2012年青岛科技大学825材料力学考研真题研究生入学考试试卷

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2012年硕士学位研究生入学考试真题

2012年硕士学位研究生入学考试考试科目：802化工原理（含实验）（允许使用计算器）请将题号和答案写在答题纸上，直接写在试卷上无效一、填空题1.层流流动中，体积流量不变而管径增大一倍吧，则摩擦系数______。

2.相同材料，装等量水的黑白塑料袋，放在阳光下照射，升温较快的是______，放在荫凉处降温，降温较快的是______，原因是______。

3.相同质量密度的片状和正方形状颗粒做沉降分离，正方形状颗粒较片状沉降快是因为______。

4.完成精馏操作的必要条件是塔顶______和塔底______。

5.板式塔中气体上升穿过板孔阻力主要来自______和______。

6.恒速干燥阶段，物料表面温度等与空气______。

7.在一定干燥条件下，物料厚度增加，物料临界含水量（）A．增大 B.减少 C.不变 D.不确定8.双层传热，传热系数λ1，λ2，温差Δt1，Δt2，若Δt1﹥Δt2，则λ1（）λ2A.﹥B.﹤C. =D.不一定9.单级（理论）萃取中，在维持进料组成和萃取相浓度不变的条件下，若用含有少量溶质的萃取剂代替纯溶剂所得萃余相浓度将（）A.增加B.减少C.不变D.不确定10. 在板框过滤机中，如滤饼不可压缩，介质阻力不计，过滤时间增加一倍时，其过滤速率为原来的（）A.2倍B.1/2倍C.1/3倍D.4倍11. 层流与湍流本质区别是（）A.湍流流速﹥层流流速B.流道截面大的为湍流，小的为层流C.层流的雷诺数﹤湍流的雷诺数D.层流无径向流动，而湍流有径向流动12. 离开干燥器，温度上升，湿度增大，干燥器热效率（）A.增加B.减少C.不变D.不一定13. 滤饼过滤时，对滤液中颗粒起拦截作用的是______而不是______。

14. 对不饱和湿空气，干球温度______湿球温度，露点温度______湿球温度高度。

二、计算题1.离心泵将20℃的水由敞口水池运送到表压为2.5atm的吸收塔，管径为Ф108mm×4mm，泵开口阀门全开时总当量长度为100m（包括局部阻力、进出口阻力），泵开口阀门全开时水的流量为56.5m3/h。

青岛科技大学826机械设计2012年考研真题

（附：70000AC轴承，已知派生轴向力，e=0.68。＞e时, X=0.41，Y=0.8； ≤e, X=1，Y=0）
图5
C）静应力D）对称循环变应力
二、填空题（1小分）在齿轮传动的设计和计算中，对于下列参数和尺寸应标准化的有；应圆整的有；没有标准化的也不应圆整的有。
（1）斜齿圆柱齿轮的法面模数（2）斜齿圆柱齿轮的端面模数
(3)分度圆直径（4）齿顶圆直径 (5)齿轮宽度B
5.简述轴的设计步骤。
四、分析、计算题（共40分）
1.（15分）已知普通螺栓连接的预紧力 N，螺栓刚度 kN/mm，被连接件刚度 kN/mm，试在图中作出螺栓连接的受力变形线图（以横坐标代表变形、纵坐标代表力）；若螺栓连接在轴向外载荷的作用下，伸长了 mm，试在图中准确的标出螺栓总拉力，外载荷，残余预紧力。
A）制造困难B）要使用较长的销轴
C）不便于装配D）链板要产生附加的弯曲应力
6.如图3所示齿轮传动，轮1为主动轮，则轮2的齿面接触应力按变化。
A）对称循环B）脉动循环C）循环特性 D）循环特性
图3
7.巴氏合金通常用于作滑动轴承的。
A）轴套B）轴承衬C）含油轴瓦D）轴承座
8.两相对滑动的接触表面，依靠吸附油膜进行润滑的摩擦状态称。
2.V型带传动在工作过程中可能出现打滑现象，有人说这就是影响V带传动效率的主要原因，你同意这一观点吗？请说明理由。
3．齿轮传动中的载荷系数为四个系数的乘积，，分别说明和的名称及引入该系数是为了考虑哪些方面的影响？齿顶修缘、轮齿的螺旋角修形（鼓形齿）目的各是什么？
4．试分析比较滚动轴承、液体润滑滑动轴承、不完全液体润滑滑动轴承的特点及应用（提示：从摩擦系数的大小、工作转速的高低、是否可用于频繁启动的场合、承受冲击载荷的能力、回转精度等方面进行论述）。

青岛科技大学825材料力学2007-2012、2016-2017年考研专业课真题试卷

青岛科技大学二○一七年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：材料力学注意事项：1．本试卷共四道大题（共计31 个小题），满分150分；2．本卷属试题卷，答题另有答题卷，答案一律写在答题卷上，写在该试题卷上或草纸上均无效。

要注意试卷清洁，不要在试卷上涂划；3．必须用蓝、黑钢笔或签字笔答题，其它均无效。

﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡一判断题（每小题2分，共24分，对的用“√”表示，错的用“╳”表示）1. 卡氏第二定理既可以求绝对位移，也可以求相对位移。

2. 金属材料拉伸时都有弹性、屈服、强化、局部变形四个阶段。

3. 拉伸杆件斜截面上正应力和切应力都存在。

4. 从材料力学的设计角度来看，安全系数必须大于1，且越大越好。

5. 实心圆轴抗扭截面系数的单位为长度的四次方。

6. 梁上有集中力作用的位置，剪力图有突变。

7. 梁的中性轴都位于截面高度的二分之一位置。

8. 构件上的某一点，若任何方向都无应变，则该点无位移。

9. 弹性固体的应变能是可逆的，当外力解除时，可以在恢复变形中，释放全部应变能而做功。

超过弹性范围，则应变能不能全部转变为功。

10. 两端固定细长压杆的约束系数都是0.5。

11. 围绕一点取得的单元体可以不是正六面体。

12. 铸铁水管冬天结冰时会因冰膨胀而涨裂，而管内的冰不破碎，这是因为冰处于三向近似等压应力状态。

二填空题（每空2分，共26分）1. 是指构件在外力作用下抵抗破坏的能力。

[τ]σ2. 图示在拉力F作用下的六角螺栓，其材料的剪切许用应力是拉伸许用应力[]的一半，则螺栓直径d和螺栓头高度h的合理比值为__________。

3. 用卡氏定理求结构某处的位移时，该处需要有与所求位移对应的载荷，如求挠度，需要有，如求转角，则要求有。

如若没有，则可采取附加力法。

4. 圆轴扭转变形前原为平面的横截面，变形后仍为平面，形状和大小均不变，半径保持为直线；相邻两截面间距离不变。

青岛科技大学2005-2006年研究生入学考试材料力学试卷

青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试试卷考试科目：材料力学（答案全部写在答题纸上）一．判断对错（每小题3分，共30分）1．变截面杆受轴向集中力F 作用，如图。

设11-σ、22-σ、33-σ分别表示杆中截面1-1，2-2，3-3上的全应力的数值，则可能有11-σ<33-σ<22-σ。

1 2 32．应变为无量纲量，若物体内各点的应变均为零，则物体无位移。

3．当低碳钢试件的试验应力s σσ≥时，试件将发生断裂。

4．低碳钢拉伸经过冷作硬化后，其强度极限将得到提高。

5．切应力互等定理，既适用于平面应力状态，而不论有无正应力作用，又适用于空间任意应力状态。

6．图示，由惯性矩的平行依轴公式，34312bh I I Z Z +=。

P2h q 2h 2h 2题6图题7图 7．梁的受力如图，在B 截面处：Q 图有突变，M 图连续光滑。

8．在线弹性和小变形的条件下，计算应力、变形和应变能都可以应用叠加法。

9．一梁在力F 作用下应变能为U ，若将F 改为2F ，其它条件不变，则应变能为4U 。

10．求位移的图乘法不能用于桁架、变截面梁和曲杆。

二．填空题（每小题5分，共40分）1．扭转应力、变形公式P I T /ρτ=、⎰=APGITdx /φ的应用条件是。

2．图示长度为l 等直梁承受均布载荷q 。

为使梁横截面内最大弯矩达到最小值，则对称放置的两支座的间距=a 。

qal3．两根梁尺寸、受力和支承情况完全相同，但材料不同，弹性模量分别为21217E E E E =，且和，则两根梁的挠度之比21:f f 为。

4．图示梁，欲使跨度中点挠度为零，则P 与q 的关系为。

q5．在线弹性结构中，外力F 在相应的位移Δ上所作的功，当时，W=21F Δ；当时，W=F Δ。

6．抗弯刚度为EI 的简支梁如图。

当梁只受1=F 作用时，截面A 的转角为EI L 16/2；当梁只受1=m 作用时，其跨度中点C 的挠度为。

青岛大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试(专业设计)试题

青岛大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试（专业设计）试题
科目代码： 885 科目名称：专业设计（共 1 页）
请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效
题目：设计一款适合 8-12 岁儿童使用的便携式多功能电子产品。

要求：
1、对此特定用户群体及其相关产品进行分析，充分考虑功能、结构、材料、人机关系、操作界面等要素，提出设计概念。

2、根据设计概念进行创意构思，画出 5 个以上不同的草图方案。

3、选出其中一个你认为最满意的方案，画出色彩效果图，内容包括至少两个角度的整体造型，必要的细节刻画和功能图示。

4、完成这个方案的外观三视图，并标注出主要尺寸和比例。

5、写出简要的设计分析和设计说明。

6、工具、表现方法不限。

7、2-3 张四开白卡纸，横向构图。

8、时间：6 小时。

青岛科技大学《835化工原理》历年考研真题专业课考试试题

（1）饱和蒸汽流量（其冷凝潜热为2204kJ/kg）；
（2）管内苯的对流传热系数αi；
（3）当苯的流量增加50%、但其他条件维持不变时，苯的出口温度为若干？
四、（20分）用连续精馏塔分离某双组分物系，原料液组成为0.20（摩尔分率，下同），流量为150kmol/h。根据工艺要求，塔顶设分凝器，冷凝液部分入塔作回流L，部分作为产品D2，由分凝器出来的气相经全凝器冷凝后作为产品D1。要求产品D1的组成不小于0.9，塔釜残液组成不大于0.05。操作中取L/D1＝1.5，D2/D1＝1/4，物系相对挥发度为 2.47，流程如图所示。试求：
目录
2005年青岛科技大学化工原理考研真题
2006年青岛科技大学化工原理考研真题
2007年青岛科技大学化工原理考研真题
2008年青岛科技大学化工原理考研真题
2009年青岛科技大学化工原理考研真题
2010年青岛科技大学化工原理考研真题
2011年青岛科技大学化工原理考研真题
2012年青岛科技大学化工原理考研真题
（2）若离心泵的特性曲线方程为
（式中，H为压头，单位为
m；Q为流量，单位（20分）一列管式换热器，管径为φ25mm×2.5mm，传热面积为 10m2（按管外径计）。今拟用于使80℃的饱和苯蒸气冷凝、冷却到 50℃。苯走管外，流量为1.25kg/s；冷却水走管内与苯逆流，流量为 6kg/s，进口温度为10℃。现已估算出苯冷凝、冷却时的对流传热系数分别为1600W/（m2·K）和850 W/（m2·K）；水的对流传热系数为2500W/ （m2·K）。忽略管壁两侧污垢热阻和管壁热阻。已知水和苯（液体）的比热容分别为4.18×103J/（kg·K）和1.76×103J/（kg·K），苯蒸气在 80℃的冷凝潜热为395×103J/kg。问此换热器是否合用？

青岛科技大学2012年研究生入学考试物理化学试卷

1 2
的关系式。华慧考博网-考博第一品牌（）考博咨询QQ：4006224468 编辑推荐：考博英语辅导班：/classroom?t=1113.0 考博英语专题/kaoboyingyu.html 考博英语怎么复习？/yingyu_fuxi.html
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华慧考博—考博第一品牌
华慧网考博咨询QQ：400 622 g的a点所示系统降温，最多可分离出多少纯 B固体?（低共溶混合物的组成为52%）五．(24分) 有电池 Ag(s)│AgCl(s)│KCl(0.1 mol·kg-1)│Hg2Cl2(s)│Hg(l)，请： (1) 写出电极反应及电池反应； (2) 计算298K时该电池的电动势、电池反应的平衡常数，并判断反应方向； (3) 计算298K 时所写电池反应的△rGm、△rSm、Qr ,m。假设各物质的活度因子均为 1，并已知E = 0.0584 V+3.41×10-4 (T/K- 298) V。六．(10分) 20℃时，一水滴的蒸气压为2.40 kPa，请估算该水滴的半径及水滴表面的附加压力。已知水的摩尔质量为18g·mol-1，同温下水密度为1g·cm -3、表面张力为 72.8 mN·m1，蒸气压为 2.34 kPa。七．(16分) 环氧乙烷的分解为一级反应，实验测得反应的活化能为 218 kJ·mol-1，380 ℃下反应的速率常数为 2.21×10-3 min1。请通过计算回答： (1) 380 ℃下环氧乙烷分解反应的半衰期为多少？ (2) 380 ℃下，环氧乙烷分解掉25％需多长时间？ (3)将反应温度提高到 500 ℃下，环氧乙烷分解掉25％需多长时间？八．(8分) k k B C ，反应的速率常数k2>> 有一连串反应 A k1，A的初始浓度为 [A]0，试导出在某一时刻 t产物的浓度 [C]与t

青岛科技大学2012年研究生入学考试英语试卷

青岛科技大学二○一二年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语注意事项：1．本试卷共6道大题（共计 47 个小题），满分100 分；2．本卷属试题卷，答题另有答题卷，答案一律写在答题卷上，写在该试题卷上或草纸上均无效。

要注意试卷清洁，不要在试卷上涂划；3．必须用蓝、黑钢笔或签字笔答题，其它均无效。

﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡PART I. READING COMPREHENSION (38%)Directions: Read the passages given below and choose the best answer to the questions attached to each of them.Passage OneQuestions 1-3 are based on the following passage.If you like the idea of staying with a family, living in house might be the answer. Good landladies---those who are superb cooks and launders, are figures as popular in fiction as the bad ones who terrorize their guest and overcharge them at the slightest opportunity. The truth is probably somewhere between the two extremes. If you are lucky, the food will be adequate, some of your laundry may be done for you and you will have a reasonable amount of comfort and companionship .For the less fortune,house rules may restrict the freedom to invite friends to visit, and shared cooking and bathroom facilities can be frustrating and row-provoking if tidy and untidy guest are living under the same roof.The same disadvantages can apply to flat sharing, with the added difficulties that arise from deciding who pays for what, and in what proportion. One person may spend hours on the phone, while another rarely makes calls. If you want privacy with guest, how do you persuade the others to go out; how do you persuade them to leave you in peace, especially if you are student and want to study?Conversely, flat sharing can be very cheap, there will always besomeone to talk to and go out with, and the chores ,in theory, can beshared.1.According to the passage ,landladies are ________　ually strict.　B. always mean.　C. adequately competent.　D. very popular with their guest.2.What is the additional disadvantage of flat sharing ?　A. Problems of sharing and paying.　B. Differences in living habits.　C. Shared cooking and bathroom facilities.　D. Restriction to invite friends to visit.3.What is NOT mentioned as a benefit of flat sharing?　A. Rent is affordable　B. There is companionship.　C. Housework.D. There is peace and quiet.Passage TwoQuestions 4-8 are based on the following passage. I am afraid to sleep. I have been afraid to sleep for the last few weeks.I am so tired that, finally, I do sleep, but only for a few minutes. It is not abad dream that wakes me; it is the reality I took with me into sleep . I tryto think of something else. Immediately the woman in the marketplace comes into my mind. I was on my way to dinner last night when I saw her . She was sellingskirts. She moved with the same ease and loveliness I often saw in thewomen of Laos. Her long black hair was as shiny as the black silk of theskirts she was selling. In her hair, she wore three silk ribbons, blue, green,and white. They reminded me of my childhood and how my girlfriendsand I used to spend hours braiding ribbons into our hair. I don’t know the word for “ribbons”, so I put my hand to my own hairand , with three fingers against my head , I looked at her ribbons and said “Beautiful.” She lowered her eyes and said nothing. I wasn’t sure if sheunderstood me (I don’t speak Laotian very well). I looked back down at the skirts. They add designs in them: squaresand triangles and circles of pink and green silk. They were very pretty. Idecided to buy one of those skirts, and I began to bargain with her overthe price. It is the custom to bargain in Asia. In Laos bargaining is done in soft voices and easy moves with the sort of quiet peacefulness. She smiled, more with her eyes than with her lips. She was pleased by the few words I was able to say in her language, although they were mostly numbers, and she saw that I understood something about the soft playfulness of bargaining. We shook our heads in disagreement over the price; then, immediately, we made another offer and then another shake of the head. She was so pleased that unexpectedly, she accepted the last offer I made. But it was too soon. The price was too low. She was being too generous and wouldn’t make enough money. I moved quickly and picked up two more skirts and paid for all three at the price set; that way I was able to pay her three times as much before she had a chance to lower the price for the larger purchase. She smiled openly then, and, for the first time in months, my spirit lifted. I almost felt happy. The feeling stayed with me while she wrapped the skirts in a newspaper and handed them to me. When I left, though, the feeling left, too. It was as though it stayed behind in marketplace. I left tears in my throat. I wanted to cry. I didn’t , of course. I have learned to defend myself against what is hard; without knowing it, I have also learned to defend myself against what is soft and what should be easy. I get up, light a candle and want to look at the skirts. They are still in the newspaper that the woman wrapped them in. I remove the paper, and raise the skirts up to look at them again before I pack them. Something falls to floor. I reach down and feel something cool in my hand. I move close to the candlelight to see what I have. There are five long silk ribbons in my hand, all different colors. The woman in the marketplace! She has given these ribbons to me! There is no defense against a generous spirit, and this time I cry, and very hard, as if I could make up for all the months that I didn’t cry.4. Which of the following in NOT correct?A. The writer was not used to bargaining.B. People in Asia always bargain when buying things.C. Bargaining in Laos was quiet and peaceful.D. The writer was ready to bargain with the woman.5. The writer assumed that the woman accepted the last offer mainly because womanA. thought that the last offer was reasonable.B. thought she could still make much money.C. was glad that the writer knew their way of bargaining.D. was tired of bargaining with the writer any more.6. Why did the writer finally decide to buy three skirts?A. The skirts were cheap and pretty.B. She liked the patterns on the skirts.C. She wanted to do something as compensation.D. She was fed up with further bargaining with the woman.7. When did the writer left the marketplace, she wanted to cry, but did not becauseA. she had learned to stay cool and unfeeling.B. she was afraid of crying in public.C. she had learned to face difficulties bravely.D. she had to show in public that she was strong.8. Why did the writer cry eventually when she looked at the skirts again?A. she suddenly felt very sad.B. she liked the ribbons so much.C. she was overcome by emotion.D. she felt sorry for the woman.Passage ThreeQuestions 9-14 are based on the following passage.The kids are hanging out. I pass small bands of students, in my way to work these morings. They have become a familiar part of the summer landscape.These kids are not old enough for jobs. Nor are they rich enough for camp. They are school children without school. The calendar called the school year ran out on them a few weeks ago. Once supervised by teachers and principals, they now appear to be “self care”.Passing them is like passing through a time zone. For much of our history, after all, Americans arranged the school year around the needs of work and family. In 19th-century cities, schools were open seven or eight hours a day, 11 months a year. In rural America, the year was arranged around the growing season. Now, only 3 percent of families follow the agricultural model, but nearly all schools are scheduled as if our children went home early to milk the cows and took months off to work the crops. Now, three-quarters of the mothers of school-age children work, but the calendar is written as if they were home waiting for the school bus.The six-hour day, the 180-day school year is regarded as something holy. But when parents work an eight-hour day and a 240-day year, it means something different. It means that many kids go home to empty houses. It means that, in the summer, they hang out. “We have a huge mismatch between the school calendar and realities of family life,” says Dr. Ernest Boyer, head of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.Dr. Boyer is one of many who believe that a radical revision of the school calendar is inevitable.＂School, whether we like it or not, iseducational. It always has been.”His is not popular idea. School are routinely burdened with the job of solving all our social problems. Can they be asked to meet the needs of our work and family lives?It may be easier to promote a linger school year on its educational merits and, indeed, the educational case is compelling. Despite the complaints and studies about our kids’ lack of learning, the United State still has a shorter school year than any industrial nation. In most of Europe, the school year is 220 days. In Japan, it is 240 days long. While classroom time alone doesn’t produce a well-educated child, learning takes time and more learning takes more time. The long summers of forgetting take a toll.The opposition to a longer school year comes from families that want to and can provide other experiences for their children. It comes from teachers. It comes from tradition. And surely from kids. But the most important part of the conflict has been over the money.9. Which of the following is an opinion of the author’s?A.＂The kids are hanging out.”B.＂They are school children without school.”C.＂These kids are not old enough for jobs.”D. “The calendar called the school year ran out on them a few weeks ago.”10. The current American school calendar was developed in the 19th century according toA. the growing season on nation’s form.B. the labor demands of the industrial age.C. teachers’ demands for more vacation time.D. parents’ demands for other experiences for their kids.11. The author thinks that the current school calendarA. is still valid.B. is out of date.C. can not be revised.D. can not be defended.12. Why was Dr. Boy’s idea unpopular?A. He argues for the role of school in solving social problems.B. He supports the current school calendar.C. He thinks that school year and family life should be considered separately.D. He strongly believes in the educational role of school.13. “The long summers of forgetting take a toll ”in the last paragraph but one means thatA. long summer vacation slows down the progress go learning.B. long summer vacation has been abandoned in Europe.C. long summers result in less learning time.D. long summers are a result of tradition.14. The main purpose of the passage isA. to describe how American children spend their summer.B. to explain the needs of the modern working families.C. to discuss the problems of the current school calendar.D. to persuade parents to stay at home to look after their kids. Passage FourQuestions 15-19 are based on the following passage.Women's minds work differently from men's. At least, that is what most men are convinced of. Psychologists view the subject either as a matter of frustration or a joke. Now the biologists have moved into this minefield, and some of them have found that there are real differences between the brains of men and women. But being different, they point out hurriedly, is not the same as being better or worse.There is, however, a definite structural variation between the male and female brain. The difference is in a part of the brain that is used in the most complex inte11ectual processes-the link between the two halves of the brain.The two halves are linked by trunkline of between 200 and 300 million nerves, the Corpus callosum. Scientists have found quite recently that the Corpus callosum in women is always larger and probably richer in nerve fibers than it is in men. This is the first time that a structural difference has been found between the brains of women and men and it must have some significance. The question is "What?", and, if this difference exists, are there others? Research shows that present-day women think differently and behave differently from men. Are some of these differences biological and inborn, a result of evolution? We tend to think that is the influence of society that produces these differences. But could we be wrong?Research showed that these two halves of the brain had different functions, and that the Corpus callosum enabled them to work together. For most people, the left half is used for word - handling, analytical and logical activities; the right half works on pictures, patterns and forms. We need both halves working together. And the better the connections, the more harmoniously the two halves work. And, according to research findings, women have the better connections.But it isn't all that easy to explain the actual differences between skills of men and women on this basis. In schools throughout the world girls tend to be better than boys at“language subjects”and boys better at maths and physics. If these differences correspond with the differences in the hemispheric trunkline, there is an unalterable distinction between the sexes.We shan't know for a while, partly because we don't know of any precise relationship between abilities in school subjects and the functioning of the two halves of the brain ,and we cannot understand how the two halves interact via the corpus callosum. But this striking difference must have some effect and, because the difference is in the parts of the brain involved in intellect, we should be looking for differences in intellectual processing.15. Which of the fo11owing statements is CORRECT?A. Biologists are conducting research where psychologists have given up.B. Brain differences point to superiority of one sex over the other.C. Results of scientific research fail to support popular belief.D. The structural difference in the brain between the sexes has long been known.16. According to the passage it is commonly believed that brain differences are caused by ________ factors.A. biologicalB .psychologicalC. physicalD .social17."these differences" in paragraph 5 refer to those inA. skills of men and women.B. school subjects.C. the brain structure of men and women.D. activities carried out by the brain.18. At the end of the passage the author proposes more work onA. the brain structure as a whole.B. the functioning of part of the brain.C. the distinction between the sexes.D. the effects of the corpus callosum.19. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To outline the research findings on the brain structure.B. To explain the link between sex and brain structure.C. To discuss the various factors that cause brain differences.D. To suggest new areas in brain research.PART II CLOZE (15%)Directions: Choose a proper word from the list to fill in each blank in the following passage. Change the form of the word if necessary. base create evoke suffice handdeeply poorly dispose degree dependvary religious present movement endeavorEverything that the human race has done and thought is concerned with the satisfaction of (1)__________ felt needs and the assuagement of pain. One has to deep this constantly in mind if one wishes to understand spiritual (2)___________ and their development. Feeling and longing are the motive force behind all human (3)___________ and human creation, in however exalted a guise the latter may (4)__________ themselves to us. Now what are the feelings and needs that have led men to(5)__________ thought and belief in the widest sense of the words? A little consideration will (6)___________ to show us that the most(7)___________ emotions preside over the birth of religious thought and experience. With primitive man it is above all fear that (8)__________ religious notions—fear of hunger, wild beasts, sickness, death. Since at this stage of existence understanding of causal connections is usually (9)__________ developed, the human mind (10)__________ illusory beings more or less analogous to itself on whose wills and actions these fearful happenings (11)___________. Thus one tries to secure the favor of these beings by carrying out actions and offering sacrifices which, according to the tradition (12)_________ down from generation to generation, propitiate them or make them well (13)___________ toward a mortal. In this sense I am speaking of a religion of fear. This, though not created, is in an important (14)___________ stabilized by the formation of a special priestly caste which sets itself up as a mediator the people and the beings they fear, and erects a hegemony on this (15)________. PART III TRANSLATION (15%)（I）．Translate the following into Chinese:（10%）1. This discovery suggests that life is probably a pretty ordinary phenomenon that occurs any place you give it half a chance.2. But I find it helpful to consider what might have happened in my own marriage if a copy of me had been made to overcome infertility.3. Forty years after the Wright Brothers’ first flight, by contrast, commercial air travel was a dauntingly expensive but widespread and growing industry.4. The promissory notes of well-known individuals and bills of exchangedrawn on English merchants readily exchanged hands for severalmonths.5．When the demand becomes immoderate, consumption of drugs increases and the incidence of adverse effects and waste follows suit.（II）． Translate the following into English （5%）随着1997年许多东亚国家经济中出现的戏剧性的货币贬值，这些国家遭受了急剧而且徘徊不去的经济衰退。

2012年青岛科技大学810材料科学基础考研试题

4.
5. 6.
7. （A、B 任选一题，多选不计入总分）(12 分) A. 已知某铜单晶试样的两个外表面分别是(001)和(111)。请分析当此晶体在室温下滑移时在上述每个外表面上可能出现的滑移线彼此成什么角度？。 B. 有两种不同配比的玻璃，其组成如下：A 玻璃：8wt% Na2O,12wt% Al2O3,80wt% SiO2； B 玻璃：12wt%Na2O, 8wt% Al2O3,80wt% SiO2。试用玻璃结构参数说明两种玻璃高温下粘度的大小？ 8. （A、B 任选一题，多选不计入总分）(12 分) A. 解释什么是屈服效应现象？这种效应在变形金属表层上会产生什么缺陷？原因是什么？如何消除？。 B. 晶界在多晶材料中有着重要的作用，试举例说明晶界的特性及应用。 9. （A、B 任选一题，多选不计入总分）(12 分) A. 将一楔型铜片置于间距恒定的两轧辊间轧制，如下图所示：
2. 作图题 (20 分) 1) 在立方晶胞中画出（421），（ 123 ），（130）晶面及[111]，[ 211 ]晶向。 3. 2) 在六方晶系中画出（ 012）、 (0110) 、（ 2110 ）晶面及[ 1210 ]、[ 010]晶向。 (12 分)按不同特点分类，固溶体可以分为哪几种类型？影响置换固溶体固溶度的因素有哪些？溶质和溶剂的原子尺寸差别（原子尺寸因素）怎样影响置换固溶体的固溶度，说明原因。（A、B 任选一题，多选不计入总分）(12 分) A. 计算面心立方 FCC 晶体中四面体间隙和八面体间隙的大小（用原子半径 R 表示），并注明间隙中心的坐标。 B. 从化学键的类型，说明什么类型的化学键易于形成玻璃？ (12 分)什么是材料科学？试举一个例子说明材料科学研究的内容。 (12 分)根据下列条件依据，画出一个二元相图，A 和 B 的熔点分别是 1000°C 和 700°，含 wB＝0.25 的合金正好在 500°C 完全凝固，它的平衡组织由 73.3％的先共晶α和 26.7 ％的（α＋β）（α 共晶组成。而 wB=0.50 合金在 500°C 时的组织由 40％的先共晶α和 60％的＋β）共晶组成，并且此合金α的总量为 50％。第 1 页（共 3 页）

青岛科技大学835化工原理2012年考研真题

页（共 3 页）
五、（20 分）在一直径为 1.2m 的逆流吸收塔中，用水吸收混于空气中的甲醇蒸气。甲醇吸收的平衡关系服从亨利定律，亨利系数 E=24.1kPa ，气膜吸收系数 kG=1.7 × 10-5kmol/( m2· kPa)， s· 液膜吸收系数 kL=2.4×10-5kmol/( m2· kmol/m3)。 s· 进塔气体含甲醇 5.2% （体积），要求吸收率为 95%，操作温度为 30℃，常压操作，进塔液体为纯水。已知单位时间流过塔的惰性气体量为 52kmol/h，气相总体积吸收系数 KYa=0.05kmol/(m3· s)，吸收剂 3 用量为理论最小用量的 1.5 倍。水的密度为 1000kg/m ，摩尔质量为 18kg/kmol。试求：（1）该吸收过程为气膜控制还是液膜控制？（2）出塔液体组成 X1；（3）所需填料层高度。六、（20 分）在常压下将含水量为 6%（湿基，下同）的湿物料以 5700kg/h 的流量送入干燥器中，干燥产品的含水率为 0.3%，干燥流程如本题附图所示。所用加热空气的温度为 20℃，湿度为 0.01kg(水)/kg(绝干气)。该加热空气被预热到 120℃后进入干燥器，废气出口温度为 75℃，忽略预热器向周围的热损失。设干燥过程为理想等焓干燥过程。试求：（1）绝干空气的用量；（2）预热器的热负荷；（3）将干燥器出口的废气在 101.3kPa 的恒定总压下冷却到 40℃，计算每千克干空气所能析出的水分量（40℃时水的饱和蒸汽压为 7.38kPa）（4）干燥器的热效率（忽略湿物料中水分带入系统中的焓）；。
1
5.8506 5.0452 lg A ，其中 A d d 0.8981 2 lg 2.8257 Re Re 3.7065

【青岛大学2012年考研专业课真题】材料科学基础2012

青岛大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码: 839 科目名称: 材料科学基础（共1 页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一．概念题：（70分，每题2分）1.单晶体2.陶瓷3.金属玻璃4.固溶体5.合金6.间隙化合物7.过冷8.偏析9.晶界10.扩散11.空位机制12.Frenkel缺陷13.刃型位错14.位错密度15.滑移系16.临界晶核17.固态相变18惯习面19.物理吸附20.一级相变21.马氏体相变22.超点阵23.Meissner效应24.形状记忆效应25.磁滞回线26.铁电体27.热应力28.抗弯强度29.疲劳30.激光31.高弹态32.相对分子量分布33.内旋转异构体34.标准电极电位35.复合材料二．计算：（60分，每题10分）1.银属于面心点阵，若原子半径为1.44A o，原子量为108，求晶格常数，八面体间隙半径及银的密度。

2.画出Fe-C相图900℃以下部分，计算含0.45%C的钢平衡组织中，铁素体、珠光体、渗碳体的质量分数。

3.某金属材料的σ-ε曲线如图所示，由该曲线能得到哪些性能，试求之。

4.假设杂质完全电离，求电阻率为5×10-3Ω.m时，n型半导体中磷的浓度。

如果掺杂是通过扩散实现的，扩散时表面的磷浓度为1024原子/ m3，扩散2h ，计算距表面多远处达到所需要的浓度[D=4×10-13m2/s，0.009=erf（0.023）μe=0.14m2/s.v]5.计算NiO. Fe2O3在0K时饱和磁化强渡和磁感应强度（a=0.834nm, μB=9.27×10-24A.m2）6.一只玻璃杯弹性模量为80GPa,热膨胀系数为9×10-6℃-1，室温下加入开水，杯子会炸裂吗？三．讨论：（20分）试述导体、半导体、陶瓷的导电机理与性质。

青岛科技大学2012年研究生入学考试无机化学试卷

青岛科技大学二○一二年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：无机化学注意事项：1．本试卷共5道大题（共计41个小题），满分150分；2．本卷属试题卷，答题另有答题卷，答案一律写在答题卷上，写在该试题卷上或草纸上均无效。

要注意试卷清洁，不要在试卷上涂划；3．必须用蓝、黑钢笔或签字笔答题，其它均无效。

﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡一、选择题：( 共30分, 每题2分 )1、多电子原子中，下列量子数的电子能量最高者为（）A 2，1，2，-1/2B 2，0，0，+1/2C 3，1，1，+1/2D 3，2，0，-1/22、Ca原子轨道2p, 3p, 3d, 4s能级顺序是（）A 2p＜3p＜3d＜4sB 2p＜4s＜3p＜3dC 2p＜3p＜4s＜3dD 4 s＜2p＜3p＜3d3、离子键的形成条件为：（）A 0＜Δχ＜ 1..7B Δχ =0C Δχ＞ 1.7D 1＜Δχ＜ 1..74、下列物质熔点高低顺序正确的是：（）A SiC＞ NaCl＞ NH3＞ N2B NaCl＞ SiC＞ NH3＞ N2C SiC＞ NaCl＞ N2＞ NH3D NaCl＞ NH3＞ SiC＞ N25、下列各种电子构型的正离子中，极化力较小的是：（）A 9~17电子构型B 8电子构型C 18电子构型 D18+2电子构型6、下列分子和离子中，中心原子以sp杂化轨道成键，且又具有π键的是：（）A CO2B SO3C C2H4D NO3－7、关于分子轨道的形成，下列叙述正确的是：（）A 分子轨道是由原子轨道经杂化排列而成，且数目相同。

B 分子轨道是由原子轨道线性组合而成，且数目相同。

C 任何原子轨道都能组合成分子轨道。

D 分子轨道形成后，电子总是最先填入能量较高的轨道。

8、CO分子的价键结构式中存在一种特殊的共价键，叫：（）A σ键B π键C π配位键D 共价键9、金属离子指示剂与金属离子形成的络合物的稳定性应满足（）A 比金属离子的EDTA络合物的稳定性小B 与金属离子的EDTA络合物的稳定性相等C 比金属离子的EDTA络合物的稳定性大D 不应该形成有色络合物10、将Cl2不断通入无色的KI水溶液中，有何现象产生？（）A 先变黄，再变棕，最后变为无色 B先变黄，再变红，最后变为黄色C 先变黄，再变棕，最后变为红色 D先变棕，再变黄，最后变为无色11、标准态下，氧化性最强的是 ( )A．AgN03 B．AgI C．[Ag(S203)2]3- D．[Ag(CN)2]-12、下列硫化物中，不溶于浓盐酸，但溶于浓硝酸的是( )A. MgS B．ZnS C．HgS D．Ag2S13、下列几种酸中，酸性最强的是( )A，HClO B．H3B03 C．HCl D．HCl0414、下列物质中存在Π34键的是 ( )A．C02 B．S03 C．S032- D．Cl04-15、下列物质的颜色不是蓝色的是( )A．乙醚层中Cr05 B．[Cu(OH)4]2- C．BaCr04 D.KFe[Fe(CN)6]二、填空：（共30分, 每题1分）1. 既可以用来鉴定Fe3+,也可以用来鉴定Co2+的试剂是 ;既可以用来鉴定Fe3+也可以用来鉴定Cu2+的试剂是 ;用来鉴定Ni2+的试剂是。

青岛大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试(823传热学)试题

青岛大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：823 科目名称：传热学（共 4 页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一. 填空题( 本大题共16 小题, 每空1 分,共30 分)（1）即使蒸汽中含有少量非凝结性气体也会导致换热系数大幅度降低的主要原因是。

（2）热辐射是由于产生的电磁波辐射。

热辐射波长的单位是，在工业温度范围内，热辐射的波段主要集中于区段。

（3）在控制壁面温度加热的大容器内饱和沸腾曲线上，随着壁面过热度由小变大，沸腾将分别经历区、区、区、区。

对控制壁面热流密度加热情况，工业上都希望控制沸腾换热在区。

（4）导热系数的单位是；对流传热系数的单位是；传热系数的单位是。

（5）膜状凝结换热的热阻主要是（6）由炉膛火焰向水冷壁传热的主要方式是。

（7）角系数仅与因素有关。

（8）按照导热机理，水的气、液、固三种状态中_______态下的导热系数最小。

（9）流体刚刚流入恒壁温的管道作层流传热时，其局部对流传热系数沿管长逐渐，这是由于。

（10）流体流过弯曲的管道或螺旋管时，对流传热系数会，这是由于。

（11）流体横掠管束时，一般情况下，布置的平均对流传热系数要比布置时高。

（12）管外流动传热，有纵向冲刷和横向冲刷之分，在其他条件相同时，以向冲刷方向传热更为强烈。

1（13）辐射传热的空间热阻主要与有关。

（14）角系数相对性用公式可写成。

（15）在冷、热流体的进出口温度一定的情况下，为了传递相同的热量，比较各种流动型式，采用布置的对数平均温差最大，所需传热面积。

（16）角系数具有、、的特性。

二.简答题( 本大题共8 小题,每小题8 分，共64 分)（1）为什么横向冲刷管束与流体在管外纵向冲刷相比，横向冲刷的传热系数大?（2）发电机水冷、氢冷、空冷相比较，哪一种冷却方式的冷却效果最好？哪一种最差？为什么？（3）试用传热原理说明冬天可以用玻璃温室种植热带植物的原理。

（4）有一台放置于室外的冷库，从减小冷库冷量损失的角度出发，冷库外壳颜色应涂成深色还是浅色？（5）试举出 3 个隔热保温的措施，并用传热学理论阐明其原理？（6）热水在两根相同的管内以相同流速流动，管外分别采用空气和水进行冷却。

青岛科技大学考研历年真题之考研历年真题之材料科学基础2006--2012年考研真题

青岛科技大学考研历年真题之考研历年真题之材料科学基础2006--2012年考研真题青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试试卷考试科目：材料科学基础（答案全部写在答题纸上）1. 选择题（只有一个正确答案）：（30分）1) A 和A-B 合金焊合后发生柯肯达尔效应，测得界面向A 试样方向移动，则__________。

A. A 组元的扩散速率大于B 组元B. B 组元的扩散速率大于A 组元C. 和扩散速率大小无关2) 立方晶体中（110）和（211）面同属于__________晶带。

A. [110] B. [100] C. [211] D [111]3) __________, 位错滑移的派－纳力越小。

A.位错宽度越大B.滑移方向上的原子间距越大C. 相邻位错的距离越大4) 对面心立方晶体暴露在晶体外表面最可能的晶面是__________。

A ．(110)B ．(111)C ．(100)5) 在置换型固溶体中，原子扩散的方式一般为·。

A.原子互换机制 B 间隙机制 C 空位机制6) 形成临界晶核时体积自由能的减少只能补偿表面能的。

A 1/3B 2/3C 3/4D 1/27) 铸铁与碳钢的区别在于有无。

A 莱氏体B 珠光体C 铁素体8) 面心立方（fcc ）结构的铝晶体中，每个铝原子在本层（111）面上的原子配位数为。

A 12B 6C 4D 39) 简单立方晶体的致密度为。

A 100%B 65%C 52%D 58%10) 不能发生攀移运动的位错是。

A 肖克莱不全位错B 弗兰克不全位错C 刃型全位错2. 简要回答下列问题：(20分)1)金属凝固的驱动力和阻力是什么？ 2)金属凝固时形核功的来源是什么？ 3)金属原子扩散的驱动力是什么？影响扩散最主要的因素是什么？4)晶界偏析的驱动力是什么？ 5)对于单晶体来说主要变形方式是什么？ 6)回复和再结晶转变的驱动力是什么？ 7)金属的空位形成能和迁移能与金属的熔点有和关系？ 8) 金属晶体中出现空位时，将会引起体积和密度怎样变化？3. 在立方晶系中画出（111）和)111(两晶面，标出二者的交线，并指出交线晶向指标。

青岛科技大学材料力学07-10.12.16-17年真题

青岛科技大学二○一二年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：材料力学注意事项：1．本试卷共三道大题（共计25个小题），满分150分；2．本卷属试题卷，答题另有答题卷，答案一律写在答题卷上，写在该试题卷上或草纸上均无效。

要注意试卷清洁，不要在试卷上涂划；3．必须用蓝、黑钢笔或签字笔答题，其它均无效。

﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡一．判断对错（每小题3分，共30分）1.低碳钢由于冷作硬化，会使材料比例极限提高，而使塑性降低。

（）2.圆轴受扭时，杆内各点均处于纯剪切状态。

（）3.在线弹性范围内，拉伸圆杆的体积发生变化，而扭转圆杆的体积不发生变化。

（）4.平面图形中，图形对对称轴的静矩为零。

（）5.梁在集中力作用的截面处，它的内力图为剪力图有突变，弯矩图光滑连续。

（）6.跨度和荷载相同的两根简支梁，其截面形状不同，但抗弯刚度EI相同，则两梁的内力相同，挠度不同。

（）7.矩形截面梁发生纯弯曲，梁的上下边缘各点处于单向应力状态，中性轴上各点处于纯剪切应力状态。

（）8.当三向应力状态的三向应力圆成为一个应力圆时，单元体上的主应力一定有两个是相等的。

（）9.在稳定性计算中，若用欧拉公式算得压杆的临界压力为F cr，而实际压杆属于中柔度杆，则实际的临界压力小于F cr，是偏于不安全的。

（）10.在线弹性和小变形的条件下，计算应力、变形和应变能都可以应用叠加法。

（）二．选择题（每小题4分，共40分）1.小变形概念是指什么？（）A杆件在弹性范围内的变形。

B杆件在垂直于轴线方向的变形。

C结构的节点位置与原始位置相比为微小的变化。

D与杆件本身尺寸相比为很小的变形。

2.当切应力超过材料的剪切比例极限时，（）A切应力互等定理和剪切胡克定律都不成立。

B切应力互等定理和剪切胡克定律都成立。

C切应力互等定理成立，而剪切胡克定律不成立。

D切应力互等定理不成立，而剪切胡克定律成立3.关于中性轴有下列三种说法：第一种，中性轴是梁的对称面和中性层的交线。

2011-2012(2)材料力学试卷1(1)

2011-2012(2)材料力学试卷1(1)第2页共7页2ddT1G2G O 山西农业大学2011-2012学年第二学期课程考试试卷（A 卷）考试科目材料力学考试时间 2012.7 考试方式闭卷成绩（本试题满分100分，考试时间120分钟）一、选择题（每题4分，共20分）1、低碳钢加载→卸载→ 再加载路径有以下四种，请判断哪一个是正确的，正确答案是（）（A ）OAB →BC →COABE ；（B ）OAB →BD →DOABE ；（C ）OAB →BAO →ODBE ；（D ）OAB →BD →DBE 。

2、由两种不同材料组成的圆轴，里层和外层材料的剪切弹性模量分别为G 1和G 2，且G 1>G 2。

圆轴尺寸如图所示。

圆轴受扭时，里、外层之间无相对滑动。

关于横截面上的切应力分布，有图中（A ）、（B ）、（C ）、（D ）所示的四种结论，请判断哪一种是正确的。

( )题号一二三四核总分得分评卷人专业______________________ 班级姓名______________ 学号第3页共7页yσxσzσ3、某点的应力状态如图所示,当σx ,σy ,σz 不变,τxy 增大时,关于εx 的值（）A 、不变B 、增大C 、减小D 、无法判定4、交变应力下的疲劳破坏不同于静载下的破坏，其主要特征正确的为（）A 、疲劳破坏的断口会呈现同样的变化特征B 、发生疲劳破坏的构件的最大工作应力低于静载下的强度极限C 、塑性好的钢材的疲劳破坏前也会有明显的塑性变形D 、发生疲劳破坏的构件的最大工作应力高于静载下的屈服极限 5、受扭转作用的低碳钢和铸铁构件，他们发生破坏的断口分别是（）A 、分别是横截面、450斜截面B 、都是横截面C 、分别是450斜截面、横截面D 、都是450斜截面二、计算题（共80分）(A)(B)(C)(D)第4页共7页3、（16分）如图所示，圆轴直径20mmd=，受弯矩z M及扭矩x M的作用，若由实验测得轴表面上A点沿轴向的线应变4610ε-=⨯，B点沿与轴线成450方向的线应变为0445410ε-=⨯。

青岛科技大学2012年研究生入学考试基础英语试卷

青岛科技大学二○一二年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：基础英语注意事项：1．本试卷共四道大题（共计60 个小题），满分 150 分；2．本卷属试题卷，答题另有答题卷，答案一律写在答题卷上，写在该试题卷上或草纸上均无效。

要注意试卷清洁，不要在试卷上涂划；3．必须用蓝、黑钢笔或签字笔答题，其它均无效。

﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡Part I Vocabulary and Grammar. Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that you think is the most appropriate from the four choices given below. (30 points)1. The manager vowed to revenge the ______ insult of his competing counterpart yesterday.A. calculatedB. outrageousC. intentionedD. selfish2. Almost any solid ______ can be called dust if it is light enough to float in the air.A. wasteB. spotC. MetalD. speck3. We heard wolves ______ mournfully somewhere nearby in the complete darkness when we camped in the forest last weekend.A. barkingB. roaringC. howlingD. growling4. The sweater he bought last week ______ after he washed it.A. shrankB. shortenedC. decreasedD. lessened5. As a result of sluggish business, the boss of the company is urging his clerks to be ______ with electricity.A. economicsB. economicalC. stingyD. thrifty6. The minister has to provide a very ______explanation for the new medical care reform.A. compulsoryB. comprehensiveC. sophisticatedD. understanding7. They sell their military equipment to whoever needs it with the ______ purpose of making profit.A. onlyB. uniqueC. singularD. sole8. No one believed that such a little girl could ______ the things well ahead.A. reconcileB. suspectC. forsakeD. anticipate9. Tom’s lecture was careful and ______ but his words did not seem to make much sense.A. distinctB. distinguishedC. distinguishableD. distinctive10. The most ______ of all Olympic events is the decathlon (a sports competition with 10different events).A. creativeB. excitedC. gruesomeD. grueling11. As it ______ the effects of high temperatures, rhenium is a valuable ingredient in certain alloys.A. resists B withholds C. reduces D. discharges12. In ancient China, thunder was believed to be a manifestation of the______ of the gods.A. spiritB. powerC. wrathD. sorrow13. The African quality of his music is ______ in the art that people of his generation enjoyed.A. inbornB. ingrainedC. impregnatedD. included14. I am in no ______ this evening to listen to his silly jokes.A. feelingB. attitudeC. moodD. tendency15. The young scientist became known for his ______ into the distribution of the wild species in this part of the region.A. examinationB. expositionC. researchD. account16. As soon as World War II ended, Einstein urged that atomic energy______ to peaceful uses.A. be putB. is putC. will be putD. would be put17. You ______ the washing-up. I would have dong it for you.A. needn’t have doneB. didn’t need to have doneC. weren’t toD. mustn’t have done18. The professor is very busy ______ for the examination now. Please come again at some other time.A. preparingB. preparedC. being preparedD. to prepared19. Next time we go house-hunting, remember ______ the agent for very clear directions. I wasted hours ______ the last house.A. to ask; to look forB. to ask; looking forC. asking; looking forD. asking; to look for20. It is a common expression to characterize something as “light as air”, but air is ______ “light”.A. soB. ratherC. hardlyD. somewhat21. The stout fellow over there is ______ the great magician Charlie Steward, himself.A. no other thanB. none other thanC. no other thanD. no one but22. In the new movie she wore, ______ was very uncommon in the country, a scarlet coat.A. whatB. thatC. of whatD. the23. Robinson Crusoe was hungry ______ human companionship.A. forB. aboutC. ofD. with24. Among all the students in this class, Tony is the quickest one ______ figures.A. toB. forC. inD. at25. I’m very hopeful ______ passing the course.A. forB. aboutC. inD. on26. He was laid ______ for six weeks with two broken ribs.A. awayB. downC. byD. up27. The population ______ their flags to celebrate the return of their victorious team.A. hung outB. hung togetherC. hung behindD. hung over28. As a citizen it is important to ______ with your neighbors.A. keep inB. keep offC. keep outD. keep on29. The government has ______ new measures to combat inflation.A. brought inB. brought aboutC. brought onD. brought up30. The idea of a balanced diet is very difficult to ______ to anyone who knows little about food values.A. put throughB. put acrossC. take inD. make overPart II Reading Comprehension (40 points)Read the following essay carefully, and then, answer the questions in Section A, B, C, and D.How to Avoid Foolish Opinions1To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is prone, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all errors, but from silly ones.2If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make it yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men by simply asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you don’t is a fatal mistake, to which we are all prone. I believe hedgehogs eat black beetles, because I have been told that they do; but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs, I shouldn’t commit myself until I had seen one enjoying this unappetizing diet. Aristotle, however, was less cautious. Ancient and medieval authors knew all about unicorns and salamander; not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because he had never seen one of them.3Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. If you have passionate convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias. If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way.Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic, because inarithmetic there is knowledge, but in theology there is only opinion.So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on guard; you’ll probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants.4 A good way of riding yourself of certain kinds of dogmatism is tobecome aware of opinions held in social circles different from yours.When I was young, I lived much outside my own country, and I found this very profitable in diminishing the intensity of insular prejudice. If you can’t travel, seek out people with whom you disagree, and read a newspaper belonging to a party that is not yours. If the people and the newspaper seem mad, perverse, and wicked, remind yourself that you seem so to them. In this opinion both parties may be right, but they can’t both be wrong. This reflection should generate a certain caution. 5For those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different bias.This has one advantage: the method is not subject to the same limitations of time and space. Mahatma Gandhi deplored railways and steamboats and machinery; he would have liked to remove the effect of the whole of the industrial revolution. You may never have an opportunity of actually meeting any one who holds this opinion, because in Western countries most people take the advantages of modern technique for granted. But if you want to make sure you are right in agreeing with the prevailing opinion, you’ll find it a good plan to test the arguments that occur to you by considering what Gandhi might have said in refutation of them. I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue, and short of this, I have frequently found myself growing less dogmatic and cocksure through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent.6Be very wary of opinions that flatter your self-esteem. Both men and women, nine times out of ten, are firmly convinced of the superior excellence of their own sex. There is abundant evidence on both sides.If you are a man, you can point out that most poets and men of science are male; if you are a woman, you can retort that so are mostcriminals. The question is inherently insoluble, but self-esteem conceals this from most people. We are all persuaded that our own nation is superior to others. Seeing that each nation has it characteristic merits and demerits, we adjust our standard of values so as to make out that the merits possessed by our nation are the really important ones, while its demerits are comparatively trivial. Here, again, the rational man will admit that the question is one to which there is no demonstrably right answer. It is more difficult to deal with the self-esteem of man as man, because we cannot argue out the matter with some non-human. The only way I know of dealing with this general human conceit is to remind ourselves that man is a brief episode in the life of a small planet in a little corner of the universe, and that for aught we know, other parts of the cosmos may contain beings as superior to ourselves as we are to jelly-fish.Section A. Answer the following questions. (15%)31. The title of this essay is an adaptation of a phase from its first paragraph. Is there any other phrase in the first paragraph which could be used to make up a good title for the essay? If so, what is it?32. What are the “simple rules” which the author suggests in his essay? What are the examples does the author use to illustrate his rules respectively?33. What, in the author’s opinion, is the difference between knowledge and opinion?34. There is one statement in Para. 2 which is ironical, i.e. it means the opposite of what it appears. What is the statement?35. “The author’s main point is that we should not believe strongly in anything.” Is this correct? If so, why do you agree with the author? If not, how would you change the statement?Section B. Read the short extract given below and answer the questions by choosing the best alternative (a, b, c, d) under each. (10%)“If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland ison the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction.”36. The second sentence_____________(a) simply adds a further point to the argument already stated in the first sentence.(b) illustrates the point made in the first sentence.(c) builds up the argument of the first sentence by restating it from the opposite point of view.(d) makes the main point which has only been introduced by the first sentence.37. If someone else’s opinion makes us angry, it means that____________(a) our own opinion is not based on good reasons and we know this subconsciously.’(b) we are not consciously aware of having no good reason for becoming angry.(c) we are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for becoming angry.(d) there may be good reasons for his opinion but we are not consciouslyaware of them.38. The author mentions arithmetic and geography because____________(a) we should know both subjects in order to avoid foolish opinions.(b) many foolish opinions and unnecessary arguments occur in those two subjects.(c) the two opinions he has mentioned already have to do with those subjects.(d) he himself is very knowledgeable about those two subjects.39. “… your own contrary conviction” refers to ____________(a) the opinion that two and two are five and that Iceland is on the equator.(b) the fact that you know so little about arithmetic or geography.(c) the fact that you feel pity rather than anger.(d) the opinion that two and two are four and that Iceland is a long way from the equator.40. The main point of these two sentences is ____________(a) that we should feel pity rather than anger when someone disagree with us.(b) that we shouldn’t be angry with people who hold foolish opinions.(c) that one way of avoiding foolish opinions is to feel pity rather than anger.(d) that we can test our own opinion by finding out whether we feel pity or anger when someone disagrees with us.Section C. Find single words or phrases in this essay which have roughly the meanings given below. (10%)41. conscious of42. narrow-minded43. regretted the existence of44. good opinion of oneself45. ending in death or disaster46. making yourself free from47. prejudice48. thinking too highly of oneself49. unreasonable; wrong50. feel unhappy about; dislikeSection D. Match the words given under List A with the meanings given under List B. List B has some extra items. (5%)A B51. inherently (a) fierce; cruel52. episode (b) quite certain53. retort (c) answer back quickly54. cosmos (d) inside55. persecution (e) fashionable56. savage (f) unreasonable punishment57. cocksure (g) instinctively58. prevailing (h) one event in a series of events59. subconsciously (i) careful60. wary (j) going to a court of law(k) by its very nature(l) power; snow(m) universePart III Translation (50 points)Section A. Translate the following passage into English. (25%)笔者日前买了台电脑，喜滋滋地上网交友。

青岛科技大学2012年研究生入学考试英语综合考试Ⅰ试卷

青岛科技大学二○一二年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语综合考试Ⅰ注意事项：1．本试卷共6道大题（共计12个小题），满分150分；2．本卷属试题卷，答题另有答题卷，答案一律写在答题卷上，写在该试题卷上或草纸上均无效。

要注意试卷清洁，不要在试卷上涂划；3．必须用蓝、黑钢笔或签字笔答题，其它均无效。

﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡PART I LINGUISTICS (60 points)Section I Define the following terms (20 points)Give the definition of each term in no less than 50 words.1. paradigmatic relations2. displacement3. dialect4. applied linguisticsSection II Essay questions (40 points)Answer each of the following questions in no less than 100 words.1.What is cohort theory?2.What is speech act theory?3.What does Chomsky mean by Language Acquisition Device?4. What is the difference between langue and parole?PART II TRANSLATION (60 points)Section I Translate the following passage into Chinese (20 points) Resignation is of two sorts, one rooted in despair, the other in unconquerable hope. The man who has suffered such fundamental defeat that he has given up hope of serious achievement may learn the resignation of despair, and if he does, he will abandon all serious activity. He may camouflage his despair by religious phrases, or bythe doctrine that contemplation is the true end of man, but whatever disguise he may adopt to conceal his inward defeat, he will remain essentially useless and fundamentally unhappy. The man whose resignation is based on unconquerable hope acts in quite a different way. Hope which is to be unconquerable must be large and impersonal. Whatever my personal activities, I may be defeated by death, or by certain kinds of diseases; I may be overcome by my enemies; I may find that I have embarked upon an unwise course which cannot lead to success. In a thousand ways the failure of purely personal hopes may be unavoidable, but if personal aims have been part of larger hopes for humanity, there is not the same utter defeat when failure comes.--From “On Resignation” by Bertrand RussellSection II Translate the following passage into English (20 points)阳光滑到玻璃板上。