pass_through_characteristics

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特殊特性符号等级'对照表

* PFMEA严重度9~10提列为保安特性,并经顾客共同确认后于图面工程规格中发布；
*必须提列于管制计划内(属产品特性),并于FMEA对策中驱使难检度至1；
A．肯定引起顾客强烈不满，致使产品不能被接受的缺陷：人身危险，不满足法规，汽车不能使用，产品卖不出去/功能没满足，非常严重的外表面缺陷；
Significant Characteris tic重要特性
当产品或制程特性超出公差规格后会严重影响制程本身或下一工序作业
HIC
HIC
Operator Safety作业者安全特性
制程特性虽不会影响产品本身但会影响制程之作业安全或符合法规要求者
OS
OS
Pass Through Caracteristic传递特性
无法检查或测试而传递到顾客
PTC
PTC
一般特性
非主要特性
特殊特性符号等
特殊特性(Special Characteristics)--产品/制程特性凡会影响: *车辆或制程安全者*需符合政府法规者*顾客满意者
分类
定义
公司符号
管理说明
Critical Characteris tic保安特性
影响车辆/产品安全或需符合政府法规之产品特性需特别管制者
CC
* DFMEA严重度9~10提列为潜在保安特性,供PFMEA成员起始制作及焦点项目；
B．会引起顾客的不满和抱怨的缺陷：预计功能会出现故障，影响使用性；
High Impact Caracterist ic高影响特性
当产品或制程特性超出公差规格后会严重影响制程本身或下一工序作业
HIC
* PFMEA严重度5~8且发生度4(含)以上提列为高影响特性；
* FMEA中对该制程特性予以特别强调；

pass through characteristics

It is a “Form, Fit or Function” characteristic, a part print feature, and meets ALL 4 of the following criteririty of 5 or greater (“vehicle operable, comfort or convenience item operable at reduced level, customer somewhat dissatisfied; 100 % reworked, or repair outside the repair department”)
What is my responsibility when for Pass-Through Characteristics?
You use “Zero Defect Methods”, which are process control techniques which assure that all parts manufactured meet the design specification. Examples include:
1) Discrepant parts cannot be made because the item has been errorproofed by process/product design;
2) Error detection in-station (automatic gauging with automatic stop feature). Cannot pass discrepant part;
• Occurrence of less than 4 (note: if O >= 4, they would be an SC with a Severity of 5 or greater),

SubSupplierManagement福特供应商管理培

customers. • 有缺陷的传递特性(PTC)有可能“传递”到福特接收工厂或最终用户
PPT文档演模板
SubSupplierManagement福特供应商管理培
PTC General Rules 传递特性基本规则
• A Pass-Through Characteristic is not a classification, e.g., CC, SC or HIC. A Pass-Through Characteristic is a type of characteristic, e.g., BP, IP.
SubSupplierManagement福特供应商管理培
1. 仅允许已认可的且有质量能力的分供方供货
• 1.2 供货质量业绩评价 --质量 --价格 --服务
• 1.3 CFMA的特别认可在进入批量生产前必须确保只从合适的分供方采购。
PPT文档演模板
SubSupplierManagement福特供应商管理培
PPT文档演模板
SubSupplierManagement福特供应商管理培
分供方管理总体期望
6. 提高顾客满意度在所有过程中，以顾客为中心进行活动是让顾客在质量、价格、服务和创新方面满意的基础。企业的领导层必须为此创造前提条件。其中对分供方的培训和改进就是很重要的一个方面，以改善和提高顾客满意度。
PPT文档演模板
SubSupplierManagement福特供应商管理培
分供方管理总体期望
1. 仅选择有质量能力的分供方 2. 有明确的管理程序和目标 3. 足够的人力资源
供应商必须设置类似STA职位的工程师来支持分供方的发展和改进。负责分供方管理的工程师必须足够。 4. 持续监控交货绩效在量产之后,供应商仍需坚持不懈地落实来自产品诞生过程的所要求的全部措施。考虑到顾客的要求，要对分供方的生产过程、产品交付和产品使用状况经常地进行评价和改进。

流式细胞术

My term report is something about the flow cytometry. So in the next 20 minutes I will introduce the principles of flow cytometry mainly in 6 parts. Firstly, we had better have a overview of it. Flow cytometry is a technology that simultaneously measures and then analyzes multiple physical characteristics of single particles, usually cells, as they flow in a fluid stream through a beam of light. The properties measured include a particle’s relative size, relative granularity or internal complexity, and relative fluorescence intensity. These characteristics are determined using an optical-to-electronic coupling system that records how the cell or particle scatters incident laser light and emits fluorescence.A flow cytometer is made up of three main systems: fluidics, optics, and electronics.•The fluidics system transports particles in a stream to the laser beam for interrogation.•The optics system consists of lasers to illuminate the particles in the sample stream and optical filters to direct the resulting light signals to the appropriate detectors.•The electronics system converts the detected light signals into electronic signals that can be processed by the computer. For some instruments equipped with a sorting feature, the electronics system is also capable of initiating sorting decisions to charge and deflect particles.FluidicsThe purpose of the fluidics system is to transport particles in a fluid stream to the laser beam for interrogation. For optimal illumination, the stream transporting the particles should be positioned in the center of the laser beam. In addition, only one cell or particle should move through the laser beam at a given moment.To accomplish this, we use the method called “Hydrodynamic Focusing”. Surrounding the core channel is an outer sheath fluid which flows faster than the injected sample. This fast flowing sheath produces a huge drag effect on the core chamber, this drag causes the dispersed sample to be aligned to a single file of particles, this effect is known as hydrodynamic focusing. Once aligned the sheath and the sample are forced parallel out of the flow cell under laminar flow conditions.The sample pressure and the sheath fluid pressure are different from each other.In low sample pressure, the sample stream is narrow and the cells will tend to go in a single file.In high sample pressure, the sample stream is much wider, allowing more cells to go through the flow cell.Generation of Scatter and FluorescenceIn the last section, we learned how particles or cells are aligned to pass single file through the sample core. Before describing how the flow cytometer detects and processes signals, it is useful to understand what happens to the laser light as it strikes the single-file particles.Light ScatterLight scattering occurs when a particle deflects incident laser light. This depends on the physical properties of a particle, namely its size and internal complexity. Factors that affect light scattering are the cell's membrane, nucleus, and any granular material inside the cell. Cell shape and surface topography also contribute to the total light scatter. Forward-scattered light (FSC) is proportional to cell-surface area or size. Side-scattered light (SSC) is proportional to cell granularity or internal complexity. FluorescenceA fluorescent compound absorbs light energy over a range of wavelengths that is characteristic for that compound. This absorption of light causes an electron in the fluorescent compound to be raised to a higher energy level. The excited electron quickly decays to its ground state, emitting the excess energy as a photon of light. This transition of energy is called fluorescence.When a fluorescent dye is conjugated to a monoclonal antibody, it can be used to identify a particular cell type based on the individual antigenic surface markers of the cell. In a mixed population of cells, different fluorochromes can be used to distinguish separate subpopulations. The staining pattern of each subpopulation, combined with FSC and SSC data, can be used to identify which cells are present in a sample and to count their relative percentages. The cells can also be sorted if desired.Optical SystemOptical system has two parts, excitation optics and collection optics. The excitation optics consists of the laser and lenses that are used to shape and focus the laser beam. The collection optics consists of a collection lens to collect light emitted from the particle–laser beam interaction and a system of optical mirrors and filters to route specified wavelengths of the collected light to designated optical detectors. Optical Filtersshortpass (SP) filters, which transmit wavelengths of light equal to or shorter than a specified wavelength, and longpass (LP) filters, which transmit wavelengths of light equal to or longer than a specified wavelength. A bandpass (BP) filter combines the properties of a longpass and a shortpass filter, giving you the ability to select a given bandwidth to be delivered to the detector.Beam splitters are devices that direct light of different wavelengths in different directions. Dichroic mirrors are a type of beam splitter. The 560 SP dichroic mirror shown in Figure transmits wavelengths of light 560 nm or shorter. Wavelengths of light longer than 560 nm are reflected at 45 degrees.Once a cell or particle passes through the laser light, emitted SSC and fluorescence signals are diverted to the photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and a photodiode collects the FSC signals. All of the signals are routed to their detectors via a system of mirrors and optical filters. PMTs detect fluorescence signals, which are often weak. The specificity of a detector for a particular fluorescent dye is optimized by placing a filter in front of the PMT, which allows only a narrow range of wavelengths to reach the detector. This spectral band of light is close to the emission peak of the fluorescent dye. For example, the filter used in front of the FITC detector is labeled 530/30. This number gives the characteristics of the spectral band transmitted: 530 ±15 nm, or wavelengths of light that are between 515 nm and 545 nm.ElectronicsWe know, Light signals are generated as particles pass through the laser beam in a fluid stream. These light signals are converted to electronic signals by photodetectors. There are two types of photodetectors in flow cytometers: photodiodes and photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The photodiode is less sensitive to light signals than the PMTs and thus is used to detect the stronger FSC signal. PMTs are used to detect the weaker signals generated by SSC and fluorescence.A voltage pulse is created when a particle enters the laser beam and starts to scatter light or fluoresce. Once the light signals, or photons, strike one side of the PMT or the photodiode, they are converted into a proportional number of electrons that are multiplied, creating a greater electrical current. The electrical current travels to the amplifier and is converted to a voltage pulse. The highest point of the pulse occurs when the particle is in the center of the beam and the maximum amount of scatter or fluorescence is achieved. As the particle leaves the beam, the pulse comes back down to the baseline .SortingIn most applications, after a particle exits the laser beam, it is sent to waste. Sorting allows us to capture and collect cells of interest for further analysis. Once collected, the cells can be analyzed microscopically, biochemically, or functionally. To sortparticles or cells, the cytometer first needs to identify the cells of interest, then separate out the individual cells. Once the population of interest has been identified，the sort gate identifies cells of interest to be sorted out of the stream.Different cytometers have different methods of capturing a particle of interest. The FACSCalibur system, a benchtop analyzer, uses a mechanical device called a catcher tube to sort cells. This catcher tube is located in the upper portion of the flow cell. It moves in and out of the sample stream to collect a population of desired cells at a rate of up to 300 cells per second.As a cell passes through the laser beam, the FACSCalibur electronics system, using the sort gate characteristics, quickly determines if the cell is a target. The target cell is captured according to the preselected sort mode. A sort mode is the criteria of capturing the target cells relative to accurate cell count or purity. Because laser When the decision is made to capture the target cell, the electronics system waits for a fixed period of time to allow the cell to reach the catcher tube. It then triggers the catcher tube to swing into the sample stream to capture the cell. Figure 6-1(left) shows the catcher tube in its resting position in the sheath stream. Figure 6-1(right) show the catcher tube positioned in the sample core stream ready to capture a target cell.This method isolates a cell of interest by vibrating the entire stream. The sample stream vibrates along its axis and breaks up into drops. The distance between drops is fixed. When the sheath velocity and the vibration speed of the nozzle tip are constant, the pattern of drop formation is fixed. With the fixed drop formation, it is able to calculate the distance between the drops precisely, which allows for the isolation of individual cells. Then we apply a voltage charge to drops containing a cell that meets the predefined sorting criteria. Positively and negatively charged plates are present on either side of the vibrating stream. As the charged drops pass by the charged plates, the droplets are deflected to the collection tubes, depending on the droplet’s charge polarity.。

OB2283 Demo Board Manual(A)_天晖_130911

5 Thermal Test........................................................................................................................................ 20 6 Other important waveform ................................................................................................................. 20 6.1 CS, FB, Vdd & Vds waveform at no load/full load...................................................................... 20 6.2 Vds and Secondary diode waveform at full load, start/normal/output short ............................... 21 6.2.1 Vds and Secondary diode at full load, start/normal/output short ............................................ 21 6.2.2 Vds at full load, start waveform ............................................................................................... 21 6.2.3 Vds and Secondary diode at full load, normal waveform........................................................ 22 6.2.4 Vds and Secondary diode at full load, output short waveform................................................ 22

汽车主流客户特殊特性及其控制方法讲义

• Where required, pass-through characteristics have been identified for all new parts and existing parts. Where required, these pass-through characteristics are identified on the PFMEA and control plan. (The intent is to implement robust controls within the process control plans / work instructions to manage pass-through characteristics.) 鉴別所有新零件与现有零件的传递特性，这些传递特性会在PFMEA与控制计划中识別出来（其目的是为透过稳健的过程控制计划/作业指导书来控制所有的传递特性）。
6
福特汽车CC/SC/HIC/PTC
• Note: CCs, SCs and HICs are not necessarily restricted to part characteristics. Process parameters are equally critical to the parts characteristics. The process parameters must also be identified as CCs, SCs and HICs and must be monitored and managed through the control plan.
注：対于SC's 和 HIC's（如果有的话）是严重度属5-8 之间，且发生度属4-10之间。在PFMEA中识别为SC、 HIC和CC的产品/过程特性，必须同样在控制计划/作业指导书中标识出来。此外，CC（倒三角）和OS（操作人员安全）的定义为严重度=9或10，且发生度在1-10 之间。

产品专用英语单词

产品专用英语单词第一篇：产品专用英语单词常用专用英语单词1.材质wood木头marble大理石glass玻璃ceramic陶瓷poly / resin 树脂wicker藤 steel铁acrylic亚克力plastic塑料，塑胶 crystal水晶metal金属leather皮faux leather 仿皮2.灯的类型table lamp台灯buffet lamp巴费灯pendant单吊mini lamp迷你灯chandelier吊灯（多吊）wall lamp壁灯floor lamp地灯up-light/torchier朝天灯3.颜色silver银色ivory象牙白amber琥珀色orange桔色purple紫色pink粉红色green绿色brown棕色black黑色red红色gold金色hand-painting手绘 gray灰色dark深色blue 蓝色white白色finish颜色chrome铬pb仿金antique brass古铜色light浅色antique pewter类似银色的一种颜色plating电镀brushed steel沙镍=satin nicklecrackle裂纹antique pewter4.灯的配件cord电线neck脖子finial粒头break碟盘bulb灯泡base底座crystal prisms水晶吊坠tube管子font中肚foot脚loader加重块aluminum socket铝壳灯头phenolic socket电木灯头on-off switch单段开/关=翘板开关=推卡开关reeded tube梅花管3 way socket三段灯头line switch线上开关 touch switch触摸开关turn knob switch旋扭开关foot switch脚踏开关dimmer switch微调开关harp灯罩支架saddle牛角spider/washer三叉/四叉5.灯罩square正方形rectangle长方形round圆形oval椭圆形hexagon六边形octangle八边形triangle三角形abnormity异形drum shade桶形hardback shade平贴罩（硬背罩）silk look仿丝fabric布料trim边gallery宽边cut-corner切角bell shade宫廷罩=softback shadefeather羽毛pleat 折景piping 侧条eyelash须边washer/spider实心介子mushroom乱景faux leather仿毛皮leather皮scallop波浪UNO乌龙圈tassel流苏bead珠子6.运输包装assembly instruction说明书price sticker价格标duty税UPC bar code条形码label标签hangtag 吊牌Check支票cash现金accessory 附属物bulk pack 散装Drop-test 试摔wrap包裹vessel船Freight运费sailing date开船日closing date结关日container货柜polyfoam保利隆Product description产品描述brown box 黄盒white box 白盒display box 展示盒cubic feet 立方英尺 Cuft 材积closing 结关by sea 海运By air 空运customs clearance 清关factory model NO.本厂编号Pass 合格inspect 验货color box 彩盒prepay 预付Specification 规格forwarder 船务公司代理master carton 外箱factory name 工厂名称第二篇：床上用品专用英语单词本文由提供床上用品专用英语单词床上用品：Bedding;bedclothes 绝对地道，这是报关员考试教材上的翻译被子 Quilt;Duvet(充羽毛、绒制成的)被壳 Comforter Shell传统式枕套：Pillow Sham开口式枕套: Pillow Case靠垫 Cushion帷幔 Valance窗帘 Curtain闺枕 Boudoir Pillow圆抱枕 Neck Roll被单 Bed Sheet, 床单sheet＝bedsheet＝flat Sheet包被单 Sheet床单 Flat Sheet床罩 Fitted Sheet;Bed Cover ,BED SPREAD 床罩，也叫Fitted Sheet，床裙 Bed Spread;Bed Skirt(BEDSPREAD有时也做床裙) 枕巾 Pillow Towel桌布 Tablecloth盖毯 Throw毛毯 Woolen Blanket毛巾毯 T owel Blanket睡袋 Sleeping bag;Fleabag 本文由提供本文由提供FITTED COVER 床笠THROW, QUILT, COMFORTER, DUVET 之间的区别是什么? Duvet 和Comforter在英语中都是被子的意思，前者多用于英国，后者多用于美国。

传递特性的管理

PTC SCOPE AT (传递特性的定义范围）
Analyze all T and TR final line stations for possible component, hardware, and installation failure modes and their current detection. Develop short and long-term corrective action plans for high-risk issues that may affect our customers.分析所有的T和TR由于可能存在的组成和装配失败的样件以及当前的检测方式。针对可能影响到我们的客户的高风险问题开展短期和长期的整改活动计划。
caught at #43
Yes No
Cocked
Yes No N/A
Sta. #40
Yes No
Steel on bottom ( upside down )
4
Yes No N/A
5
No Detection
6
Yes No
7
Cocked/ not in grooves
Yes No N/A
Sta. #43
Yes No
Where or What Station?
8
Can a SIMILAR BUT WRONG component be
9
installed?
If so, can it be detected? Where?
10
Can this component be installed in the WRONG
传递特性就是那些内部或者外部供应产品的特性的潜在的或运行的问题在生产装配和检测时（车间内部任何一个能做验证的）没有被100%的识别，因此就存在质量缺陷被 “传递”到我们的客户那里的风险。

传递特性的管理

PTC PROCESS FLOW 传递特性的工艺流程
INDIVIDUAL STATION REVIEW
MEASURE PHASE
个别工位的评审（测量阶段）
DATA ENTRY INTO EXCEL MATRIX
MEASURE PHASE
ANALYZE FAILURE MODES
MEASURE AND ANALYZE PHASES
IMPROVE PHASE
IMPROVE PHASE
永久性措施（改进阶段）
CONTROL PHASE
控制阶段
CONTROL PHASE
INDIVIDUAL STATION REVIEW
个别工位的评审
A
1 STATION: 40
2
Kit or Part Number / Descriptions
Can this component be INSTALLED
分析失效模式（测量和分析阶段）
PRIORITIZE FAILURE MODES
ANALYZE PHASE
判定失效模式的优先次序（分析阶段）
临时措施
（改进阶段）
ALLOCATE RESOURCES
IMPROVE PHASE
分配资源（改进阶段）
SHORT TERM CORRECTIVE ACTIONS LONG TERM CORRECTIVE ACTIONS
Pass Through Characteristics Management( 传递特性的管理）
FoA Supplier Development
Ford Motor Company
What is Pass Through Characteristics? （什么是传递特性）

福特FordMotor术语

福特FordMotor术语Ford inverted delta: 倒三角，critical characteristicsCC: critical characteristics，严重度为9和10(零件)。

关键特性。

SC: significant characteristics，严重度为5-8（发生频率为4-10或福特研发批准）。

重要特性。

HIC: high impact characteristics，严重度为5-8，发生频率为4-10。

高影响度特性。

YC: Potential CC，严重度为9和10。

潜在的关键特性。

YS: Potential SC，严重度为5-8。

潜在的重要特性。

OC: Operator Safety，严重度为9和10(过程)。

操作人员安全。

PTC: pass-through characteristics 传递特性CTQ：critical to quality 关键尺寸(J1) Job 1 整车投产（开始生产可向顾客销售的车辆；JOB1投产评审）2/4-WD: Two/four wheel drive 2/4轮驱动APQP: Advanced product quality planning 先期产品质量规划BOM: Bill of material 物料清单CPA: commercial and program agreement 商务项目协议DB: durability build 样车阶段DFMEA：design failure mode effect analysis （针对设计的）潜在失效模式及后果分析DV：design verification 设计验证DVP：design verification plan 设计验证计划ED&T：engineering development and test 工程开发和测试FDJ：final data judgement 最终资料评价（最终数据确认）-- （客户：UP零件设计完成并发布；签署开模申请；工装、检具方案的评审；UN/UP第二次访问计划确认；/ 供应商：完成工装、检具、设备的开发计划；完成工装、检具方案；开模申请提交）FEC：final engineering completion 最终工程完成（最终工程签发）-- （客户：完成需要重新进行的DV试验；所有整车DV试验和公告试验完成；工程问题关闭；完成工程签发；/供应商：完成需重新进行的DV台架试验）FPDS：ford product development system 福特产品开发系统FRG：Ford reliability guideline 福特可靠性指导F2F：face to face 面对面会议GPDS：global product development system 全球产品开发系统GYR：green-yellow-red 绿黄红IPD：In Plant Date 进厂日IPO：individual part order 单个零件订单ISIR：initial sample inspection report 初始样件检查报告JIT：just in time 准时生产，又译实时生产系统（多品种小批量混合生产条件下高质量、低消耗的生产方式即准时生产；追求一种无库存，或库存达到最小的生产系统。

专八英语阅读

英语专业八级考试TEM-8阅读理解练习册（1）(英语专业2012级)UNIT 1Text AEvery minute of every day, what ecologist生态学家James Carlton calls a global ―conveyor belt‖, redistributes ocean organisms生物.It’s planetwide biological disruption生物的破坏that scientists have barely begun to understand.Dr. Carlton —an oceanographer at Williams College in Williamstown,Mass.—explains that, at any given moment, ―There are several thousand marine species traveling… in the ballast water of ships.‖ These creatures move from coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where some of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infamous无耻的，邪恶的invasion of fish-destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels有斑马纹的贻贝.Such voracious贪婪的invaders at least make their presence known. What concerns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. Many of them probably just die out. Some benignly亲切地，仁慈地—or even beneficially — join the local scene. But some will make trouble.In one sense, this is an old story. Organisms have ridden ships for centuries. They have clung to hulls and come along with cargo. What’s new is the scale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship-ballast water压载水— taken in to provide ship stability—continuously moving around the world…Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of one port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilometers away. A single load can run to hundreds of gallons. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. The creatures that come along tend to be in their larva free-floating stage. When discharged排出in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish水母, slugs鼻涕虫，蛞蝓, and many other forms.Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps in coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is flushed into midocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it worldwide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would need a clearer view of what is going on.The continuous shuffling洗牌of marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the Black Sea. It has destroyed that sea’s anchovy鳀鱼fishery by eating anchovy eggs. It may soon spread to western and northern European waters.The maritime nations that created the biological ―conveyor belt‖ should support a coordinated international effort to find out what is going on and what should be done about it. (456 words)1.According to Dr. Carlton, ocean organism‟s are_______.A.being moved to new environmentsB.destroying the planetC.succumbing to the zebra musselD.developing alien characteristics2.Oceanographers海洋学家are concerned because_________.A.their knowledge of this phenomenon is limitedB.they believe the oceans are dyingC.they fear an invasion from outer-spaceD.they have identified thousands of alien webs3.According to marine ecologists, transplanted marinespecies____________.A.may upset the ecosystems of coastal watersB.are all compatible with one anotherC.can only survive in their home watersD.sometimes disrupt shipping lanes4.The identified cause of the problem is_______.A.the rapidity with which larvae matureB. a common practice of the shipping industryC. a centuries old speciesD.the world wide movement of ocean currents5.The article suggests that a solution to the problem__________.A.is unlikely to be identifiedB.must precede further researchC.is hypothetically假设地，假想地easyD.will limit global shippingText BNew …Endangered‟ List Targets Many US RiversIt is hard to think of a major natural resource or pollution issue in North America today that does not affect rivers.Farm chemical runoff残渣, industrial waste, urban storm sewers, sewage treatment, mining, logging, grazing放牧,military bases, residential and business development, hydropower水力发电,loss of wetlands. The list goes on.Legislation like the Clean Water Act and Wild and Scenic Rivers Act have provided some protection, but threats continue.The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported yesterday that an assessment of 642,000 miles of rivers and streams showed 34 percent in less than good condition. In a major study of the Clean Water Act, the Natural Resources Defense Council last fall reported that poison runoff impairs损害more than 125,000 miles of rivers.More recently, the NRDC and Izaak Walton League warned that pollution and loss of wetlands—made worse by last year’s flooding—is degrading恶化the Mississippi River ecosystem.On Tuesday, the conservation group保护组织American Rivers issued its annual list of 10 ―endangered‖ and 20 ―threatened‖ rivers in 32 states, the District of Colombia, and Canada.At the top of the list is the Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River, whereCanadian mining firms plan to build a 74-acre英亩reservoir水库，蓄水池as part of a gold mine less than three miles from Yellowstone National Park. The reservoir would hold the runoff from the sulfuric acid 硫酸used to extract gold from crushed rock.―In the event this tailings pond failed, the impact to th e greater Yellowstone ecosystem would be cataclysmic大变动的，灾难性的and the damage irreversible不可逆转的.‖ Sen. Max Baucus of Montana, chairman of the Environment and Public Works Committee, wrote to Noranda Minerals Inc., an owner of the ― New World Mine‖.Last fall, an EPA official expressed concern about the mine and its potential impact, especially the plastic-lined storage reservoir. ― I am unaware of any studies evaluating how a tailings pond尾矿池，残渣池could be maintained to ensure its structural integrity forev er,‖ said Stephen Hoffman, chief of the EPA’s Mining Waste Section. ―It is my opinion that underwater disposal of tailings at New World may present a potentially significant threat to human health and the environment.‖The results of an environmental-impact statement, now being drafted by the Forest Service and Montana Department of State Lands, could determine the mine’s future…In its recent proposal to reauthorize the Clean Water Act, the Clinton administration noted ―dramatically improved water quality since 1972,‖ when the act was passed. But it also reported that 30 percent of riverscontinue to be degraded, mainly by silt泥沙and nutrients from farm and urban runoff, combined sewer overflows, and municipal sewage城市污水. Bottom sediments沉积物are contaminated污染in more than 1,000 waterways, the administration reported in releasing its proposal in January. Between 60 and 80 percent of riparian corridors (riverbank lands) have been degraded.As with endangered species and their habitats in forests and deserts, the complexity of ecosystems is seen in rivers and the effects of development----beyond the obvious threats of industrial pollution, municipal waste, and in-stream diversions改道to slake消除the thirst of new communities in dry regions like the Southwes t…While there are many political hurdles障碍ahead, reauthorization of the Clean Water Act this year holds promise for US rivers. Rep. Norm Mineta of California, who chairs the House Committee overseeing the bill, calls it ―probably the most important env ironmental legislation this Congress will enact.‖ (553 words)6.According to the passage, the Clean Water Act______.A.has been ineffectiveB.will definitely be renewedC.has never been evaluatedD.was enacted some 30 years ago7.“Endangered” rivers are _________.A.catalogued annuallyB.less polluted than ―threatened rivers‖C.caused by floodingD.adjacent to large cities8.The “cataclysmic” event referred to in paragraph eight would be__________.A. fortuitous偶然的，意外的B. adventitious外加的，偶然的C. catastrophicD. precarious不稳定的，危险的9. The owners of the New World Mine appear to be______.A. ecologically aware of the impact of miningB. determined to construct a safe tailings pondC. indifferent to the concerns voiced by the EPAD. willing to relocate operations10. The passage conveys the impression that_______.A. Canadians are disinterested in natural resourcesB. private and public environmental groups aboundC. river banks are erodingD. the majority of US rivers are in poor conditionText CA classic series of experiments to determine the effects ofoverpopulation on communities of rats was reported in February of 1962 in an article in Scientific American. The experiments were conducted by a psychologist, John B. Calhoun and his associates. In each of these experiments, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure and given an adequate supply of food, water, and other necessities. The rat populations were allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing stress due to overcrowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their mothers. He and his associates then carefully observed and recorded behavior in these overpopulated communities. At the end of their experiments, Calhoun and his associates were able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding.The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density: They showed deviant异常的maternal behavior; they did not behave as mother rats normally do. In fact, many of the pups幼兽，幼崽, as rat babies are called, died as a result of poor maternal care. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups,and, without their mothers' care, the pups died. Under normal conditions, a mother rat would not leave her pups alone to die. However, the experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, mother rats do not behave normally. Their behavior may be considered pathologically 病理上，病理学地diseased.The dominant males in the rat population were the least affected by overpopulation. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did. The fact that the dominant males had adequate space in which to live may explain why they were not as seriously affected by overpopulation as the other rats. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male,female, and immature rats. This deviant behavior showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding in the enclosure.Non-dominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely; they moved very little and ate and drank at times when the other rats were sleeping in order to avoid contact with them. Other non-dominant males were hyperactive; they were much more active than is normal, chasing other rats and fighting each other. This segment of the rat population, likeall the other parts, was affected by the overpopulation.The behavior of the non-dominant males and of the other components of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Calhoun's experiments. In large urban areas such as New York City, London, Mexican City, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individuals, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. The quantity of other forms of social pathology such as murder, rape, and robbery also frequently occur in densely populated human communities. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation? Calhoun’s experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments.11. Paragraph l is organized according to__________.A. reasonsB. descriptionC. examplesD. definition12．Calhoun stabilized the rat population_________.A. when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stressB. by removing young ratsC. at a constant number of adult rats in the enclosureD. all of the above are correct13.W hich of the following inferences CANNOT be made from theinformation inPara. 1?A. Calhoun's experiment is still considered important today.B. Overpopulation causes pathological behavior in rat populations.C. Stress does not occur in rat communities unless there is overcrowding.D. Calhoun had experimented with rats before.14. Which of the following behavior didn‟t happen in this experiment?A. All the male rats exhibited pathological behavior.B. Mother rats abandoned their pups.C. Female rats showed deviant maternal behavior.D. Mother rats left their rat babies alone.15. The main idea of the paragraph three is that __________.A. dominant males had adequate living spaceB. dominant males were not as seriously affected by overcrowding as the otherratsC. dominant males attacked weaker ratsD. the strongest males are always able to adapt to bad conditionsText DThe first mention of slavery in the statutes法令，法规of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660—some forty years after the importation of the first Black people. Lest we think that existed in fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Handlin assure us, that the status of B lack people down to the 1660’s was that of servants. A critique批判of the Handlins’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanation for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.The Handlins explain the appearance of legal slavery by arguing that, during the 1660’s, the position of white servants was improving relative to that of black servants. Thus, the Handlins contend, Black and White servants, heretofore treated alike, each attained a different status. There are, however, important objections to this argument. First, the Handlins cannot adequately demonstrate that t he White servant’s position was improving, during and after the 1660’s; several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate otherwise. Another flaw in the Handlins’ interpretation is their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal slavery there was no discrimination against Black people. It is true that before the 1660’s Black people were rarely called slaves. But this shouldnot overshadow evidence from the 1630’s on that points to racial discrimination without using the term slavery. Such discrimination sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or inherited status—the two attributes of true slavery—yet in other cases it included both. The Handlins’ argument excludes the real possibility that Black people in the English colonies were never treated as the equals of White people.The possibility has important ramifications后果，影响.If from the outset Black people were discriminated against, then legal slavery should be viewed as a reflection and an extension of racial prejudice rather than, as many historians including the Handlins have argued, the cause of prejudice. In addition, the existence of discrimination before the advent of legal slavery offers a further explanation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in North than in South America. Freyre and Tannenbaum have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in North America—such as a Roman conception of slavery and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality— explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America. But this cannot be the whole explanation since it is merely negative, based only on a lack of something. A more compelling令人信服的explanation is that the early and sometimes extreme racial discrimination in the English colonies helped determine the particular nature of the slavery that followed. (462 words)16. Which of the following is the most logical inference to be drawn from the passage about the effects of “several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures” (Para.2) passed during and after the 1660‟s?A. The acts negatively affected the pre-1660’s position of Black as wellas of White servants.B. The acts had the effect of impairing rather than improving theposition of White servants relative to what it had been before the 1660’s.C. The acts had a different effect on the position of white servants thandid many of the acts passed during this time by the legislatures of other colonies.D. The acts, at the very least, caused the position of White servants toremain no better than it had been before the 1660’s.17. With which of the following statements regarding the status ofBlack people in the English colonies of North America before the 1660‟s would the author be LEAST likely to agree?A. Although black people were not legally considered to be slaves,they were often called slaves.B. Although subject to some discrimination, black people had a higherlegal status than they did after the 1660’s.C. Although sometimes subject to lifetime servitude, black peoplewere not legally considered to be slaves.D. Although often not treated the same as White people, black people,like many white people, possessed the legal status of servants.18. According to the passage, the Handlins have argued which of thefollowing about the relationship between racial prejudice and the institution of legal slavery in the English colonies of North America?A. Racial prejudice and the institution of slavery arose simultaneously.B. Racial prejudice most often the form of the imposition of inheritedstatus, one of the attributes of slavery.C. The source of racial prejudice was the institution of slavery.D. Because of the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, racialprejudice sometimes did not result in slavery.19. The passage suggests that the existence of a Roman conception ofslavery in Spanish and Portuguese colonies had the effect of _________.A. extending rather than causing racial prejudice in these coloniesB. hastening the legalization of slavery in these colonies.C. mitigating some of the conditions of slavery for black people in these coloniesD. delaying the introduction of slavery into the English colonies20. The author considers the explanation put forward by Freyre andTannenbaum for the treatment accorded B lack slaves in the English colonies of North America to be _____________.A. ambitious but misguidedB. valid有根据的but limitedC. popular but suspectD. anachronistic过时的，时代错误的and controversialUNIT 2Text AThe sea lay like an unbroken mirror all around the pine-girt, lonely shores of Orr’s Island. Tall, kingly spruce s wore their regal王室的crowns of cones high in air, sparkling with diamonds of clear exuded gum流出的树胶; vast old hemlocks铁杉of primeval原始的growth stood darkling in their forest shadows, their branches hung with long hoary moss久远的青苔;while feathery larches羽毛般的落叶松,turned to brilliant gold by autumn frosts, lighted up the darker shadows of the evergreens. It was one of those hazy朦胧的, calm, dissolving days of Indian summer, when everything is so quiet that the fainest kiss of the wave on the beach can be heard, and white clouds seem to faint into the blue of the sky, and soft swathing一长条bands of violet vapor make all earth look dreamy, and give to the sharp, clear-cut outlines of the northern landscape all those mysteries of light and shade which impart such tenderness to Italian scenery.The funeral was over,--- the tread鞋底的花纹/ 踏of many feet, bearing the heavy burden of two broken lives, had been to the lonely graveyard, and had come back again,--- each footstep lighter and more unconstrained不受拘束的as each one went his way from the great old tragedy of Death to the common cheerful of Life.The solemn black clock stood swaying with its eternal ―tick-tock, tick-tock,‖ in the kitchen of the brown house on Orr’s Island. There was there that sense of a stillness that can be felt,---such as settles down on a dwelling住处when any of its inmates have passed through its doors for the last time, to go whence they shall not return. The best room was shut up and darkened, with only so much light as could fall through a little heart-shaped hole in the window-shutter,---for except on solemn visits, or prayer-meetings or weddings, or funerals, that room formed no part of the daily family scenery.The kitchen was clean and ample, hearth灶台, and oven on one side, and rows of old-fashioned splint-bottomed chairs against the wall. A table scoured to snowy whiteness, and a little work-stand whereon lay the Bible, the Missionary Herald, and the Weekly Christian Mirror, before named, formed the principal furniture. One feature, however, must not be forgotten, ---a great sea-chest水手用的储物箱,which had been the companion of Zephaniah through all the countries of the earth. Old, and battered破旧的，磨损的, and unsightly难看的it looked, yet report said that there was good store within which men for the most part respect more than anything else; and, indeed it proved often when a deed of grace was to be done--- when a woman was suddenly made a widow in a coast gale大风，狂风, or a fishing-smack小渔船was run down in the fogs off the banks, leaving in some neighboring cottage a family of orphans,---in all such cases, the opening of this sea-chest was an event of good omen 预兆to the bereaved丧亲者;for Zephaniah had a large heart and a large hand, and was apt有…的倾向to take it out full of silver dollars when once it went in. So the ark of the covenant约柜could not have been looked on with more reverence崇敬than the neighbours usually showed to Captain Pennel’s sea-chest.1. The author describes Orr‟s Island in a(n)______way.A.emotionally appealing, imaginativeB.rational, logically preciseC.factually detailed, objectiveD.vague, uncertain2.According to the passage, the “best room”_____.A.has its many windows boarded upB.has had the furniture removedC.is used only on formal and ceremonious occasionsD.is the busiest room in the house3.From the description of the kitchen we can infer that thehouse belongs to people who_____.A.never have guestsB.like modern appliancesC.are probably religiousD.dislike housework4.The passage implies that_______.A.few people attended the funeralB.fishing is a secure vocationC.the island is densely populatedD.the house belonged to the deceased5.From the description of Zephaniah we can see thathe_________.A.was physically a very big manB.preferred the lonely life of a sailorC.always stayed at homeD.was frugal and saved a lotText BBasic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country' s impressive population growth. For every three Canadians in 1945, there were over five in 1966. In September 1966 Canada's population passed the 20 million mark. Most of this surging growth came from natural increase. The depression of the 1930s and the war had held back marriages, and the catching-up process began after 1945. The baby boom continued through the decade of the 1950s, producing a population increase of nearly fifteen percent in the five years from 1951 to 1956. This rate of increase had been exceeded only once before in Canada's history, in the decade before 1911 when the prairies were being settled. Undoubtedly, the good economic conditions of the 1950s supported a growth in the population, but the expansion also derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an increase in the average size of families; In 1957 the Canadian birth rate stood at 28 per thousand, one of the highest in the world. After the peak year of 1957, thebirth rate in Canada began to decline. It continued falling until in 1966 it stood at the lowest level in 25 years. Partly this decline reflected the low level of births during the depression and the war, but it was also caused by changes in Canadian society. Young people were staying at school longer, more women were working; young married couples were buying automobiles or houses before starting families; rising living standards were cutting down the size of families. It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through theWestern world since the time of the Industrial Revolution. Although the growth in Canada’s population had slowed down by 1966 (the cent), another increase in the first half of the 1960s was only nine percent), another large population wave was coming over the horizon. It would be composed of the children of the children who were born during the period of the high birth rate prior to 1957.6. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Educational changes in Canadian society.B. Canada during the Second World War.C. Population trends in postwar Canada.D. Standards of living in Canada.7. According to the passage, when did Canada's baby boom begin?A. In the decade after 1911.B. After 1945.C. During the depression of the 1930s.D. In 1966.8. The author suggests that in Canada during the 1950s____________.A. the urban population decreased rapidlyB. fewer people marriedC. economic conditions were poorD. the birth rate was very high9. When was the birth rate in Canada at its lowest postwar level?A. 1966.B. 1957.C. 1956.D. 1951.10. The author mentions all of the following as causes of declines inpopulation growth after 1957 EXCEPT_________________.A. people being better educatedB. people getting married earlierC. better standards of livingD. couples buying houses11.I t can be inferred from the passage that before the IndustrialRevolution_______________.A. families were largerB. population statistics were unreliableC. the population grew steadilyD. economic conditions were badText CI was just a boy when my father brought me to Harlem for the first time, almost 50 years ago. We stayed at the hotel Theresa, a grand brick structure at 125th Street and Seventh avenue. Once, in the hotel restaurant, my father pointed out Joe Louis. He even got Mr. Brown, the hotel manager, to introduce me to him, a bit punchy强力的but still champ焦急as fast as I was concerned.Much has changed since then. Business and real estate are booming. Some say a new renaissance is under way. Others decry责难what they see as outside forces running roughshod肆意践踏over the old Harlem. New York meant Harlem to me, and as a young man I visited it whenever I could. But many of my old haunts are gone. The Theresa shut down in 1966. National chains that once ignored Harlem now anticipate yuppie money and want pieces of this prime Manhattan real estate. So here I am on a hot August afternoon, sitting in a Starbucks that two years ago opened a block away from the Theresa, snatching抓取，攫取at memories between sips of high-priced coffee. I am about to open up a piece of the old Harlem---the New York Amsterdam News---when a tourist。

传递特性的管理

IM P R O V E P H A S E
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C a n d e te c t th ic k / th in a t S ta . # 4 3
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If s o , c a n it b e d e te c te d ? W h e re ?
INDIVIDUAL STATION REVIEW 个别工位的评审 Responsible Core team:团队核心成员 * Quality Manager and Engineer 质量管理人员和工程师 * Manufacturing tech “expert” from area 生产技术员 * Controls Engineer操作工程师
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A re th e re in s ta lla tio n to o ls re q u ire d ? A re th e y u s e d ? Yes
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GOAL（目标）
Reduce T and TR warranty.减少T和TR的依据
PROJECT TEAM （攻关小组）
❒ Line Technicians 生产线上的技术人员 ❒ Process Engineers 工艺工程师 ❒ Controls Engineers管理工程师 ❒ Quality Engineers质量工程师 ❒ Quality Technicians质量技术员 ❒ Supplier Quality供应商的质量 ❒ Quality Manager质量经理

中国“透明实体”课税制度研究 -以分析中国合伙企

Created by business law – type one: the legal
중국
state-owned enterprises(1988), collectively-owned enterprise(1991), private
(such as Sino-foreign joint venture, Sino-foreign joint cooperative ventures, solely foreign-owned enterprises ).
Research on Tax Law System of Transparent Entity in China
On The Basis of Analyzing The Pass-Through Taxation System of Partnership Enterprise in China
Fundamental Type of
“Transparent Entity”
in Modern Chinese private law
In Chinese law System In China, there is only one type of legal form of partnership (including GP & LP) is used for the tax purpose on fiscally "transparent entities “. Comparative Study on foreign Law: In tax law system of United States In tax law system of The United States, the fiscally transparent entity is including limited liability partnership, the general partnership, limited liability company, common investment trust, grantor trust. In tax law system of Japan On Japanese tax law study, the fiscally "transparent entities " is including the “special purpose trust”, “special purpose companies”, “investment business limited partnership”, Japanese silent partnership( called ‘tokumei kumiai’ 익명 조합) et 5/11/2011 cetera.

九年级英语文化传统传承方式单选题40题

九年级英语文化传统传承方式单选题40题1.Which of the following is NOT a way of inheriting cultural traditions?A. Telling stories passed down from generation to generationB. Learning traditional handicraftsC. Ignoring old customs and beliefsD. Participating in traditional festivals答案：C。

本题考查文化传统传承方式的基本概念。

选项A 讲述代代相传的故事是传承文化传统的方式之一。

选项B 学习传统手工艺有助于传承文化。

选项D 参加传统节日也是传承的重要途径。

而选项C 忽略旧习俗和信仰不是传承文化传统的方式。

2.The best way to keep cultural traditions alive is _____.A. to record them in booksB. to pass them on to the next generationC. to forget about themD. to change them completely答案：B。

此题主要考查对保持文化传统活力的最佳方式的理解。

选项 A 将其记录在书中有一定作用，但不如直接传递给下一代更能保持其活力。

选项 C 忘记它们会导致文化传统的丢失。

选项 D 完全改变它们会失去文化传统的原本内涵。

传递给下一代是保持文化传统鲜活的最好方式。

3.Which cultural tradition is often passed down through oral history?A. Ancient buildingsB. Folk songsC. Modern artworksD. Computer games答案：B。

NVIDIA vGPU软件管理SDK DU-08141-001 _v5.0 through 5.4

DU-08141-001 _v5.0 through 5.4 Revision 04 | May 2020 User GuideTABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction to the NVIDIA vGPU Software Management SDK (1)1.1. NVIDIA vGPU Software Management Interfaces (1)1.2. Introduction to NVML (3)1.3. NVIDIA vGPU Software Management SDK contents (3)Chapter 2. Managing vGPUs from a hypervisor by using NVML (5)2.1. Determining whether a GPU supports hosting of vGPUs (5)2.2. Discovering the vGPU capabilities of a physical GPU (6)2.3. Getting the properties of a vGPU type (6)2.4. Getting the properties of a vGPU instance (7)2.5. Building an NVML-enabled application for a vGPU host (8)Chapter 3. Managing vGPUs from a guest VM (9)3.1. NVIDIA vGPU Software Server Interfaces for GPU Management from a Guest VM (9)3.2. How GPU engine usage is reported (9)3.3. Using NVML to manage vGPUs (10)3.3.1. Determining whether a GPU is a vGPU or pass-through GPU (10)3.3.2. Physical GPU properties that do not apply to a vGPU (10)3.3.2.1. GPU identification properties that do not apply to a vGPU (11)3.3.2.2. InfoROM properties that do not apply to a vGPU (11)3.3.2.3. GPU operation mode properties that do not apply to a vGPU (11)3.3.2.4. PCI Express properties that do not apply to a vGPU (12)3.3.2.5. Environmental properties that do not apply to a vGPU (12)3.3.2.6. Power consumption properties that do not apply to a vGPU (12)3.3.2.7. ECC properties that do not apply to a vGPU (13)3.3.2.8. Clocks properties that do not apply to a vGPU (13)3.3.3. Building an NVML-enabled application for a guest VM (13)3.4. Using Windows Performance Counters to monitor GPU performance (13)3.5. Using NVWMI to monitor GPU performance (14)Figure 1 NVIDIA vGPU Software server interfaces for GPU management (2)T able 1 Summary of NVIDIA vGPU Software server interfaces for GPU management (2)The NVIDIA vGPU software Management SDK enables third party applications to monitor and control NVIDIA physical GPUs and virtual GPUs that are running on virtualization hosts. The NVIDIA vGPU software Management SDK supports control and monitoring of GPUs from both the hypervisor host system and from within guest VMs.NVIDIA vGPU software enables multiple virtual machines (VMs) to have simultaneous, direct access to a single physical GPU, using the same NVIDIA graphics drivers that are deployed on non-virtualized operating systems. For an introduction to NVIDIA vGPU software, see Virtual GPU Software User Guide.1.1. NVIDIA vGPU Software Management InterfacesThe local management interfaces that are supported within an NVIDIA vGPU software server are shown in Figure 1.Figure 1 NVIDIA vGPU Software server interfaces for GPU management For a summary of the NVIDIA vGPU software server interfaces for GPU management, including the hypervisors and guest operating systems that support each interface, and notes about how each interface can be used, see Table 1.T able 1 Summary of NVIDIA vGPU Software server interfaces for GPUmanagement1.2. Introduction to NVMLNVIDIA Management Library (NVML) is a C-based API for monitoring and managing various states of NVIDIA GPU devices. NVML is delivered in the NVIDIA vGPU software Management SDK and as a runtime version:‣The NVIDIA vGPU software Management SDK is distributed as separate archives for Windows and Linux.The SDK provides the NVML headers and stub libraries that are required to build third-party NVML applications. It also includes a sample application.‣The runtime version of NVML is distributed with the NVIDIA vGPU software host driver.Each new version of NVML is backwards compatible, so that applications written to a version of the NVML can expect to run unchanged on future releases of the NVIDIA vGPU software drivers and NVML library.For details about the NVML API, see:‣NVML API Reference Manual‣NVML man pages1.3. NVIDIA vGPU Software Management SDK contentsThe SDK consists of the NVML developer package and is distributed as separate archives for Windows and Linux:‣Windows: grid_nvml_sdk_386.37.zip ZIP archive‣Linux: grid_nvml_sdk_384.155.tgz GZIP-compressed tar archiveThe contents of these archives are summarized in the following table.NVIDIA vGPU software supports monitoring and control of physical GPUs and virtual GPUs that are running on virtualization hosts. NVML includes functions that are specific to managing vGPUs on NVIDIA vGPU software virtualization hosts. These functions are defined in the nvml_grid.h header file.NVIDIA vGPU software does not support the management of pass-through GPUs from ahypervisor. NVIDIA vGPU software supports the management of pass-through GPUs only from within the guest VM that is using them.2.1. Determining whether a GPU supports hosting of vGPUsIf called on platforms or GPUs that do not support NVIDIA vGPU, functions that are specific to managing vGPUs return one of the following errors:‣NVML_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED‣NVML_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENTTo determine whether a GPU supports hosting of vGPUs, call the nvmlDeviceGetVirtualizationMode() function.A vGPU-capable device reports its virtualization mode asNVML_GPU_VIRTUALIZATION_MODE_HOST_VGPU.Managing vGPUs from a hypervisor by using NVML2.2. Discovering the vGPU capabilities of a physical GPUTo discover the vGPU capabilities of a physical GPU, call the functions in the following table.2.3. Getting the properties of a vGPU typeTo get the properties of a vGPU type, call the functions in the following table.2.4. Getting the properties of a vGPU instance To get the properties of a vGPU instance, call the functions in the following table.2.5. Building an NVML-enabled application for a vGPU hostFuctions that are specific to vGPUs are defined in the header file nvml_grid.h. To build an NVML-enabled application for a vGPU host, ensure that you include nvml_grid.h in addition to nvml.h:#include <nvml.h>#include <nvml_grid.h>For more information, refer to the sample code that is included in the SDK.NVIDIA vGPU software supports monitoring and control within a guest VM of vGPUs or pass-through GPUs that are assigned to the VM. The scope of management interfaces and tools used within a guest VM is limited to the guest VM within which they are used. They cannot monitor any other GPUs in the virtualization platform.For monitoring from a guest VM, certain properties do not apply to vGPUs. The values that the NVIDIA vGPU software management interfaces report for these properties indicate that the properties do not apply to a vGPU.3.1. NVIDIA vGPU Software Server Interfaces for GPU Management from a Guest VMThe NVIDIA vGPU software server interfaces that are available for GPU management from a guest VM depend on the guest operating system that is running in the VM.3.2. How GPU engine usage is reportedUsage of GPU engines is reported for vGPUs as a percentage of the vGPU’s maximum possible capacity on each engine. The GPU engines are as follows:‣Graphics/SM‣Memory controller‣Video encoder‣Video decoderThe amount of a physical engine's capacity that a vGPU is permitted to occupy depends on the scheduler under which the GPU is operating:‣NVIDIA vGPUs operating under the Best Effort Scheduler and the Equal Share Scheduler are permitted to occupy the full capacity of each physical engine if no other vGPUs are contending for the same engine. Therefore, if a vGPU occupies 20% of the entire graphics engine in a particular sampling period, its graphics usage as reported inside the VM is 20%.‣NVIDIA vGPUs operating under the Equal Share Scheduler can occupy no more than their allocated share of the graphics engine. Therefore, if a vGPU has a fixed allocation of 25% of the graphics engine, and it occupies 25% of the engine in aparticular sampling period, its graphics usage as reported inside the VM is 100%. 3.3. Using NVML to manage vGPUsNVIDIA vGPU software supports monitoring and control within a guest VM by using NVML.3.3.1. Determining whether a GPU is a vGPU or pass-through GPUNVIDIA vGPUs are presented in guest VM management interfaces in the same fashion as pass-through GPUs.To determine whether a GPU device in a guest VM is a vGPU or a pass-through GPU, call the NVML function nvmlDeviceGetVirtualizationMode().A GPU reports its virtualization mode as follows:‣ A GPU operating in pass-through mode reports its virtualization mode as NVML_GPU_VIRTUALIZATION_MODE_PASSTHROUGH.‣ A vGPU reports its virtualization mode asNVML_GPU_VIRTUALIZATION_MODE_VGPU.3.3.2. Physical GPU properties that do not apply to a vGPUProperties and metrics other than GPU engine usage are reported for a vGPU in a similar way to how the same properties and metrics are reported for a physical GPU. However, some properties do not apply to vGPUs. The NVML device query functions for getting these properties return a value that indicates that the properties do not applyto a vGPU. For details of NVML device query functions, see Device Queries in NVML API Reference Manual .3.3.2.1. GPU identification properties that do not apply to a vGPU3.3.2.2. InfoROM properties that do not apply to a vGPUThe InfoROM object is not exposed on vGPUs. All the functions in the following table return NOT_SUPPORTED .3.3.2.3. GPU operation mode properties that do not apply to a vGPU3.3.2.4. PCI Express properties that do not apply to a vGPUPCI Express characteristics are not exposed on vGPUs. All the functions in the following table return NOT_SUPPORTED.3.3.2.5. Environmental properties that do not apply to a vGPUAll the functions in the following table return NOT_SUPPORTED.3.3.2.6. Power consumption properties that do not apply to a vGPU vGPUs do not expose physical power consumption of the underlying GPU. All the functions in the following table return NOT_SUPPORTED.3.3.2.7. ECC properties that do not apply to a vGPUError-correcting code (ECC) is not supported on vGPUs. All the functions in the following table return NOT_SUPPORTED.3.3.2.8. Clocks properties that do not apply to a vGPUAll the functions in the following table return NOT_SUPPORTED.3.3.3. Building an NVML-enabled application for a guest VMTo build an NVML-enabled application, refer to the sample code included in the SDK.3.4. Using Windows Performance Counters to monitor GPU performanceIn Windows VMs, GPU metrics are available as Windows Performance Counters through the NVIDIA GPU object.For access to Windows Performance Counters through programming interfaces,refer to the performance counter sample code included with the NVIDIA Windows Management Instrumentation SDK.On vGPUs, the following GPU performance counters read as 0 because they are not applicable to vGPUs:‣% Bus Usage‣% Cooler rate‣Core Clock MHz‣Fan Speed‣Memory Clock MHz‣PCI-E current speed to GPU Mbps‣PCI-E current width to GPU‣PCI-E downstream width to GPU‣Power Consumption mW‣Temperature C3.5. Using NVWMI to monitor GPU performanceIn Windows VMs, Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) exposes GPU metrics in the ROOT\CIMV2\NV namespace through NVWMI. NVWMI is included with the NVIDIA driver package. After the driver is installed, NVWMI help information in Windows Help format is available as follows:C:\Program Files\NVIDIA Corporation\NVIDIA WMI Provider>nvwmi.chmFor access to NVWMI through programming interfaces, use the NVWMI SDK. The NVWMI SDK, with white papers and sample programs, is included in the NVIDIA Windows Management Instrumentation SDK.On vGPUs, some instance properties of the following classes do not apply to vGPUs:‣Ecc‣Gpu‣PcieLinkPcieLink instance properties that do not apply to vGPUs No instances of PcieLink are reported for vGPU.NoticeALL NVIDIA DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS, REFERENCE BOARDS, FILES, DRAWINGS, DIAGNOSTICS, LISTS, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS (TOGETHER AND SEPARATEL Y, "MATERIALS") ARE BEING PROVIDED "AS IS." NVIDIA MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHERWISE WITH RESPECT TO THE MATERIALS, AND EXPRESSL Y DISCLAIMS ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF NONINFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.Information furnished is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, NVIDIA Corporation assumes no responsibility for the consequences of use of such information or for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use. No license is granted by implication of otherwise under any patent rights of NVIDIA Corporation. Specifications mentioned in this publication are subject to change without notice. This publication supersedes and replaces all other information previously supplied. NVIDIA Corporation products are not authorized as critical components in life support devices or systems without express written approval of NVIDIA Corporation.HDMIHDMI, the HDMI logo, and High-Definition Multimedia Interface are trademarks or registered trademarks of HDMI Licensing LLC.OpenCLOpenCL is a trademark of Apple Inc. used under license to the Khronos Group Inc.TrademarksNVIDIA, the NVIDIA logo, NVIDIA GRID, vGPU, Pascal, Quadro, and T esla are trademarks or registered trademarks of NVIDIA Corporation in the U.S. and other countries. Other company and product names may be trademarks of the respective companies with which they are associated.Copyright© 2013-2020 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved.。

passdown造句简单

Pass down造句简单This title will only pass down through the male line.这个头衔将只能传给男性后裔。

pass down My grandmother passed down this necklace to me.遗留下来我祖母留下这条项链给我。

That idea runs counter to standard thinking about heredity: that parents pass down only genes to their children.这与遗传学“常识”背道而驰——过去人们一直认为，父母只将基因遗传给自己的孩子。

If pass down, he can not conscientious to descendants.如果传下去，他无法向子孙后代交代。

Regardless of where the truth lies, it's still a national tradition to pass down the idea that the American Dream is achievable in each generation.无论真相如何，将“每一代人都可以实现美国梦”的观念传承下去仍旧是美国的一大传统。

You want my advice, Dad to dad? Keep it. Hold on to it and pass it down to your son.想听我的建议吗，说真的，保存好了，将来传给你儿子。

Two-way guard Ky Bowman got the fourth quarter off to a fine start by stealing a pass and throwing down a big dunk that ignited the Warriors' bench, including injured stars Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson.拥有双向合同的后卫凯·鲍曼第四节打了一个良好的开局，抢断了一个传球，一个扣篮，点燃了勇士的整个板凳席，其中就有受伤的全明星球员斯蒂芬·库里和克莱·汤普森。