considered their______.[A]experience[B]academic backgrounds[C]career prospects[D]Interest.23.Deborah Seehorn believe that the skills learned at Flatiron will______.[A]help students learn other computer languages[B]have to be upgraded when new technologies come[C]need improving when students look for jobs[D]enable students to make big quick money24.According to the last paragraph,Flatiron students are expected to______.[A]complete with a future army of programmers[B]stay longer in the information technology industry[C]become better prepared for the digitalized world[D]bring forth innovative computer technologies25.The word“coax”(line4,para6)is closest in meaning to______.[A]challenge[B]persuade[C]frighten[D]misguideText2Biologists estimate that as many as2million lesser prairie chickens—a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands—once lent red to the often gray landscape of the mid-western and southwestern United States. But just some22,000birds remain today,occupying about16%of the species’historic range.The crash was a major reason the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service(USFWS)decided to formally list the bird as threatened.“The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation,”said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe. Some environmentalists,however,were disappointed.They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as “endangered,”a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats.But Ashe and others argued that the“threatened”tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational conservation approaches.In particular,they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments,which are often uneasy with federal action,and with the private landowners who control an estimated95%of the prairie chicken’s habitat.Under the plan,for example,the agency said it would not prosecute landowners or businesses that unintentionally kill,harm,or disturb the bird as long as they had signed a range—wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat.Negotiated by USFWS and the states,the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with2new acres of suitable habitat.The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat.USFWS also set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of67, 000birds over the next10years.And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA),a coalition of state agencies,the job of monitoring progress.Overall,the idea is to let“states remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species,”Ashe said.Not everyone buys the win—win rhetoric.Some Congress members are trying to block the plan,and at least a dozen industry groups,four states,and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court. Not surprisingly,industry groups and states generally argue it goes too far;environmentalists say it doesn’t go far enough.“The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,”says biologist Jay Lininger.26.The major reason for listing the lesser prairie chicken as threatened is______.[A]the insistence of private landowners[B]the underestimate of the grassland acreage[C]a desperate appeal from some biologists[D]its drastically decreased population27.The“threatened”tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it______.[A]was a give—in to governmental pressure[B]would involve fewer regulatory powers[C]granted less federal regulatory powers[D]went against conservation policies28.It can be learned from Paragraph3that unintentional harm—doers will be prosecuted if they______.[A]agree to pay a sum for compensation[B]volunteer to set up an equally big habitat[C]offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job[D]promise to raise funds for USFWS operations29.According to Ashe,the leading role in managing the species is______.[A]the federal government[B]the wildlife agencies[C]the landowners[D]the states30.Jay Lininger would most likely support_______.[A]the plan under challenge[B]the win—win rhetoric[C]environmental groups[D]industry groupsText3That everyone’s too busy these days is a cliché.But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully:There’s never any time to read.What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don’t seem sufficient. The web’s full of articles offering tips on making time to read;“Give up TV”or“Carry a book with you at all times.”But in my experience,using such methods to free up the odd30minutes doesn’t work.Sit down to read and the flywheel of work—related thoughts keeps spinning—or else you’re so exhausted that a challenging book’s the last thing you need.The modern mind,Tim Parks,a novelist and critic,writes,“is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication…It is not simply that one is interrupted;it is that one is actually inclined to interruption.”Deep reading requires not just time,but a special kind of time which can’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.In fact,“becoming more efficient”is part of the problem.Thinking of time as a resource to be maximized means you approach it instrumentally,judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal.Immersive reading,by contrast,depends on being willing to risk inefficiency,goallessness,even time-wasting.Try to slot it in as a to—do list item and you’ll manage only goal-focused reading—useful,sometimes but not the most fulfilling kind.“The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt,”writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time,and“we feel a pressure to fill these different—sized bottles(days,hours,minutes)as they pass, for if they get by without being filled,we will have wasted them.”No mind—set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.So what does work?Perhaps surprisingly,scheduling regular times for reading.You’d think this might fuel the efficiency mind—set,but in fact,Eberle notes,such ritualistic behavior helps us“step outside time’s flow”into“soul time.”You could limit distractions by reading only physical books,or on single—purpose e—readers.“Carry a book with you at all times”can actually work,too—providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business,before dropping back down.On a really good day,it no longer feels as if you’re“making time to read”,but just reading,and making time for everything else.31.The usual time management techniques don’t work because______.[A]what they can offer does not ease the modern mind[B]what people often forget is carrying a book with them[C]what challenging books demand is repetitive reading[D]what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed32.The“empty bottles”metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to______.[A]update their to—do lists[B]make passing time fulfilling[C]carry their plans through[D]pursue carefree reading33.Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps______.[A]promote ritualistic reading[B]encourage the efficiency mind-set[C]develop online reading habits[D]achieve immersive reading34.“Carry a book with you at all times”can work if______.[A]reading becomes your primary business of the day[B]all the daily business has been promptly dealt with[C]you are able to drop back to business after reading[D]time can be evenly split for reading and business35.The best title for this text could be______.[A]How to Enjoy Easy Reading[B]How to Set Reading Goals[C]How to Find Time to Read[D]How to Read ExtensivelyText4Against a backdrop of changes in economy and population structure,younger Americans are drawing a new21st—century road map to success,a latest poll has found.Across generational lines,Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life including getting married,having children,owning a home and retiring in their sixties but while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of fulfilling life,they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work,to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs,to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life,to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children,and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home,the survey found.From career to community and family,these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession,those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life,from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.Young and old converge on one key point:Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations.While youngerpeople are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today,big majorities in both groups believe those“just getting started in life”face a tougher climb than earlier generations in reaching such signpost achievements as securing a good—paying job,starting a family, managing debt,and finding affordable housing.Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today.Schneider,a27—year—old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs,says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college.“Even now that he is working steadily,he said,“I can’t afford to pay my monthly mortgage payments on my own,so I have to rent rooms out to people to make that happen.”Looking back,he is stuck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was young.”I still grew up in an upper middle—class home with parents who didn’t have college degrees,”Schneider said.“I don’t think people are capable of that anymore.”36.One cross—generation mark of a successful life is______.[A]having a family with children[B]trying out different lifestyles[C]working beyond retirement age[D]setting up a profitable business37.It can be learned from Paragraph3that young people tend to_______.[A]favor a slower life pace.[B]hold an occupation longer.[C]attach importance to pre—marital finance.[D]give priority to childcare outside the home.38.The priorities and expectations defined by the young will_______.[A]depend largely on political preferences[B]reach almost all aspects of American life[C]focus on materialistic issues[D]become increasingly clear39.Both young and old agree that_______.[A]Good—paying jobs are less available[B]the old made more life achievements[C]housing loans today are easy to obtain[D]getting established is harder for the young40.Which of the following is true about Schneider?[A]He thinks his job as a technician quite challenging.[B]His parents’good life has little to do with a college degree.[C]His parents believe working steadily is a must for success.[D]He found a dream job after graduating from college.Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.[A]Be silly[B]Have fun[C]Express your emotions[D]Don’t overthink it[E]Be easily pleased[F]Notice thingsAs adults,it seems that we are constantly pursuing happiness,often with mixed results.Yet children appear to have it down to an art—and for the most part they don't need self—help books or therapy.Instead,they look after their wellbeing instinctively,and usually more effectively than wedo as grownups.Perhaps it’s time to learn a few lessons from them.41.____________________What does a child do when he’s sad?He cries.When he’s angry?He shouts.Scared?Probably a bitof both.As we grow up,we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and don’t dictate our behaviors,which is in many ways a good thing.But too often we take this processtoo far and end up suppressing emotions,especially negative ones.That’s about as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill.What we need to do is find a way to acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately and then—again like children—move.42.____________________A couple of Christmases ago,my youngest step daughter,who was nine years old at the time,gota Superman T—shirt for Christmas.It cost less than a five but she was overjoyed,and couldn’tstop talking about it.Too often we believe that a new job,bigger house or better car will be themagic silver bullet that will allow us to finally be content,but the reality is these things havevery little lasting impact on our happiness levels.Instead,being grateful for small things everyday is a much better way to improve wellbeing.43.____________________Have you ever noticed how much children laugh?If we adults could indulge in a bit of sillinessand giggling,we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies,increase good hormones like endorphins,improve blood flow to our hearts and even have a greater chance of fighting off infection.All of which,of course,have a positive effect on happiness levels.44.____________________The problem with being a grown up is that there's an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with—work,mortgage payments,figuring out what to cook for dinner.But as adults we also have the luxuryof being able to control our own diaries and it's important that we schedule in time to enjoy the things we love.Those things might be social,sporting,creative or completely random(dancing around the living room,anyone?)—it doesn't matter,so long as they're enjoyable,and not likely tohave negative side effects,such as drinking too much alcohol or going on a wild spending spree ifyou're on a tight budget.45.____________________Having said all of the above,it’s important to add that we shouldn’t try too hard to be happy.Scientists tell us this can backfire and actually have a negative impact on our wellbeing.As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said:"Happiness is the absence of striving for happiness."And in that,once more,we need to look to the example of our children,to whom happiness is not a goal but a natural by product of the way they live.Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese.Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors. The reason for this is simple:The longer you stay in the store,the more stuff you’ll see,and the more stuff you see,the more you’ll buy.And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff.The average supermarket,according tothe Food Marketing Institute,carries some44,000different items,and many carry tens of thousands more. The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload. According to brain—scan experiments,the demands of so much decision—making quickly become too much for us.After about40minutes of shopping,most people stop struggling to be rationally selective,and instead begin shopping emotionally—which is the point at which we accumulate the50percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:Suppose you won a translation contest and your friend,Jack,wrote an email to congratulate you and ask for advice on translation.Write him a reply to1)thank him,and2)give your advice.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B48.Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart.In your writing,you should1)interpret the chart,and2)give your comments.You should write about150words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)某高校学生旅行目的调查2016年 MBA 全国考试英语真题答案16—20：D C C A B 36—40：ACBDB1—5：C BDCD 6—10：BADAB 11—15：A BA DC21—25：BDACB 26—30：D C A D C 31—35：DBDAC41—45：CEABD46.超市旨在吸引顾客尽可能长时间的停留在店中。
2015-2017年管理类联考试卷(管综+英语)
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清华大学2016年公共管理硕士MPA双证
清华大学2016年公共管理硕士（MPA双证）研究生招生简章清华大学MPA教育的目标定位是培养引领国家发展与人类进步的公共事务领导者，强调“植根中国，放眼世界”，注重“价值、知识和技能”三位一体的公共领导力提升。
一、招生名额拟招收学生160名二、报考条件（一）中华人民共和国公民。
（二）拥护中国共产党的领导，愿为社会主义现代化建设服务，品德良好，遵纪守法。
（三）截至2016年8月31日，所获学历学位及工作经验必须满足下列情况之一：1.获国家承认的大学本科学历并具有3年或以上工作经验。
2.获国家承认的硕士、博士学位并具有2年或以上工作经验。
3.获国家承认的大专学历并具有5年或以上工作经验。
（四）在境外获得的学历证书须通过教育部留学服务中心认证。
（五）身体健康状况符合《普通高等学校招生体检工作指导意见》。
（六）考生须承诺学历、学位证书和考试身份的真实性，一经招生单位或认证部门查证为不属实，即取消报考、录取或入学三、网上报名（一）考生登录“中国研究生招生信息网”(公网网址：.cn，教育网址：)浏览报考须知，按教育部、省级教育招生考试管理机构、报考点以及报考招生单位的网上公告要求报名。
考生报名前应仔细核对本人是否符合报考条件，凡不符合报考条件的考生将不予录取，相关后果由考生本人承担。
（二）报名时间。
2015年10月10日至10月31日9:00-22:00报名费直接在该网站缴纳。
逾期不再补报，也不得再修改报名信息。
报考点：清华大学（报考点代码：1103）报考专业：公共管理（专业学位硕士，专业代码125200）考试科目：管理类联考综合能力（199）、英语二（204）报考类别：定向就业（三）学历认证。
报名期间将对考生学历(学籍)信息进行网上校验，并在考生提交报名信息三天内反馈校验结果。
考生可随时上网查看学历(学籍)校验结果。
考生也可在报名前或报名期间自行登录“中国高等教育学生信息网”(网址：.cn)查询本人学历(学籍)信息。
mba和mpacc的考试内容
MBA和MPAcc的入学考试都需要参加全国管理类联考，这是一场每年12月底举行的统一考试。
考试试卷的内容对于这两者来说是一模一样的。
考试科目主要包括管理类联考综合能力和英语二。
具体来说，管理类联考综合能力测试包括数学、逻辑和写作三部分。
数学部分有25个单选题，每题3分，共计45分；15道条件充分性判断，每题2分，共计30分。
逻辑部分和写作部分的分数则分别是60分和65分。
英语二部分的满分是100分。
值得注意的是，虽然MBA和MPAcc的入学考试内容相同，但是报考条件却有所不同。
MBA报考需要满足一定的毕业年限条件，比如本科毕业至少3年，专科毕业至少5年，硕士毕业至少2年等。
然而，MPAcc却没有这样的毕业年限要求，所以应届生也可以报考。
2016年考研英语(二)英语知识运用备考策略
2016年考研英语（二）英语知识运用备考策略千呼万唤中，2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲于2015年9月17日与各位考生见面了。
考纲是考生有效开展复习的必备武器。
了解考试大纲，考生才能弄清考研考查的内容和方式，认真研究考研真题，明确复习的目标。
总地来说，今年的考纲，仍然遵循去年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲中对于考生英语知识的考察维度和考试要求。
其中，英语知识运用部分，也就是完型填空部分，较去年没有明显的变化。
完形填空文章基本具有以下几个特点，掌握这几个特点有助于帮助考生提高对文章的整体把握和解题能力。
一、英语知识运用文章的结构特点1.文章首句的确定性英语知识运用的文章首句一般不留空，目的就是告知短文的故事的四要素：地点、时间、人物和事由等背景信息，且首句中往往含有主题词甚至文章的中心思想。
这是由完形填空题本身的特点所决定的。
由于英语知识运用部分要求从内容和结构两个方面将文章补充完整，整篇文章应该有一个中心思想，应该具有一定的逻辑性和完整性。
从文章的篇章结构来看，第一句话一般都是主题句。
为了帮助考生进入语境，进入答题状态，出题者往往先提供一个完整的句子，设空一般从第二句话开始。
因此，完形填空的第一句话是非常重要的，考生不仅要重视这个句子，而且要看懂。
只有在看懂的基础上，考生才能顺利进入状态，把握整片文章的解题思路。
2.文章的完整性和逻辑性英语知识运用文章的结构最常采用总分对照型。
纵观历年英语知识运用真题，所有文章的主线思路都很清晰，而且都大部分都采用了总分对照结构。
此种结构对于整篇文章而言，是通过总述句概括出文章的中心主线，然后由分述部分对总述，即中心主线展开详细描述。
总述是对分述的概括，分述是对总述的展开，两者之间有着明确的相互支持、相互印证的对照关系。
完形填空文章一般出自名家之手或选自有名的报纸杂志，内容涉及我们所熟悉的话题。
文章可能是一段节选，也可能是一篇自成一体的小短文，但无论是哪一种情况，这篇文章都有其完整性和逻辑性，也就是说，文章里面或有前因后果，或是平铺直叙，前后通过一条主要线索按逻辑构成一个整体。
重庆师范大学考研参考书目
据重庆师范大学研究生院消息，2016年重庆师范大学考研参考书目与考试科目已发布，详情如下：101思想政治理论全国指定大纲和教材199管理类联考综合能力全国指定大纲和教材201英语一全国指定大纲和教材204英语二全国指定大纲和教材211翻译硕士英语参见有关专业学位指导委员会编制的考试大纲240自命题俄语《大学俄语简明教程》张宝钤编，高等教育出版社241自命题法语《法语》（1-3册），马晓宏编著，商务印书馆出版242自命题日语1.《中日交流标准日本语》中级（上册前10课），人民教育出版社2.《新世纪日本语教程》（自学用），清华大学外语系编，外语教学与研究出版社243自命题英语任选一套大学英语教材301数学一全国指定大纲和教材302数学二全国指定大纲和教材303数学三全国指定大纲和教材333教育综合1.《教育学基础》（第二版）全国十二所重点师范大学联合编写，教育科学出版社，2008版2.《中国教育史》孙培青主编，华东师范大学出版社，2009版3.《外国教育史》张斌贤主编，教育科学出版社，2008版4.《教育心理学》（第二版）张大均主编，人民教育出版社，2011版341农业知识综合三1.《大学计算机基础教程》（网络技术部分）张高亮编，清华大学出版社，2010年2.《Visual FoxPro程序设计》谭华山等著，清华大学出版社，2010年342农业知识综合四《管理学》（第四版），杨文士，人民大学出版社。
348文博综合1.《中国考古学通论》（修订版）张之恒著，南京大学出版社2.《中国博物馆学基础》王宏均著，上海古籍出版社354汉语基础参见有关专业学位指导委员会编制的考试大纲357英语翻译基础1.《英汉翻译教程》张培基等编，上海外语教育出版社2.《汉英翻译教程》吕瑞昌等编，陕西人民出版社445汉语国际教育基础参见有关专业学位指导委员会编制的考试大纲448汉语写作与百科知识参见有关专业学位指导委员会编制的考试大纲510素描《设计素描》（第2版）黄作林、杨悦、李育，重庆大学出版社610辩证唯物主义与历史唯物主义《辩证唯物主义与历史唯物主义》第五版，李秀林主编，中国人民大学出版社611教育学基础综合1.《教育学基础》全国十二所重点师范大学联合编写，教育科学出版社，20082.《中国教育史》孙培青，华东师范大学出版社，20093.《外国教育史》张斌贤，教育科学出版社，20084.《教育心理学》陈琦，高教出版社，20115.《教育科研方法》陈时见，高教出版社，2007612基础心理学《心理学导论》（第二版）黄希庭主编，人民教育出版社，2007年8月613高等数学Ⅱ《高等数学》（第六版）（上、下册），同济大学数学系编，高等教育出版社，2007年614教育技术学《教育技术学》何克抗、李文光编，北京师范大学出版社，2009年615文学1.《中国文学史》（四册）袁行霈主编，高等教育出版社2.《中国现代文学三十年》（修订本）钱理群、温儒敏、吴福辉，北京大学出版社616基础英语一《高级英语》（第一、二册）（第三版），张汉熙编，外语教学与研究出版社。
MPA总分多少分-MPA分数查询方法有哪些
MPA总分多少分-MPA分数查询方法有哪些MPA〔考研〕总分300分。
MPA(公共〔管理〕硕士)考研考试科目分为管理类联考综合能力(总分200分);〔英语〕二(总分100分)。
如果想具体了解MPA总分多少分，那无妨接着往下看吧!MPA考研总分300分。
以下是MPA(公共管理硕士)考研考试科目的具体内容：一、管理类联考综合能力(总分200分)，题型分布为：1.数学，共75分。
①问题求解(15小题，每题3分，共45分)。
②条件充分性推断 (10小题，每题3分，共30分)。
2.逻辑推理，30小题，每题2分，共60分。
3.写作，2小题，共65分。
①论证有效性分析(30分)②论说文(35分)。
二、英语二(总分100分)，题型分布为：1.英语知识运用。
主要考查考生对英语知识的综合运用能力。
共20小题，每题0.5分，共10分。
2.阅读理解。
该部分由A、B两节组成，共25小题，每题2分，共50分。
A节(20小题)：本部分为多项选择题。
共四篇文章。
每篇文章设5题，共20题。
每题2分，共40分。
B节(5小题)：本部分有两种备选题型。
每次考试从这两种题型中选择其中的一种形式，或者两种形式的组合进行考查。
本节文章设5小题，每题2分，共10分。
备选题型包括：1)多项对应：本部分为一篇长度为450~550词的文章，试题内容分为左右两栏，左侧一栏为5道题目，右侧一栏为7个选项。
要求考生在阅读后依据文章内容和左侧一栏中提供的信息从右侧一栏中的7个选项中选出对应的5项相关信息。
2)小标题对应：在一篇长度为450~550词的文章前有7个概括句或小标题。
这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括或阐述。
要求考生依据文章内容和篇章结构从这7个选项中选出最恰当的5个概括句或小标题填入文章空白处。
3.翻译：要求考生阅读、理解长度为150词左右的一个或几个英语段落，并将其全部译成汉语。
共15分。
4.写作：该部分由A、B两节组成，主要考查考生的书面表达能力。
2016年成人本科学士学位英语考试大纲
全国成人高等教育本科生申请学士学位英语统一考试大纲国家教育部学位与研究生教育发展中心推荐使用总则为适应成人高等教育本科毕业生申请学士学位外语统一考试的要求，根据国务院学位委员会《关于授予成人高等教育本科毕业生学士学位暂行规定》和国务院学位委员会、原国家教育委员会《关于整顿普通高等学校授予成人高等教育本科毕业生学士学位工作的通知》的有关规定，参照普通本科英语教学大纲的要求，并结合成人高等教育本科英语教学的实际情况，特制订«全国成人高等教育本科生申请学士学位英语统一考试大纲»。
适应对象: 除全国成人高等教育本科生申请学士学位考生外,还对英语二 / 双学位考生做出了具体的要求。
这样会使考试更加规范，使广大考生能够熟悉英语考试的内容、题型、难度、及记分办法。
本大纲将于2011年开始执行。
现将有关问题作如下说明：成人英语教学的目的是培养学生具有较强的阅读能力，一定的英汉互译能力，和初步的听说能力，使他们能以英语为工具，获取专业所需要的信息，并为进一步提高英语水平打下较好的基础。
为此，本考试主要考核学生运用语言的能力，重点是考核学生的阅读能力以及对语法结构和词语用法的熟练程度。
本考试是一种标准化考试。
考试方式为笔试。
考试范围主要参照全日制文理科、本科英语教学大纲所规定的1—3级除听说以外的大部分内容。
在题型设计上，英汉互译部分和写作部分是主观性试题之外，其余试题均采用客观性的单项或多项选择题形式。
听说考试正在规划之中，待时机成熟时实施。
客观性试题有信度较高，覆盖面广的优点；而主观性试题有利于提高测试的效度，能更好的检测考生运用语言的能力。
为此，本考试采用主观题、客观题混合型，以保证良好的信度和效度，以利于未来全国统考、考查或评估。
本考试按百分制计分，满分为120分（其中100分为成人本科学士学位满分成绩，再加20分为二 / 双学位考生满分成绩 )。
考试成绩合格者发给成人本科学士学位英语合格证书或本科二 / 双学位(学士学位)英语合格证书。
管理类联考MBA综合能力大纲与英语考试大纲(2022版)
管理类联考综合能力考试大纲（2022版）Ⅰ考试性质综合能力考试是为高等院校和科研院所招收管理类专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国联考科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生是否具备攻读专业学位所必需的基本素质、一般能力和培养潜能，评价的标准是高等学校本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以利于各高等院校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔，确保专业学位硕士研究生的招生质量。
Ⅱ考查目标1.具有运用数学基础知识、基本方法分析和解决问题的能力。
2.具有较强的分析、推理、论证等逻辑思维能力。
3.具有较强的文字材料理解能力、分析能力以及书面表达能力。
Ⅲ考试形式和试卷结构一、试卷满分及考试时间试卷满分为200分，考试时间为180分钟。
二、答题方式答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
不允许使用计算器。
三、试卷内容与题型结构数学基础75分，有以下两种题型：问题求解15小题，每小题3分，共45分条件充分性判断10小题，每小题3分，共30分逻辑推理30小题，每小题2分，共60分写作2小题，其中论证有效性分析30分，论说文35分，共65分Ⅳ考查内容一、数学基础综合能力考试中的数学基础部分主要考查考生的运算能力、逻辑推理能力、空间想象能力和数据处理能力，通过问题求解和条件充分性判断两种形式来测试。
试题涉及的数学知识范围有∶(一)算术1.整数(1)整数及其运算；(2)整除、公倍数、公约数；(3)奇数、偶数；(4)质数、合数2.分数、小数、百分数3.比与比例4.数轴与绝对值(二)代数1.整式(1)整式及其运算；(2)整式的因式与因式分解2.分式及其运算3.函数(1)集合；(2)一元二次函数及其图像；(3)指数函数、对数函数4.代数方程(1)一元—次方程；(2)一元二次方程；(3)二元一次方程组5.不等式(1)不等式的性质；(2)均值不等式；(3)不等式求解一元一次不等式(组)，一元二次不等式，简单绝对值不等式，简单分式不等式。
6.数列、等差数列、等比数列(三)几何1.平面图形(1)三角形；(2)四边形（矩形，平行四边形，梯形）；(3)圆与扇形2.空间几何体(1)长方体；(2)柱体；(3)球体3.平面解析几何(1)平面直角坐标系；(2)直线方程与圆的方程；(3)两点间距离公式与点到直线的距离公式(四)数据分析1.计数原理(1)加法原理、乘法原理；(2)排列与排列数；(3)组合与组合数2.数据描述(1)平均值；(2)方差与标准差；(3)数据的图表表示（直方图，饼图，数表。
2016硕士研究生招生专业目录(含专业学位)
01中国文化史
董广杰、柳素平
8
①101思想政治理论②201英语一③612专业基础④--无
02中外关系史
随新民、王毅
03中国区域社会史
陈锦晓、李龙海
04中国近现代政治史
徐虎、路爱林
002法学院
010108科学技术哲学
01科技创新与知识产权
王肃、金多才、蔡振亚、李尊然、李庆
12
①101思想政治理论②201英语一③613科学技术概论④802知识产权基本理论或803创新社会治理机制
7
02纺织机械先进技术
李铬、张洪、崔江红
080204车辆工程
01新能源汽车（汽车电子）
赵则祥
5
02车辆动力学
朱从云
085201机械工程
01先进制造技术
董学武、赵惠英、赵则祥、陈亚维、崔江红、乔雪涛
19
①101思想政治理论②204英语二③302数学二④807机械原理或808机械制造技术
02机电测控技术与仪器
7
①101思想政治理论②201英语一③301数学一④807机械原理或808机械制造技术
02生产管理与企业信息化
黄宗响、吴隆
080202机械电子工程
01精密测量技术与仪器
尚会超、赵则祥、崔陆军
6
02机电系统控制及自动化
聂建军、张雪松、李勇
080203机械设计及理论
01现代设计理论与方法
朱从云、李春广、李勇、安向东
085213建筑与土木工程
01建筑节能技术
范晓伟、张定才、杨磊、王方、郑慧凡、何大四
26
①101思想政治理论②204英语二③302数学二④816传热学或817工程热力学或818流体力学或819水力学或820污染控制微生物学
204英语二考试大纲
204英语二考试大纲 work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR2016年管理类联考英语（二）大纲一、考试性质工商管理硕士生入学考试是全国统一的选拔性考试，在教育部授权的工商管理硕士生培养院校范围内进行联考。
联考科目包括综合能力和英语。
本考试大纲的制定力求反映工商管理硕士专业学位的特点，科学、公平、准确、规范地测评考生的相关知识基础、基本素质和综合能力。
英语考试的目的是测试考生的英语综合运用能力。
二、考试目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：（一）语言知识1.语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识，其中包括：（1）名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法；（2）动词时态、语态的构成及其用法；（3）形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法；（4）常用连接词的词的词义及其用法；（5）非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的构成及其用法；（6）虚拟语气的构成及其用法；（7）各类从句（定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等）及强调句型的结构及其用法；（8）倒装句的结构及其用法。
2. 词汇考生应能较熟练地掌握常用词汇5500个左右以及相关常用词组。
考生应能根据具体语境、句子结构或上下文理解一些非常用词的词义。
（二）语言技能1. 阅读考生应能读懂不同题材和体裁的文字材料。
题材包括经济、管理、社会、文化、科普等，体裁包括说明文、议论文和记叙文等。
根据阅读材料，考生应能：（1）掌握文章的中心思想，主要内容和有关细节；（2）理解上下文的逻辑关系；（3）根据上下文推断生词的含义；（3）根据上下文推断重要生词或词组的含义；（4）进行一定的判断和推理；（5）理解作者的意图、观点或态度。
2. 写作考生应能根据所给的提纲、情景或图表写出相应的短文，包括日常生活以及商务活动中涉及的短文。
要求短文中心思想明确，切中题意，结构清晰，用词恰当，条例清楚，无重大语言错误。
三、考试内容与形式本试卷满分100分，考试时间为180分钟，答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
工商管理硕士都考什么-科目内容-考研难不难
工商管理硕士都考什么-科目内容-考研难不难工商管理硕士考试分为笔试和面试两个部分，面试考试由高校自己组织，考试内容和形式差异较大。
笔试部分是每年12月底的全国联考，联考考试科目包括管理类联考综合能力与〔英语〕二，总分300分。
工商管理硕士考试分为笔试和面试两个部分，面试由高校组织出题，笔试科目则是管理类联考综合能力与英语二。
管理类联考综合能力：卷面结构：数学、逻辑推理、写作(论证有效性分析、论说文)，共三大部分，其中数学占75分，逻辑占60分，写作占65分，满分为200分。
英语二：卷面结构：语言知识运用(即完形填空)、阅读理解第一部分四篇、阅读理解第二部分一篇、翻译(英译汉)、小作文、大作文，共六个部分。
满分为100分。
2工商管理硕士科目内容考试的内容包括：英语二、管理类联考综合能力(此试卷由数学、逻辑和写作构成)。
英语二：总分100分，题型分布为：①词汇单项选择题20道，每题0.5分，共10分。
②综合填空(完型填空)20道，每题0.5分，共10分。
③阅读4-5篇文章，40分。
④翻译20分。
⑤写作20分。
综合能力：总分200分。
此试卷由数学、逻辑和写作构成，其中数学75分，逻辑60分，写作65分，数学和逻辑均为单项选择题。
①数学分条件充分性推断和问题求解两大部分，其中问题求解共15小题，每题3分，共45分;条件充分性推断共15小题，每题2分，共30分。
②逻辑为30道选择题，每题2分，共60分。
③写作要求写两篇文章，A.论证有效性分析，30分;B.论文形式从命题作文、基于文字材料的自由命题作文、案例分析中选一种。
3 工商管理硕士考研难不难工商管理硕士也是先考笔试再考面试，笔试的科目就是上面和大家说过的两科。
笔试必须考取高分，从高到低被学校择优录取后再去参加学校自行组织的复试。
最后按照笔试和复试的综合成绩排名，最终被学校录取。
笔试过线后参加复试中的政治和英语听力即可，学校都会提前在官网列出这两科考试内容大纲，因此只要交卷即可通过。
2016年管理类联考综合、英语二真题及答案
2016年管理类联考英语（二）试卷Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text。
Choose the best word（s) for each numbered blank and mark ［A］, [B], [C] or ［D］on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points）Happy people work differently. They're more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks。
And new research suggest that happiness might influence 1 firms work, too。
Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper. 2 , firms in happy places spend more on R＆D （research and development ）。
That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking 3 for making investments for the future。
The researchers wanted to know if the 4 and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would 5 the way companies invested. So they compared U.S。
cities’ average happiness 6 by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas。
2016研究生管理类联考英语答案解析
2016 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)真题及答案(完整版)(注：以下选项标红加粗为正确答案)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Happy people work differently. They're more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence 1 firms work, too.Companies located in place with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper. 2 , firms in happy places spend more on R&D(research and development).That's because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking 3 for making investment for the future.The researchers wanted to know if the 4 and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would 5 the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities' average happiness 6 by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.7 enough, firms' investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were 8. But it is really happiness that's linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities 9 why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researches controlled for various 10 that might make firms more likely to invest like size, industry , and sales-and-and for indicators that a place was 11 to live in, like growth in wages or population. They link between happiness and investment generally 12 even after accounting for these things.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors 13 to "less confined decision making process" and the possible presence of younger and less 14 managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.'' The relationship was 15 stronger in places where happiness was spread more 16. Firms seem to invest more in places.17 this doesn't prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least 18 at that possibility. It's not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help 19 how executives think about the future. It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward -thinking and creative and 20 R&D more than the average," said one researcher.1.[A] why [B] where [C] how [D] when2.[A] In return [B] In particular [C] In contrast [D] In conclusion3.[A] sufficient [B] famous [C] perfect [D] necessary4.[A] individualism [B] modernism [C] optimism [D] realism5.[A] echo [B] miss [C] spoil [D] change6.[A] imagined [B] measured [C] invented [D] assumed7.[A] sure [B] odd [C] unfortunate [D] often8.[A] advertised [B] divided [C] overtaxed [D] headquartered9.[A] explain [B] overstate [C] summarize [D] emphasize10.[A] stages [B] factors [C] levels [D] methods11.[A] desirable [B] sociable [C] reputable [D] reliable12.[A] resumed [B] held [C] emerged [D] broke13.[A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D] compare14.[A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D] experienced15.[A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never16.[A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally17.[A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since18.[A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes19.[A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share20.[A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send act1-10 题答案：CBDCD BADAB11-20 题答案：ABADC DCCABSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1It's true that high-school coding classes aren't essential for learning computer science in college. Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon's School of Computer Science.However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial. When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that it's not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers - but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses. It's not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal. Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away.The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps that's become popular for adults looking for a career change. The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but "we try to gear lessons toward things they're interested in," said Victoria Friedman, an instructor. For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.The students in the Flatiron class probably won't drop out of high school and build the next Facebook. Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the "Ruby on Rails" language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market. But the skills they learn - how to think logically through a problem and organize the results - apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. These kids are going to be surrounded by computers-in their pockets ,in their offices, in their homes -for the rest of their lives, The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want -the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that -the better.21.C ortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier t o[A]complete future job training[B]remodel the way of thinking[C]formulate logical hypotheses[D]perfect artwork production22.I n delivering lessons for high - schoolers , Flatiron has considered their[A]experience[B]interest[C]career prospects[D]academic backgrounds23.D eborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will[A]help students learn other computer languages[B]have to be upgraded when new technologies come[C]need improving when students look for jobs[D]enable students to make big quick money24.A ccording to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected t o[A]bring forth innovative computer technologies[B]stay longer in the information technology industry[C]become better prepared for the digitalized world[D]compete with a future army of programmers25.T he word "coax"(Line4,Para.6) is closest in meaning to[A]persuade[B]frighten[C]misguide[D]challenge21-25 题答案：BBACAText 2Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens---a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands-once lent red to the often grey landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States. But just some 22,000 birds remain today, occupying about 16% of the species 'historic range.The crash was a major reason the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)decided to formally list the bird as threatened ."The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation ," said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe. Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed. They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as "endangered," a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats .But Ashe and others argued that the" threatened" tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational conservations approaches. In particular, they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments, which are often uneasy with federal action. and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken's habitat.Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat. Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat .The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat , USFWS also set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of 67,000 birds over the next 10 years .And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress. Overall, the idea is to let "states" remain in the driver 's seat for managing the species," Ashe said.Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric. Some Congress members are trying to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups, four states, and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court. Not surprisingly, doesn't go far enough. "The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction, " says biologist Jay Lininger.26.T he major reason for listing the lesser prairie as threatened is .[A]its drastically decreased population[B]the underestimate of the grassland acreage[C]a desperate appeal from some biologists[D]the insistence of private landowners27.T he "threatened" tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it .[A]was a give-in to governmental pressure[B]would involve fewer agencies in action[C]granted less federal regulatory power[D]went against conservation policies28.I t can be learned from Paragraph3 that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted i f they .[A]agree to pay a sum for compensation[B]volunteer to set up an equally big habitat[C]offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job[D]promise to raise funds for USFWS operations29.A ccording to Ashe, the leading role in managing the species in .[A]the federal government[B]the wildlife agencies[C]the landowners[D]the states30.J ay Lininger would most likely support .[A]industry groups[B]the win-win rhetoric[C]environmental groups[D]the plan under challenge26-30 题答案：ADBDBText 3That everyone's too busy these days is a cliché. But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully: There's never any time to read.What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don't seem sufficient. The web's full of articles offering tips on making time to read: "Give up TV" or "Carry a book with you at all times." But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn't work. Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning-or else you're so exhausted that a challenging book's the last thing you need. The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, "is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication…It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption." Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can't be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.In fact, "becoming more efficient" is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally, judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal. Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you'll manage only goal-focused reading-useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind. "The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and。
MPA总分多少-MPA有几次考试-报名要求
MPA总分多少-MPA有几次考试-报名要求300分。
MPA(公共〔管理〕硕士)入学考试采纳管理类联考。
管理类联考考试科目包括管理类联考综合能力与〔英语〕二两科，总分300分。
其中管理类联考综合能力总分200分，英语二总分100分。
MPA(公共管理硕士)入学考试采纳管理类联考，其管理类联考考试科目包括管理类联考综合能力与英语二两科，总分300分。
一、管理类联考综合能力(200分)1. 数学基础75 分，包涵以下两种题型：(1)问题求解15 小题，每题 3 分，共 45 分。
(2)条件充分性推断10 小题，每题 3 分，共 30 分。
2. 逻辑推理30 小题，每题 2 分，共 60 分。
3. 写作2 小题，其中论证有效性分析 30 分，论说文 35 分，共 65 分。
二、英语二(100分)1.综合填空(完型填空)20题，每题0.5分，共10分。
2.阅读理解5篇文章，25题，每题2分共50分。
3.翻译1题：英语翻译成中文，15分。
4.英语写作2题：小作文10分+大作文15分，共计25分。
注：也有部分学校不考英语二，考的是202〔俄语〕或203〔日语〕或由招生单位自命题的其它语种。
2MPA必须要经历几次考试公共管理硕士MPA必须要通过两次考试，包括初试和复试。
初试内容包括：第一单元科目：①199管理类联考综合能力;第二单元科目：②204英语二或202俄语或203日语;其他语种由招生单位设置自命题科目。
复试内容包括：一、笔试1、思想政治理论考试。
《全国硕士研究生招生工作管理规定》中规定：公共管理硕士的思想政治理论考试由招生单位在复试中进行，成绩计入复试总成绩。
2、专业综合课。
命题的原则为考核考生公共管理的基础理论知识、基本概念以及应用所学的基本理论分析当前公共管理领域内的难点、热点问题等。
二、面试1、〔外语〕听力和口语水平测试。
测试内容：外语听力、口头表达和运用能力，专业外语的掌握水平等。
2、专业课口试和综合素养面试。
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2016年管理类联考考试大纲（综合能力和英语二）
2016年管理类联考综合能力大纲
考试性质
综合能力考试是为高等院校和科研院所招收管理类专业学位硕士研究生（主要包括MBA/MPA/MPAcc/MEM/MTA等专业联考）而设置的具有选拔性质的全国联考科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生是否具备攻读专业学位所必需的基本素质、一般能力和培养潜能，评价的标准是高等学校本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以利于各高等院校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔，确保专业学位硕士研究生的招生质量。
考查目标
1、具有运用数学基础知识、基本方法分析和解决问题的能力。
2、具有较强的分析、推理、论证等逻辑思维能力。
3、具有较强的文字材料理解能力、分析能力以及书面表达能力。
考试形式和试卷结构
一、试卷满分及考试时问
试卷满分为200分，考试时间为180分钟。
二、答题方式
答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
不允许使用计算器。
三、试卷内容与题型结构
数学基础
75分，有以下两种题型：
问题求解15小题，每小题3分，共45分
条件充分性判断 10小题，每小题3分，共30分
逻辑推理 30小题，每小题2分，共60分
写作 2小题，其中论证有效性分析30分，论说文35分，共65分
考查内容
一、数学基础
综合能力考试中的数学基础部分主要考查考生的运算能力、逻辑推理能力、空间想象能力和数据处理能力，通过问题求解和条件充分性判断两种形式来测试。
试题涉及的数学知识范围有：
（一）算术
1．整数
（1）整数及其运算
（2）整除、公倍数、公约数
（3）奇数、偶数
（4）质数、合数
2.分数、小数、百分数
3.比与比例
4.数轴与绝对值
（二）代数
1．整式
（1）整式及其运算
（2）整式的因式与因式分解
2．分式及其运算
3．函数
（1）集合
（2）一元二次函数及其图像
（3）指数函数、对数函数（新增加考点）4．代数方程
（1）一元一次方程
（2）一元二次方程
（3）二元一次方程组
5．不等式
（1）不等式的性质
（2）均值不等式
（3）不等式求解
一元一次不等式(组)，一元二次不等式，简单绝对值不等式，简单分式不等式。
6．数列、等差数列、等比数列
（三）几何
1．平面图形
（1）三角形
（2）四边形(矩形、平行四边形、梯形)
（3）圆与扇形
2．空间几何体（新增加考点）
（1）长方体
（2）圆柱体
（3）球体
3．平面解析几何
（1）平面直角坐标系
（2）直线方程与圆的方程
（3）两点间距离公式与点到直线的距离公式
（四）数据分析
l．计数原理
（1）加法原理、乘法原理
（2）排列与排列数
（3）组合与组合数
2．数据描述
（1）平均值
（2）方差与标准差（新增加考点）
（3）数据的图表表示
直方图，饼图，数表。
3．概率
（1）事件及其简单运算
（2）加法公式
（3）乘法公式
（4）古典概型
（5）贝努里概型
二、逻辑推理
综合能力考试中的逻辑推理部分主要考查考生对各种信息的理解、分析、判断和综合，以及相应的推理、论证、比较、评价等逻辑思维能力，不考查逻辑学的专业知识。
试题内容涉及自然、社会和人文等各个领域，但不考查相关领域的专业知识。
三、写作
综合能力考试中的写作部分主要考查考生的分析论证能力和文字表达能力，通过论证有效性分析和论说文两种形式来测试。
1．论证有效性分析
论证有效性分析试题的题干为一段有缺陷的论证，要求考生分析其中存在的问题，选择若干要点，评论该论证的有效性。
本类试题的分析要点是：论证中的概念是否明确，判断是否准确，推理是否严密，论证是否充分等。
文章要求分析得当，理由充分，结构严谨，语言得体。
2．论说文
论说文的考试形式有两种：命题作文、基于文字材料的自由命题作文。
每次考试为其中一种形式。
要求考生在准确、全面地理解题意的基础上，对命题或材料所给观点进行分析，表明自己的观点并加以论证。
文章要求思想健康，观点明确，论据充足，论证严密，结构合理，语言流畅。
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2015年管理类联考英语（二）大纲
一、考试性质
工商管理硕士生入学考试是全国统一的选拔性考试，在教育部授权的工商管理硕士生培养院校范围内进行联考。
联考科目包括综合能力和英语。
本考试大纲的制定力求反映工商管理硕士专业学位的特点，科学、公平、准确、规范地测评考生的相关知识基础、基本素质和综合能力。
英语考试的目的是测试考生的英语综合运用能力。
二、考试目标
考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：
（一）语言知识
1.语法知识
考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识，其中包括：
（1）名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法；
（2）动词时态、语态的构成及其用法；
（3）形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法；
（4）常用连接词的词的词义及其用法；
（5）非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的构成及其用法；（6）虚拟语气的构成及其用法；
（7）各类从句（定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等）及强调句型的结构及其用法；
（8）倒装句的结构及其用法。
2. 词汇
考生应能较熟练地掌握常用词汇5500个左右以及相关常用词组。
考生应能根据具体语境、句子结构或上下文理解一些非常用词的词义。
（二）语言技能
1. 阅读
考生应能读懂不同题材和体裁的文字材料。
题材包括经济、管理、社会、文化、科普等，体裁包括说明文、议论文和记叙文等。
根据阅读材料，考生应能：
（1）掌握文章的中心思想，主要内容和有关细节；
（2）理解上下文的逻辑关系；
（3）根据上下文推断生词的含义；
（3）根据上下文推断重要生词或词组的含义；
（4）进行一定的判断和推理；
（5）理解作者的意图、观点或态度。
2. 写作
考生应能根据所给的提纲、情景或图表写出相应的短文，包括日常生活以及商务活动中涉及的短文。
要求短文中心思想明确，切中题意，结构清晰，用词恰当，条例清楚，无重大语言错误。
三、考试内容与形式
本试卷满分100分，考试时间为180分钟，答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
试卷分试题，答题卡和答题纸组成。
英语应用、阅读理解的答案填涂在答题卡上，英译汉的答案和作文写在答题纸上。
试题分五部分，共48题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解、英译汉和写作。
第一部分英语知识运用
主要考查考生对英语知识的综合运用能力。
共20个小题，每小题0.5分，共计10分。
在一篇约350词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺，前后连贯，结构完整。
第二部分阅读理解
主要考查考生获取信息、理解文章、猜测重要生词词义并进行推断等能力。
该部分由A, B两部分组成，共25题，每小题2分，共50分。
A节要求考生根据所提供的四篇（总长度约为1500词）文章的内容，从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案。
每篇文章设5题，共20题。
每小题2分，共计40分。
B节有三种备选题型。
每次考试从这3种题型中选择其中的一种形式，或者这3种形式中某几种形式的组合进行考查。
共计5个小题，每小题2分，共10分
备选题型包括：
1.
多项对应
本部分为一篇长度为450—550词的文章，试题内容分为左右两栏，左侧一栏为5道题目，右侧一栏为7个选项。
要求考生在阅读后根据文章内容和左侧一栏中提供的信息从右侧一栏中7个选项中选出对应的5项相关信息。
1.
小标题对应
在一篇长度为450—550词的文章前有7个概括句或小标题。
这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括或阐述。
要求考生根据内容和篇章结构从7个选项中选出最恰当的5个概括句或小标题填入文章空白处。
1.
正误判断
在一篇长度为450—550词的文章后有与文章内容相关的5项陈述。
要求考生在阅读后根据文章内容，判断各项陈述的内容是"正确"（True）或"错误"（False）.
第三部分英译汉
考查考生理解所给英语语言材料，并将指定部分译成汉语的能力。
译文应准确、完整、通顺。
要求考生阅读一篇约150词左右的一个（或几个）英语段落，并将其全部译成汉语。
共15分。
第四部分写作
该部分由A, B两节组成，主要考查考生的书面表达能力，共2题，25分。
A节题型有两种，每次考试选择其中一种形式，共1题，10分。
备选题型包括：
1.
考生根据所给情景写出约100词（标点符号不计算在内）的应用性短文，包括私人和公务信函，备忘录，报告等。
2.
要求考生根据所提供的汉语文章，用英语写出一篇80—100词的短文摘要。
B节要求考生根据所规定的情景或给出的提纲，写出一篇150词以上的英语说明文或议论文。
提供情景的形式为图画、图表或文字。
共1题，15分。