Surface engineering technology
机械设计专业术语英文词汇
机械设计专业术语的英语翻译阿基米德蜗杆Archimedes worm安全系数safety factor; factor of safety安全载荷safe load凹面、凹度concavity扳手wrench板簧flat leaf spring半圆键woodruff key变形deformation摆杆oscillating bar摆动从动件oscillating follower摆动从动件凸轮机构cam with oscillating follower摆动导杆机构oscillating guide-bar mechanism摆线齿轮cycloidal gear摆线齿形cycloidal tooth profile摆线运动规律cycloidal motion摆线针轮cycloidal-pin wheel包角angle of contact保持架cage背对背安装back-to-back arrangement背锥back cone ；normal cone背锥角back angle背锥距back cone distance比例尺scale比热容specific heat capacity闭式链closed kinematic chain闭链机构closed chain mechanism臂部arm变频器frequency converters变频调速frequency control of motor speed变速speed change变速齿轮change gear ; change wheel变位齿轮modified gear变位系数modification coefficient标准齿轮standard gear标准直齿轮standard spur gear表面质量系数superficial mass factor表面传热系数surface coefficient of heat transfer表面粗糙度surface roughness并联式组合combination in parallel并联机构parallel mechanism并联组合机构parallel combined mechanism并行工程concurrent engineering并行设计concurred design, CD912不平衡相位phase angle of unbalance不平衡imbalance (or unbalance)不平衡量amount of unbalance不完全齿轮机构intermittent gearing波发生器wave generator波数number of waves补偿compensation参数化设计parameterization design, PD残余应力residual stress操纵及控制装置operation control device槽轮Geneva wheel槽轮机构Geneva mechanism ；Maltese cross槽数Geneva numerate槽凸轮groove cam侧隙backlash差动轮系differential gear train差动螺旋机构differential screw mechanism差速器differential常用机构conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use车床lathe承载量系数bearing capacity factor承载能力bearing capacity成对安装paired mounting尺寸系列dimension series齿槽tooth space齿槽宽spacewidth齿侧间隙backlash齿顶高addendum齿顶圆addendum circle齿根高dedendum齿根圆dedendum circle齿厚tooth thickness齿距circular pitch齿宽face width齿廓tooth profile齿廓曲线tooth curve齿轮gear齿轮变速箱speed-changing gear boxes齿轮齿条机构pinion and rack齿轮插刀pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter齿轮滚刀hob ,hobbing cutter齿轮机构gear齿轮轮坯blank齿轮传动系pinion unit913齿轮联轴器gear coupling齿条传动rack gear齿数tooth number齿数比gear ratio齿条rack齿条插刀rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter齿形链、无声链silent chain齿形系数form factor齿式棘轮机构tooth ratchet mechanism插齿机gear shaper重合点coincident points重合度contact ratio冲床punch传动比transmission ratio, speed ratio传动装置gearing; transmission gear传动系统driven system传动角transmission angle传动轴transmission shaft串联式组合combination in series串联式组合机构series combined mechanism串级调速cascade speed control创新innovation ; creation创新设计creation design垂直载荷、法向载荷normal load唇形橡胶密封lip rubber seal磁流体轴承magnetic fluid bearing从动带轮driven pulley从动件driven link, follower从动件平底宽度width of flat-face从动件停歇follower dwell从动件运动规律follower motion从动轮driven gear粗线bold line粗牙螺纹coarse thread大齿轮gear wheel打包机packer打滑slipping带传动belt driving带轮belt pulley带式制动器band brake单列轴承single row bearing单向推力轴承single-direction thrust bearing单万向联轴节single universal joint单位矢量unit vector914当量齿轮equivalent spur gear; virtual gear当量齿数equivalent teeth number; virtual number of teeth当量摩擦系数equivalent coefficient of friction当量载荷equivalent load刀具cutter导数derivative倒角chamfer导热性conduction of heat导程lead导程角lead angle等加等减速运动规律parabolic motion; constant acceleration and deceleration motion等速运动规律uniform motion; constant velocity motion等径凸轮conjugate yoke radial cam等宽凸轮constant-breadth cam等效构件equivalent link等效力equivalent force等效力矩equivalent moment of force等效量equivalent等效质量equivalent mass等效转动惯量equivalent moment of inertia等效动力学模型dynamically equivalent model底座chassis低副lower pair点划线chain dotted line（疲劳）点蚀pitting垫圈gasket垫片密封gasket seal碟形弹簧belleville spring顶隙bottom clearance定轴轮系ordinary gear train; gear train with fixed axes动力学dynamics动密封kinematical seal动能dynamic energy动力粘度dynamic viscosity动力润滑dynamic lubrication动平衡dynamic balance动平衡机dynamic balancing machine动态特性dynamic characteristics动态分析设计dynamic analysis design动压力dynamic reaction动载荷dynamic load端面transverse plane端面参数transverse parameters端面齿距transverse circular pitch915端面齿廓transverse tooth profile端面重合度transverse contact ratio端面模数transverse module端面压力角transverse pressure angle锻造forge对称循环应力symmetry circulating stress对心滚子从动件radial (or in-line ) roller follower对心直动从动件radial (or in-line ) translating follower对心移动从动件radial reciprocating follower对心曲柄滑块机构in-line slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism多列轴承multi-row bearing多楔带poly V-belt多项式运动规律polynomial motion多质量转子rotor with several masses惰轮idle gear额定寿命rating life额定载荷load ratingII 级杆组dyad发生线generating line发生面generating plane法面normal plane法面参数normal parameters法面齿距normal circular pitch法面模数normal module法面压力角normal pressure angle法向齿距normal pitch法向齿廓normal tooth profile法向直廓蜗杆straight sided normal worm法向力normal force反馈式组合feedback combining反向运动学inverse ( or backward) kinematics反转法kinematic inversion反正切Arctan范成法generating cutting仿形法form cutting方案设计、概念设计concept design, CD防振装置shockproof device飞轮flywheel飞轮矩moment of flywheel非标准齿轮nonstandard gear非接触式密封non-contact seal非周期性速度波动aperiodic speed fluctuation非圆齿轮non-circular gear粉末合金powder metallurgy916分度线reference line; standard pitch line分度圆reference circle; standard (cutting) pitch circle分度圆柱导程角lead angle at reference cylinder分度圆柱螺旋角helix angle at reference cylinder分母denominator分子numerator分度圆锥reference cone; standard pitch cone分析法analytical method封闭差动轮系planetary differential复合铰链compound hinge复合式组合compound combining复合轮系compound (or combined) gear train复合平带compound flat belt复合应力combined stress复式螺旋机构Compound screw mechanism复杂机构complex mechanism杆组Assur group干涉interference刚度系数stiffness coefficient刚轮rigid circular spline钢丝软轴wire soft shaft刚体导引机构body guidance mechanism刚性冲击rigid impulse (shock)刚性转子rigid rotor刚性轴承rigid bearing刚性联轴器rigid coupling高度系列height series高速带high speed belt高副higher pair格拉晓夫定理Grashoff`s law根切undercutting公称直径nominal diameter高度系列height series功work工况系数application factor工艺设计technological design工作循环图working cycle diagram工作机构operation mechanism工作载荷external loads工作空间working space工作应力working stress工作阻力effective resistance工作阻力矩effective resistance moment公法线common normal line917公共约束general constraint公制齿轮metric gears功率power功能分析设计function analyses design918。
中国大学专业中英文对照
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Engineering食品科学与工程Food Science and Engineering食品科学Food Science粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程Cereals, Oils and Vegetable Protein Engineering农产品加工及贮藏工程Processing and Storage of Agriculture Products水产品加工及贮藏工程Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products农学Agriculture作物学Crop Science作物栽培学与耕作学Crop Cultivation and Farming System作物遗传育种学Crop Genetics and Breeding园艺学Horticulture果树学Pomology蔬菜学Olericulture茶学Tea Science农业资源利用学Utilization Science of Agricultural Resources土壤学Soil Science植物营养学Plant Nutrition植物保护学Plant Protection植物病理学Plant Pathology农业昆虫与害虫防治Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control农药学Pesticide Science畜牧学Animal Science动物遗传育种与繁殖Animal Genetics, Breeding and ReproductionScience动物营养与饲料科学Animal Nutrition and Feed Science草业科学Practaculture Science特种经济动物饲养学（含蚕、蜂等）The Rearing of Special-type Economic Animals (including Silkworm, Honeybees, etc.)兽医学Veterinary Medicine基础兽医学Basic Veterinary Medicine预防兽医学Preventive Veterinary Medicine临床兽医学Clinical Veterinary Medicine林学Forestry林木遗传育种学Forest Tree Genetics and 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Diagnostics护理学Nursing外科学（含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学）Surgery (General Surgery, Orthopedics, Urology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, Burn Surgery, Field Surgery)妇产科学Obstetrics and Gynecology眼科学Ophthalmic Specialty耳鼻咽喉科学Otolaryngology肿瘤学Oncology康复医学与理疗学Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy运动医学Sports Medicine麻醉学Anesthesiology急诊医学Emergency Medicine口腔医学Stomatology口腔基础医学Basic Science of Stomatology口腔临床医学Clinical Science of Stomatology公共卫生与预防医学Public Health and Preventive Medicine流行病与卫生统计学Epidemiology and Health Statistics劳动卫生与环境卫生学Occupational and Environmental Health营养与食品卫生学Nutrition and Food Hygiene儿少卫生与妇幼保健学Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health卫生毒理学Hygiene Toxicology军事预防医学Military Preventive Medicine中医学Chinese Medicine中医基础理论Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine中医临床基础Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine中医医史文献History and Literature of Chinese Medicine方剂学Formulas of Chinese Medicine中医诊断学Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine中医内科学Chinese Internal Medicine中医外科学Surgery of Chinese Medicine中医骨伤科学Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine中医妇科学Gynecology of Chinese Medicine中医儿科学Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine中医五官科学Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of Chinese Medicine针灸推拿学Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinese medicine民族医学Ethnomedicine中西医结合医学Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine中西医结合基础医学Basic Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative中西医结合临床医学Clinical Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine药学Pharmaceutical Science药物化学Medicinal Chemistry药剂学Pharmaceutics生药学Pharmacognosy药物分析学Pharmaceutical Analysis微生物与生化药学Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy药理学Pharmacology中药学Science of Chinese Pharmacology军事学Military Science军事思想学及军事历史学Military Thought and Military History军事思想学Military Thought军事历史学Military History战略学Science of Strategy军事战略学Military Strategy战争动员学War Mobilization战役学Science of Operations联合战役学Joint Operation军种战役学（含第二炮兵战役学）Armed Service Operation (including Operation of Strategic Missile Force)战术学Science of Tactics合同战术学Combined-Arms Tactics兵种战术学Branch Tactics军队指挥学Science of Command作战指挥学Combat Command军事运筹学Military Operation Research军事通信学Military Communication军事情报学Military Intelligence密码学Cryptography军事教育训练学（含军事体育学）Military Education and Training (including Military Physical Training)军制学Science of Military System军事组织编制学Military Organizational System军队管理学Military Management军队政治工作学Science of Military Political Work军事后勤学与军事装备学Science of Military Logistics and Military Equipment军事后勤学Military Logistics后方专业勤务Rear Special Service军事装备学Military Equipment管理学Management Science管理科学与工程Management Science and Engineering工商管理学Science of Business Administration会计学Accounting企业管理学（含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学）Corporate Management (including Financial Management, Marketing, and Human Resources Management)旅游管理学Tourist Management技术经济及管理学Technology Economy and Management农林经济管理学Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management农业经济管理学Agricultural Economics & Management林业经济管理学Forestry Economics & Management公共管理学Science of Public Management行政管理学Administration Management社会医学与卫生事业管理学Social Medicine and Health Management教育经济与管理学Educational Economy and Management社会保障学Social Security土地资源管理学Land Resource Management图书馆、情报与档案学Science of Library, Information and Archival图书馆学Library Science情报学Information Science档案学Archival Science工程硕士Engineering Master领域名称Domain Title ……………………………………………………………………………………………工程硕士领域工程硕士领域英文名称机械工程Mechanical Engineering光学工程Optical Engineering仪器仪表工程Instrument and Meter Engineering材料工程Material Engineering冶金工程Metallurgy Engineering动力工程Power Engineering电气工程Electrical Engineering电子与通信工程Electrical and Communication Engineering控制工程Control Engineering计算机技术Computer Technology软件工程Software Engineering建筑与土木工程Architectural and Civil Engineering水利工程Hydraulic Engineering测绘工程Surveying and Mapping Engineering化学工程Chemical Engineering地质工程Geological Engineering矿业工程Mining Engineering石油与天然气工程Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering纺织工程Textile Engineering轻工技术与工程Light Industry Technology and Engineering交通运输工程Communication and Transportation Engineering船舶与海洋工程Shipbuilding and Oceanography Engineering兵器工程Arms Engineering核能与核技术工程Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Technology农业工程Agricultural Engineering林业工程Forestry Engineering环境工程Environmental Engineering生物医学工程Biomedical Engineering食品工程Foodstuff Engineering航空工程Aeronautical Engineering航天工程Aerospace Engineering车辆工程Vehicle Engineering制药工程Pharmaceutical Engineering工业工程Industrial Engineering工业设计工程Industrial Design Engineering生物工程Biotechnology Engineering项目管理Project Management物流工程Logistics Engineering工商管理硕士Master of Business Administration-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------。
专业术语-英文翻译大集合整理
专业术语大集合
• MIS Management Information System 資迅管理系統 • IS: Information System 資迅系統 • IT: Information Technology 系統技術 • MRP: Material Requisition Plan 材料需求計劃
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专业术语大集合
• MTF: Modulation Transfer Function 調整轉換功能 • CAT: Carriage Alignment Tool 載器調整具 • ID: Industrial Design 工業設計(外觀設計) • PCBA: Printed Circuit Board Assembly 電路板組裝 • F/T: Function Test 功能測試
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专业术语大集合
• VQC: Vendor Quality Control 售貨質量控制 • IPQC: In Process Quality Control 制程質量控制 • OQC: Out going Quality Control 出貨質量控制 • QE: Quality Engineer 質量工程
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专业术语大集合
• I2:Information Integration System 資迅整合系統 • SAP: System Application Programming 系統申請項目 •
ERP: Enterprise Resource Programming 企業資源項目 • HR Human Resource 人力資源 • PR: Public relation 公共關係 • T/O: Turn Over Rate=Monthly T/O Total People*12
可紫外光固化含氟聚酰亚胺树脂的合成与性能研究
第 54 卷第 5 期2023 年 5 月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)V ol.54 No.5May 2023可紫外光固化含氟聚酰亚胺树脂的合成与性能研究周润恺1，晁自胜1，易文君1，宋琛2(1. 长沙理工大学 材料科学与工程学院，湖南 长沙，410114；2. 广东省科学院新材料研究所 现代材料表面工程技术国家工程实验室，广东 广州，510650)摘要：以3，5-二氨基苯甲酸(DABA)和可提高溶解性能的六氟二酐(6FDA)作为单体，通过分子结构设计在主链上接枝光敏基团，合成可低温紫外光固化的光敏性聚酰亚胺(PSPI)。
探究光敏性聚酰亚胺的基本性能，确定含氟聚酰亚胺树脂的光固化工艺参数，并分析不同配方下薄膜的机械性能和热性能。
研究结果表明，以35%(质量分数)的PSPI 作为预聚体，20%(质量分数)的丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEA)作为活性稀释剂合成的聚酰亚胺薄膜拉伸强度最高可达(60.71±0.68) MPa ，硬度最高可达到(143.5±1.34) MPa ，断裂伸长率为(2.83±1.05)%，弹性模量为(3.13±0.21) GPa ，薄膜刚性明显提升，同时，在质量损失5%(T d5)和10%(T d10)时的温度分别为140 ℃和216 ℃。
关键词：光敏性聚酰亚胺；薄膜；紫外光固化；低温中图分类号：TB324 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1672-7207（2023）05-1713-07Synthesis and properties of UV curable fluorinated polyimide resinZHOU Runkai 1, CHAO Zisheng 1, YI Wenjun 1, SONG Chen 2(1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology,Changsha 410114, China;2. National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Materials Surface Engineering Technology, Institute of NewMaterials, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China)Abstract: Using 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid and 4,4'-(Hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride, which can improve solubility, as monomer, by grafting photosensitive groups on the main chain through molecular structure design, a photosensitive polyimide that can be cured at low temperature with UV-lighting was synthesized. The basic properties of the photosensitive polyimide were explored, the photo-curing process parameters of the fluorine-containing polyimide resin were determined, and the mechanical and thermal properties of the film with收稿日期： 2022 −05 −28； 修回日期： 2022 −07 −25基金项目(Foundation item)：湖南省教育厅科学研究项目(19C0033)；湖南省自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(2020JJ5593)(Project(19C0033) supported by the Research Project of Hunan Education Department; Project(2020JJ5593) supported by the Youth Fund Project of Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province)通信作者：易文君，博士，讲师，从事医用可吸收复合材料及原料合成研究；E-mail ：********************DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2023.05.006引用格式： 周润恺, 晁自胜, 易文君, 等. 可紫外光固化含氟聚酰亚胺树脂的合成与性能研究[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2023, 54(5): 1713−1719.Citation: ZHOU Runkai, CHAO Zisheng, YI Wenjun, et al. Synthesis and properties of UV curable fluorinated polyimide resin[J]. Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology), 2023, 54(5): 1713−1719.第 54 卷中南大学学报(自然科学版)different formulations were analyzed. The results show that the tensile strength of the polyimide film with 35% (mass fraction) photosensitive polyimide as prepolymer and 20%(mass fraction) hydroxyethyl acrylate as reactive diluent reaches the highest tensile strength of (60.71±0.68) MPa, the highest hardness is (143.5±1.34) MPa, and the tensile elongation is (2.83±1.05)%, the elastic modulus is (3.13±0.21) GPa, the rigidity of the film is obviouslyimproved, and the temperatures at 5%(Td5) and 10% (Td10) thermal mass loss are 140 °C and 216 °C, respectively.Key words: photosensitive polyimide; film; UV curing; low temperature聚酰亚胺(PI)是一类在高分子链上具有亚胺环的耐热高分子材料，具有优异的热稳定性、良好的机械、电气、电化和感光性能。
surface engineering 审稿意见
We now have referees' comments on the above paper. I am pleased to tell you that the work is of interest, but regret to say that the paper is not considered suitable in its present form for publication in Surface Engineering. The reasons are detailed in the comments below.You will see that a number of general and specific points are mentioned which necessitate extensive rewriting of the paper.Please consider how you wish to proceed. If you are able to revise the paper extensively, to deal in full with all the points mentioned, we shall be willing to consider the position further.You will see a menu item entitled Submission Needing Revision. Your submission record may be viewed there.When resubmitting, please provide a list of changes and, where appropriate, respond to each point which has been raised. You should upload this response as a separate file during the resubmission process. Please ensure that you supply a text file prepared according to the specification in the instructions to authors (SEE IMPORTANT NOTES ON LANGUAGE AND EQUATIONS BELOW) and a high resolution image file of each figure. Failure to do this may result in a delay in the typesetting of your paper. Please note that it is not permitted to submit a PDF file of the revised manuscript at this stage.Please note that manuscripts will be automatically withdrawn if a revised version has not been submitted within 90 days of this invitation.With regardsT S Sudarshan, Ph.DEditor-in-chiefSurface EngineeringComments from the Editors and Reviewers:Administrative Comments PRIOR to a Technical ReviewWe take plagiarism seriously so please make sure that ALL citations are properly referenced. We will use computer software to compare your manuscript with the database of ALL manuscripts published from ALL publishersPlease use any of the above sites to check your paper first. and bring down your similarity to less than 5%.Please reduce the length of your title to less than 10 wordsYour paper MUST not exceed 20 typed pages including figures, so please remove unnecessary figures and ensure that they are of the right size and not oversized. Please ensure that all figures have legends, micron markers and where necessary magnification or other relevant details.Please provide email address for each author and at least two different email addresses for the primary point of contact. Please add this to your log in profilePlease also make sure that all references are in the correct format as per the guidelines to authors posted on the website. We recommend that 25% of the references be from the past 3 years so that your paper has citation value.A copy of the TOC is enclosed for helpful references that may support your publication and please ensure it is not the same as something published previously.your paper must have a significant content on coatings and cannot be mere modeling or properties as it will be rejectedPlease check your English using the feature on Microsoft word for both grammar and spelling. This should help avoid a lot of expression problems and make it easy for the reviewer to understand your paper.Mechanisms must be clearly stated for the phenomena observed in the discussion section and must not be empiricalconclusions must be comprehensive and not written like a reportplease also clearly indicate the industrial value/relevance for these approaches described in your paperplease also state in the first few paras as to why this work is not the same as that of others and what knowledge is it adding that is not already available that contributes to the archival literatureLANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE-EDITING:If the referees' comments have raised concerns over the use of English in your paper, it is important that you check and revise your paper carefully, preferably with the assistance of a native English speaker, to ensure the work is reported and discussed clearly.You may also wish to consider the use of a language-editing service to refine the use of English in your manuscript before resubmission. For information about language-editing services and discounts for Surface Engineering authors, please visit/page/authors/languageediting.Use of an editing service does not guarantee that your paper will be accepted for publication. A decision will be made following the usual peer review process.IMPORTANT NOTE ON EQUATIONS IN WORD 2007 Manuscripts containing equations must be produced in Word 2007 compatibility mode using Equation Editor 3.0 or in an earlier version of Word. Equations generated by Word 2007 are stored as images and cannot be used for typesetting. See/authors/instructions/sur for further details.。
双氧水在铜纳米粒子催化刻蚀n型单晶硅中的影响研究
第51卷 第1期 表面技术2022年1月 SURFACE TECHNOLOGY ·257·收稿日期：2020-12-26；修订日期：2021-09-29 Received ：2020-12-26；Revised ：2021-09-29基金项目：国家自然科学基金（51974143，51904134）；云南省科技重大专项（2019ZE007）；云南省重点研发计划（202103AA080004，202102AB080016）Fund ：National Natural Science Foundation of China (51974143, 51904134), Science and Technology Major Project of Yunnan Province (2019ZE007), Key Research and Development Program of Yunnan Province (202103AA080004, 202102AB080016) 作者简介：洪世豪（1995—），男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为硅太阳能电池、单晶硅片表面制绒。
Biography ：HONG Shi-hao (1995—), Male, Master, Research focus: silicon solar cell, single crystal silicon wafer surface fusing. 通讯作者：李绍元（1987—），男，博士，教授，主要研究方向为硅冶金与硅材料、太阳能电池材料、资源综合回收利用。
Corresponding author ：LI Shao-yuan (1987—), Male, Doctor, Professor, Research focus: silicon metallurgy and silicon materials, solar cell materials, comprehensive resource recovery and utilization.引文格式：洪世豪, 郑达敏, 马亮, 等. 双氧水在铜纳米粒子催化刻蚀n 型单晶硅中的影响研究[J]. 表面技术, 2022, 51(1): 257-264.HONG Shi-hao, ZHENG Da-min, MA Liang, et al. Study on the Influence of Hydrogen Peroxide on Nano-Cu Catalyzed Etching of n-Type Single Crystal Silicon[J]. Surface Technology, 2022, 51(1): 257-264.双氧水在铜纳米粒子催化刻蚀 n 型单晶硅中的影响研究洪世豪1，郑达敏2，马亮1，李绍元1，陈秀华3，马文会1（1.昆明理工大学 冶金与能源工程学院，昆明 650093；2.湖南红太阳光电科技有限公司，长沙 410205；3.云南大学 材料与能源学院，昆明 650091） 摘 要：目的 在反应速率温和的前提下，在n 型单晶硅片表面制备低反射率的纳米倒金字塔绒面，研究H 2O 2浓度对铜纳米颗粒的沉积及刻蚀行为的影响。
Brief Introductionof Surface Engineering Technologies(地面工程介绍)
宋芳屯油田
田萨 北 油 喇嘛店油 田
萨 中 油 田
萨 南 油 田
杏 北 油 田
杏 南 油 田
龙虎泡油 田
葡萄花油 田
● full process flow in daqing oilfield
收集 处理 用户
化工厂 化工厂 油 气 系 Oil and gas system gathering 油井
脱水站
原油稳定厂
原油库
Chemical plant
炼油厂
Oil and gas handling station
Dehydration station
Crude oil stabilization p;ant
Crude oil store
Refinery plant
Water treatment system
Daqing Oilfield Productivity Construction
Daqing Oilfield is the largest onshore oilfield which located in the frigid
area. The oilfield has experienced several development periods like “water
Oil and gas gathering and transportation Supply water Surface engineering Something flooding Supply and distribution power
automatzition
communication
Road
含油污水处理站 Produced Water Treatment Station
工程英文单词
公司基本短語含義：FX：Foxconn ———富士康科技集團FXGL：Foxconn GuanLan. 指富士康觀瀾廠區FXZZ：Foxconn ZhengZhou 指富士康鄭州廠區MLB：Mother Level Board ——指為Apple 生產主板的部門FATP：Final Assembly and Test of products –指成品組裝及測試部門。
我們主要設計此部門EPM:Engineering Project Management 工程開發管理部PD：Product Design 結構開發部R&D：Product Research and Design 研發部PE:Product Engineering ——產品工程NPI：New Product Introduce —-新產品導入工程IE：Industry Engineering 工業工程ME：Mechanical Engineering —- 結構/制程工程TE-AP：Testing Engineering Application Function 測試工程TE-RF：Testing Engineering — Radio FrequencySCM：Supply Chain Management 供應鏈WH：Warehouse 倉庫MC: Material Control 物控CUS：Customs Department 關務EPD：Engineering Purchase Department 工程採購QA：Quality Assure 品管IQC：Incoming Quality Assure 進料檢驗SQE:Supply Quality Assure 供應商品質管理IPQC：In Process Quality Control 在製品品質管理OQC:Outcome Quality Control 出貨品質管理系統流程相關：ETA：Evaluated Time of Arrival --預計到達時間ETD：Evaluated Time of Delivery -—預計發貨時間ATA:Actual Time of Arrival ——實際到達時間CPT:Cupertino City ———庫比提諾鎮– Apple 在加州的總部DUT：Device Under Test ——- 待測機台OP:Operator -——作業員UPH:Units Per Hour -—-每小時產量Radar:Radar System that Apple used that to track the issues。
中英文文献翻译—反求工程
附录附录A 外文文献原文The physical model of product surface measurement, according to the process of reverse engineering of measuring point cloud data complete product model 3 d CAD model in engineering practice, a wide range of applications. Reverse Engineering (Reveme Engineering) in the field of product design is a key technology, is based on existing product model, reverse launched the product design data (including design drawings or mathematical model) process. Specifically, reverse engineering, is the main work for existing parts, use 3 d digital measuring system accurate and fast for point cloud data, through curved surface reconstruction and editing, modify, get can be used to design and manufacture of the CAD model following the.Imageware is widely used home and abroad the reverse software, has the formidable measurement data processing, curve fitting of surface, error detection function. Can handle tens of thousands or even millions of point cloud data. According to the point cloud data can be tectonic level A curved surface with good quality and surface continuity. Imageware software in the treatment of the point cloud data and characteristic curve fitting aspects have advantages, but the offer surface modeling and auxiliary means and function complete commercial CADCAM software, there is still a gap comparedCATIA V5 is now widely used high-end CAD/CAM/CAE software system, the reverse function mainly consists of two modules to complete: digital editor module (DSE) and fast surface create module (QSR digital editor module DSE is mainly used to complete the point cloud of input, filter, generating grid curved surface and generate scan lines, fast surface create module of the function is include further QSR generated curve and surface filling, Gui bai processing, surface analysis. In actual work, two module interaction, can complete the point cloud use the rapid processing, curve and surface reconstruction, 3 D model establishment, etc.Combined with Imageware and the use of the software of CATIA, by optical measurement system of the shell on hand point cloud, and then based on the surface reconstruction in the reconstruction of curved surface as a reference to achieve the internal parts of the machine design. Again motor.Reverse engineering of the main purpose is to improve enterprise technical level, increase productivity and enhance economic competitiveness. Reverse engineering technology should be specific.In the following aspects:(1) The new parts design, mainly for the product modifications or copy form design.(2) For some parts of the design of the original copy, recreating the intention.(3) Damage or wear parts of reduction. When parts of damage or tear and wear, can be directly used to reverse engineering method of reconstruction of the CAD model the damaged parts surface reduction and repair.(4) Digital model test. On the processing of parts after scans measured, reuse of reverse engineering constructed CAD model, through the model and the will of the original design CAD model in computer data comparison, can detect errors and improving manufacturing precision.Reverse engineering system concrete implementation plan, make full use of the existing system resources and processing equipment modernization imitation of the form design, manufacture, as a new technology in the product design development and manufacturing, can greatly shorten the development cycle, the design technology in rapid product design development and the factors in numerical control processing surface is of great significance.附录B 外文文献译文对产品的实物模型进行表面测量，按照反求工程的过程由测量数据点云完成产品模型的三维CAD建模，在工程实践中具有广泛的应用。
基于MEMS加速度传感器MPU-6050的滑坡检测系统设计
第44卷第2期2021年2月煤炭与化工Coal and Chemical IndustryVol.44No.2Feb.2021化工环保与安全基于MEMS加速度传感器MPU-6050的滑坡检测系统设计王文鑫，姚璐，胥钧（华北科技学院安全工程学院，W匕京燕郊101601）摘要：针对目前边坡工程监测中存在的监测精度低、成本高以及野外布设困难等问题，以山体位移监测为主要研究对象，采用了以MEMS微机电监测技术为基础技术路线的监控系统,利用MEMS加速度传感器精度高、体积小等优势，采用以CC2530为核心的Zigbee建立无线网络传输，识别山体滑坡发生的可能性。
根据滑坡变形过程设计了模拟实验，实验结果表明，MEMS传感器能够准确地采集数据，检测的相对误差＜2%o整个系统功耗小、速度快，能够很好的完成对山体滑坡的检测。
关键词：滑坡检测；MEMS加速度传感器；Zigbee中图分类号：TQ018文献标识码：A文章编号：2095-5979（2021）02-0156-05 Design of landslide detection system based on MEMSacceleration sensor MPU-6050Wang Wenxin,Yao Lu,Xu Jun(School of S cfety Engineering f North China University of S cience and Technology,Y a n J iao101601,China) Abstract：In view of the problems existing in slope engineering monitoring,such as low monitoring accuracy,high cost and difficult field layout,the mountain displacement monitoring was taken as the main research object,a monitoring system based on MEMS micro electro mechanical monitoring technology was adopted,the advantages of MEMS acceleration sensor, such as high precision and small volume,were utilized,ZigBee with CC2530as the core was used to establish wireless network transmission,and identify the possibility of landslide.The simulation experiment was designed according to the deformation process of landslide,the experimental results show that the MEMS sensor can accurately collect data,and the relative error of detection was less than2%,and the whole system has low power consumption and fast speed,and can well complete the landslide detection.Key words:landslide detection;MEMS acceleration sensor;Zigbee0引言随着地壳运动、暴雨所导致的山体滑坡越来越多，尤其是处于地震带、人类工程活动较为频繁的地区，滑坡所带来的后果，不仅会造成经济损失,以及周围道路的破坏，还会导致人员伤亡，有的甚至是毁灭性的灾难。
材料表面工程_ 物理气相沉积与磁控溅射_
Materials Surface Engineering 材料表面工程
第1章气相沉积技术与磁控溅射
第七章气相沉积技术
一、气相沉积技术及其分类
气相沉积技术是近年来迅速发展的表面技术，它利用气相在各种材料或制品的表面进行沉积，制备单层或多层薄膜，使材料或制品获得所需的各种优异性能。
该技术也被称为“干镀”，主要分PVD 和CVD ：物理气相沉积（Physical Vapor Deposition ）化学气相沉积（Chemical Vapor Deposition ）等离子化学气相沉积（Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition ）气相沉积技术
（1）物理气相沉积（Physical Vapor Deposition，PVD）：是在真空条件下，采用各种物理方法，将固态的镀料转化为原子、分子或离子态的气相物质后，再沉积于基体表面从而形成固体薄膜的一类薄膜制备方法。
（2）化学气相沉积（Chemical Vapor Deposition，CVD）：把还有构成薄膜元素的一种或几种化合物、单质气体提供给基体，借助气相作用或基体表面上的化学作用形成薄膜。
（3）兼具二者优势的等离子化学气相沉积（ＰＣＶＤ）
气相沉积的特点
①气相沉积的环境为密闭的高真空环境，原料的转化率高，
减少材料的浪费。
②气相沉积可降低来自空气的污染，所得的沉积膜纯度高。
③能在低温条件下制备高熔点物质。
④便于制备多层复合膜，层状复合材料和梯度材料。
成
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机械零件
塑料模具
冲压模具
汽
车工业︱发动机零
件。
选矿专业英语
1 总论采矿mining地下采矿underground mining露天采矿open cut mining, open pit mining, surface mining采矿工程mining engineering选矿（学）mineral dressing, ore beneficiation, mineral processing矿物工程mineral engineering冶金（学）metallurgy过程冶金（学）process metallurgy提取冶金（学）extractive metallurgy化学冶金（学）chemical metallurgy物理冶金（学）physical metallurgy金属学Metallkunde冶金过程物理化学physical chemistry of process metallurgy冶金反应工程学metallurgical reaction engineering冶金工程metallurgical engineering钢铁冶金（学）ferrous metallurgy, metallurgy of iron and steel有色冶金(学)nonferrous metallurgy真空冶金(学)vacuum metallurgy等离子冶金(学)plasma metallurgy微生物冶金(学)microbial metallurgy喷射冶金(学)injection metallurgy钢包冶金(学)ladle metallurgy二次冶金(学)secondary metallurgy机械冶金(学)mechanical metallurgy焊接冶金(学)welding metallurgy粉末冶金(学)powder metallurgy铸造学foundry火法冶金(学)pyrometallurgy湿法冶金(学)hydrometallurgy电冶金(学)electrometallurgy氯冶金(学)chlorine metallurgy矿物资源综合利用engineering of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources 中国金属学会The Chinese Society for Metals中国有色金属学会The Nonferrous Metals Society of China2 采矿采矿工艺mining technology有用矿物valuable mineral冶金矿产原料metallurgical mineral raw materials矿床mineral deposit特殊采矿specialized mining海洋采矿oceanic mining, marine mining矿田mine field矿山mine露天矿山surface mine地下矿山underground mine矿井shaft矿床勘探mineral deposit exploration矿山可行性研究mine feasibility study矿山规模mine capacity矿山生产能力mine production capacity矿山年产量annual mine output矿山服务年限mine life矿山基本建设mine construction矿山建设期限mine construction period矿山达产arrival at mine full capacity开采强度mining intensity矿石回收率ore recovery ratio矿石损失率ore loss ratio工业矿石industrial ore采出矿石extracted ore矿体orebody矿脉vein海洋矿产资源oceanic mineral resources矿石ore矿石品位ore grade岩石力学rock mechanics岩体力学rock mass mechanics3 选矿选矿厂concentrator, mineral processing plant 工艺矿物学process mineralogy开路open circuit闭路closed circuit流程flowsheet方框流程block flowsheet产率yield回收率recovery矿物mineral粒度particle size粗颗粒coarse particle细颗粒fine particle超微颗粒ultrafine particle粗粒级coarse fraction细粒级fine fraction网目mesh原矿run of mine, crude精矿concentrate粗精矿rough concentrate混合精矿bulk concentrate最终精矿final concentrate尾矿tailings粉碎comminution破碎crushing磨碎grinding团聚agglomeration筛分screening, sieving分级classification富集concentration分选separation手选hand sorting重选gravity separation, gravity concentration 磁选magnetic separation电选electrostatic separation浮选flotation化学选矿chemical mineral processing自然铜native copper铝土矿bauxite冰晶石cryolite磁铁矿magnetite赤铁矿hematite假象赤铁矿martite钒钛磁铁矿vanadium titano-magnetite铁燧石taconite褐铁矿limonite菱铁矿siderite镜铁矿specularite硬锰矿psilomelane软锰矿pyrolusite铬铁矿chromite黄铁矿pyrite钛铁矿ilmennite金红石rutile萤石fluorite高岭石kaolinite菱镁矿magnesite重晶石barite石墨graphite石英quartz方解石calcite石灰石limestone白云石dolomite云母mica石膏gypsum硼砂borax石棉asbestos蛇纹石serpentine阶段破碎stage crushing粗碎primary crushing中碎secondary crushing细碎fine crushing对辊破碎机roll crusher粉磨机pulverizer震动筛vibrating screen筛网screen cloth筛孔screen opening筛上料oversize筛下料undersize粗磨coarse grinding细磨fine grinding球磨机ball mill衬板liner分级机classifier自由沉降free setting沉积sedimentation石灰lime松油pine oil硫化钠sodium sulfide硅酸钠（水玻璃）sodium silicate, water glass过滤filtration过滤机filter给矿，给料feeding给矿机feeder在线分析仪on line analyzer在线粒度分析仪on line size analyzer超声粒度计ultrasonic particle sizer, supersonic particle sizer。
微结构几何参数对铝合金表面结冰性能的影响
表面技术第51卷 第1期 ·272· SURFACE TECHNOLOGY 2022年1月收稿日期：2021-04-09；修订日期：2021-05-31 Received ：2021-04-09；Revised ：2021-05-31基金项目：国家自然科学基金联合基金项目（U19A20103）；吉林省科技发展计划项目（20190101005JH ，20180101324）Fund ：National Natural Science Foundation of China Joint Fund Project (U19A20103); Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan Project (20190101005JH, 20180101324) 作者简介：弯艳玲（1979—），女，博士，副教授，主要研究方向为微纳制造、功能表面。
Biography ：WAN Yan-ling (1979—), Female, Doctor, Associate professor, Research focus: micro-nano manufacturing, functional surface. 引文格式：弯艳玲, 严灿东, 王博, 等. 微结构几何参数对铝合金表面结冰性能的影响[J]. 表面技术, 2022, 51(1): 272-279.WAN Yan-ling, YAN Can-dong, WANG Bo, et al. The Influence of Microstructure Geometric Parameters on the Icing Properties of Aluminum 微结构几何参数对铝合金表面结冰性能的影响弯艳玲，严灿东，王博，于化东（长春理工大学 跨尺度微纳制造教育部重点实验室，长春 130000）摘 要：目的 制备具有稳定性的抗结冰表面，并探讨表面微结构几何参数对表面结冰性能的影响。
表面工程学翻译
1.Surface engineering is the subdiscipline of materials science which deal with the surface of solid matter.It has applications to chemistry mechanical engineering ,and electrical engineering (particularly in relation to semiconductor manufacturing).表面工程学是处理固体物质表面材料科学的学科分支。
它在化工，机械工程和电机工程（特别是与半导体制造业相关的）方面都有很多的应用。
2.Solids are composed of a bulk material covered by a surface. The surface which bounds the bulk material is called the Surface phase .It acts as an interface to the surrounding environment. The bulk material in a solid is called the Bulk phase.固体是由被大量的物质覆盖的表面组成。
这个限制这些大量物质的表面被称作表面相。
它表现为与周围环境接触的界面。
这些在固体内部的大量的物质被称作体相。
3.The surface phase of a solid interacts with the surrounding environment. This interaction can degrade the surface over time .Environmental degradation of the surface phase over time can be caused by wear, corrosion,fatigue and creep.固体的表面相会同周围环境相互作用。
Surfaceengineeringofpolymermebrnesviamusselnspiredchemistry
Surface engineering of polymer membranesvia mussel-inspired chemistryHao-Cheng Yang a,Jianquan Luo b,Yan Lv a,Ping Shen a,Zhi-Kang Xu a,na MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization,Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou310027,Chinab The National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering,Institute of Process Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing100190,Chinaa r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received17July2014Received in revised form26January2015Accepted20February2015Available online2March2015Keywords:Surface engineeringMussel-inspired chemistrySurface modificationPolydopaminePolymer membranea b s t r a c tOver the past decades,polymer membranes are becoming more and more compelling due to their growingdemand in environment,energy and healthfields.Many efforts have been devoted to improve the membraneperformance and extend their application via the methodology of surface engineering.One of the mostpromising strategies is mussel-inspired chemistry,which has become a powerful tool in membrane fabricationand modification because of its universality and versatility.Considering the increasing interest and advances inthisfield,we present this review regarding mussel-inspired chemistry in the surface engineering of polymermembranes.The adhesion mechanism and properties of polydopamine(as a representative)are brieflyoutlined at the beginning.Then detailed elaboration is followed on the applications of mussel-inspiredchemistry in the surface science and technology of membranes.Catecholamines can be directly deposited onthe membrane surface,act as an interface layer for post-modification,serve as a surface component ofmembrane and pre-decorate polymers for membrane modification or fabrication.Finally,we summarizerecent research progress and give a further perspective of the mussel-inspired catecholamine in membranescience and technology.&2015Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionIt is well known that we are facing a series of unprecedentedchallenges from environment and energy crisis with the rapid devel-opment of modern industry.One of the most serious problems is thefreshwater shortage,which generates a great demand on the devel-opment of alternative technologies for water production,such as sea-water desalination and wastewater reuse[1].Over the past decades,worldwide membrane scientists are engaged in the research of novelfiltration membranes to meet the demands for clean and plentifulwater supply,including both polymeric[2–4]and ceramic[5–7]mem-pared to the ceramic ones,polymer membranes are moreContents lists available at ScienceDirectjournal homepage:/locate/memsciJournal of MembraneScienceFig. 1.Achieved and potential applications of mussel-inspired catecholamine inmembrane science./10.1016/j.memsci.2015.02.0270376-7388/&2015Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.Abbreviations:PE,polyethylene;PP,polypropylene;PVDF,poly(vinylidenefluor-ide);PEG,polyethylene glycol;PHEMA,poly(hydroxyethyl methylacrylate);PNI-PAM,poly(N-isopropylacrylamide);PAA,polyacrylic acid;DOPA,dihydroxyphenylalanine;PDA,polydopamine;PS,polystyrene;PTFE,polytetra-fluoroethylene;ATRP,atom transfer radical polymerization;PDOPA,poly(dihy-droxyphenylalanine);RAFT,reversible addition fragmentation transfer;PSu,polysulfone;PSBMA,poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate);PEI,polyethyleneimine;PAN,polyacrylonitrile;BSA,bovine serum albumin;DMAEMA,2-(dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylate;HEMA,2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate;SERS,surface enhanced Ramanscattering;ZIF,zeolitic imidazolate framework;CS,chitosan;TFC,thinfilmcompositen Corresponding author.E-mail address:xuzk@(Z.-K.Xu).Journal of Membrane Science483(2015)42–59widely employed in water puri fication for industrial,agricultural and municipal uses because of their flexibility and low cost.However,traditional polymer membranes have several notable drawbacks.For example,the mechanical property is unstable due to swelling by water during filtration for hydrophilic polymer membranes (e.g.cellulose derivatives)[8,9].On the other hand,some commercial polymers,such as polyethylene (PE),polypropylene (PP)and poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF),exhibit high trans-membrane pressure and fouling af finity be-cause of the poor surface wettability (i.e.low hydrophilicity)[10–13].Furthermore,the traditional membranes can no longer meet the requirement for water puri fication due to the increasing wastewater complexity and the more stringent emission standards.A new generation of membranes is required with both high-performance and multi-functions [14].Hence,great effort has been devoted to develop novel functionalized membranes for various purposes,and particularly,the surface engineering of membrane has attracted much attention because the membrane surface plays a crucial role during the separation process.Surface properties,such as wettability and ch-arge as well as roughness,largely determine the membrane perfor-mance including water permeation and anti-fouling property.More speci fically,the hydrophilic surfaces show better wettability and resistance to membrane fouling than the hydrophobic ones,leadingFig.2.Possible reaction mechanisms and structures of polydopamine proposed by (a)Messersmith's,(b)Freeman's and (c)Liebscher's groups.(d)Proposed mechanism for the binding of DOPA to TiO 2and mica surfaces [43,60,62].(e)AFM results of interactions between single DOPA or DOPA –quinone molecule and Ti substrate (left)or an amino-containing substrate (right)[66].(f)A schematic mechanism of likely interactions between the mfps (mfp-3as an example)and four different surfaces (mica,SiO 2,PMMA and PS)[65].H.-C.Yang et al./Journal of Membrane Science 483(2015)42–5943to an increased water permeation flux though more details should be considered carefully.Furthermore,the membrane surface coupled with speci fic adsorption [15]or catalytic function [16,17]shows great potentials in advanced technologies for water treatment.Surface engineering grants extrinsic properties for the traditional polymer membranes to meet the requirements of high performance and multi-functions [18].However,it is challenging to modify the inert surfaces composed of C –H or C –F bonds due to their low surface energy and reactivity.Researchers have been trying to find more facile,universal and effective ways to realize this goal.Numerous methods,such as dip-coating [19,20],plasma treatment [21–25],surface grafting [26–29],interfacial crosslinking [30,31]and addition of amphiphilic co-polymers [32,33],have been developed to hydrophilize or functio-nalize the membrane surfaces.Unfortunately,most of the aforemen-tioned techniques suffer from some disadvantages.For example,the stability of physical coating is questioned because of the relative poor compatibility between the interfaces.Hydrophilicity derived from pla-sma treatment usually decreases with the time,which is known as “hydrophobic recovery ”[34].Among these methods,surface grafting,which is initiated by the anchored initiators under high-energy radiations or catalysts,has been widely studied and applied for surface functionalization in many cases.Hydrophilic polymers such as poly-ethylene glycol (PEG)[35,36]and poly(hydroxyethyl methylacrylate)(PHEMA)[37,38]were grafted onto the membrane surfaces to impr-ove the wettability and anti-fouling properties.The temperature-or pH-sensitive polymers,such as poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAM)[39,40]and polyacrylic acid (PAA)[41],were also grafted to make environmentally responsive membranes.However,there are still many limitations in this method.Firstly,the mechanical property may be decreased by irradiation.Secondly,the grafting process is relatively complex,and the grafting degree,especially the uniformity is not easy to control.Thirdly,swelling of the grafted chains may block the mem-brane pores in the cases of ultra filtration and micro filtration,which leads to a sharp decrease in water permeation flst but most signi ficantly,there may exist a “grafting gradient ”along the mem-brane cross-section due to the impenetrability of the opaque mem-branes in the case of,in particular,photografting.And thus most of the monomers are polymerized near the top surface rather than the inner part,which leads to a quite hydrophilic surface but non-equivalent water permeation in some cases [42].It is worth mentioning that the modifying uniformity is dramatically important to the membrane performance,especially for the porous ones.There are two meanings when we mention “membrane surface ”in literatures.Some research-ers consider the “surface ”as the top surface of the membranes,the properties of which decide the “external ”characters including wett-ability,charge,roughness,and fouling/bacteria (which can be rejected by the membrane)resistance.On the other hand,the concept of “surface ”should include all the pore walls contacting fluid during the filtration process for porous membranes,as it will affect the “inner ”performance,for example,the permeation property and the foulant adsorption in the membrane pores.Accordingly,the photo-initiated surface grafting is dif ficult to reach the internal polymers of the mem-branes and to modify the pore surface.By contrast,the “grafting to ”method involving special reactions will not meet this problem.The poor universality and possible intricate synthesis may limit its application instead.Therefore,considering the above-mentioned pro-blems,a simple,robust,and universal technology is still needed to modify the membrane surfaces.A breakthrough has been made by Phillip B.Messersmith and co-workers in 2007[43].They found that dopamine,an important neurotransmitter in human body,could play an intriguing role in surface science,which was inspired by the strong adhesion of mytilus edulis foot.It can form a self-polymerized coating on various subst-rates under alkaline condition and air atmosphere.To date,several dopamine and dihydroxy-phenylalanine (DOPA)analogs have been developed for surface modi fication,which include norepinephrine [44,45]and other polyphenols [46–48].Compared to traditional methods,the deposition of dopamine is more simple and control-lable,which can be adjusted by changing pH,concentration,deposi-tion time,and atmosphere [49–51].The coating process occurs in the solution without any external stimuli such as light or heat,and its uniformity depends on the diffusion and reactivity along the mem-brane.Although the oxygen diffusion barrier is still a problem which may affect the self-polymerization of dopamine [52],it can be addr-essed via mild oscillation during the deposition process.And the polydopamine (PDA)coating keeps stable in solutions with a relativeFig.3.Chemical properties of dopamine and PDA as representatives of catecholamine and catecholamine-based materials.H.-C.Yang et al./Journal of Membrane Science 483(2015)42–5944wide pH range as described in Section 3.1[53].Thanks to the above advantages,the interest in the surface engineering of membrane by catecholamine has surged in recent years,leading to a large number of studies involving this hot topic.Therefore,it is necessary to review these developments and present a clear outline for the researchers.This review demonstrates the mechanisms of mussel-inspired chemistry for surface science at first.It aims at the properties and applications of the multi-functional coating for the surface engi-neering of polymer membranes.As illustrated in Fig.1,the main applications include surface modi fier,intermediate layer,skin layer,filler and pre-modi fied polymer.Finally,we provide a briefconclusion and the prospect in this field,and then a guide for the potential applications in the future.2.Mussel-inspired surface chemistry and physicsSince 2007,polydopamine has become a famous “bio-glue ”attri-buted to its strong and universal adhesion ability,the simple and facile deposition process,as well as its versatile and wide applica-tions [43].Numerous researches concerning mussel-inspired surface chemistry have emerged over the past six years.There is nodoubtFig.4.(a)SEM images of PE,PVDF and PTFE porous membranes before and after dopamine deposition (c ¼2.0g/L,t ¼24h,pH ¼8.5)[89].(b)Permeate flux as a function of time during oil/water emulsion cross flow filtration of XLERO membranes modi fied with varied dopamine concentrations,deposition times,and initial pH values of Tris –HCl buffer [92].(c)Schematic and SEM images of PDA-modi fied PSU/PAN nano fibrous membranes for La 3þabsorption [115].H.-C.Yang et al./Journal of Membrane Science 483(2015)42–5945that it attracts much attention,especially from the researchers inmembrane science because,as demonstrated in Section1,one of themost important applications of surface chemistry is in membranescience.Inspired by the mytilus edulis foot protein,catechols arewidely applied in functional coatings[54,55],biomedicine[56],electronics[57]and otherfields as reviewed previously[58,59].Inthis section,we briefly summarize the adhesion mechanisms of PDAbased on the reported results,and also illustrate its intriguing prop-erties which are essential for the achieved or potential applications inmembrane science.2.1.Structures and adhesion mechanismsIt has been widely accepted that the catechol structure with strongadhesion and the“crosslink network”formed via autoxidation are themain reasons for PDA attachment on various surfaces[43].Fig.2aduplicates the oxidation and polymerization mechanism suggested byLee et al.[43].Both covalent and non-covalent interactions(includinghydrogen bond,π–πstacking and charge transfer interaction)play crucial roles for PDA formation in this mechanism.However,Dreyeret al.[60]proposed that dopamine aggregates through hydrogen bondandπ–πstacking instead of covalent binding,as shown in Fig.2b.They concluded the mechanism by investigating the structures of PDA from solid state nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray diffraction spectra. Similar conclusions were presented by Hong et al.[61]that the physical assembly of dopamine and its oxidation product,5,6-dihy-droxyindole,contribute dominantly to the formation of PDA even though the dimers and trimers also exist.Recently,Liebscher et al.[62] demonstrated a covalently linked structure composed of dihydrox-yindole and indoledione units with different degrees of saturation,and the PDA chains are stacked parallel through hydrogen bond(Fig.2c). Distinct from Freeman's model,they suggested that the CÀC connec-tions are predominant between the monomer units.On the other hand,the detailed adhesion mechanisms of catecholshould be considered separately for different surfaces[54].For example,catechol interacts with TiO2surface via bidentate chelationinteraction,and the adhesion force is weakened by oxidizing catecholinto quinone as revealed by Hwang et al.[63].Hwang et al.suggestedthat the interaction mode converts to coordination from hydrogenbonding with the increase of pH[64].For mica and SiO2,bidentatehydrogen bonding is the major contributor to the adhesion force ofmytilus edulis foot protein(Fig.2d)[65,66].More details have beenreviewed by Zhou and his colleagues for interactions betweencatechol and inorganic substrates[54].In the membrane science and technology,we are more concernedabout the interaction modes between catechol and polymer surfaces,which are distinguished from the inorganic ones.For example,byusing single molecular force spectra,Lee et al.investigated the inte-ractions between catechol and various surfaces,including both org-anic and inorganic substrates[67].A reversible coordination wasdetected when catechol interacts with Ti surface,while an irrever-sible covalence may exist when it attaches to an amino-containingsurface.Moreover,DOPA shows higher adhesion force than DOPA–quinone in the former case(Fig.2e).In general,for polar polymersurfaces,the hydrogen bonding between phenolic hydroxyl groupand hydrogen-bonding acceptors,or even the formation of covalentbond,results in the primary adhesion,while hydrophobic orπ–πinteraction plays a crucial role when catechol contacts non-polarpolymers(e.g.polyolefin,polystyrene(PS))(Fig.2f)[68,69].However,although a possible deposition process was proposed[70],themechanism remains elusive for some hydrophobic substrates withlow surface energy,such as polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)and PP,which may be rationalized by hydrophobic interactions[65].2.2.Physical and chemical propertiesThe most impressive properties are their versatility and adhesiveability for mussel-inspired self-coatings on various substrates,whichmake them expected candidates for surface engineering(Fig.3)[71].Tobe specific,the catechol group can react with thiol-andamino-Fig.5.(a)Static water contact angles and electrolyte wettability of PE separators before and after the polydopamine treatment.(b)Voltage profiles of the pouch-type half cells with and without the polydopamine treatment during thefirst cycle.Both cells were cycled at a rate of0.1C between3.0and4.5V.(c)A comparison of discharging capacities for both type cells at a series of current densities.(d)Nyquist plots for the pouch-type half cells measured after the70cycles shown in(c).The inset shows the same plots but with a larger scale[111].H.-C.Yang et al./Journal of Membrane Science483(2015)42–5946containing compounds via Michael addition and Schiff-base reaction [72,73].Moreover,it shows good reducibility and can be easily oxidized into quinone under mild condition[74],which has been always utilized in redox reactions[75,76].By connecting with initiators for atom transfer radical polymerization(ATRP),various polymer chains can be grafted onto the PDA or PDOPA-modified surfaces via surface-initiated ATRP(SI-ATRP)[77,78].Similar examples have also been reported through reversible addition fragmentation transfer(RAFT)polymeriza-tion[79–81].Furthermore,the strong metal ion chelation ability of catechol structure enables inorganic particles and coatings to form on aTable1Summary of PDA/PDOPA-modified membranes by direct deposition and their applicationsTypes Substrate Reagent,buffer solution,pH Application/purpose Refs.MF PE/PVDF/PTFE DOPA/DA,Tris/phosphate,5.0-10.0Hydrophilization[89]Polyester DA,Tris,8.5Anti-fouling[103]PE DA,Tris-methanol,8.5Li-ion battery separator[104,111]PE DA,Tris,8.5Li-ion battery separator[110]CA DA,Tris,8.5Li-ion battery separator[108]PTFE DA,Tris-methanol,8.5Li-ion battery separator[112]PE DA,Tris-methanol,8.5Li-ion battery separator[114]UF PES DA,Tris,8.5Hemodialysis/anti-fouling[90]PSu/PE DA,Tris,8.8Hydrophilization[93]Nafion DA,Tris,8.5UF microbial fuel cell/anti-bacteria[100]PVDF DA,Tris,8.5Oil–water separation[104]RO PSu DA,Tris,8.7PRO[91]PA DA,Tris,5.0,8.8,11.0RO[92]CA DOPA,Tris,8.0FO/anti-fouling[98]PA DOPA,Tris,8.3RO/anti-fouling[99]PA DA,Tris,8.8RO/anti-bacteria[102]Anion exchange membrane NEOSEPTA AMX membrane DA,Tris,8.8Electrodialysis/anti-fouling[101] Electrospun nanofibrous membrane PVDF DA,Tris,8.5Li-ion battery separator[109]PAN/PSU DA,Tris,8.0Metal ion absorption[115]Table2Summary of the membranes involving PDA intermediate layer on their surfaces for various applications.Substrate Other components Mechanism Application/purpose Refs.PP MF membrane PVP,I2Hydrogen bond Anti-fouling and anti-bacteria[116] PVDF membrane PHEMA and PDMAEMA SI-ATRP Anti-fouling and Anti-bacteria[131]Membranes from MF to RO PEG-NH2Catechol-amino reactions Anti-fouling[124–126]ES-20RO membrane2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine and2-aminoethyl methacrylate copolymerCatechol-amino reactions Anti-fouling[127]DOW RO membrane poly([2-(methacryoyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammoniumchloride)SI-ATRP Anti-fouling[129]PA/PES compositemembraneTitania Chelation Anti-fouling[142] PVDF UF membrane Titania Chelation Anti-fouling[143]PS electrospunfibrous membrane Undecanethiol,11-mercaptoundecanoic acid and silvernitrateCatechol-thiol reaction,chelationand reductionOil/Water separation,ion gatingand anti-bacteria[117]Steel mesh n-Dodecyl mercaptan Michael addition Oil/water separation[118]PP MF membrane PEI,silica Catechol-amino reactions andbiomineralizationOil/water separation[141]PE MF membrane Heparin Catechol-amino reactions Blood compatibility[119]PE MF membrane BSA Catechol-amino reactions Biocompatibility[120] PLA membrane Heparin Catechol-amino reactions Hemodialysis[121] Diblock copolymermembranePNIPAM-NH2Catechol-amino reactions pH-sensitive membrane[122]Nylon MF membrane PAA SI-ATRP pH-sensitive membrane[130]PE MF membrane PMMA SI-ATRP Li-ion battery separator[132]PE MF membrane Dimethylaminoethanethiol,silica Catechol-thiol reaction andbiomineralizationLi-ion battery separator[139] Aluminia membrane,steel meshZIF-8Chelation Gas separation[146,147] PES hollowfibermembranem-Phenylenediamine,piperazine and trimesoyl chloride Interfacial polymerization Energy generation[149]PSu UF membrane PEI Catechol-amino and interfacialcrosslinkNanofiltration[150]PES UF membrane Trimesoyl chloride and piperazidine Interfacial polymerization Nanofiltration[151] PSu UF membrane Graphene oxide Covalent bond Nanofiltration[153] PES UF membrane Chitosan Catechol-amino reactions andinterfacial crosslinkPervaporation[148]Aluminia tubemembrane m-Phenylenediamine and trimesoyl chloride Interfacial polymerization Pervaporation[152]H.-C.Yang et al./Journal of Membrane Science483(2015)42–5947Fig.6.(a)Post-modi fication of PDA-coated PS nano fibrous membranes for multi-functional uses [117].(b)Schematic description of the preparation of PDA-coated stainless steel mesh film and N-dodecyl mercaptan modi fied surface through Michael addition reaction [118].(c)and (d)are the schemes of immobilization of heparin and BSA onto the membrane surface via PDA adhesion layer [119,120].(e)Oily water fouling behavior of flat-sheet membranes with PDA and PDA-g-PEG coatings [124].H.-C.Yang et al./Journal of Membrane Science 483(2015)42–5948PDA-modified surface[82,83],or acts as the cross-linking point in the metal ion-bridged polymer hydrogels[84,85].Apart from the properties referred above,there are also some “unexplored”or neglected characteristics of PDA or PDOPA which may be useful for some special purposes.For example,as a melanin-like material,PDA exhibits some electrical properties[86].It also shows a wide light absorbance ranging from ultraviolet to visible region[87]. Moreover,it has excellent free-radical-scavenging property,which has potential to protect the polymer membranes from the attack of free radicals[88].3.Applications in membrane science and technology3.1.As a surface modifier by direct deposition on membraneZhu and his co-workers reported thefirst work to use DOPA and dopamine as hydrophilic modifiers for hydrophobic polymer mem-branes[89].The wettability of PE,PVDF and PTFE microfiltration membranes was improved after several hours'deposition in dopamine or DOPA solution(Fig.4a).However,the deposition time is too long and the water permeationflux does not increase obviously due to pores blocking caused by PDA aggregates.The pore blocking affects the water permeation significantly when PDA or PDOPA is applied in the surface modification of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes.Likewise, Cheng et al.[90]used PDA to modify polyethersulfone(PES)ultrafiltra-tion membrane,and they found that the waterflux decreased with the increase of deposition time and dopamine concentration,which is caused by the pores blocking on the top surface of membrane.Hence,it is necessary to avoid long-time and high-concentration dopamine dep-osition on the separation layer if high waterflux is preferred for the membranes.For example,Arena et al.[91]modified polysulfone(PSu)support layer of a commercial reverse osmosis membrane with dopam-ine to reduce severe internal concentration polarization.They peeled off the polyester fabric layer before deposition,and prewetted the hydro-phobic PSu support with isopropyl alcohol before immersing it into the dopamine solution,which is quite wise for reducing deposition time and improving hydrophilicity of the whole membrane.In contrast with the blocking effect,the hydrophilicity of PDA or PDOPA coatings impr-oves the membrane performance during the actualfiltration process. The same research group also investigated the effects of deposition conditions,including time,dopamine concentration and pH value,on the oil/water separation performance of PDA-modified reverse osmosis membranes systematically(Fig.4b)[92,93].They found a decrease of pure waterflux after PDA deposition,while an increase of permeateflux during thefiltration of oil-in-water emulsion,due to the enhanced anti-oil-fouling property by mussel-inspired coating.In addition,the optimal deposition pH value is8.8in their work.Surface fouling becomes one of the most crucial problems during thefiltration process due to the inherent hydrophobicity of most commercial polymer membranes[94].One important motivation of hydrophilization is to improve the in-service performance of mem-brane by constructing an anti-fouling surface[95,96].Dopamine contains both amino and phenolic hydroxyl groups(and carboxylic acid group for L-DOPA),which can be regarded as zwitterionic mole-cules for anti-fouling property[97].Zou et al.investigated the fouling resistance characteristics of L-DOPA coated polyamide reverse osmosis membranes.The results show that the water permeability is improved and the protein fouling is reduced after modification[98,99].The similar surface modifications for other membranes(e.g.microfiltration and anion-exchange membranes)have also been reported[100–104]. However,the aromatic rings in PDA coating limit the hydrophilicity and anti-fouling property of the modified membranes.To address this problem,the authors developed the one-step co-depositionapproachFig.7.(a)Schematic diagram illustrating the process of SI-ATRP from the membrane surfaces.Both PAA and poly(HEMA-g-DMAEMA)or poly(DMAEMA-g-HEMA)were grafted onto the membranes for pH-sensitive and anti-fouling properties[131].(b)pH-dependent permeability of aqueous solutions through the pristine nylon membrane and nylon-g-PAAc membranes with monomer concentrations of2%,4%and6%[130].(c)Time-dependentflux of pristine PVDF membrane,PDOPA-coated membrane and PVDF-g-PHEMA membrane with an ATRP time of10min operated with BSA solution for three cycles[131].H.-C.Yang et al./Journal of Membrane Science483(2015)42–5949to further improve the surface hydrophilicity,as well as the anti-fou-ling property.The polypropylene microporous membranes were imm-ersed into the dopamine/poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate)(PSBMA) solution,and then the PDA/PSBMA modified membranes were obt-ained[105].The membrane shows better fouling resistance during the filtration of protein solution.Moreover,this coating is very stable during a long-term rinse.In addition,the authors also co-deposited dopamine and low-molecular-weight polyethyleneimine(PEI)onto the membrane surface[106].As an amino-rich polymer,PEI can not only react with dopamine via Schiff base or Michael addition reaction, but also provide hydrophilic group for further -pared to the pure PDA,the PDA/PEI coating shows reduced deposition time,improved wettability and accordingly high waterflux.Further-more,the deposition solution can be reused for more thanfive times because no aggregates form in the solution(the interposition of PEI disturbs non-covalent interactions in polydopamine).Another important application of the PDA-modified membranes is the separator of batteries[107–110].PE separator has been commonly employed in Li-ion batteries.To obtain a better power performance and cycle lives of the batteries,Ryou et al.prepared a PDA-treated PE separator with improved compatibility between membranes and liq-uid electrolytes[111],which showed a higher capacity retention ability than unmodified one(Fig.5).A PDA-decorated PTFE separator was also invented by this group[112],and the PDA coating showed a signi-ficant improvement in the compatibility between surfaces even with low surface energy[113].Moreover,the PDA-decorated separators exhibited excellent anti-oxidative and anti-thermal-shrinkage proper-ties[110,114].A greater improvement of performance was found for the low-porosity separators than the high-porosity ones[107].Besides the traditional hydrophobic materials,PDA coating has also been applied to hydrophilic polymers such as cellulose for improving thermal dimensional stability and mechanical strength[108].AllofFig.8.(a)Scheme of coating polydopamine(PDA)on a PP membrane as well as subsequent PVP and iodine complexation.(b)Static water contact angles and SEM images of unmodified,PDA-modified and PDA/PVP-modified PE membranes.(c)Permeateflux of water and protein solution through the original and modified PP membranes.(d)Representativefluorescence microscopy images of the membranes surfaces after being exposed to a BSA–FITC solution for8h.(e)Antimicrobial activities of each membrane against Staphylococcus aureus[116].H.-C.Yang et al./Journal of Membrane Science483(2015)42–5950。
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Plasma spraying
By generating an ignition between an electrical plus pole(anode) and an electrical minus pole(cathode) an electrical arc is formed. Through the pressure of the gas, the temperature of the arc increases, the gas ionizes and plasma develops. At the same time powder is injected into the plasma jet, the powder particles melt and reach the surface of the work piece at high velocity.
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Structure diagram of spray coating
Classification
THSP
Thermal-Spraying technology
combustion
electrical heating ASP PSP
Plasma spraying
FLSP
D-GUN
Flame Detonation-gun Arc spraying spraying spraying
Flame spraying
Wire flame spraying
In the torch used to spray wires or rods, a flame is also generated by combustion of fuel gas in oxygen. The flame melts the end of the wire/rod which becomes atomized by compressed air to form droplets. These form a stream and are propelled towards the substrate.
Thermal-Spraying technology
Mechanism of Thermal-Spraying technology Thermal spraying technology is applied by using heat source to heat spraying material to molten or semimolten state, and then spraying deposited at a certain speed on the substrate surface.
Characteristics
Advantages:
Wide range of choice for substrate materials and spraying materials
(metal, ceramic, engineering plastics)
The temperature of the substrate is low.
(little deformation)
Flexible of operation
(various shapes, no request for working place) Wide range of coating thickness
(dozens of micron ~ a few millimeters)
Arc spraying
Two wires, being consumable arc electrodes, are drawn from spools and form a liquid droplet due to arc heating. The droplet is blown by the atomizing gas. The gas atomizes the molten droplet and propels fine particles towards a substrate.
Accelerating Cooling and Solidification
Heating and Melting,
Impacting substrate Coating
Coating structure
In the process of coating formation, spray particles will interact with the surrounding gas, which leads to oxidation phenomenon of the spraying material, therefore, there are a certain number of oxide inclusions in the spraying layer. In addition, some spray particles may be doped with unmelted or inadequate deformation particles, when impacting to the substrate surface results in pores or holes between particles. All these will influence the density of coating.
CharacteristicsDisadFra bibliotekantages:
Low thermal efficiency
Low utilization rate of material Low bonding strength between substrate and coating
Process
Surface pretreatment(cleaning, roughing, bonding )
Thermal spraying Post-treatment(hole sealing, densification) Machining (turning, grinding, polishing)
The process of coating formation
Spraying materials
Detonation-gun spraying
A mixture of oxygen and acetylene is fed into the barrel, together with a charge of powder. The gas is ignited, explodes and its detonation wave accelerates the powder. In order to avoid ‘backfiring’ i.e. explosion of the fuel gas supply, an inert gas, such as nitrogen, is used between the portions of exploding mixture. Nitrogen also purges the barrel.
Figure. Schematic of flame spraying of a powder: (1) working gases (fuel and oxygen); (2) injection of powder; (3) torch body; (4) sprayed coating; (5) stream of particles; (6) combustion flame
Flame spraying
Powder flame spraying
In a flame spraying torch, the chemical energy of combustion of the fuel gas in oxygen is used to generate a hot flame. The gas inlet is axial and powder can be introduced axially or perpendicularly to the torch. The particles become molten in the flame and accelerated in the direction of the workpiece.
Figure. Schematic of an arc-spraying installation: (1) atomizing gas flow; (2) torch outer shield; (3) stream of molten particles; (4) electric arc; (5) consumable arc electrodes
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