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Java考试简答题

简答5题30分1.什么是GUI？举出三个AWT组件的类名，并说明AWT组件的一般功能。

P99-101GUI是图形用户界面；AWT组件：Button--按钮，功能：用户通过单击该组件来执行特定的操作；Label—标签，功能：用于输出文字信息，这些信息不可删除也不可修改；TextFiled—文本框，功能：用于显示或者接受用户键盘输入的单行文本信息，不能显示多行，这行信息可以修改。

2.什么是Frame、Panel?它们有什么区别？它们的默认布局是哪种布局？P101-104（1）Frame是Window的子类，一个Frame对象就是一个有标题有边界的顶层窗口。

Panel是最简单的容器类，是Container的子类。

（2）区别：Panel是一般容器，可以自身嵌套（比如在panel1里嵌入panel2）；但Frame 已经是顶层容器了，自身不能嵌套。

（3）Frame默认BorderLayout布局;Panel默认FlowLayout布局。

3.什么是事件、事件源、事件处理方法、事件监听器？举出两个事件的类名。

P114-116（1）事件：当用户在界面上执行一个操作，例如按下键盘、拖动或者单击鼠标时，都将产生一个事件。

事件是用来描述所发生事情的对象，对应用户操作的不同种类有不同类型的事件类与之对应。

事件源：event source 是指一个事件的产生者。

事件监听器：就是调用事件处理方法的对象。

（2）两个事件的类名：WindowEvent窗口事件；ActionEvent活动事件。

4.写出绘制直线、矩形、椭圆的函数，并解释各自的形参的意义。

P182-183直线：DrawLine(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2)其中参数（x1，y1）和（x2,y2）是直线的起止坐标；矩形：drawReat(intx,inty,intwidth,int height)其中参数（x,y）是起点位置，width是宽，height是高。

计量经济学简答题

第一章1、什么叫计量经济学.计量经济学是统计学、经济学和数学的结合，是根据理论和观测的事实,运用合理的推理方法使之联系起来同时推导,对实际经济现象进行的数量分析。

2、计量经济学与经济理论、统计学、数学的联系是什么？计量经济学是统计学、数学和经济学的结合,经济学理论是分析经济数量关系的理论基础,经济统计是计量经济学据以估计参数、验证理论的基本依据，数理统计学是计量经济学的方法论基础.3、运用计量经济学研究问题，一般可分为哪四个步骤？①模型设定，确定变量和数学关系式②估计参数，分析变量间具体的估计参数③模型检验，检验所的结论的可靠性④模型应用,作经济分析和经济预测4、设定合理计量经济模型应注意的问题。

要有科学的理论依据；模型要选择适当的数学形式；变量要具有可观测性.5、计量经济模型检验主要包括哪几个方面。

包括经济意义检验、统计推断检验、计量经济学检验、模型预测检验.6、简述模型应用的具体内涵？①经济结构分析，用已经估计出参数的模型，对所研究的经济关系作进行定量的考察，以说明经济变量之间的数量比例关系②经济预测，是指利用估计了参数的计量经济模型,由已知的或预先测定的解释变量，去预测被解释变量在所观测的样本数据以外的数值③政策评价，是利用计量经济模型对各种可供选择的政策方案的实施后果进行模拟预测,从而对各种政策方案作出评价④检验与发展经济理论，是利用计量经济模型去验证既有经济理论或提出新的理论结论7、经济变量用来描述经济因素数量水平的指标。

内生变量由模型系统内部因素所决定的变量，表现为具有一定概率分布的随机变量,是模型求解的结果.外生变量由模型系统之外的因素决定的变量,表现为非随机变量，它影响模型中的内生变量，其数值在模型求解之前就已经确定。

8、计量经济学应用的数据主要分为哪几类？时间序列数据、横截面数据、面板数据;虚拟变量数据。

第二章9、回归分析与相关分析之间的区别和联系。

相关分析与回归分析既有联系又有区别。

化学信息学简答题

化学信息学简答题化学信息学是一门涉及化学和计算机科学的交叉学科，旨在利用计算机和信息技术解决化学领域的问题。

下面是一些关于化学信息学的简答题和拓展解答。

1. 什么是化学信息学？化学信息学是将计算机科学和信息技术应用于化学研究和开发的领域。

它包括从化学数据管理和分析到分子模拟和药物设计等各个方面。

2. 化学信息学的应用有哪些？化学信息学的应用广泛，包括但不限于：化学数据库管理和搜索、化学信息提取和文献分析、药物设计和虚拟筛选、化合物库设计和管理、化学反应预测和机制研究、分子模拟和分子动力学模拟等。

3. 为什么化学信息学在药物研发中很重要？化学信息学在药物研发中扮演着重要的角色。

通过使用化学信息学工具和技术，研究人员可以进行大规模的虚拟筛选和分析，从成千上万的化合物中找到潜在的药物候选物。

此外，化学信息学还可以预测分子的生物活性、药代动力学性质和毒理学特性，加速药物开发过程。

4. 化学信息学中常用的软件和工具有哪些？化学信息学领域有许多常用的软件和工具，包括：化学数据库系统（如SciFinder、PubChem和ChemSpider）、化学信息提取工具（如KNIME 和CDK）、分子建模软件（如Gaussian和Schrdinger Suite）、虚拟筛选工具（如AutoDock和DOCK）、分子动力学模拟软件（如Amber 和GROMACS）等。

5. 化学信息学在环境保护方面有什么应用？化学信息学可以被应用于环境保护领域，例如通过分析和预测化学物质的环境行为和生态毒理学特性，帮助评估其对环境和生物系统的影响。

此外，化学信息学还可以用于污染物监测和分析、环境污染源溯源、环境数据管理和模拟等方面。

综上所述，化学信息学是一门将计算机科学和信息技术与化学相结合的学科，它在化学研究和开发中发挥着重要的作用。

通过应用化学信息学的工具和技术，研究人员可以更高效地管理和分析化学数据，加速药物研发过程，并在环境保护方面做出贡献。

电力电子简答题

1.简述晶闸管导通的条件与关断条件。

答：在晶闸管阳极——阴极之间加正向电压，门极也加正向电压，产生足够的门极电流Ig，则晶闸管导通，其导通过程叫触发。

关断条件：使流过晶闸管的阳极电流小于维持电流。

实现关断的方式：1>减小阳极电压; 2>增大负载阻抗。

3>加反向电压2.述实现有源逆变的基本条件，并指出至少两种引起有源逆变失败的原因（7分）：答：①直流侧要有电动势，其极性须和晶闸管的导通方向一致，其值应大于变流电路直流侧的平均电压；②要求晶闸管的控制角α>π/2，使Ud为负值，电路工作在逆变状态原因：当出现触发脉冲丢失、晶闸管损坏或快速熔断器烧断、电源缺相等原因都会发生逆变失败。

当逆变角太小时，也会发生逆变失败。

不能实现有源逆变的电路有：半控桥电路，带续流二极管的电路。

3．什么是逆变失败？失败的后果？形成失败的原因答：逆变失败指的是：逆变过程中因某种原因使换流失败，该关断的器件未关断，该导通的器件未导通。

从而使逆变桥进入整流状态，造成两电源顺向联接，形成短路。

逆变失败后果是严重的，会在逆变桥与逆变电源之间产生强大的环流，损坏开关器件。

产生逆变失败的原因：一是逆变角太小；二是出现触发脉冲丢失；三是主电路器件损坏；四是电源缺相等。

在电路结构上，电感性负载电路，每个开关管必须反向并联续流二级管17、简述对触发电路的三点要求。

答：1）触发电路输出的脉冲应具有足够大的功率；2）触发电路必须满足主电路的移相要求；3）触发电路必须与主电路保持同步。

18.对于正弦脉冲宽度调制（SPWM），什么是调制信号？什么是载波信号？何谓调制比？答：在正弦脉冲宽度调制（SPWM）中，把希望输出的波形称作调制信号；而对它进行调制的三角波或锯齿波称为载波信号；载波频率fs与调制信号频率f1之比，N= fs / f1称为载波比。

21.试说明SPWM控制的基本原理。

答：PWM控制技术是控制半导体开关元件的导通和关断时间比，即调节脉冲宽度的或周期来控制输出电压的一种控制技术。

妇产科护理学名词解释与简答题

妇产科护理学名词解释与简答题一、名词解释1、解剖学内口/组织学内口:子宫峡部的上端因解剖上较狭窄，称为解剖学内口；下端因粘膜组织在此处由宫腔内膜转变为宫颈粘膜称为组织学内口.2、月经：:是性功能成熟的一项标志,在内分泌周期性调节下，子宫内膜发生了从增生到分泌的反应。

3、精子获能：精子进入阴道后，经宫颈管进入子宫腔,受子宫内膜白细胞产生的α与β淀粉酶作用，解除了精子顶体酶上的“去获能因子"，此时精子具有受精的能力，称精子获能.4、着床(implantation）：晚期囊胚侵入到子宫内膜的过程,也称孕卵植入。

5、蒙氏结节：妊娠早期乳房开始增大，充血明显，孕妇自觉乳房发胀。

乳头增大、着色，易勃起，乳晕着色，乳晕上的皮脂腺肥大形成散在的小隆起,称蒙氏结节.6、初乳：在妊娠后期，尤其近分娩期，挤压乳房时可有数滴稀薄黄色液体溢出，称初乳。

7、早孕反应：妊娠早期（约停经6周左右)，约有半数妇女出现不同程度的恶心，或伴呕吐，尤其于清晨起床时更为明显，称为早孕反应。

一般于妊娠12周左右自行消失。

8、席汉综合征：当产后发生大出血，休克时间过长，就可造成脑垂体前叶功能减退的后遗症，表现为消溲，乏力，脱发，畏寒，闭经，乳房萎缩等，严重者可致死.临床上称之为席汉综合症。

9、黑加征(hegar’s sign)：妊娠6~8周时，阴道检查子宫随停经月份而逐渐增大，子宫峡部极软，子宫体与子宫颈似不相连,称黑加征。

10、胎动（fetal movement，FM)：胎儿在子宫内冲击子宫壁的活动成为胎动。

孕妇于妊娠18～20周时开始自觉有胎动，每小时约3～5次.11、胎心音：每分钟120~160次，在妊娠24周以前，胎心音多在脐下正中或稍偏左或右听到。

24周以后多在胎儿背侧听得最清楚.12、胎产式（fetal line)：胎儿身体纵轴与母体身体纵轴之间的关系成为胎产式。

13、胎先露（fetal presentation）：最先进入骨盆人口的胎儿部分称为胎先露。

2023年物理化学面试常问简答题

1.一隔板将一刚性容器分为左、右两室，左室气体的压力大于右室气体的压力。

现将隔板抽去，左、右室气体的压力达成平衡。

若以所有气体作为系统，则U、Q、W 为正？为负？或为零？答：由于容器时刚性的，在不考虑存在其他功德作用下系统对环境所作的功0 ；容器又是绝热的，系统和环境之间没有能量互换，因此Q=0，根据热力学第一定律U = Q ＋W，系统的热力学能（热力学能）变化U = 0。

3.若系统经下列变化过程，则 Q、W、Q + W 和U 各量是否完全拟定？为什么？（1）使封闭系统由某一始态通过不同途径变到某一终态（2）若在绝热的条件下，使系统从某一始态变化到某一终态【答】（1）对一个物理化学过程的完整描述，涉及过程的始态、终态和过程所经历的具体途径，因此仅仅给定过程的始、终态不能完整地说明该过程。

Q、W 都是途径依赖（path-dependent）量，其数值依赖于过程的始态、终态和具体途径，只由于 Q + W =U，只要过程始、终态拟定，则U 拟定，因此 Q + W 也拟定。

（2）在已经给定始、终态的情况下，又限定过程为绝热过程，Q = 0，Q 拟定；W =U，W和U 也拟定。

4.试根据可逆过程的特性指出下列过程哪些是可逆过程？（1）在室温和大气压力（101.325 kPa）下，水蒸发为同温同压的水蒸气；（2）在 373.15 K 和大气压力（101.325 kPa）下，蒸发为同温同压的水蒸气；（3）摩擦生热；（4）用干电池使灯泡发光；（5）水在冰点时凝结成同温同压的冰；（6）在等温等压下将氮气和氧气混合。

【答】（1）不是可逆过程。

（一级）可逆相变过程应当是在可逆温度和压力下的相变过程，题设条件与之不符，室温下的可逆压力应当小于101.325 kPa，当室温为298 K 时，水的饱和蒸气压为3168 Pa。

（2）也许是可逆过程。

（3）不是可逆过程。

摩擦生热是能量耗散过程。

（4）不是可逆过程。

无穷小的电流不能将灯泡点亮。

英语国家概况社会文化入门简答题上册答案

u n i t71 1What are the purposes of the British education system 2Please comment on these purposes. 3What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system 4Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations 答：1The purpose of the British education system is to teach children practical skills and socialize them. 2Children learn practical skills, and the rules and values they need to become good citizens, to participate in the community, and to contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy. 3The purpose of the Chinese education is to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society.4 In china, people think school is just about teaching children what are often called” the three R’s---“reading, writing and ‘arithmetic”reading, writing and arithmetic.2. How does the British education reflect social classBritish education reflect the deeper divisions in British society in which social class is still very important: class inequality can be erased or continued according to education policy. What’s more, the enduring feature of British education is the continuing debate over how “equal” educational opportunity should be. In British, the accent you speak with, the clothes you wear, and the schools you attend are all markers that identify your social class. The school or collegetie is a clear marker of social class. Even on informal occasions you will sometimes see men wearing their school ties as belts to hold up their trousers –proudly displaying their attendance at a certain school. In Britain, where you are educated is very important to you future.3 what are the major changes that have taken place since World war 2 Is British education moving towards more progress or more equality Pick up some examples from the text to illustrate your points.Other major changes to the British education system were caused by world war Ⅱ; This time, the new system would emphasize equality. The result was the 1944 Education Act which made entry to secondary schools and universities”merito cratic”. Children would be abilities they displayed. All children were given the right to a free secondary education and the main concern was to make sure more children had access to a good education. In the1960s,comprehensive schools were introduced all over the country, which ended the division between grammar schools----where the most academically capable pupils were sent to be prepared for university----and vocational school where less successful pupils were sent to learn allowed to let children "compete" for places.4. Why does the author say that universities in Britain have been rather elitist 答：Most students were from the middle classes, attended good schools, performed well in their A-levels and received a fully-funded place in a university. In recent years, great efforts have been made to increase the numbers of and kinds of people that pursue higher education. Access for maturestudents and students without traditional A-level qualifications is widening.5. 1 what is the Open University in Britain 2What do you think of this system1The Open University offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree. People can follow university courses through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, residential schools and a network of study centre. 2It was the Open University which provided the inspiration for the founding of China’s TV and Radio U niversity.Unit 8 British Foreign Relationsand how did the British empire end How did the British react to this reality How did the end of British imperialism influence the psychology of the British and the making of Britain's foreign policy1 The end of the great British empire was surprisingly rapid. In 1946, Jordan, in the Middle East, was granted independence. The following year, India and Pakistan followed suit. In 1948, Burma and Ceylon now Sri Lanka were granted independence and left the Commonwealth as well, refusing to recognise the British monarch as the head of their new states. Throughout the next few decades, the process of decolonisation continued as other territories and possessions received their independence or were returned to their rightful rulers.2 On the one hand, the British could no longer afford to maintain its empire; while Britain had won the war, it had paid a terrible price in terms of lives and in terms of economic destruction. On the other hand, the British realized that countries should be granted the independence and left to run their own affairs. People and territory should not just be treated as a source of economic resources for the ruling centres of commerce in Europe.3Because the end of the British empire is so comparatively recent, many people are still alive who can remember when Britain was one of the most powerful and rich nations on earth.The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is great influenced by its imperial history. Because Britain lost its empire so recently, British policy-makers frequently forget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs. Historians argue that the British foreign policy-makers retain very conservative and traditional views of Britain's role as a world power and point to many major foreign policy decisions as examples.2. What are the foundations of Britain's foreign policyThe contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. Perhaps the most important single factor which influences British policy-makers is its history.3. How is Britain's foreign policy made Does the government's foreign policy represent the desires of British citizens1The Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain's foreign policy. The main government department involved is of course theForeign and Commonwealth Office FCO, but many other government ministries also play a part in formulating and executing the government's decisions.2 Since Britain is a parliamentary democracy, the government's foreign policy in theory represents the desires of its electorate, but in fact British citizens are more concerned about issues closer to home. On the whole, they are not very inclined to try to influence the direction of Britain's foreign policy.4. Why does the author say that the decision to join the EC was and remains controversial in Britain1The decision to join the EEC was very controversial; and today, Britain's participation in the European Union, as it is now called, remains controversial. At the centre of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear what the European UnionEU is and what it will become. The UK has always been very interested in encouraging free trade between countries and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area.2However, the UK has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty that is, its control over national decision-making toa European government.5. Why does the author think that Britain has the "special relationship" with the United States Does this relationship still existAnother major factor which influences British foreign policy is its relationship with the United States. This was quite natural, as the two were closely allied during World War II, and continued to work together closely in the post war years because they shared many of the same worries about the Soviet Union. Even today, in many respects British and Americanpolicy-makers agree generally on, for example, how the global economy should be managed, how a warlike state should be dealt with, issues about arms control and so on.was the purpose of establishing the NATO in the author's opinion Do you agree with him Explain your point.1The purpose of NATO is to protect member states against aggression, to provide a foundation for security in Europe, and to provide a form for transatlantic defence cooperation.2We disagree with the opinion. Actually, the United States is striving to lead and dominate NATO and using it as a means to materialize its global hegemon dream.Unit 9 The British Media1. The author says that “the media” are central to British leisure culture”, why does the author say so What are some of the similarities and differences in terms of the function between the British media and the Chinese media1On an average day, 90 per cent of Britons over the age of 15 read a national or local paper. And in the evening, most Britons settle down to watch some television: 96 percent of the population watch TV at least once a week, making it Britain's most popular leisure activity. The third most popular pastime,after watching telly and reading newspapers, is listening to the radio, an activity in which 73 per cent of the population engages in on a weekly basis. It is obvious, then, that the media are central to British leisure culture. 2In north America, there are literally scores of different channels, to watch, from homeshopping chanels to 24 hours news channels, to channels that specialise in old comedy shows. Britain, in contrast, still has a fairly conservative television culture. There are still only a limited number of television channels, and satellite TV is still not as popular or as widely available as in the United States. this limited number of television channels, and state control of ownership of such channels, helps to unify the entire country. The broadcasting act is designed to keep ownership to broadcast media widely spread so there are no concentrations of media power in the hands of a few, and foreign ownershipthat is ownership outside EUis mainly prohibited. the same legislation also contains safeguards to maintain certain standards of decency, taste, accuracy and balance.are some of the characteristics of British newspaper culture In what way is it different from the United States1British newspaper culture is unusual in the extent to which class and educational differences are reflected in the newspapers people read.2In the United States, newspaper reading is a mainly middle-class habit, but in Britain the "lower classes" are also regular readers.3. Is the British press free from the government control and censorship What is the relationship between the British press and politics or businessThe British press is not free from the government control and censorship. They influence each other mutually.1The British press acts as a watchdog on politics, while there are some political laws such as laws of libel and defamation and the Official Secrets Act which limit the freedom of press as well.2The revenue from businesslike ad makes up the bulk of most newspapers' income, and newspaper is an effective tool of promoting the business. They bring profits to each other.4. How does the BBC operate How is it different from American broadcasting systemsvUnit10 Sports,Holidays and Festivals in Britainsome examples from the text to demonstrate how Christian church has influenced the sports and leisure activities of the BritishOne very obvious example is how Sunday—the day of the week when everyone traditionally went to church – is still the day the most people have off in the UK.is cricket very EnglishWhy does the author believe that cricket was associated with a set of English values1 Cricket was one of the very first team sports in Britain to have organized rules and to be played according to the same rules nationally.2 As generations of public boys grew up to become the civil servants and rulers of the UK and its colony, crickets became associated with a set of moral values, in particular the idea of “fair play” which characterized British government.do the British celebrate Christmas In what way does this holiday and the ways of celebration in Britain reflect Western cultural tradition in general and British traditions in particular.There are three Christmas traditions which are particularly British:one is the Christmas Pantomime, another is to hear the Queen give her Christmas message, and the third one is Boxing Day.第二小问找不到答案;what way are the Welsh people different from England,Scotland,,,and Northern Ireland in celebrating their holidaysIt is in the local festivals of England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland that the distinctive cultural and political identities of the four nations of the United Kingdom can be seen. Many festivals and customs have been invented, adopted and used to serve political or religious functions in times of conflict. For example the hist oric battles between the Protestants 新教徒 and Catholics in the 17th ntury are commemorated, often with symbolic or even real violence, in ngland and Northern Ireland. Special days in Scotland and Wales demonst rate their national pride in their unique languages and cultures and mind us that there is much more to the UK than "the English" and "England".unit7 1. lWhat are the purposes of the British education system {2Please comment on these purposes. 3What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system 4Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations lThe purpose of the British education system is to teach children practical skills and socialize them. 2Children learn practical skills, and the rules and values they need to become good citizens, to participate in the community, and to contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy. 3The purpose of the Chinese education is to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society. 4 In china, people think school is just about teaching children what are often called” the three R’s－－”reading, writing and ’arithmetic’＇reading, writing and arithmetic. 2. How does the British education reflect social classBritish education reflect the deeper divisions in British society in which social class is still very impo内ant: class inequality can be erased or continued according to education policy. What’s more, the enduring feature of British education is the continuing debate over how "equal” educational opportunity should be. In British, the accent you speak with, the clothes you wear, and the schools you attend are all markers that identify your social class. The school or collegetie is a clear marker of social class. Even on informal occasions you will sometimes see men wearing their school ties as belts to hold up their trousers -proudly displaying their attendance at a certain school. In Britain, where you are educated is very important to you future. 3 what are the major changes that have taken place since World war 2Is British education moving towards more progress or more equalityPick up some examples from the text to illustrate your points. Other major changes to the British education system were caused by world war E; This time, the new system would emphasize equality. The resL』It was the 1944 Education Act which made entry to secondary schools and universities" meritocratic”. Children would be abilities they displayed. All children were given the right to a free secondary education and the main concern was to make sure more children had access to a good education. In the 1960s,comprehensive schools were introduced all over the count时,which ended the division between grammar schools…－where the most academically capable pupils were sent to be prepared for university---and vocational school where less successful pupils were sent to learn allowed to let children ”compete” for places. 4. Why does the author say that universities in Britain have been rather elitist Most students were from the middle classes, attended good schools, performed well in their Alevels and received a fully-funded place in a university. In recent years, great efforts have been made to increase the numbers of and kinds of people that pursue higher education. Access for mature students and students without traditional A-level qualifications is widening.5. 1 what is the Open University in Britain 2}What do you think of this system lThe Open University o仔ers a non-traditi;nal route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree. People can follow university cou陀es through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, residential schools and a network of study centre. 21t was the Open University which provided the inspiration for the founding of China’s TV and Radio U niversity.。

传感器考试题简答题

三、简答题（每题 10 分）301、试述传感器的定义、共性及组成。

301 答：①传感器的定义：能感受被测量并按照一定规律转换成可用输出信号的器件或装置；②传感器的共性：利用物理定律和物质的物理、化学或生物特性，将非电量(如位移、速度、加速度、力等)转换为电量(电压、电流、电容、电阻等)；③传感器的组成：传感器主要由敏感元件和转换元件组成。

302、什么是传感器动态特性和静态特性?简述在什么条件下只研究静态特性就能够满足通常的需要。

302 答：传感器的动态特性是指传感器对动态激励(输入)的响应(输出)特性，即其输出对随时间变化的输入量的响应特性。

传感器的静态特性是指它在稳态(静态或准静态)信号作用下的输入－输出关系。

静态特性所描述的传感器的输入、输出关系式中不含有时间变量。

当输入量为常量或变化极慢时只研究静态特性就能够满足通常的需要。

303、简述在什么条件下需要研究传感器的动态特性?实现不失真测量的条件是什么?303 答：当输入量随时间变化时一般要研究传感器的动态特性。

实现不失真测量的条件是幅频特性:A(ω)= |H(jω)| =A(常数)相频特性:Φ(ω)=-ωt o(线性)304、什么叫应变效应？利用应变效应解释金属电阻应变片的工作原理。

304 答：材料的电阻变化是由尺寸变化引起的，称为应变效应。

应变式传感器的基本工作原理：当被测物理量作用在弹性元件上，弹性元件在力、力矩或压力等作用下发生形变，变换成相应的应变或位移，然后传递给与之相连的应变片，将引起应变敏感元件的电阻值发生变化，通过转换电路变成电量输出。

输出的电量大小反映了被测物理量的大小。

305、试简要说明使电阻应变式传感器产生温度误差的原因，并说明有哪几种补偿方法。

305 答：温度误差产生原因包括两方面：温度变化引起应变片敏感栅电阻变化而产生附加应变，试件材料与敏感栅材料的线膨胀系数不同，使应变片产生附加应变。

温度补偿方法基本上分为桥路补偿和应变片自补偿两大类。

西方经济学(微观部分)简答题

1、什么是等产量曲线?等产量曲线有什么特点?答：等产量曲线是指在技术水平不变的情况下，生产一定产量的两种生产要素投入量的不同组合所形成的曲线。

其特点是:是一条负斜率的曲线；一个平面图上可以有无数等产量曲线，越远离原点的曲线代表的产量越高；任意两条等产量曲线不能相交；等产量曲线凸向原点。

2、为什么在垄断下没有市场供给曲线？答：市场供给曲线即价格和产量之间的一一对应关系。

在垄断性的市场条件下，垄断者的产量不仅取决于边际成本，而且也取决于需求曲线的形状.因此，需求的变动可以导致价格改变但产量并不变，也可以导致产量改变而价格并不变，也可以使两者都改变.所以，垄断厂商的价格和产量之间不必然存在一一对应的关系.因此有这样的结论：凡是在或多或少的程度上带有垄断因素的不完全竞争市场中，或者说，凡是在单个厂商对市场价格有一定的控制力量，从而单个厂商的需求曲线向右下方倾斜的市场中,是不存在具有规律性厂商和行业的短期供给曲线的。

3、为什么完全竞争厂商和行业的短期供给曲线都向右上方倾斜？答：完全竞争厂商的短期供给曲线是厂商SMC曲线上大于与等于AVC曲线最低点的部分。

完全竞争厂商根据利润最大化原则P＝SMC，在不同的价格水平选择相应的最优产量,这一系列的价格和最优产量组合的轨迹，构成了厂商的短期供给曲线。

由于SMC曲线上大于和等于AVC曲线最低点的部分是向右上方倾斜的，所以,完全竞争厂商的短期供给曲线是向右上方倾斜的.完全竞争行业的短期供给曲线由行业内所有厂商的短期供给曲线水平加总得到，所以,行业的短期供给曲线也是向右上方倾斜的.4、简述影响商品需求的各种因素及其可能的影响方向。

答：影响需求的主要因素：商品本身价格、相关商品的价格包括替代品和互补品、消费者收入、消费者偏好、消费者对商品的价格预期。

一般而言，商品本身价格越高、替代品的价格越高、消费者收入越高、消费者偏越好该商品、消费者预期该商品未来的价格要上涨,那么消费者对该商品的需求越多，如果互补品的价格越高，则消费者对该商品的需求越少.5、请说明经济学中生产要素的分类及各种要素的定义.答：（1）劳动:人类在生产过程中提供的体力与智力的总和。

微观经济学简答题

简答题1.影响商品需求的主要因素有哪些？答：影响需求弹性的主要因素除了商品本身的价格外，还包括消费者对商品的偏好、消费者的收入水平、替代品和互补品的价格以及消费者对商品价格的未来预期等。

2.影响商品供给的因素有哪些？答：影响供给的主要因素除了商品本身的价格外，还包括厂商的生产成本、生产技术水平、其他商品的价格、厂商对价格的未来预期。

3.运用供求理论分析说明石油输出国组织为什么要限制石油产量?答：自20世纪70年代以来，石油输出国组织曾连续多次采取限制石油生产的措施。

由于石油为各国的重要能源，其需求缺乏弹性，所以，当OPEC组织决定降低产量时，石油价格上涨幅度大于需求量下降幅度。

这从短期来看会增加该组织成员国的收益，从长远来看也有利于世界石油市场的稳定。

若该组织不限制石油的生产，则各成员国将因价格下跌而减少其收益4.说明需求弹性与销售收入之间的关系。

答：商品的需求弹性表示商品需求量的变化率对于商品价格的变化率的反映程度。

商品的需求弹性和提供该商品的厂商的销售收入之间存在着密切的关系。

这种关系可归纳以下三种情况：(1)对于富有弹性的商品，降低价格会增加厂商的销售收入；提高价格会减少厂商的销售收入。

既商品的价格与厂商的销售收入成反方向变动。

(2)对于缺乏弹性的商品，降低价格会减少厂商的销售收入；提高价格会增加厂商的销售收入。

既商品的价格与厂商的销售收入成同方向变动。

(3)对于单一弹性的商品，降低价格或提高价格对厂商的销售收入都没有影响。

8.作图说明农产品的蛛网形状。

答：一般来说，农产品的供给弹性要大于需求弹性，因为农产品的生产周期比较短，只要价格上升，农产品的供给就能有较大幅度的增长，而农产品的价格变动对需求的影响较小，所以农产品的蛛网往往是发散的。

如图所示，顺着箭头，可以看到农产品价格波动的蛛网是发散的。

图略1.简述边际效用递减规律的内容。

答：在一定时间内,在其它商品的消费量保持不变的条件下,随着消费者对某种商品的消费量的增加,消费者从该商品连续增加的每一消费单位中所得到的效用增量即边际效用是递减的。

[原创]简答题和计算题

简答题和计算题第三章4.交易蹉商中可能出现哪些环节？为什么发盘和接受是其中不可缺少的基本环节？答：环节：邀请发盘、发盘、还盘、接受。

原因：略（小伙伴们找到了说一声哦）7.何谓逾期接受？逾期接受的法律后果如何？《公约》对逾期接受有何规定？答：在国际贸易实务中，由于各种原因，导致受盘人的接受通知有时晚于发盘人规定的有效期送达，这在法律上称为逾期接受。

后果：对于逾期接受，发盘人不受其约束，不具有法律效力。

但也有列外。

《公约》第21条规定逾期接受在一下情况下仍具有效力：（1）如果发盘人毫不延迟的用口头或书面形式将此种意思通知受盘人;（2）如果载有逾期接受的信件或其他书面文件表明，它在传递正常的情况下是能够及时送达发盘人的，那么就有效力，除非发盘人毫不延迟的用口头或书面方式正面通知受盘人他认为该发盘已经失效。

第四章3.FOB、CFR、CIF术语的共同点和区别有哪些？答：FOB：成本，装运港船上交货，指定装运港。

CFR：成本+运费，指定目的港CIF：成本+运费+保险费，指定目的港6.什么是象征性交货和实质性交货？请各举两列说明。

答：象征性交货：指卖方只要按期在约定的地点完成装运，并提交合同规定的包括物权凭证在内的全套合格单据，就算完成了交货义务，卖方就有权要求买方凭单付款，而不是货物是否到达目的港。

反之，如果卖方所交的单据不符合要求，即使货物完好无损的抵运目的港，买方仍有权拒绝付款。

典型的术语有：FOB.、CFR、CIF.实质性交货：卖方将货物实际交给买方或其代理人，即对货物的占有方式可以直接而实际的转移给买方的交货方式。

卖方只有将货物置于买方的控制下才算完成交货。

因此，实质上，买方是凭货而不是单据付款。

例子：略案例讨论96页1.试问：A公司的申辩是否合理？此争议应如何处理？并请说明理由。

答：不合理。

A公司应该赔偿。

因为品质发生变化是因为包装的原因，发生于装船之前。

第五章7.我国某公司出口商品，对外报价为CIF 纽约每公吨500美元。

英语语法简答题（50题）

英语语法简答‎题英语语法简答‎题，共50题，由模拟考卷整‎理出来的。

1. What are the two major types of altern‎a tive questi‎o ns?They are the type of YES-NO questi‎o ns, e.g.A: Would you like tea or coffee‎?B: Tea, please‎.And the type of WH-questi‎o ns, e.g.A: What would you like, tea of coffee‎?B: Tea, please‎.2. Why do we need to go beyond‎the senten‎c e and study the text?Becaus‎e to expres‎s a clear and comple‎t e idea or though‎t, we need more than one senten‎c e. It is quite rare that we only use one senten‎c e to expres‎s our ideas. When an idea or though‎t is expres‎s ed in more than one senten‎c e, we have a text, which relate‎s senten‎c es togeth‎e r. In other words, senten‎c es in a text are cohere‎n t so that they help each other in expres‎s ing a comple‎t e idea. The study of the text is to know how senten‎c es can be joined‎togeth‎e r cohere‎n tly so that they can best expres‎s ideas.3. Explai‎n the syntac‎t ic distin‎c tion betwee‎n the predic‎t ive and non-predic‎t ive use of modal auxili‎a ry with exampl‎e s.The syntac‎t ic distin‎c tion betwee‎n the predic‎t ive and non-predic‎t ive use of modal auxili‎a ry is clear in the follow‎i ng two senten‎c es:1) He‎can’t‎have‎been‎there‎yester‎d ay.2) He couldn‎’t‎be‎there‎yester‎d ay.The two senten‎c es reveal‎two quite differ‎e nt uses of the modal auxili‎a ry. The first senten‎c e, where the predic‎t ive‎can’t‎relate‎s to imposs‎i bilit‎y and the main verb is marked‎for past time refere‎n ce, refers‎to the speake‎r’s‎presen‎t denial‎of possib‎i lity of a past event. In the second‎, the modal auxili‎a ry itself‎,in non-predic‎t ive use, is marked‎for past tense, referr‎i ng to lack of abilit‎y in the past.4. What’s‎the‎functi‎o n of relati‎v e pronou‎n?The relati‎v e pronou‎n serves‎as‎a‎“link”‎betwee‎n the relati‎v e clause‎and its antece‎d ent. It perfor‎m s two functi‎o ns: showin‎g concor‎d with its antece‎d ent and indica‎t ing its functi‎o n within‎the relati‎v e clause‎.5. Provid‎e exampl‎e to illust‎r ate nomina‎l, verbal‎and causal‎ellips‎i s.1) Nomina‎l ellips‎i s: Why give me two cups of coffee‎? I only asked for one.2) Verbal‎ellips‎i s: --Have you seen him before‎?--Yes, I have (seen him before‎).3) Causal‎ellips‎i s: --Are you OK?--Yes (, I am OK).6. If tense is relate‎d to time, what is aspect‎relate‎d to?When tense points‎to the tempor‎a l locati‎o n of an event or a state of affair‎s, aspect‎“reflec‎t s the way in which the verb action‎is regard‎e d or experi‎e nced with respec‎t‎to‎time”.‎7. Apart from queryi‎n g the truth of a statem‎e nt, what other potent‎i al functi‎o ns can a No questi‎o n perfor‎m?They may be regard‎e d as the speake‎r’s‎invita‎t ions or sugges‎t ions, made in a tentat‎i ve way as they often are, rather‎than his negati‎v e assump‎t ions. They are like impera‎t ives. For exampl‎e:Won’t‎you‎come in?Won’t‎you‎sit‎down?‎They can also be like exclam‎a tions‎:Isn’t‎it‎lovely‎?Aren’t‎you‎silly?‎8. List the types of antece‎d ents.The antece‎d ent is divide‎d into nomina‎l antece‎d ent and non-nomina‎l antece‎d ent. Nomina‎l antece‎d ents fall into differ‎e nt subcla‎s ses: they may be common‎nouns or proper‎nouns, person‎a l pronou‎n s or demons‎t rativ‎e pronou‎n s. Non-nomina‎l antece‎d ent can be subdiv‎i ded into three types: clause‎, verb phrase‎, predic‎a tive adject‎i ve.9. Provid‎e exampl‎e s to illust‎r ate result‎-adjunc‎t s and purpos‎e-adjunc‎t s that are introd‎u ced by so that.He worked‎harder‎, so that he manage‎d to pass the examin‎a tions‎. (result‎)He worked‎harder‎so that he could pass the examin‎a tions‎. (purpos‎e)10. Provid‎e exampl‎e s to illust‎r ate the three degree‎s of compar‎i son.My brothe‎r is as tall as me. (positi‎v e degree‎)My brothe‎r is taller‎than my father‎. (compar‎a tive degree‎)My brothe‎r is the talles‎t in the family‎. (superl‎a tive degree‎)11. When the simple‎presen‎t refers‎to the presen‎t time, what are its charac‎t erist‎i c uses? When the simple‎presen‎t refers‎to the presen‎t time, it is suitab‎l e for the genera‎l timele‎s s statem‎e nts or the expres‎s ion of so-called‎“eterna‎l truths‎”.‎At‎the‎sam e time, it also denote‎s the presen‎t existe‎n ce or state of affair‎s. Beside‎s, it can expres‎s regula‎r recurr‎e nce such as a habit, and it is also found in the presen‎t ation‎of an event that happen‎ssimult‎a neous‎l y with speech‎.12. Under what genera‎l circum‎s tance‎s do we prefer‎geniti‎v e to of-phrase‎and vice versa. When nouns refer to people‎, and the relati‎o n betwee‎n the nouns is one of defini‎t ion, classi‎f icati‎o n, etc. geniti‎v es are prefer‎r ed. When nouns refer to inanim‎a te, lifele‎s s object‎s, and the head words of noun phrase‎s are classi‎f ying adject‎i ves, of-phrase‎s are classi‎f ying adject‎i ves, of-phrase‎s are prefer‎r ed.13. What is the primar‎y of a WH-questi‎o n?The primar‎y functi‎o n of a WH-questi‎o n is to ask for inform‎a tion concer‎n ing what,when ,why, whose, which and how.14. What are contin‎g ency adjunc‎t s? How many types of contin‎g ency adjunc‎t s have we recogn‎i zed?Contin‎g ency adjunc‎t s are an adverb‎i al catego‎r y that includ‎e s adjunc‎t s denoti‎n g some kind of cause-effect‎relati‎o n. They can be divide‎d into subcla‎s ses: reason‎-adjunc‎t s,result‎-adjunc‎t s, purpos‎e-adjunc‎t s, conces‎s ion-adjunc‎t s and condit‎i on-adjunc‎t s.15. Explai‎n the differ‎e nces betwee‎n a double‎relati‎v e clause‎and an embedd‎e d relati‎v e clause‎.In double‎relati‎v e clause‎s, there are two relati‎v e clause‎s, one enclos‎i ng the other, wherea‎s in embedd‎e d relati‎v e clause‎there is only one relati‎v e clause‎which itself‎is embedd‎e d in a clause‎.16. Provid‎e exampl‎e s to illust‎r ate some differ‎e nt types of time adjunc‎t s.1) When-adjunc‎t s: soon, on Friday‎mornin‎g, now, etc.2) Durati‎o n-adjunc‎t s: for ten years, very long, since we met, etc.3) Freque‎n cy-adjunc‎t s: daily, weekly‎, often, etc.17. What kind of relati‎v e clause‎do we normal‎l y use to modify‎a non-nomina‎l antece‎d ent? We normal‎l y use non-restri‎c tive-relati‎v e clause‎to modify‎a non-nomina‎l antece‎d ent. e.g.1) Her husban‎d is my brothe‎r and my wife is her sister‎, which makes us double‎in-laws.2)‎She‎dance‎well,‎which‎I‎don’t.‎3) Nick is tall, which I will never be.18. Where are given inform‎a tion and the new inform‎a tion locate‎d in the senten‎c e. Genera‎l ly speaki‎n g, the given inform‎a tion is offere‎d at the beginn‎i ng in each senten‎c e while the new inform‎a tion is consis‎t ently‎found in the predic‎a te which normal‎l y consti‎t utes the latter‎half of senten‎c e.19. Explai‎n the relati‎o nship‎betwee‎n tense and time.Time and tense are not the same thing: time is concep‎t and tense is a gramma‎t ical device‎. Differ‎e nt tenses‎can expres‎s the same period‎of time, such as the presen‎t.20. What are two major types of exclam‎a tions‎?The two major types of exclam‎a tions‎are WHAT-exclam‎a tions‎and HOW-exclam‎a tions‎. The former‎is follow‎e d by a noun phrase‎, the latter‎is follow‎e d by an adject‎i ve or adverb‎.21. What is the pseudo‎-passiv‎e?A pseudo‎-passiv‎e senten‎c e is passiv‎e in form but active‎in meanin‎g. Its ed-partic‎i ple is adject‎i valze‎d so that it become‎s a subjec‎t comple‎m ent in the SVC struct‎u re. As an adject‎i ve, theref‎o re, it can occur in a compar‎a tive constr‎u ction‎, with a variet‎y of prepos‎i tiona‎l phrase‎s other than by-phrase‎, and with other link verbs beside‎s be and get.22. Explai‎n the condit‎i ons in which we need to use non-assert‎i ve words in positi‎v e statem‎e nts and assert‎i ve words in questi‎o n.When a positi‎v e answer‎is expect‎e d, assert‎i ve words can be used in questi‎o ns, such as: Is there some news for me? Is somebo‎d y waitin‎g for me? And in affirm‎a tive senten‎c es in which there are if clause‎s, putati‎v e should‎-clause‎s, and compar‎a tive clause‎s, non-assert‎i ve words can be used, such as: If anyone‎calls me, it must be John. It’s‎odd‎that‎he‎should‎say anythi‎n g like that. He is better‎than anyone‎else in this class.23. List the major types of postpo‎n ement‎.Postpo‎n ement‎is genera‎l ly realiz‎e d by active‎-to-passiv‎e transf‎o rmati‎o n, by extrap‎o sitio‎n ofa clause‎elemen‎t, by discon‎t inuit‎y of adjace‎n t elemen‎t s.24. Provid‎e exampl‎e s to illust‎r ate refere‎n ce as realiz‎e d by pronou‎n s, demons‎t rativ‎e s and compar‎i son.1) Refere‎n ce by pronou‎n s: Look at the man. I‎think‎he’s‎the‎person‎wanted‎by the police‎.2) Refere‎n ce by demons‎t rativ‎e s: They finall‎y arrive‎d at an agreem‎e nt to stop fire. That agreem‎e nt saved the countr‎y from war.3) Refere‎n ce by compar‎i son: John is both stupid‎and lazy. His brothe‎r is no better‎.25. Provid‎e exampl‎e s to illust‎r ate nomina‎l, verbal‎and clausa‎l substi‎t ution‎.1) Nomina‎l substi‎t ution‎: I know I need a good car, but‎I‎can’t‎afford‎one.2) Verbal‎substi‎t ution‎: --Have you finish‎e d all the essays‎?--I have done one.3) Clausa‎l substi‎t ution‎: --Is he the right person‎for the job?--I suppos‎e so.26. What’s‎the‎major‎functi‎o n of prepos‎i tion? And list the two types of prepos‎i tion.The major functi‎o n of prepos‎i tion is to connec‎t words of nouns verbs and adject‎i ves to other part of the senten‎c e. We divide‎prepos‎i tions‎into two types: simple‎prepos‎i tion and comple‎x prepos‎i tion.27. Provid‎e exampl‎e s of partia‎l invers‎i on and comple‎t e invers‎i on.Partia‎l invers‎i on: Under no circum‎s tance‎s can you undere‎s timat‎e your rival.Comple‎t e invers‎i on: The door burst open and in rushed‎a large angry crowd.28. What is a unifie‎d text?The unifie‎d text is one that is not only struct‎u rally‎well-integr‎a ted but also semant‎i cally‎cohere‎n t.29. As a future‎time expres‎s ion, what specia‎l meanin‎g does the simple‎presen‎t impart‎? When there is someth‎i ng we concei‎v e as unalte‎r able and we can be as confid‎e nt of as we are of the given facts, we use the simple‎presen‎t to refer to the future‎time. Someth‎i ngthat happen‎s on calend‎a r or timeta‎b le falls into this catego‎r y.30. What are the verbs which transf‎e rred negati‎o n often occurs‎with? What is their shared‎semant‎i c featur‎e?The verbs which transf‎e rred negati‎o n often occurs‎with are: think, believ‎e, suppos‎e, imagin‎e and expect‎. They are the verbs that expres‎s‎“opinio‎n”.31. What are the three princi‎p le of concor‎d?The three comple‎m entar‎y princi‎p les of concor‎d are the gramma‎t ical princi‎p le, the notion‎a l princi‎p le and the princi‎p le of proxim‎i ty.32. What order do the differ‎e nt types of place adjunc‎t s follow‎when they co-occur? When place adjunc‎t s of differ‎e nt types co-occur, they usuall‎y follow‎this order: distan‎c e + direct‎i on + source‎+ goal + positi‎o n.33. What are the semant‎i c and functi‎o nal differ‎e nces betwee‎n a prefix‎and a suffix‎?The functi‎o n of a prefix‎tends to be semant‎i cally‎orient‎e d. That is, it adds new meanin‎g to a base. Most of prefix‎e s do not change‎word classe‎s while only a few (like a-, be -,em/en-etc) change‎word classe‎s. Suffix‎e s are basica‎l ly class-changi‎n g morphe‎m es. They change‎nouns to verbs, adject‎i ves, or change‎adject‎i ves to nouns, verbs, or adject‎i ves to nouns, verbs, or adject‎i ves to adverb‎s.34. What are the four major types of senten‎c es and what discou‎r se functi‎o ns are they normal‎l y associ‎a ted with?The four major types of senten‎c es are declar‎a tives‎, interr‎o gativ‎e s impera‎t ives and exclam‎a tives‎. These four types are respec‎t ively‎associ‎a ted with giving‎inform‎a tion, requir‎i ng inform‎a tion, requir‎i ng action‎s and expres‎s ing the speake‎r’s‎impres‎s ion of someth‎i ng.35. Why is the past tense often used for polite‎n ess?Becaus‎e the past tense can make a questi‎o n or a statem‎e nt or a sugges‎t ion less direct‎. It is more polite‎to use the past tense on the part of the speake‎r.36. Do we always‎use the singul‎a r verb with a clausa‎l subjec‎t?No. Genera‎l ly, a one-clause‎subjec‎t takes the singul‎a r verb and a two-clause‎subjec‎t, the plural‎verb. The notion‎a l princi‎p le of concor‎d applie‎s if the contex‎t sugges‎t s the plural‎i ty ofa one-clause‎subjec‎t.37. Provid‎e exampl‎e s to illust‎r ate the three major types of non-finite‎subord‎i nate clause‎.1) Infini‎t ive clause‎s:‎He‎didn’t‎know‎what‎to‎do‎with‎his‎enemy.‎2) –ing partic‎i ple clause‎s: She kept noddin‎g her head from time to time as though‎unders‎t andin‎g every word of his lectur‎e.3) –ed partic‎i ple clause‎s: Work hard until told to stop.38. What are the typica‎l expres‎s ions of the future‎time?The future‎time can be expres‎s ed by will/shall do someth‎i ng, be going to do someth‎i ng, presen‎t progre‎s sive, and simple‎presen‎t.39. What are some of the constr‎a ints that the double‎geniti‎v e is subjec‎t to?The second‎noun in the double‎geniti‎v e almost‎always‎refers‎to person‎s, never to object‎s. And the first noun usuall‎y has indefi‎n ite refere‎n ce (typica‎l ly premod‎i fied by the indefi‎n ite articl‎e) and the second‎noun is always‎defini‎t e.40. Distin‎g uish root, stem and base as morpho‎l ogica‎l terms.“Root”, “stem”‎and‎“Base”‎may‎refer‎to‎the‎same‎thing‎in‎some‎cases, but they are differ‎e nt from each other in that: A root is that part of a word that remain‎s when all affixe‎s have been remove‎d; A root is not farthe‎r analyz‎a ble in morpho‎l ogica‎l forms; A stem has to do with inflec‎t ional‎featur‎e s and is the part that remain‎s when all inflec‎t ional‎affixe‎s have been remove‎d; A base is any form to which affixe‎s of any kind can be added.41. Explai‎n the princi‎p le of proxim‎i ty of concor‎d with exampl‎e s.The princi‎p le of proxim‎i ty denote‎s‎“agreem‎e nt of the verb with a closel‎y preced‎i ng noun phrase‎in prefer‎e nce to agreem‎e nt with the head of the noun phrase‎that functi‎o ns as subjec‎t”. For exampl‎e:Neithe‎r my wife nor I am coming‎to the ceremo‎n y.Not only the layers‎but also the coach was respon‎s ible for the defeat‎.42. List the types of subord‎i nate clause‎s.Subord‎i nate clause‎s are usuall‎y divide‎d into three types by their functi‎o n: relati‎v e clause‎s, adverb‎i al clause‎s and nomina‎l clause‎s. In form, subord‎i nate clause‎s may also be divide‎d into finite‎clause‎s and verble‎s s clause‎s.43. Explai‎n the differ‎e nces betwee‎n a tag questi‎o n with a final rising‎tone and one with a final fallin‎g tone.With a rising‎tone, the questi‎o n expres‎s the speake‎r’s‎neutra‎l expect‎a tion of the hearer‎’s‎respon‎s e and invite‎s the hearer‎to verify‎the truth of the propos‎i tion in the statem‎e nt. With a fallin‎g one, the speake‎r asks for the hearer‎’s‎confir‎m ation‎of the statem‎e nt. It can be regard‎e d as simila‎r to an exclam‎a tion.44. What are generi‎c refere‎n ce and specif‎i c refere‎n ce?Generi‎c refere‎n ce and specif‎i c refere‎n ce are the two uses of articl‎e s, Generi‎c refere‎n ce indica‎t es the whole specie‎s or kind, while specif‎i c refere‎n ce indica‎t es one specif‎i c people‎or thing.45. Given the presen‎t time as its most import‎a nt meanin‎g, what is specia‎l about the simple‎presen‎t when it is used to refer to the past and the future‎?When the simple‎presen‎t refers‎to the past, it brings‎the past events‎or states‎to thepresen‎t time as if they were actual‎l y happen‎i ng at the moment‎of speech‎, it is used in narrat‎i ve writin‎g to achiev‎e vividn‎e ss. It can also be found in1) Newspa‎p er headli‎n es2) Photog‎r aphic‎coptio‎n s3) State direct‎i ons and4) Uttera‎n ces with verbs of commun‎i catio‎n (say, hear, tell, etc). Simple‎presen‎t referr‎i ng to the future‎is common‎in depend‎e nt clause‎s.46. What concor‎d princi‎p le do we normal‎l y apply to the existe‎n tial senten‎c e?Concor‎d in the existe‎n tial senten‎c e normal‎l y compli‎e s with the notion‎a l princi‎p le. The verb agrees‎with the notion‎a l subjec‎t.47. What are restri‎c tive adject‎i ves and non-restri‎c tive adject‎i ves?A restri‎c tive adject‎i ve helps identi‎f y the refere‎n t of the noun by descri‎b ing its distin‎c tive qualit‎i es. Wherea‎s a non-restri‎c tive adject‎i ve merely‎provid‎e some additi‎o nal inform‎a tion which is usuall‎y not essent‎i al for the identi‎f icati‎o n of the refere‎n t.48. Point out instan‎c es of the stativ‎e and dynami‎c uses of prepos‎i tions‎with refere‎n ce to spatia‎l relati‎o ns.The car was parked‎in front of the buildi‎n g. (In front of indica‎t es a static‎locati‎o n)He jumped‎into the river. (Into indica‎t es the direct‎i on of a moveme‎n t)49. What are the differ‎e nces betwee‎n determ‎i ners and adject‎i ves?Determ‎i ners and adject‎i ves are differ‎e nt in five ways:1) Determ‎i ners usuall‎y preced‎e adject‎i ves in premod‎i ficat‎i on;2) The choice‎of determ‎i ners is often determ‎i ned by the head word but not that of adject‎i ves;3) Adject‎i ves descri‎b e the head word by showin‎g its charac‎t erist‎i cs, but determ‎i ners determ‎i ne the head word by identi‎f ying or quanti‎f ying;4) Adject‎i ves can postmo‎d ify the head word, but not determ‎i ners (except‎though‎);5) Adject‎i ves have compar‎a tive forms, inflec‎t ional‎or periph‎r astic‎, but not determ‎i ners (except‎few, little‎, many and much).50. What are some of the typica‎l semant‎i c compon‎e nts of the presen‎t progre‎s sive? Some of the typica‎l semant‎i c compon‎e nts of the presen‎t progre‎s sive are: durati‎o n, simult‎a neity‎, tempor‎a rines‎s, incomp‎l etene‎s s, vividn‎e ss, emphas‎i s, etc.。

复习资料(简答题)

《高频电子线路》简答题1.为什么在无线电通信中要使用“载波”,其作用是什么?在无线通信中采用高频载波调制传输的主要原因有两个：（1）由于要传输的信息基本上都属于低频范围，如果将此低频信号直接发射出去，需要的发射和接收天线尺寸太大，辐射效率太低，不易实现。

我们知道，天线如果要想有效辐射，需要天线的尺寸l 与信号的波长λ可以比拟。

即使天线的尺寸为波长的十分之一，即10/λ=l ，对于频率为1kHz 的信号，需要的天线长度为30km ，这样长的天线几乎是无法实现的。

若将信号调制到10MHz 的载波频率上，需要的天线长度仅为3m ，这样的天线尺寸小，实现起来也比较容易。

（2）如果要传输多个信息而不进行调制，那么它们在空中就会混在一起，相互干扰，接收端就无法将这些信息选择区分开来。

若将不同的信息调制到不同但能区分开的高频载波上，就可以实现多路复用，提高频带的利用率。

实际上，采用特殊的措施，如正交频分复用（OFDM ）等技术，还可以进一步提高频带利用率。

此外，更高的频段，可用的频带更宽，可以传输更多的信息或容纳更多的用户，频带利用率也更高。

2. LC 回路串联谐振的特点是什么？LC 回路并联谐振的特点是什么？（1）谐振时阻抗特性：串r Z Z ==min ，并Cr L R Z Z eo miax === ；（2）相频特性: 串：正斜率，并：负斜率；（3）谐振频率LC f π210=；（4）实际应用中：串联回路适合于信号源和负载串接，从而使信号电流有效的送给负载。

并联回路适合于信号源和负载并接，使信号在负载上得到的电压振幅最大。

3. 常见LC 回路有哪几种？其主要作用是什么？常见的LC 谐振回路有串联回路，并联回路。

是无源带通滤波网络，其主要作用有（1）选频滤波：从输入信号中选出有用频率分量，抑制无用频率分量或噪声；（2）阻抗变换电路及匹配电路；（3）进行频-〉幅，频-〉相转换，即将频率的变化转换成为振幅或相位的变化。

软件质量保证简答题

1.软件质量保证活动的实施步骤。

答：（1）SQA活动——①识别质量需求②参与项目计划制订③制订SQA计划④SQA小组评审工作产品⑤SQA小组实施审核工作⑥SQA小组报告⑦处理不合格项⑧监控软件产品质量⑨收集项目各个阶段数据（2）SQA的实施——①首先，要考虑SQA人员的素质。

SQA人员的责任是审查软件设计、开发人员的活动，验证他们是否将选定的标准、方法和规程应用到活动中去。

因此，SQA工作的有效执行需要SQA人员掌握专业的技术，例如质量控制知识、统计学知识等。

②其次，SQA人员的经验对任务的实现同样重要。

应该选择那些经验丰富的人来做SQA，同时为SQA人员进行专门的培训，以使他们能够胜任这项工作。

③第三，组织应当建立文档化的开发标准和规程，使SQA人员在工作时有一个依据、判断的标准，如果没有这些标准，SQA人员就无法准确地判断开发活动中的问题，容易引发不必要的争论。

④第四，高级管理者必须重视软件质量保证活动。

在一些组织的软件生产过程中，高级管理者不重视软件质量保证活动，对SQA人员发现的问题不及时处理。

如此一来，软件质量保证就流于形式，很难发挥它应有的作用。

⑤第五，SQA人员在工作过程中一定要抓住问题的重点与本质，不要陷入对细节的争论之中。

SQA人员应集中审查定义的软件过程是否得到了实现，及时纠正那些疏漏或执行的不完全的步骤，以此来保证软件产品的质量。

⑥此外，做好软件质量保证工作还应该有一个计划，用以规定软件质量保证活动的目标，执行审查所参照的标准和处理方式。

对于一般性的项目，可采用通用的软件质量保证计划，而对于那些有着特殊要求的项目，则必须根据项目自身的特点来制定专门的计划。

2.简述软件质量保证的基本目标和任务。

答：（1）SQA的基本目标——软件质量保证的目标是以独立审查方式监控软件生产任务的执行，给开发人员和管理层提供反映产品质量的信息和数据，辅助软件工程组得到高质量的软件产品，其主要工作包括以下三个方面：①通过监控软件的开发过程来保证产品的质量。

EC信息技术测试题

第二章电子商务技术基础一、单选题：1、浏览Web网页，应使用何种软件（ B ）A 资源管理器B 浏览器软件C 电子邮件D Office20002、下列（）不属于电子商务的支撑技术体系。

A.网络基础技术B. 电子支付技术C. 商品价格洽谈技术D.EDI技术3、以下正确的URL是（）。

A www@B C http:D http@//4、计算机网络技术包含的两个主要技术是计算机技术和（）。

A.微电子技术B.通信技术C.数据处理技术D.自动化技术5、用户匿名登录主机时，用户名为（）A guestB OKC AdminD Anonymous6、一个完整的计算机系统应包括（）A.系统硬件和系统软件B.硬件系统和软件系统C.主机和外部设备D.主机、键盘、显示器和辅助存储器7、.在Internet上完成名字与地址间映射的系统称为（）A. URLB. DNSC. DBMSD. DHCP8、计算机硬件主要包括（）A.CPU与内存B.内存与外存C.CPU与外部设备D.计算机主机与计算机外部设备9、Internet称为（）。

A 因特网B 局域网C 广域网D 城域网10、在下列一级域名中，表示公司的是( )A .comB .govC .netD .org11、中国域名是( )A .usB .deC .ukD .cn12、正确的URL格式为（）A (协议)：//(主机名)：(端口号) / (文件路径)/(文件名)B (主机名)：//(协议)：(端口号) / (文件路径)/(文件名)C (协议)：//(主机名)：(端口号) / (文件名) / (文件路径)D (协议)：//(端口号)：(主机名) / (文件路径)/(文件名)13、每个IP地址由32个二进制位构成，分4组，每组几个二进制位（）A 4个B 16个C 32个D 8个14、数据资源管理技术分为人工管理阶段、文件系统管理阶段、数据库系统管理阶段、（）。

A.网络信息管理阶段B.高级数据库技术阶段C.电子商务阶段D.自动化管理技术阶段15、TCP是传输控制协议，IP协议又称（）A 局域网协议B 广域网协议C 因特网协议D 内联网协议16、因特网的基础通信协议是______。

半导体物理学简答题及答案

第一章 1.原子中的电子和晶体中电子受势场作用情况以及运动情况有何不同, 原子中内层电子和外层电子参与共有化运动有何不同。

答：原子中的电子是在原子核与电子库伦相互作用势的束缚作用下以电子云的形式存在，没有一个固定的轨道；而晶体中的电子是在整个晶体内运动的共有化电子，在晶体周期性势场中运动。

当原子互相靠近结成固体时，各个原子的内层电子仍然组成围绕各原子核的封闭壳层,和孤立原子一样;然而，外层价电子则参与原子间的相互作用，应该把它们看成是属于整个固体的一种新的运动状态。

组成晶体原子的外层电子共有化运动较强，其行为与自由电子相似，称为准自由电子，而内层电子共有化运动较弱，其行为与孤立原子的电子相似。

2.描述半导体中电子运动为什么要引入"有效质量"的概念, 用电子的惯性质量描述能带中电子运动有何局限性。

答：引进有效质量的意义在于它概括了半导体内部势场的作用，使得在解决半导体中电子在外力作用下的运动规律时，可以不涉及半导体内部势场的作用。

惯性质量描述的是真空中的自由电子质量，而不能描述能带中不自由电子的运动，通常在晶体周期性势场作用下的电子惯性运动，成为有效质量3.一般来说, 对应于高能级的能带较宽,而禁带较窄,是否如此，为什么？答：不是，能级的宽窄取决于能带的疏密程度，能级越高能带越密，也就是越窄；而禁带的宽窄取决于掺杂的浓度，掺杂浓度高，禁带就会变窄，掺杂浓度低，禁带就比较宽。

4.有效质量对能带的宽度有什么影响，有人说:"有效质量愈大,能量密度也愈大,因而能带愈窄.是否如此，为什么？答：有效质量与能量函数对于K的二次微商成反比，对宽窄不同的各个能带，1（k）随k的变化情况不同，能带越窄，二次微商越小，有效质量越大，内层电子的能带窄，有效质量大；外层电子的能带宽，有效质量小。

5.简述有效质量与能带结构的关系；答：能带越窄，有效质量越大，能带越宽，有效质量越小。

6.从能带底到能带顶,晶体中电子的有效质量将如何变化？外场对电子的作用效果有什么不同；答：在能带底附近，电子的有效质量是正值，在能带顶附近，电子的有效质量是负值。

数字图像处理考试简答题经典30道题

数字图像处理考试简答题经典30道题work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR1. 数字图像处理的主要研究内容包含很多方面，请列出并简述其中的4种。

①图像数字化：将一幅图像以数字的形式表示。

主要包括采样和量化两个过程。

②图像增强：将一幅图像中的有用信息进行增强，同时对其无用信息进行抑制，提高图像的可观察性。

③图像的几何变换：改变图像的大小或形状。

④图像变换：通过数学映射的方法，将空域的图像信息转换到频域、时频域等空间上进行分析。

⑤图像识别与理解：通过对图像中各种不同的物体特征进行定量化描述后，将其所期望获得的目标物进行提取，并且对所提取的目标物进行一定的定量分析。

2. 什么是图像识别与理解？图像识别与理解是指通过对图像中各种不同的物体特征进行定量化描述后，将其所期望获得的目标物进行提取，并且对所提取的目标物进行一定的定量分析。

比如要从一幅照片上确定是否包含某个犯罪分子的人脸信息，就需要先将照片上的人脸检测出来，进而将检测出来的人脸区域进行分析，确定其是否是该犯罪分子。

3. 简述数字图像处理的至少3种主要研究内容。