Sanofi_Industrial_Affairs_Presentation_EN

合集下载

Importation and exportation affair

其它单证进出口部门办理。办理免税表需要时间大约是5个工作日，所有单证请在货物到达一个星期前准备好。
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其它
部分进口商品为法定检验商品，需要在商检检验完毕放行后方可使用。
保税设备为海关监管货物，监管期限为5年。
Global Leader of Condom Supply 安全套制造的全球领导者
Useful Expressions （常用语）
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来料加工
指进口料件由境外企业提供，经营企业不需要付汇进口，按照境外企业的要求就行加工或者装配，只收取加工费，制成品由境外企业销售的经营活动。
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进料加工指进口料件由经营企业付汇进口，制成品由经营企业外销出口的经营活动。
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通关需要单证加工手册、发票of Condom Supply 安全套制造的全球领导者
Airway bill 空运提单 Bill of lading (B/L) 海运提单 Endorsed 背书 MFNT( most-favored nation treatment) 最惠国待遇
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• • • •
ASEAN( association of southeast Asian nations) 东盟
• • • • • Shipper 托运人 Consignee 收货人 Shipping space 舱位 Customs valuation 海关估价 Freight forwarder 货运代理 Bonded warehouse 保税仓库 Preferential duty 优惠关税 VAT 增值税 Certificate of origin 原产地证明
Global Leader of Condom Supply 安全套制造的全球领导者

高级职业英语立体化系列教材电子教案3unit2- Making a Presentation

place before starting. 7. Don’t forget to conclude the presentation by
summing up the points you’ve considered.
back
Activity 1 Task check-ups
Task 2 Make a presentation
Listen and take notes. Then report the information you get to your class.
Script:
How to make a presentation? I think it necessary to remember the basic steps of the presentation and the main points of each step.
Task 1 Listen and Match
next
Section 1 Activity One
b a
c h
f e
back
d g
Section 1 Activity One
Task 2 Listen and write
Listen and complete the general responsibilities of Human Resources Department.
Activity 2 Listen and Repeat
Activity 3 Speak Out
Task 1 Listen and Match
Task 2 Listen and Write
Task 1 Talk and complete
Task 2 Prepare a Speech

FWO-Fact-sheet-Fair-Work-Information-Statement-and-the-NES

Fair Work Information Statement and the National Employment StandardsAustralia’s new workplace relations systemFrom 1 July 2009, most Australian workplaces are governed by a new system created by the Fair Work Act 2009. The Fair Work Ombudsman helps employees, employers, contractors and the community to understandand comply with the new system. We provide education, information and advice, help to resolve workplace complaints, conduct investigations, and enforce relevant Commonwealth workplace laws.The provision of the Fair Work Information Statement (the Statement) forms part of the National Employment Standards (NES). As of 1 January 2010, the NES apply to all employees covered by the national workplace relations system, regardless of the applicable industrial instrument or contract of employment.Terms in awards, agreements and employment contracts cannot exclude or provide for an entitlement less than the NES, and those that do have no effect. An employer must not contravene a provision of the NES. A contravention of a provision of the NES may result in penalties of up to $10,200 for an individual and $51,000 for a corporation. OverviewThe Statement must be given to each new employee commencing employment from 1 January 2010.The Statement is published by the Fair Work Ombudsman and must be published in the Commonwealth Government Notices Gazette (the Gazette). If the Fair Work Ombudsman changes the Statement in any way, they must publish the new version in the Gazette.What information must be contained in the Statement?The Statement contains information about the following:• the NES• modern awards• agreement-making under the Fair Work Act 2009• the right to freedom of association• the role of the Fair Work Commission and the Fair Work Ombudsman• termination of employment• individual flexibility arrangements• right of entry (including the protection of personalinformation by privacy laws)• an explanation of the effect on an employee’sentitlements under the NES if both of thefollowing occur:– a transfer of a business occurs as described inthe Fair Work Act 2009–the employee becomes a transferring employee. Who must receive the Statement?An employer must give each new employee the Statement before (or as soon as practicable after) the employee starts his or her employment. The employeris not required to give the employee the Statement more than once in 12 months.Employers must give the Statement to an employee. This may occur by any means, for example:• the employer gives it to the employee personally • the employer sends it by pre-paid post to:–the employee’s residential address or– a postal address nominated by the employee • the employer sends it to:–the employee’s work email address or–another email address nominated by the employee13 13 94 .auPage 1• the employer sends to the employee’s work emailaddress (or to another email address nominated by the employee):–an electronic link to the Fair Work Ombudsmanwebsite on which the Statement is located or–an electronic link that takes the employee directlyto a copy of the Statement on the employer’sintranet• the employer faxes it to:–the employee’s work fax number or–the employee’s home fax number or–another fax number nominated by the employee. Further InformationThe Fair Work Ombudsman has published a fact sheet on each NES entitlement. For further information on a specific NES entitlement, please see the relevant fact sheets at .au.The requirement to provide new employees with a Fair Work Information Statement is provided for by sections 124 & 125 of the Fair Work Act 2009.You can access a copy of the Fair Work Information Statement at .au/fwis.For further information, visit .auor contact Fair Work Infoline 13 13 94.Related PublicationsIntroduction to the NESMaximum working hours and the NESRequests for flexible working arrangements and the NES Parental leave and related entitlements and the NES Annual leave and the NESPersonal/carer’s leave and compassionate leave and the NES Community service leave and the NESLong service leave and the NESPublic holidays and the NESNotice of termination and redundancy pay and the NESContact usFair Work Online: .auFair Work Infoline: 13 13 94Need language help?Contact the Translating and Interpreting Service (TIS) on 13 14 50Hearing & speech assistanceCall through the National Relay Service (NRS):• For TTY: 13 36 77. Ask for the Fair Work Infoline 13 13 94• Speak & Listen: 1300 555 727. Ask for the Fair Work Infoline13 13 9413 13 94 .auFair Work Ombudsman is committed to providing useful, reliable information to help you understand your rights and obligations under workplace laws. It is your responsibility to comply with workplace laws that apply to you. The information contained in this publication is: general in nature and may not deal with all aspects of the law that are relevant to your specific situation; and not legal advice. Therefore, you may wish to seek independent professional advice to ensure all the factors relevant to your circumstances have been properly considered. Last updated: March 2013© Copyright Fair Work Ombudsman FWOFS24.02Page 2。

2016_onsite seminar_Elvis

UNO 主攻市场与机会
智能工厂应用
– 设备联网, MES工厂改造与升级 – 产品生产标示与追溯 (食品/ 包装/ 零部件…)
视觉检测
– 工厂生产在线检测 – 智能装备视觉检测机台
汽车产业
– 车厂与零配件组装, 生产, 震动检测…
智能交通
– ETC, 电子警察, 车管所, 边境检验, 高速广告牌显示
工业4.0/ 物联网所带起的典范转移
在2020年嵌入式计算机所占的比重会达到90% (1)
每年15~20%增长率 (1)
尚有85%设备无法连网 (2)
大势不可为, 随波不逐流无有优廉跑
Source: (1) McKinsey analysis (2)IMS Research
iDoor, DIO(4/4). USB x 4, COM x 3, VGA/HDMI, LAN x 4 One expansion slot
Dual power input – reduce down time remote power button, watch dog
mPCIe x 2, PCIe x 1, mSATA x 1, HDD x 1
MP: Mar/E’15
100mm
30
嵌入式无风扇工业电脑系列– UNO-2000 新系列
4DI/4DO
LEDs Indicator
PWR, PWR1, PWR2, BAT, SD, COM Port(3)
Operating Temperature
-20~60’C
Power Input
12/24V± 20%
Software Support
Win7, Win8, Linux, SUSIAccess

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..........................................................................

The ITS-IDEA program is jointly funded by the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Federal Highway Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and Federal Railroad Administration. For information on the IDEA Program contact Dr. K. Thirumalai, IDEA Program Manager, Transportation Research Board, 2101 Constitution Avenue N.W., Washington, DC 20418 (phone 202-334-3568 fax 202-334-3471).IDEA PROJECT FINAL REPORTContract ITS-6IDEA ProgramTransportation Research BoardNational Research CouncilNovember 28, 1995LASER VEHICLEPrepared by:Richard Wangler Schwartz Electra-Optics, Inc.Orlando, FloridaINNOVATIONS DESERVING EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS (IDEA) PROGRAMS MANAGED BY THETRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD (TRB)This investigation was completed as part of the ITS-IDEA Program, which is one of three IDEA programs managed by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) to foster innovations in surface transportation. It focuses on products and results for the development and deployment of intelligent transportation systems (ITS), in support of the U.S. Department of Transportation’s national ITS program plan. The other two IDEA programs areas are TRANSIT-IDEA, which focuses on products and results for transit practice in support of the Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP), and NCHRP-IDEA, which focuses on products and results for highway construction, operation, and maintenance in support of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). The three IDEA program areas are integrated to achieve the development and testing of nontraditional and innovative concepts, methods, and technologies, including conversion technologies from the defense, aerospace, computer, and communication sectors that are new to highway, transit, intelligent, and intermodal surface transportation systems.The publication of this report does not necessarily indicate approval or endorsement of the findings, technical opinions, conclusions, or recommendations, either inferred or specifically expressed therein, by the National Academy of Sciences or the sponsors of the IDEA program from the United States Government or from the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials or its member states.TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1PROBLEM STATEMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 VEHICLE-SENSOR SURVEY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 PRODUCT DESIGN SPECIFICATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4RESEARCH APPROACH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 RESULTS (8)CONCLUSION (9)GLOSSARY (10)REFERENCES (10)APPENDIX A: VEHICLE-SENSOR SURVEY (11)APPENDIX B:VEHICLE SPEED AND LENGTH MEASUREMENT ACCURACY (14)EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis report describes a diode-laser-based vehicle detector and classifier (VDAC) developed by Schwartz Electro-Optics (SEO) under the Transportation Research Board (TRB) Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems (IVHS), now Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), Innovations Deserving Exploratory Analysis (IDEA) Program. The VDAC uses a scanning laser rangefinder to measure three-dimensional vehicle profiles that can be used for accurate vehicle classification. The narrow laser beam width permits the detection of closely spaced vehicles moving at high speed; even a 2-in.-wide tow bar can be detected. The VDAC shows great promise for applications involving electronic toll collection from vehicles at freeway speeds, where very high detection and classification accuracy is mandatory.The extensive network of modem highways in the United States today offers a fast, safe, convenient means of transporting goods and people within and between the major cities of the country. However, the U.S. highway system is under considerable stress. The traffic congestion that currently pervades metropolitan areas threatens future gridlock if mitigating steps are not soon taken. According to ITS America (I), “The percent of peak hour travel on urban interstates that occurred under congested conditions reached 70 percent in 1989, up from 41 percent in 1975 .”If this trend continues, all peak-hour traffic will be congested by 2000; there is good reason to believe that the trend will continue. FHWA data show that since about 1965 the number of vehicle miles traveled has been increasing at a faster rate than expenditures on highway maintenance and that total capital spending for highways, streets, roads, and bridges has declined by more than 50 percent. It is assumed that the growth in traffic and decline in new roadway construction will continue and that a worsening traffic congestion problem can be expected.One of the goals for ITS in the United States is to reduce congestion. Through areawide traffic management, ITS can use existing facilities to improve traffic-flow efficiency. Advanced sensor technology is needed to provide accurate, real-time traffic-parameter data, such as volume, occupancy, speed, and classification, which are required to optimize the performance of areawide traffic management systems. Information on real-time traffic conditions can be used for rapid incident detection and en-route driver navigation.The sensors of choice for many future ITS applications will undoubtedly be mounted overhead. Although inductive loops are simple, low-cost devices, they are not as easily installed or maintained because of their in-pavement location. Several types of overhead vehicle detectors are being developed (2), including video detection systems, microwave radar detectors, ultrasonic detectors, passive infrared sensors, and active infrared sensors. Of these, only the active infrared sensor, using a laser rangefmder, has the capability for accurate vehicle profiling as a result of the narrow angular beam width of the laser.This profiling capability, a dual-beam configuration that permits speed measurement, and efficient vehicle-recognition software combine to produce a sensor that can classify vehicles as well as measure their presence and speed. The outstanding utility of such a sensor became good motivation for its development as a practical device.VDAC relies on an inherent laser characteristic-narrow angular beam width--to provide the high resolution required for accurate vehicle, profiling. The VDAC beam-scan geometry is shown in Figure 1. The SCANNING BEAMSFIGURE 1 VDAC beam-scan geometry.1system scans two narrow laser beams, at a fixed angularseparation, across the width of a lane at a rate of up to 720scans/sec. Pulsed time-of-flight range measurementsprovide accurate _ (+ 3 in.) transverse height profiles of avehicle on each scan. The vehicle speed, determined fromthe time interval between the interceptions of the two laserbeams by the vehicle, is used to space the transverseprofiles appropriately to obtain the full three-dimensionalvehicle profile. An algorithm similar to those developedfor military target recognition is applied to the three-dimensional profile for vehicle-classification purposes.An example of the VDAC three-dimensional profilingcapability is provided by the range image shown in Figure2. This range image of a van pulling a boat traveling at aspeed of 45 mph was obtained by the VDAC operatingwith a scan rate of 360 scans/sec. The pixel spacingresulting from the l-degree scan resolution is more thanadequate for vehicle identification.VDAC uses a rotating polygon as shown in Figure 3 toline scan a diode-laser rangefmder across a 12-ft-widelane of highway. The polygon scanner rotatescontinuously in one direction at a constant speed. Theangle between each facet and the base of the polygonalternates between 87.5 and 92.5 degrees for adjacentfacets; as a result, successive scans are made with anangular separation of 10 degrees, which provides the twoseparate beams needed for speed measurements. Asshown in Figure 4, the 0.5- by 12-mrad laser beamilluminates a 5- by 120-mm spot on the pavement thatprovides good m-lane resolution and optimum cross-lanecoverage when the laser is pulsed once per degree of scanangle.Applications for VDAC are many and include thefollowing:l Vehicle classification for toll charging.l Use with wireless smart cards to prevent cheating byverifying vehicle classification.l Vehicle road location and timing determination forlicense plate photography.l Wide-area real-time surveillance for signalizedintersections and freeway monitoring.l Traffic parameter measurement such as average speed, road occupancy, traffic count by type of vehicle, and queue length at lights.l Very accurate vehicle presence detection.l Vehicle height measurement for bridge, tunnel, or overpass warning.l Road and freeway accident detection by traffic speed measurement.l Temporary emergency replacement for disabled in-pavement inductive loops.l Operation where inductive loops are impractical:bridges, parking garages, or cobblestone or brick streets.PROBLEM STATEMENT Because ITS is such a new program, a set of precise requirements for VDAC does not exist. The first several months of the project were used to establish these requirements through the aid of a vehicle sensor survey and phone conversations with potential users. After the survey results were analyzed, a detailed product design specification was generated.FIGURE 3 VDAC hardware showing rotating polygon.FIGURE 2 Three-dimensional range image of a van pulling a boat.23 6 9 12 15 18NUMBER OF VEHICLE CLASSESFIGURE 5 Example histogram showing number of vehicle classes required.The survey revealed that the most common VDAC requirements not satisfied by current sensors are vehicle separation and classification, particularly under high-volume, high-speed traffic conditions. Survey responses indicated interest in the following areas of application (in order of interest): (a) traffic data collection, (b) traffic signal control, (c) temporary installations, and (d) electronic toll collection. For the most part, it was not possible to categorize questionnaire response according to application area because respondents indicated an interest in more than one area. This was not true for the electronic toll collection area, however, which was of singular interest in three of four cases (e.g., Hughes Transportation Management Systems, Amtech Systems Corporation, and MFS Network Technologies). These potential VDAC users want sensors that are very accurate (99.9 to 99.9999 percent detection accuracy, 95 to 99.95 percent classification accuracy), highly reliable, and have a long lifetime (2.3 to 5 years). They are concerned about the effect of environmental conditions on sensor performance, particularly weather (rain, fog, snow) and temperature (minus 40o to 85o C). On the basis of their need for high detection and classification accuracy, the electronic toll collection companies appear to be prime customers for VDAC systems.4PRODUCT DESIGN SPECIFICATIONThe product design specification presented in Table 1 was established on the basis of (a) the results of a vehicle-sensor survey implemented via questionnaires mailed to potential VDAC users, (b) discussions with major ITS companies (e.g., MFS Network Technologies and Hughes Transportation Management Systems), and (c) previous SEO experience in developing diode-laser-based vehicle sensors.RESEARCH APPROACHA schematic diagram of the VDAC system is shown in Figure 6. The VDAC’s laser rangefmder uses an InGaAs diode-laser transmitter and a silicon avalanche photodiode (APD) receiver in a side-by-side configuration. The transmitter consists of the diode laser and its driver circuit and a collimating lens. The optical receiver is composed of an objective lens, narrow-band optical filter, detector-amplifier, and threshold detector.The laser diode used in the VDAC is an InGaAs injection laser diode having 12-W output at 10 A pulsed current drive. The laser driver produces a 10-A peak current pulse with a 3-nsec rise time and an 8-nsec pulseTABLE 1 VDAC SpecificationsSCAN RATEFIELD-OF-REGARDSCAN RESOLUTIONBEAM SEPARATIONRANGE MEASUREMENTS PER SCAN MAXIMUM RANGEMINIMUM RANGERANGE ACCURACYRANGE RESOLUTIONINTERFACELASER BEAM GEOMETRYLASER WAVELENGTHLASER EYE SAFETYPOWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE TEMPERATURE RANGEVEHICLE CLASSIFICATIONSPEED ACCURACY 360 SCANS / SEC / BEAM30”1”IO”3050 FT5 FT3 IN3 INRS422, RS232SOLID STATE RELAY- PRESENCE LOGIC-LEVEL (l-l-L) PRESENCEIN-LANE AXIS - 0.5 mradCROSS-LANE AXIS - 16 mrad904 nm“EYE SAFE”IN COMPLIANCE WlTH 21 CFR 1040 CDRH115VAC, 24VDAC-40o C TO 60o C11 CLASSESSPEED DEPENDENT (see Appendix B)width. A trigger pulse from the scanner control circuit triggers the laser at the proper scan angles. The 904-nm laser emission is at an ideal wavelength for the silicon APD receiver used.The optical detection circuitry converts optical radiation reflected from the vehicle and road to, first, an equivalent electrical analog of the input radiation and, finally, a logic-level signal. The logic-level signals are processed within the range counter logic to yield analog range data, which are read by the microprocessor.An analog range-measurement technique was chosen for VDAC because of its better resolution, smaller size, simpler circuitry, lower power consumption, and lower cost when compared with digital techniques. The analog range measurement circuit, know as a time-to-amplitude converter (TAC), has an accuracy of 1 percent of measured range and a resolution of plus or minus 3 in. TAC uses a constant-current source to charge a capacitor to obtain a linear voltage ramp whose instantaneous value is a measure of elapsed time. The circuit is designed so5that the voltage across the range measurement capacitor begins ramping down from the positive power supply when the laser fires. The ramp is stopped when either a reflected pulse is received or the end of the measurement period is reached. The TAC output is then converted to digital by a fast 1 O-bit analog-to-digital converter.The VDAC sofiware processes the range data and outputs vehicle classification, vehicle speed, and so forth, via a serial interface to a remote computer. The major software functions are identified in the block diagram shown in Figure 7. The algorithms that must be implemented for each function were developed and tested, to some extent, in previous projects. The vehicle detector and speed calculator are used in SEO’s Autosense I unit. The real-time range loop, calibration, and gain adjustment routines have been used in several other projects. The vehicle profiler and vehicle classifier are related to algorithms that have been designed and tested under military research programs. The VDAC rule-based classification algorithm will classify the 11 different types of vehicles shown in Figure 8.Speed, Etc. to PCSelf Tests,Calibration,Gain Adjustment,Threshold Adjust,Dew SenseFIGURE 7 Block diagram for major VDAC software functions.P CARMOTORCYCLE PICKUP TRUCK DELIVERY TRUCK BUSTRACTOR WITHOUT TRAILERTRACTOR WITH 1 TRAILERTRACTOR WITH 2 TRAILERSTRACTOR WITH 3 TRAILERSFIGURE 8 Eleven vehicle types classified by VDAC.Range data are used by the vehicle detection algorithmto determine when a vehicle is present. The vehicledetection algorithm first calculates the range to the roadand then sets a threshold above the road that is used todetermine the presence of a vehicle. A certain number ofconsecutive range samples above the detection thresholdare required to accurately detect the presence of a vehicleand reduce false alarms.RESULTSSE0 tested VDAC at a site in front of the SE0 facilitieson Florida SR 441. VDAC was mounted to a mast armextending over the curb lane of this major arterial asshown in Figure 9. Testing was carried out 24 hr/day foran extended period of time. This permitted testing undervaried traffic conditions, including peak-hour, off-peak,and stop and go, and under varied environmentalconditions such as rain, fog, and high temperature.During testing, the VDAC algorithm was modified asrequired to optimize vehicle detection and classificationcapabilities. The program code was uploadable to VDACvia the serial interface, making possible the real-timeoptimization of VDAC performance.FIGURE 9 VDAC mounted on mast arm.FIGURE 10 Computer display of real-time VDAC classification data.The vehicle profiles were collected and organized in adata base. By using the data base, specific vehicle typeswere extracted and used for vehicle-classificationalgorithm development. After the classification algorithmwas developed, a search of the data base provided datafrom similar vehicles for classification algorithm testing.The data base contains fields that include vehicle class,height, length, speed, and so forth, corresponding to eachvehicle detected. A video image was captured and storedfor each vehicle for easy verification of the vehicle-classification algorithm. A computer display of VDACclassification data, including vehicle profile and videoimage, is shown in Figure 10. Approximately 1,200vehicles per hour can be verified using the data basedisplay software. Currently 50,000 vehicles are logged inthe data base.vehicles. The top matrix shows the vehicle count and the bottom matrix the percentage of classification. The numbers along the diagonal of the bottom matrix show the percentage of classification for each vehicle class. Off-diagonal numbers show the possibility of confusion between specific vehicle classes. For example, 5.04percent of pickups were confused with passenger cars.The overall percentage of classification for all vehicle classes is shown in the lower right comer of Figure 11.CONCLUSION Tests performed have included detection accuracy,classification accuracy, and speed accuracy. Detection of100 percent was visually confirmed in a test of 10,000vehicles. The detection accuracy tests were performed infair weather with some light rain and therefore theaccuracy might degrade some during extended tests orduring severe weather conditions. Classification accuracyof 95.5 percent for 10 vehicle classes was achieved usingthe 50,000~vehicle data base. The confusion matrix(Figure 11) shows the classification results for the 50,000Schwartz Electra-Optics has developed a diode-laser-based vehicle detector-classifier that can accurately detect and classify vehicles moving at freeway speeds. Several major ITS companies have expressed a desire to purchase VDACs when they become available for electronic toll and traffic management (ETTM) applications. Such applications require sensors that are very accurate and highly reliable and have a long lifetime. SEO is confident that VDAC will prove useful for traffic surveillance and signal control as well as ETTM applications.VDAC may find its first implementation as part of the Toronto Highway 407 project for Hughes Traffic Management Systems, where 300 to 400 VDACs will be used as part of a completely automated overhead tollcollection system. In this ETTM application VDAC isrequired to provide accurate vehicle detection,classification, separation, lane position, and cameratrigger information to the roadside toll collection system.Production of VDACs for this project was to begin in thelast quarter of 1995.GLOSSARYSeparation-the ability to detect closely spaced vehicles Camera trigger-a signal generated by the VDAC when it detects the end of a vehicle. This signal can beused to trigger a video camera to capture an image ofthe vehicle’s license plate.as individual vehicles.Transverse height profile-the height profile measured across the vehicle from side to side.Classification-the capability of differentiating among types of vehicles.REFERENCESDetection-the ability to sense that a vehicle, whether moving or stopped, has appeared in the detector’s field of view.Detection response time-the time it takes to sense that a vehicle is in the detector’s field of view.1. Strategic Plan for intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems,Report ITS-AMER-92-3. ITS America, Washington,D.C., 1992.2. Kell, J.H., I.J. Fullerton, and M.K. Mills. TrafficDetector Handbook, 2nd ed. Report FHWA-IP-90-002,U.S. Department of Transportation, July 1990.Electronic toll collection-the completely automated process of billing on toll roads using electronic communication with the ser-a device that amplifies light and produces an intense monochromatic beam.Scan resolution-the angle between successive range measurements.iscTrck/Bus/RV 0 0. .Tractor TrailerPickup 0.001 0.000.001 2.841FIGURE 11Vehicle classification confusion matrix.APPENDIX A:VEHICLE-SENSOR SURVEY Currently used sensor(s)TYPEREQUIREMENTS METREQUIREMENTS NOT METFUTURE REQUIREMENTSApplicationq Traffic signal controlq Traffic data collection[] Electronic toll collectionq Temporary Installations[]O t h e rCHARACTERISTICS DESIRED INVEHICLE DETECTOR/CLASSIFIER 1. Please rate the importance of these functional characteristics:LOW DETECT VEHICLE PRESENCE 1 2 3 MEASURE VEHICLE SPEED 1 2 3 MEASURE VEHICLE HEIGHT 1 2 3 MEASURE VEHICLE LENGTH 1 2 3 MEASURE VEHICLE WIDTH 1 2 3 VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION 1 2 3 SEPARATE CLOSE-SPACED VEH 1 2 3 DETECT TOW BARS 1 2 3 MULTIPLE LANE COVERAGE 1 2 3HIGH 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 76. Please specify required environmental conditions:AMBIENT TEMPERATURE RANGESHOCKVIBRATION7. Please circle the appropriate value for these general characteristics:PRICE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 K$ SIZE 200 400 600 800 1000. 3m WEIGHT 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 lb POWER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 W120 VAC 24VDAC 12VDAC OTHERAdditional Comments:。

Finnet Group

Project P911-PFIP MulticastDeliverable 1State-of-the-Art Technologies, Products, and ServicesVolume 1 of 3: Main ReportSuggested readers:•People in the Shareholders responsible for planning and deployment of services in IP networks.•Also this Deliverable functions as a ´white paper`, describing a European view from the Project, concerning the relevance of ongoing work and prioritisation of missing issues in the area of IP MulticastFor Full PublicationMay 2000EURESCOM PARTICIPANTS in Project P911-PF are:•Deutsche Telekom AG•Finnet Group•France Télécom•Iceland Telecom Ltd.•Telecom Italia S.p.A.•Hellenic Telecommunications Organisation SA (OTE)This document contains material which is the copyright of certain EURESCOM PARTICIPANTS, and may not be reproduced or copied without permission.All PARTICIPANTS have agreed to full publication of this documentThe commercial use of any information contained in this document may require a license from the proprietor of that information.Neither the PARTICIPANTS nor EURESCOM warrant that the information contained in the report is capable of use, or that use of the information is free from risk, and accept no liability for loss or damage suffered by any person using this information.This document has been approved by EURESCOM Board of Governors for distribution to all EURESCOM Shareholders.© 2000 EURESCOM Participants in Project P911-PFDeliverable 1Volume 1: Main ReportPrefaceIP Multicast technologies have been around for a few years, but have still to see theircommercial breakthrough. The well-known MBone provides access for many peopleto IETF meetings and other events, but the operation of the MBone needs expertise, aresource that is scarce.In search of Multicast technologies, which are deployable for a Network Operator in acommercial scale and to non-technical customers, the Project P911 has looked at thestate-of-the-art. Not only concerning Multicast mechanisms in the network, but alsosupport in applications and deployed and planned services based on Multicast.•This first Deliverable of the Project presents the survey. It should be regarded as state-of-the-art report in an environment, which is changing rapidly.•The second Deliverable reports on tests, which were performed on a set of Multicast protocols (implemented on popular routers). Since this world is alsochanging, the results should be used as indications of maturity of the differentprotocols, rather than an absolute rating of them.The scope of the Project was intentionally broad, in order to achieve a solid base forfurther work. And indeed a continuation Project is planned, and will start early in theyear 2000.Participants from 6 Shareholders contributed to the work. Project Leader was PeterFeil, Deutsche Telekom, T-Nova/Berkom.© 2000 EURESCOM Participants in Project P911-PF page iii (xii)Volume 1: Main Report Deliverable 1Executive SummaryThis first Deliverable of the Project P911 presents a state-of-the-arts report oftechnologies, products, and services in the area of IP Multicast.It gives an overview of the work done around the world by relevant research groups,service providers, and vendors. Serving as an ´IP Multicast White Paper` thisDeliverable covers not only the available protocols, services, and applications, butalso identifies missing issues from a European perspective.Starting with a more general description of Multicast services and some examples ofalready existing commercial implementations, the most important applications in thearea of IP Multicast are presented. This includes not only the well-known MBonetools but also some commercial products.The next chapters are more technologically oriented: First, the general mechanismsand the architecture of IP Multicast are presented followed by an overview of themost important protocols in this area (routing, transport, addressing). Technical issuesare then covered with topics like IP Multicast and QoS, Reliable Multicast, andSecurity. Finally deployment issues are addressed which need some furtherelaboration if IP Multicast is to be deployed on a broader scale.The main volume of this Deliverable comprises the most important facts whereasadditional and more detailed information can be found in the two Annexe.Based on this survey the project participants performed trials with protocols,applications, and services. The results and experiences achieved in these experimentsas well as recommendations for new services with IP Multicast are described inDeliverable 2.page iv (xii)© 2000 EURESCOM Participants in Project P911-PFDeliverable 1Volume 1: Main ReportList of AuthorsPeter Feil (Project Leader and Editor)DTMarkku.Mäki AFOlaf Bonness DTF. Hartanto DTNicolai Leymann DTChristian Siebel DTMichael Smirnov DTDorota Witaszek DTV. Yau DTAndré Zehl DTTanja Zseby DTNoël Cantenot FTEmmanuel Gouleau FTChristian Jacquenet FTNicole le Minous FTC. Proust FTSaemundur E. Thorsteinsson ICHafþór Óskarsson ICF. Bracali ITLoris.Marchetti ITGeorge Diakonikolaou (Editor)OGConstantinos Boukouvalas (Editor)OG© 2000 EURESCOM Participants in Project P911-PF page v (xii)Volume 1: Main Report Deliverable 1Table of ContentsPreface (iii)Executive Summary (iv)List of Authors (v)Table of Contents (vi)Abbreviations (ix)1Introduction (1)2Services (3)2.1Introduction (3)2.2Multicast Services (3)2.2.1Real-Time Services with Multimedia Content (4)2.2.2Real-Time services with Data-only Content (4)2.2.3Non-Real-Time Services with Multimedia Content (4)2.2.4Non-Real-Time Services with Data-only Content (5)2.3Commercial Services (5)2.3.1Overview of Multicast Services (5)2.3.2Examples of Services based on IP Multicast (6)2.3.3Some Multicast Services offered today by ISPs (7)3Applications (9)3.1Requirements from IP Multicast Applications (9)3.1.1Routing (9)3.1.2Multimedia Transport Protocols (9)3.1.3Reliability (10)3.2Experimental IP Multicast Applications (11)3.2.1VIC – The Video Conferencing Tool (11)3.2.2VAT – The Visual Audio Tool (12)3.2.3SDR – The Session Directory (12)3.2.4WB – The Shared WhiteBoard Application (12)3.2.5MPOLL (12)3.2.6RAT – The Robust Audio Tool (13)3.2.7RTPTOOLS (13)3.2.8CMT (Berkeley Continuous Media Toolkit) (13)3.2.9MASH (14)3.2.10MInT (14)3.2.11Freephone (14)3.2.12Rendezvous (15)3.2.13MultiMon (15)3.2.14NTE – The Network Text Editor (16)3.3Products and Commercial Applications (16)3.3.1IP/TV from Cisco (16)3.3.2Microsoft NetShow Services (17)3.3.3RealAudio / RealVideo (18)3.4Summary Table of Applications (20)page vi (xii)© 2000 EURESCOM Participants in Project P911-PFDeliverable 1Volume 1: Main Report 4Architecture and General Mechanisms of IP Multicast (21)4.1General Mechanisms for IP Multicast (21)4.1.1Multicast Group Membership (21)4.1.2Host Group (21)4.1.3Multicast Group Address (21)4.1.4Multicast Group Membership Management (22)4.1.5Delivery Techniques (22)4.1.6Techniques for Reliable Multicast (23)4.1.7Scoped Multicast (24)4.1.8Multicast Address Allocation (24)4.2Routing and Transport Protocols (25)4.2.1Multicast Routing Protocols (25)4.2.2Multicast Transport Protocols (26)4.2.3General Transport Mechanisms (27)4.2.4Reliable Multicast Transport Protocols (29)4.2.5Interactivity versus Reliability (29)4.2.6Multicast Transport Classification (30)4.3Standardisation (31)4.3.1The IETF and IP Multicast (31)4.3.2The IRTF and IP Multicast (32)4.4Existing Implementations of Routing Protocols (33)5Technical Issues (34)5.1IP Multicast over specific Link Layer Technologies (34)5.1.1IP Multicast over ATM: The Multicast Integration Server(MIS) (34)5.2IP Multicast and QoS (34)5.2.1IntServ (35)5.2.2DiffServ (35)5.2.3QoS-based Routing (36)5.2.4Open Issues (36)5.3Reliable Multicast (37)5.3.1General Purpose Protocols (39)5.3.2Support For Multipoint Interactive Applications (39)5.3.4Support for Data Dissemination Services (40)5.4Security (40)5.4.1Requirements (40)5.4.2Design Goals (41)5.4.3Architecture for Secure Multicast (42)6Deployment Issues (45)6.1Monitoring, Management, and Accounting (45)6.1.1Monitoring and Management (45)6.1.2Future Work (46)6.1.3Accounting (46)6.1.4Issues (47)6.2Scalability, Stability, and Policy Issues (47)6.2.1Scalability (47)6.2.2Stability (48)6.2.3Policy (48)6.2.4The MIX Experience (48)6.3Address Management and Allocation (49)© 2000 EURESCOM Participants in Project P911-PF page vii (xii)Volume 1: Main Report Deliverable 16.3.1TTL-Based Scoping (49)6.3.2Administratively Scoped IP Multicast (50)6.3.3The MALLOC layered Architecture (50)6.3.4Open Issues (Potential Drawbacks) (51)7Conclusions and Outlook (52)8References (53)page viii (xii)© 2000 EURESCOM Participants in Project P911-PFDeliverable 1Volume 1: Main ReportAbbreviationsAAP Address Allocation ProtocolACK AcknowledgementAF Finnet GroupALF Application Layer FramingAPI Application Programming InterfaceATM Asynchronous Transfer ModeAV Audio / VideoBGMP Border Gateway Multicast ProtocolBGP Border Gateway Protocol (Routing Protocol)CBT Core Based Tree (Routing Protocol)CBQ Class Based QueuingCSCW Computer Supported Co-operative WorkDiffServ Differentiated ServicesDSCP Differential Service Code PointDT Deutsche TelekomDVB Digital Video BroadcastDVMRP Distance Vector Multicast ProtocolEARTH EAsy IP Multicast Routing THrough ATM clouds (protocol)FDDI Fiber Distributed Data InterfaceFEC Forward Explicit ControlFT France TélécomHPY Helsinki Telephone Corp.IC Iceland TelecomICMP Internet Control Messaging ProtocolIDMR Inter Domain Multicast Routing (IETF Working Group)IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersIETF Internet Engineering Task ForceIGMP Internet Group Management ProtocolIntServ Integrated ServicesIOS Interface Operating System (Software on Cisco Systems)IP Internet ProtocolIRTF Internet Research Task ForceISDN Integrated Services Digital Network© 2000 EURESCOM Participants in Project P911-PF page ix (xii)Volume 1: Main Report Deliverable 1ISP Internet Service ProviderIT Telecom ItaliaITU-T International Telecommunication Union – Telecommunications JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group (Video Coding)kbps Kilobit per secondLAN Local Area NetworkLBL Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryLIS Logical IP SubnetMAAS Multicast Address Allocation ServerMAC Media Access ControlMADCAP Multicast Address Allocation ProtocolMALLOC Multicast Address Allocation (Working Group of the IETF) MARS Multicast Address Resolution ServerMASC Multicast Address Set ClaimMBGP Multicast Border Gateway Protocol (Multicast RoutingProtocol)MBone Multicast Backbone on the InternetMBONED MBone Deployment Working Group of the IETFMFTP Multicast File Transfer ProtocolMIB Management Information BaseMIKE Multicast Internet Key ExchangeMIS Multicast Integration ServerMIX Multicast Exchange PointMLD Multicast Listener DiscoveryMLIS Multicast Logical IP SubnetMOSPF Multicast Open Shortest Path First (Routing Protocol)MPEG Motion Pictures Experts Group (Compression Architecture forDigital Videos)MRM Multicast Routing MonitorMSA Multicast Security AssociationMSDP Multicast Source Discovery ProtocolMTP Multicast Transport ProtocolNACK Negative AcknowledgementNRT Non-Real-TimeNSAP Network Service Access PointNTE Network Text Editorpage x (xii)© 2000 EURESCOM Participants in Project P911-PFOCBT Ordered Core Based Tree (Routing Protocol)OG Hellenic Telecom Organisation SA (OTE)OSPF Open Shortest Path First (Multicast Routing Protocol)PGM Pragmatic Multicast ProtocolPHB Per Hop BehaviourPIM Protocol Independent Multicast (Routing Protocol)PIM-DM PIM Dense Mode (Routing Protocol)PIM-SM PIM Sparse Mode (Routing Protocol)PVC Permanent Virtual ConnectionQoS Quality of ServiceQoSMIC Quality of Service sensitive Multicast Internet Protocol Service RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial In User ServerRAT Robust Audio ToolRBP Reliable Broadcast ProtocolRFC Request For CommentsRMF Reliable Multicast FrameworksRMFP Reliable Multicast Framing ProtocolRMGR Reliable Multicast Research Group (IRTF Research Group) RMP Reliable Multicast ProtocolRMT Reliable Multicast Transport (IETF Working Group)RP Rendezvous PointRPB Reverse Path BroadcastingRPM Reverse Path MulticastingRSVP Resource ReSerVation ProtocolRT Real-TimeRTCP Real-Time Control ProtocolRTFM Real Time Flow MeasurementRTP Real-Time Transport ProtocolRTSP Real-Time Streaming ProtocolRTT Round Trip TimeSAM Source Authentication ModuleSAP Session Announcement ProtocolSDP Session Description ProtocolSDR Session Directory ToolSIP Session Initiation ProtocolSLA Service Level AgreementSMUG Secure Multicast Research Group (IRTF Research Group) SNMP Simple Network Management ProtocolSSM Source Specific MulticastTCP Transmission Control ProtocolTOS Type of ServiceTRPB Truncated Reverse Path BroadcastingTTL Time To LiveUCL University College LondonUDP User Datagram ProtocolUNI User Network InterfaceURGC Uniform Reliable Group Communication ProtocolVAT Visual Audio ToolVIC Video Conferencing ToolWB Whiteboard Tool (MBone Tool)WWW World Wide WebXTP Express Transport Protocol1IntroductionIP Multicast is an emerging set of technologies and standards that allow many-to-many transmissions such as conferencing, or one-to-many transmissions such as livebroadcasts of audio and video over the Internet. Although Multicast applications areprimarily used in the research community today, this situation is likely to change soonas the demand for Internet multimedia applications increases and Multicasttechnologies improve.Multicasting is a technical term which means that one piece of data (a packet) can besent to multiple sites at the same time. The usual way of moving information aroundthe Internet is by using unicast protocols, which send packets to one site at a time.On a Multicast network, one single packet of information can be sent from onecomputer for distribution to several other computers, instead of having to send thatpacket once for every destination. Because 5, 10 or 100 machines can receive thesame packet, bandwidth is conserved. Also, when Multicasting is used to send apacket, there is no need to know the address of everyone who wants to receive theMulticast stream: The data is simply ´broadcast` in an intelligent way to anyone whois interested in receiving it.Multicast enabled networks offer a wide range of services and new applications to theend user. Many of the Multicast enabled applications are multimedia applications,although there exists a variety of applications that use IP Multicast technology fornon-multimedia purposes. Real-time applications include live broadcasts of TV orradio shows, financial data information delivery, whiteboard collaboration and videoconferencing, non-real time applications including file transfer, data or filereplication, video-on-demand and many more.Multicast transmission offers many advantages compared to the traditional unicasttransmission. Available network bandwidth is utilised more efficiently since multiplestreams of data are replaced by a single Multicast transmission. It offers optimisedperformance since less copies of data require forwarding and processing within thenetwork nodes.Before an IP network and its users can benefit from these advanced features, IPMulticast routing capabilities must be enabled in the network nodes. Depending onthe network usage policies and the users’ demands issues concerning routing,reliability, network addressing and multimedia transport protocols are of primaryimportance nowadays for network operators in this context.IP Multicast relies on the existence of an underlying Multicast delivery system toforward data from a sender to all the interested receivers. Such delivery systems couldbe satellite networks, frame relay networks, ATM networks, ISDN connections andfinally the world-wide Internet.Multicasting does not offer advantages only to the end user. Most Multicastapplications are UDP-based, which can result to undesirable side-effects (packagescan be dropped) compared to similar unicast TCP-based applications. However, nocongestion control can result in overall network degradation. Also duplicate packetscan occasionally be generated as Multicast network topologies change.Today, companies exist that offer commercial services based on Multicast technology.In 3 to 5 years the deployment of IPv6 will bring native Multicast to the net user.More reliable routing software with new protocols that make good use of theinfrastructure is expected. With native Multicast routing issues will be resolved easier and bandwidth will be conserved.Multicasting is a relatively new technology allowing customers to benefit from real-time applications that otherwise would require extremely large amounts of bandwidth. This evolution makes it possible for a large category of companies to ´emit` their products to groups of people at an extremely low cost, compared to unicast. Multicast by reducing network traffic and saving bandwidth allows users to exploit the maximum possible utilisation of the Internet. Multicast offers to all kind of people that are concerned with the Internet (end users, network operators, ISPs and other related companies) an economical and technically viable solution to the problem of transmitting large amounts of information to selected groups of people.To enable IP Multicast on the global Internet or in intranets, the first way that has been gone was to interconnect multiple Multicast enabled network islands with the help of IP Multicast ´tunnels`. Since tunnels are neither scalable, nor do they offer the advantages of Multicast inherently, the next step is currently to replace the tunnel infrastructure with a ´real` Multicast routing infrastructure. The current state-of-the-art of IP Multicast technology offers various ways for routing and addressing, and the big challenge is currently to establish a reliable global infrastructure that allows for similar scalability and reliability in its deployment as the unicast Internet infrastructure does today.While the network protocol IP itself offers inherent mechanisms for IP Multicast, higher layer protocols do not support this. Although ´unreliable` protocols, like UDP or RTP, can be used on top of IP Multicast, TCP implementations and higher layer ´reliable` transport protocols well-known in unicast environments don’t support Multicast. Thus, specially tailored Multicast transport protocols have been developed, and the result is that there will be no general purpose Multicast transport protocol for all cases, but either highly configurable protocols or highly specialised protocols for specific reliable transmission purposes in an IP Multicast environment.2Services2.1IntroductionOver the the last 20 years, Internet traffic has been growing exponentially. This trafficgrowth was basically growth of the point-to-point traffic or ´unicast` traffic, whereeither a file is downloaded from a site, a web page is visited or an email is exchangedbetween two points. One of the biggest opportunities the Internet protocol offers, hasnot even slightly started for large-scale usage. This is the usage of the Internet forbroadcast-media like TV, Business TV, Interactive TV shows, radio, and so on, aswell as distribution of software, movies, CD-titles through subscribed ´push channels`to Internet users. Usage of the Internet for this type of applications will initiateanother wave of traffic on the net.The underlying ´IP Multicast` technology for simple one-to-many-transmission hasbeen available since the early 1990s and in the past two years considerable effort hasbeen put into the development of global routing protocols that allow for scalablerouting of this traffic over the Internet. Although an ´IP broadcast` mechanism isavailable in the Internet protocol, this mechanism is not intended for use with´Broadcast Media`, since this IP broadcast sends it traffic to every machine on thelocal sub-net. But since it is a waste of available bandwidth to send the traffic to everymachine, if needed or not, the Multicast mechanism was designed to allow for´subscription` of certain Multicast channels or ´Multicast groups`.Although IP Multicast is not widely used on the Internet today, it is generallyexpected that as soon as the experimental nature of the current Multicastimplementations moves to a more stable production network, new applications andservices will flourish on the network.Today few commercial services are based on Multicast technologies. It is generallyexpected that the deployment of IPv6 will bring native Multicast for the net user inthe coming years. More reliable routing software with new protocols that make gooduse of the infrastructure is expected. Native Multicast routing will allow for a betterscalability and even with traditional ´Broadcast media` on the Internet bandwidth willbe conserved. Multicast offers Internet end users, network operators, ISPs and Internetrelated industries an economical and technically viable solution to the problem oftransmitting large amounts of information to selected groups of people.2.2Multicast ServicesIP Multicast services can be divided into four groups:Real-Time (RT) services:1.RT with multimedia content: This kind of data includes video/audio. In real-timeservices, the presentation happens parallel to the downloading procedure andrequires hard limits on delay and jitter. Multimedia is not sensitive totransmission errors. Includes interactive and non-interactive services.2.RT with data-only content: Time-dependent data that is often sensitive totransmission errors and thus requires reliable Multicast. Includes both interactiveand non-interactive services.Non-Real-Time (NRT) services:3.NRT with multimedia content: Audio/video that is not presented in parallel to thedownloading procedure. Local playback of multimedia.4.NRT with data-only content: Distribution of data, often within a corporation;needs reliable Multicast.2.2.1Real-Time Services with Multimedia ContentThis group of services can be split into interactive and non-interactive services:•Interactive: Conferencing services (many-to-many) are highly interactive, having tight limits on delay and jitter. Typical are Audio/Video conferencingservices, which have been very successful with a number of commercialapplications already existing today. Such a conference scenario would normallyhave tens of members, some receiving and transmitting but some only receiving.•Non-Interactive: Typical is a broadcasting service similar to TV- or radio distribution (one sender and multiple receivers – one-to-many). It has to providea very high scalability, with possibly millions of recipients. The content madeavailable can include the broadcasting of live events, but also pre-recordedmaterial provided by Audio/Video servers.2.2.2Real-Time services with Data-only ContentThese kind of services can be interactive (many-to-many) such as and white-boarding-conferences and distributed games, or they can be non-interactive (one-to-many) suchas a typical data/news feed:•Whiteboard-conferencing: Similar to multimedia conferences but instead of video transmission, conference members share a whiteboard that supports text andimages. This is also known as ´Computer Supported Co-operative Work (CSCW)`Most likely not more than 20 participants will join such a session which needs tohave low latency and support reliable Multicast.•Distributed games: Networked multi-player games with unicast transmission exist but games using Multicast are in the development phase. The number ofplayers would typically be 10-30. Must have low latency and support reliableMulticast•Data/news feeds: This service broadcasts text information such as stock information and news headlines. Must of them support reliable Multicast and highscalability (possibly millions of users). Latency could be variable, users could paymore for less latency.2.2.3Non-Real-Time Services with Multimedia ContentThere may be the demand to re-transmit multimedia events. This is either because ofbandwidth limitations or simply because the consumers want to view the events later,at their leisure. Teleteaching sessions with pre-recorded material are also included inthis service scenario.By making use of non-real-time audio/video servers the multimedia data can bedownloaded at off-hours and presented later. This approach can be used if users donot want to view the material at download time or if the bandwidth available is nothigh enough for an on-line presentation.Similarly kiosks for dissemination of information can be part of such a servicescenario. A kiosk is typically a computer with a touch-screen placed in a secureenclosure at a public place. It enables consumers to have instant electronic access to information.2.2.4Non-Real-Time Services with Data-only ContentNearly all applications in this group of services require absolute reliability. Typicalapplication scenarios are:•Software Distribution or Database Replication: A large corporation may have hundreds of branches and Multicasting data decreases the time spent for thedistribution of software updates or for the replication of corporate databases.•´Push` Applications and ´Webcasting`: Push services are equivalent to subscription services and deliver the information automatically to theirsubscribers. Members of a certain group could for example get new informationof any kind as soon as it appears. Email is a typical push service. Push servicesshould be very scalable, up to millions of users.•Mirroring and/or caching of Web sites: This kind of service is used to bring the Web content closer to the user by using mirror servers. Multicast could be used todo the mirroring of Web sites in an efficient way.2.3Commercial Services2.3.1Overview of Multicast ServicesA new service that will take advantage of Multicast technology must be analysedthrough the following axis:•Benefit for the end user•Time advantage: ´my content is available more quickly`•Content advantage: ´my content in a continuous and constant quality mode`•Benefit for the content provider•Cost saving: links and servers are less expensive•The quality of service is better for the customer•Customers stay longer on a site (loyalty)•The information sent is the same for everyone at the same time (community for example)End users and providers will need to have a benefit in order for the technology to beimplemented.For the residential users Multicast services can be seen in the followings areas:•Services that will only replace the use of already existing broadcast solutions: This is the usual case where radio networks are broadcast over the network.•The association between personalization of content and push technology. For example data broadcasting can be foreseen in the field of。

SOX40教材4培训资料0220

2008年3月3-78-1617-851.萨班斯法案概述2.COSO 框架概述3.SOX404项目工作方法页码目录3-78-1617-851.萨班斯法案概述2.COSO 框架概述3.SOX404项目工作方法页码目录萨班斯法案概述《2002年公众公司会计改革和投资者保护法案》《2002年公众公司会计改革和投资者保护法案》布什总统在白宫签署了该项法案，使其正式生效参议院银行委员会主席Sarbanes萨班斯众议院金融服务委员会主席Oxley奥克斯利Sarbanes-Oxley Act《萨班斯—奥克斯利法案》SOX Act SOA《萨班斯法案》攸关企业内部控制的相关规定中，以法案中第404条之影响为最404美国国会在2002年7月通过了萨班斯-奥克斯利法案（“Sarbanes-Oxley Act, SOX”），该法案对在美国上市的所有企业都具有重大的影响。

其第404条款（SOX404）要求上市公司在年报中增加对公司当年财务报告内部控制机制的有效性进行评估的内容，同时外部审计师对上述评价发表意见。

F一项强制性法案；F所有在美国资本市场（包括纽约证券交易所和纳斯达克）上市的企业均适用，包括企业的管理层和审计师；F CEO和CFO必须签字确认公司内部控制的有效性并为此承担相应的民事和刑事责任，在提供年度财务报告之外还必须向美国证券交易委员会（SEC）提交内控报告等等；F无论是美国本土的上市公司，还是在美国上市的非美国公司，包括目前的70余家在美国上市的中国企业，都必须符合萨班斯法案的规定。

第906条Enhanced Financial Disclosures 加强财务披露IV Analyst Conflicts of Interest分析师的利益冲突V Commission Resources and Authority 监管委员会资源及职权VI Studies and Reports研究和报告VIICorporate and Criminal Fraud Accountability 公司及欺诈刑事责任VIIICorporate Tax Returns公司纳税申报X Corporate Fraud and Accountability公司欺诈及责任XI萨班斯法案条款第404、409条款第302条款3-78-16211.萨班斯法案概述2.COSO 框架概述3.SOX404项目工作方法页码目录nCommittee of SponsoringOrganizations of The Treadway Commission (COSO)；n由美国会计师协会、美国审计总署、美国内部审计师协会和管理会计师协会等7个团体共同赞助，专门研究内部控制问题。

第三次产业における危険性又は有害性等の调査の実施促 …

頻度＋可能性＋重篤度
リスク＝ポイント
リスク
P. 12,18
「頻度」の解釈について
× 頻度を作業回数と考えてし ○ リスクが発生する頻度
まうと、毎日、数１０回も１５ kgの段ボールを運ぶ作業を行っているので「頻繁」の４点となる。
と考えると、例えば１週間に１回ぐらい、１５kgの段ボールが崩れて落ちることがあるので「時々」の２点となる。
P. 16
ビルメンテナンス業におけるリスクアセスメント研修会
９
「リスクアセスメントの体験」
P. 16
リスクアセスメントの体験シナリオ
体験１危険性又は有害性の特定体験２リスクの見積り体験３リスク低減措置の検討
個人作業
個人作業グループ討議
個人作業グループ討議
P. 16,17
【体験１】危険性又は有害性の特定
P. 17
危険性又は有害性と発生のおそれのある災害の表現
① 危険性又は有害性「～に、～と」 ② 人「～が」
階
段
作業者
③ 危険性又は有害性と人が接触する状態「～するとき、～するため」
階段の清掃
④ 安全衛生対策の不備「～なので、～がないので」
後ろ向きで同じ階段上に両足を揃えている
⑤ 負傷又は疾病の状況「(事故の型)＋(体の部位)を～になる、～する」
リスク低減措置の検討
–リスク低減措置は、ハード対策から検討できたか
※作業ルールや教育等のソフト対策では「重篤度」は下がらない !!
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法国三级会议

1789年法国三级会议
主条目：1789年法国三级会议
1789年，由于路易十六王室财政困难，三级会议再次召开。这时，经过启蒙运动，由卢梭、伏尔泰、狄德罗等倡导的民主、自由、三权分立等概念已经深入人心。教士和贵族已经开始衰落，第三等级，特别是资产阶级正在壮大。1789年的三级会议中，第三等级的代表提出改革税制，取消前两个等级的特权的要求。由于要求迟迟没得到满足，第三等级自行组成国民议会，但被国王下令关闭。7月9日，国民议会改名为制宪议会。路易十六试图通过调动军队来压制议会，但7月14日巴士底狱被攻占，路易十六被迫屈服，承认革命。
Trying to avoid the issue of representation and to focus solely on taxes, the king and his ministers had gravely misjudged the situation. The Third Estate wanted the estates to meet as one body and vote per deputy ("voting by heads" rather than "by orders"). The other two estates, while having their own grievances against royal absolutism, believed – correctly, as history was to prove – that they stood to lose more power to the Third Estate than they stood to gain from the king. Necker sympathized with the Third Estate in this matter, but the astute financier lacked equal astuteness as a politician. He decided to let the impasse play out to the point of stalemate before he would enter the fray. As a result, by the time the king yielded to the demand of the Third Estate, it seemed to all as a concession wrung from the monarchy, rather than a magnanimous gift that would have convinced the populace of the king's good will.[1]

SANY Worldwide Special Issue (2011)

Eight Categories of SANY Products Rank First | World’s Tallest 86m Concrete Pump Truck | Building & Infrastructure 2011 IndonesiaSep/Oct 2011TABLE OF CONTENTSEight Categories of SANY Products Rank Firstin Customer Satisfaction Survey of Construction Machinery Industry in 2011 3 • Stationary concrete pump4 • Batching plant5 • Concrete pump truck6 • Line pump7 • Crawler crane8 • Paver9 • Rotary drilling rig10 • Excavator11Sany 86m Concrete Pump Truck Successfully Rolled off the Production Line 12 Sany’s Products Sold out in Building & Infrastructure 2011 Indonesia 16 An Introduction to Customer Relations Department 17Editor-in-Chief: Zhongke Zhang Deputy-Editor-in-Chief: Wenkui ZhuContributors: Ming Li, Yan Rong,Tingting Xiao, Shiwei JiaChief Designer: Yan Rong, Lina Cao Chief Translator: Xiaoyu Qi, Qingqing XuPAGE 3Sany Special Issue _ Sep / Oct, 2011Eight Categories ofSANY Products Rank FirstOn Sep 24th , the press conference of 2011 customer satisfaction evaluation of construction machinery industry was held in the Great Hall of the People. Initiated by China Association for Quality and National Customer Committee of China Quality Control Association, the evaluation surveyed over 3000 users of construction machinery products. And the result shows eight categories of SANY’s products including concrete pump truck, stationary concrete pump, line pump and batching plant ranked the first among the domestic self-owned brands.The Rise of Self-owned BrandsThe evaluation covers 14 kinds of products from six categories, including concrete machinery, hoisting machinery, road construction machinery, scraping machinery, pile driving machinery and excavating machinery. The result shows that in the construction machinery market of China, customer satisfaction degree of self-owned brands is generally higher than that of foreign brands.Eight categories of products of Sany Heavy Industry enjoyed the highest degree of customer satisfaction in the survey, namely, line pump, batching plant, concrete pump truck, stationary concrete pump, paver, crawler crane, excavator and rotary drilling rig. The champion products are listed as follows:>>>“Eight C ategories o f S ANY P roducts Rank F irst i n C ustomer S atisfaction Survey of Construction Machinery Industry in 2011”PAGE 4Sany Special Issue_ Sep / Oct, 2011Models:40C 50C 60C 80C 100C 120C 60A 80A 120A 90CHTechnical features:• Maximal pumping capacity 100 m 3/h, maximal delivery pressure 35MPa, engine power 2×273kW;• Electric proportional stepless adjustment of delivery capacity to satisfy different working conditions and requirements;• Dual power converging technology to improve reliability of the pump;• Electro-hydro dual-control reversion technology makes the reversion more reliable;• China’s first SYMC and SYLD special intelligent control system offers multiple automatic protection functions to improve overall reliability;• The stationary concrete pump adopts open-type full-hydraulic-reversion system and hydraulic oil is kept clean. It features low oil temperature and small shock during reversing;• Concrete pistons can retract automatically for easier inspection and replacement;• The stationary concrete pump adopts patented automatic shift technology between high and low pressure. It can be operated by shifting toggle switches. It is free from hydraulic oil leakage, no pollution and blocked pipes can be fast cleaned.uStationary concrete pump1. S ANY’s stationary concrete pump scored higher in design, appearance, engine system, hydraulic system, electric system and structural component system than those of Zoomlion, Putzmeister and Schwing, etc* Please visit www.sanygroup.co mfor more information.Models:HZS60A HZS120 HZS120G HZS150Technical features:• Module structure for easy and convenient installation;• Highly efficient and energy-saving aggregate heating system;• Accurate measurement technology;• Innovative and highly efficient mixing technology;• Ergonomic and automatic control system;• Emission meets environment protection requirements;• Stable and reliable performance, easy for maintenance;• Complete equipment set and world class quality.u Batching plant1. Lowest complaint rate in the industry. *Please visit www.sanygroup.co mfor more information.PAGE 5 Sany Special Issue_ Sep / Oct, 2011PAGE 6Sany Special Issue_ Sep / Oct, 2011Models:25m 28m 32m 36m 37m 40m 43m 45m 46m 48m 50m 52m 56m 58m 60m 62m 66m 72m 86mTechnical features:• World’s first concrete pump truck with three-axle chassis and six-section RZ boom.• X-type outrigger and one-side support technology enabling the machine to be operated in narrow areas.• The pumping capacity reaches 170 m 3/h; stepless regulation to satisfy different working conditions.• The pumping system is flexibly installed, reducing vibration to the chassis by more than 30%.• Effective hydraulic system with big flow-rate technology, saving energy by another 18%.• Active vibration control technology - the vibration amplitude of the boom end is limited within ± 0.3m.• It has 150 failure self-diagnosis functions to monitor the real time status of the pump truck and effectively carry out trouble-shooting.• The boom can be extended or retracted with one touch on the button, also it has the automatic casting function in horizontal or vertical directions.• The 5th generation wear parts are made with the latest technology and workmanship. The average service life is prolonged by 50%.uConcrete pump truck1. Better appearance than that of Zoomlion, Putzmeister and Schwing.2. Higher scores than benchmarkingenterprises in brand image, product quality and customer satisfaction degree.* Please visit www.sanygroup.co mfor more information.PAGE 7Sany Special Issue _ Sep / Oct, 2011Models:SY5122YHB-9012III SY5125THB-9018IIITechnical features:• Maximal pumping capacity 94 m 3/h, maximal delivery pressure 18MPa, engine power 186kW;• Electric proportional stepless adjustment on delivery capacity satisfies all kinds of working conditions and requirements;• China’s first SYMC and SYLD special intelligent control system offers multiple automatic protection functions and improves reliability of the whole system;• The stationary concrete pump adopts open-type full-hydraulic-reversion system and hydraulic oil is kept clean. It features low oil temperature and small shock during reversing; • Concrete pistons can retract automatically for easy inspection and replacement;• The stationary concrete pump adopts patented automatic shift technology between high and low pressure. It can be operated by shifting toggle switches. It is free from hydraulic oil leakage, no pollution and blocked pipes can be fast cleaned;• Articulatedly-installed pumping system guarantees concentricity of the main oil cylinder and delivery cylinder. It reduces vibration from the chassis by more than 30% and eliminates the over-positioning. The maintenance and repair of the pumping system can be performed easily and quickly.uLine pump1. Quality and safety of structural components, quality of hydraulic system and engine system ranked first in the industry.2. Safety, maneuverability andcomfortableness ranked first in the industry.* Please visit www.sanygroup.co mfor more information.PAGE 8Sany Special Issue_ Sep / Oct, 2011Models:SCC500E SCC700 SCC800C SCC1000C SCC1000HD SCC1250 SCC1500C SCC1800 SCC2000C SCC3000US SCC3200 SCC3600 SCC4000C SCC6300SCC6500WE SCC7500 SCC9000 SCC10000 SCC16000 SCC86000TM SQH400Technical features:• Safe control system• Outstanding operating performance • Reliable functions• Convenient maintenance • Powerful lifting capacity• Luffing superlift counterweight • Quick platform separation• Traveling with 100% load: four-wheel drive traveling• Independent electric control software: All operations are controlled by computer, and the system is simple and thus more convenient to be maintained.uCrawler crane1. High quality engine system.2. High safety and maintenance quality in the industry.* Please visit www.sanygroup.co mfor more information.PAGE 9Sany Special Issue _ Sep / Oct, 2011Models:LTU90C LTU120C LTU80SC LTU90SC LTU90SIIA DLT90C DLT100C DLT90SC DLT75SCHTechnical features:• Integrated and collaborative leveling technology and hydraulic travelling system to ensure excellent work performance;• Large capacity feeder, auger and hopper, as well as ultra thickness and smart hydraulic power distribution technology are utilized, offering a productivity improved by 30%;• The auger can be lifted and lowered as a whole and width of feed spout is variable.Auger of long pitch and large radius is adopted. Low speed material distribution can be realized, so that materials can be fully mixed to prevent segregation;• Flows are guided in separate compartments to allow the machine to work 24 hours nonstop at the temperature of 50 C ;• The unique full-time and intelligent costant-temperature paving technology, enabling permanent temperature paving during the entire period of an assignment.• The large hopper of 8.5 m 3 can be opened from both left and right sides independently, meeting requirements in different working conditions;• The machine is fully computerized and its traveling speed is enhanced by 60,000 times. It can do trouble-shooting and recording by itself;uPaver1. Exceeds Vogele in design reasonableness and hydraulic system.* Please visit www.sanygroup.co mfor more information.PAGE 10Sany Special Issue_ Sep / Oct, 2011Models:SR11, SR130, SR150, SR200C, SR220C, SR250, SR280C, SR360 SD800, SD2000 SH350D SF558, SF818, SFY758KTechnical features:• Quadrilateral-triangle structure ensures high stability and reliability of the machine and enables it to drill into stiffer rock.• Power head (torque: 350kN•m) adopts φ580mm super-large drill pipe to improve the machine’s performance.• Power head has gear control function to suit different drilling tools and geological conditions. • Pressing system is built with dual-speed control technology.• Bottom-touching prevention technology for main winch together with priority control technology to enhance machine’s maneuverability and work efficiency.uRotary drilling rig1. High quality of electric system, prompt service and high maneuverability.* Please visit www.sanygroup.co mfor more information.Eight Categories of SANY Products Rank FirstModels:Mini: 135C8B 75CMedium: 200C8A 200C8E 205C8M 210C8A 210C8E 230C8M 230C8B 230C8E 240C8I 240C9ILarge: SY310/C2 SY330C1/C2 SY360C/C2 SY420C SY460C/C6C SY700C SY850C SY2000Technical features:• Superior work efficiency and economical fuel consumption• Super-large bucket volume and extremely strong digging force.• Scientific design and perfect configuration to cope with different working conditions.• Easily accessible controlling equipment.u Excavator1. Most economic in fuel consumption in theindustry.2. In terms of work efficiency, SANY’s excavatorsranked highest together with Komatsu in theindustry and excel Caterpillar’s.* Please visit www.sanygroup.co mfor more information.concrete pump truck designing and manufacturing. Government officials including Mr. Yu Laishan, Standing Committee Member of Hunan Provincial CPC and Executive Governor of Hunan Province, and Mr. Chen Run’er, Standing Committee Member of Hunan Provincial CPC and Party Committee Secretary of Changsha together with industrial association experts attended the ceremony. Over 400 customer representatives of Sany Heavy Industry as well as reporters from mass media witnessed this historic moment.In 2007, SANY’s 66m concrete pump truck created the first Guinness WorldRecord in construction machinery industry as the concrete pump truck withthe longest boom in the world. Two years later, this record was refreshedby SANY’s 72m concrete pump truck. When it was awarded the GuinnessWorld Record as the concrete pump truck with the longest boom and largestconcrete delivery volume in the world, the Executive President Yi Xiaogangof Sany Heavy Industry asserted, “The concrete pump truck with the world’slongest boom will always come from SANY!”Again, Yi Xiaogang kept his promise. On Sep 19th in the newly-built world’slargest construction machinery assembly workshop with the most advancedequipment, Sany Heavy Industry’s self-developed 86m concrete pumptruck successfully rolled off the production line, refreshing the world recordagain. SANY realized leapfrog development from 72m to 86m within onlytwo years, creating three world records - the longest boom, the most boomsections and the largest hourly concrete delivery volume.u World's tallest 86m concrete pumpAt 3:50 p.m, the journalists walked into the 12000m 2 all-digital assemblyworkshop from the middle door on the west side of No. 18 Workshop. Theirattention was immediately attracted by the enormous machine covered byred silk cloth. At 16:48p.m., witnessed by all the leaders and honored guests,the world’s longest boom concrete pump truck, which has a 9-axle and7-section boom, was unveiled.It is worth noting that in order to break the monopoly of imported chassis onlong-boom concrete pump truck market, Sany’s R&D team for 86m concretepump truck developed the 9-axle all-terrain chassis with independentintellectual property right , which enhances technical independency of theindustry.Tang Xiuguo, the President of SANY Group, told the reporters that theadvancement from 72M to 86M is not merely an increase of 14 meters, butalso a leap in technology and core competitiveness. 86m concrete pumptruck is a comprehensive demonstration of Sany Heavy Industry’s experienceof over ten years in designing and manufacturing concrete pump truck.Sany has applied for more than 180 national patents for it and 36 of themhave been approved. Moreover, 86m concrete pump truck not only achievedbreakthroughs in the length of boom and pumping delivery volume, butalso integrated several intelligent control technologies and 100% self-madekey parts. “The birth of 86m concrete pump truck is the symbol of SANY’saudacious innovation, which indicates that the designing and manufacturingtechnology of concrete pump truck has reached another milestone”.As one of the renowned large construction engineer manufacturingcorporations in Hunan, SANY has tackled one after another foreign monopolyproblem through independent innovation during these years and hasbecome a world-class enterprise, Yu Laishan said on the roll-off ceremony.He also expressed that the Provincial Party Committee and Provincialgovernment will continue to put more efforts in supporting constructionmachinery enterprises such as SANY. Better business environment will becreated so as to promote the technology advancement and independentinnovation of the construction machinery industry in Hunan, to establish theprovince as the powerhouse of world construction machinery industry and tocontribute to the development of Hunan province. >>>u Mr. Yu Laishan talking with Mr. Liang Wengen u Mr. Liang Wengen, Chair of Sany Heavy Industry, giving an important speech at the ceremony.u Mr. Yu Laishan, Standing Committee Member ofHunan Provincial CPC and Executive Governor of Hunan Province, addressing at the ceremony.“SANY”has made it a “leader” instead of a “follower” at the forefront of theworld’s concrete pump truck manufacture industry.In the past decade, SANY has established itself as the largest concrete machinery manufacturer in the world, not only leading the technological development of the whole industry, but also winning the markets that used to be taken by international giants, Mr. Wang Jinxing, Deputy Secretary General of China Construction Machinery Association, told the reporters. According to him, all the advance technologies of the 86m concrete pump truck can be applied on the whole series of SANY concrete pump trucks, which is why SANY is taking the lead in global concrete equipment industry. He hopes that the world records of SANY can be closelytied up with factors of scientific progress, increase of nationalstrength and conceptual innovation so as to create more and moreadmirable world records.u Mr. Tang Xiuguo, President of SANY Group,introducing the technical features of the 86m u World’s tallest 86m concrete pumpBuilding & Infrastructure 2011 IndonesiaSany’s ProductsSold out in Building & Infrastructure2011 IndonesiaPlease visit www.sanygroup.co m for more information.mixer of batching plant, excavator, rotary drilling rig,crawler crane, truck crane, rough terrain crane andsingle drum roller. The equipments attracted wideattention from people of the field and were all orderedby customers.Sany’s big success in the exhibition is inseparablefrom the support rendered by its excellent equipmentmanagement team. Before the exhibition, the 27service engineers from SANY and the dealer companyPt. Jimac Perkasa fulfilled tasks including equipmentdelivery, a ssembly, c leaning a nd m aintenance, e nsuringthe equipments to be displayed on time and in goodstate. During the exhibition, the service engineersprovided technical assistance to sales representativesin answering the customers’ questions.In addition, Sany has an area in its booth continuouslyplaying videos about Sany’s ECC service system so asto publicize Sany’s service policy.Sep 21st to 24th, Jakarta - in the Building & Infrastructure2011 Indonesia, Sany exhibited a total of 10 units ofequipments, including stationary concrete pump,The Customer Relations Departmentof I. O. P. D of Sany Heavy Industry is an Energetic,Dynamic and Enthusiastic TeamIf you:Are interested in our machines;Have any suggestions or advice for us;Want to complain about our service;No matter where and when, we are here to help you!> Please visit www.sanygroup.co m for more information.Con tac t de tail s:TEL : 0086-21-60303131Ema il: crd @s an y.c om .cn CRD Responsibilities……• Monitor Customer Satisfaction Index • Follow up on Customer Complaints • Build and Manage Customer Database • Receive International Enquiries • Maintain Customer Relationship • Establish and Run Sany Overseas VIP Club We have...• Customer Representatives who speak up to 9 languages • High working efficiency• Persistence and Perseverance。

剑桥商务英语第三版答案

剑桥商务英语第三版答案【篇一：新编剑桥商务英语(bec 第三版中级)module 1】txt>1.1 business topic ways of working 商务话题篇工作方式1) vocabulary: different ways of working (15 mins)regular hours正常工作时间flexible (working) hours/flex(i)time 弹性工作时间freelance n.自由职业teleworking n.电子办公；在家中上班job-share v. / n.分担工作；工作分担制job-sharing n.分担工作job-sharer n.与人分担工作的人shift work 轮班工作，倒班制temping n 当临时工，任临时雇员consultancy n.咨询公司specialist advice 专业咨询hotdesking (hot-desking) n.办公桌轮用（指将职工分成不同的班次，以便他们能共用一间办公室，一张办公桌和一台电脑）office gossip 办公室小道消息，办公室飞短流长office news办公室新闻credit n.赞扬，功劳managing director 总裁，总经理（美英chiefexecutive/president） brainpower n. 智能worst-case adj. 做最坏打算的，为最坏情况的，为最不利条件的scenario n. 事态，局面full-time adj. 全日制的delegate v. 授权，分派工作availability n. 利用（或获得的）可能性，可以利用的人（物），人员、物资保证parental leave育儿假，照顾新生儿女假distractions n.让人注意力分散的事物contact n. 人脉，有影响力的熟人，有用的社会关系 case-load n.工作量daily log 日志voice mail 语音信箱，语音邮件self-organization n. 自我组织能力disruptive a.造成混乱的1. how do you work most effectively? by working…regular hours/flexible hours? in a team/on your own?from home/ in an office? for a boss/as your own boss?参考词语和表达：routine type of person 按部就班的人have flexible management of time and work 灵活安排自己的时间和工作get support from each other相互支持co-operate with each other 相互合作share ideas 交流想法learn from other people’s strong points 学他人所长working in a team needs to have good interpersonal skills and is not necessarily efficiently.在团队工作需要有很好的人际交往技能，不一定效率就高can be more concentrated and thus more efficient in an office 在办公室更容易集中精力因此也更有效率 have more flexibility 享有更多的灵活度feel more relaxed 感觉更轻松a dependent type of person and never make decisions myself 性格依赖，不喜欢自己拿主意an independent type of person and would like to make decisions myself性格独立，喜欢自己做决定don’t want to work under someone不想在别人手下工作5. reading: how to job-shareget organizedset your limits put pen to papertwo become one 安排有序规定限度签订协议合二为一open your mind plan for disaster find the perfect partner don’t feel guilty 敞开心胸/开拓视野有备无患理想搭档勿感内疚1. share credit and blame 分担成绩与过失，意译“功过与共”2. flexecutive 经营内容蕴含其中的公司名flexible与executive两词复合而成“弹性经营管理”。

Unit2-Making a Presentation高级职业英语第三册

Activity Three
Activity Four
Activity Five
Read More about Making Presentatio ns
Fulfill the Following Tasks Task 1 Task 2 2003 Task 3
Make a Survey
2004
Write a Report
develop career awareness: How to Create a Product Presentation
practise reading aloud: Youth
ContentsMore Th Nhomakorabeangs to Do
Section One
Section Two
Exploration: Reading Skills
next
Section 1 Activity one
Graphs should not contain much detail and should be concise. Graphs should be used only to portray concepts. Different graphs serve different purposes: A pie graph divides the whole into component parts Bar graphs show relationships between two or more things Line graphs show trends Remember, lines need to be bold. Diagrams are used to demonstrate ideas, facts, plans, concepts, processes, and sequences. Examples include:

SP800-55-标准rev1

I N F O R M A T I O N S E C U R I T YComputer Security DivisionInformation Technology LaboratoryNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburg, MD 20899-8930July 2008U.S. Department of CommerceCarlos M. Gutierrez, SecretaryNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyJames M. Turner, Deputy DirectorReports on Computer Systems Technologynd Technology ship for the Nation’s ce data, proof of ductive use of strative, s for the cost-effective security and privacy of sensitive unclassified information in federal computer systems. This Special Publication 800-series reports on ITL’s research, guidelines, and outreach efforts in information security, and its collaborative activities with industry, government, and academic organizations.The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards a (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leader measurement and standards infrastructure. ITL develops tests, test methods, referen concept implementations, and technical analyses to advance the development and pro information technology. ITL’s responsibilities include the development of management, admini technical, and physical standards and guidelineAuthorityThis document has been developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in nagement Act rements, and for t such standards and security systems. This guideline is consistent with the requirements ency s . Supplemental vided in A-130, Appendix III.y nongovernmental tion would be Nothing in this document should be taken to contradict standards and guidelines made mandatory and binding on federal agencies by the Secretary of Commerce under statutory authority. Nor should these guidelines be interpreted as altering or superseding the existing authorities of the Secretary of Commerce, Director of the OMB, or any other federal official.furtherance of its statutory responsibilities under the Federal Information Security Ma (FISMA) of 2002, Public Law 107-347.NIST is responsible for developing standards and guidelines, including minimum requi providing adequate information security for all agency operations and assets, bu guidelines shall not apply to national of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-130, Section 8b(3), Securing Ag Information Systems , as analyzed in A-130, Appendix IV: Analysis of Key Section information is pro This guideline has been prepared for use by federal agencies. It may also be used b organizations on a voluntary basis and is not subject to copyright regulations. (Attribu appreciated by NIST.)Acknowledgementszabeth Lennon (NIST), ) who reviewed gratefully ciate the many contributions from individuals and organizations in the public and private sectors whose thoughtful and constructive comments improved the quality and usefulness of this publication.The authors wish to thank Joan Hash (NIST), Arnold Johnson (NIST), Eli Karen Scarfone (NIST), Kelley Dempsey (NIST), and Karen Quigg (MITRE drafts of this document and/or contributed to its development. The authors also acknowledge and appreT A B L E O F C O N T E N T SE (VIII) (1).......................1 .......................2 .......................2 ..........................4 .....................5 R .. (6).........................6 .........................6 .......................7 .........................8 .........................8 .........................8 3 (9) (9) (10) (11) (13) (13) (14) (15) (15) (16) (16) (17) (17)3 (17).....................19 L .. (20)4.1 Legislative Considerations (20)4.1.1 Government Performance Results Act (20)4.1.2 Federal Information Security Management Act (21)4.2 Federal Enterprise Architecture (22)4.3 Linkage Between Enterprise Strategic Planning and Information Security (23)5. MEASURES DEVELOPMENT PROCESS (24)5.1 Stakeholder Interest Identification (25)XECUTIVE SUMMARY..................................................................................................2.4Program Manager/Information System Owner...............................................................................................................1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................1.1Purpose and Scope..................................................................................1.2Audience....................................................................................................1.3History..................................................................................................1.4Critical Success Factors...................................................................................................3 1.5Relationship to Other NIST Documents................................................1.6Document Organization..............................................................................2. OLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES...........................................................2.1Agency Head.........................................................................................2.2Chief Information Officer ....................................................................2.3Senior Agency Information Security Officer..........................................2.5Information System Security Officer..................................................2.6 Other Related Roles............................................................................ INFORMATION SECURITY MEASURES BACKGROUND..............3.1 Definition..............................................................................................3.2 Benefits of Using Measures.....................................................................3.3 Types of Measures................................................................................3.3.1 Implementation Measures.................................................................3.3.2 Effectiveness/Efficiency Measures...................................................3....3.3 Impact Measures...............................................................................3.4 Measurement Considerations.............................................................3.4.1 Organizational Considerations........................................................3.4.2 Manageability (15)3.4.3 Data Management Concerns..........................................................3.4.4 Automation of Measurement Data Collection................................3.5 Information Security Measurement Program Scope..........................3.......5.1 Individual Information Systems.........................................................5.2 System Development Life Cycle......................................................3.5.3 Enterprise-Wide Programs..............................................................4. EGISLATIVE AND STRATEGIC DRIVERS...................................5.2 Goals and Objectives Definition...............................................................................................IO . (26) (27) (27) (28) (29)5 (29)5 (30) (31) (33)I N (35).....................35 .....................36 ...................38 ...................38 ................... APPENDIX B: ACRONYMS...................................................................................................B-1 APPENDIX C: REFERENCES...............................................................................................C-1 APPENDIX D: SPECIFICATIONS FOR MINIMUM SECURITY REQUIREMENTS.D-15.3 Information Security Policies, Guidelines, and Procedures Review ....5.4 Information Security Program Implementation Review..........................5.5 Measures Development and Selection..................................................5.5.1 Measures Development Approach.....................................................5.2 Measures Prioritization and Selection.............................................5.3 Establishing Performance Targets.................................................5.6 Measures Development Template.......................................................5.7 Feedback Within the Measures Development Process.........................6. NFORMATION SECURITY MEASUREMENT IMPLEMENTAT 6.1Prepare for Data Collection..................................................................6.2Collect Data and Analyze Results.........................................................6.3Identify Corrective Actions...................................................................6.4Develop Business Case and Obtain Resources......................................6.5 Apply Corrective Actions..............................................................................................40 APPENDIX A: CANDIDATE MEASURES.................................................A-1L I S T O F F I G U R E S (3) (25)Figure 5-2. Information Security Measures Trend Example (31)Figure 6-1. Information Security Measurement Program Implementation Process (35)Table 1. Measurement During System Development (18)Table 2. Measures Template and Instructions (32)Figure 1-1. Information Security Measurement Program Structure......................nt .......Figure 3-1. Information Security Program Maturity and Types of Measureme . (12)Figure 5-1. Information Security Measures Development Process....................L I S T O F T A B L E SEXECUTIVE SUMMARYentation of measures ate theupporting information prove performance, levant cy, and’s success in rocess described in this guide tionship betweenagency mission, n Act, thek Elimination Act t (FISMA)—cite information nce measurement in tion to legislative compliance, agencies can use performance measures as management tools in their internal improvement efforts and link implementation of ts.ent and implementation of an d numbers); information security processes should be considered for measurement; d directing resources.easures are This document focuses on the development and collection of three types of measures: • Implementation measures to measure execution of security policy;• Effectiveness/efficiency measures to measure results of security services delivery; and • Impact measures to measure business or mission consequences of security events.This document is a guide to assist in the development, selection, and implem to be used at the information system and program levels. These measures indic effectiveness of security controls applied to information systems and s security programs. Such measures are used to facilitate decision making, im and increase accountability through the collection, analysis, and reporting of re performance-related data—providing a way to tie the implementation, efficien effectiveness of information system and program security controls to an agency achieving its mission. The performance measures development p will assist agency information security practitioners in establishing a rela information system and program security activities under their purview and the helping to demonstrate the value of information security to their organization.A number of existing laws, rules, and regulations—including the Clinger-Cohe Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA), the Government Paperwor (GPEA), and the Federal Information Security Management Ac performance measurement in general, and information security performa particular, as a requirement. In addi their information security programs to agency-level strategic planning effor The following factors must be considered during developm information security measurement program:• Measures must yield quantifiable information (percentages, averages, an • Data that supports the measures needs to be readily obtainable;• Only repeatable and• Measures must be useful for tracking performance an The measures development process described in this document ensures that m developed with the purpose of identifying causes of poor performance and pointing to appropriate corrective actions.ful forent types ofary focus of information security measures shifts as the implementation of security controls matures.The types of measures that can realistically be obtained, and that can also be use performance improvement, depend on the maturity of the agency’s information security program and the information system’s security control implementation. Although differ measures can be used simultaneously, the prim1. INTRODUCTIONgulatory, financial, ions cite information ent in e Clinger-Cohen Act, the Government mination Act (GPEA), and tion security rformance sures as on of their rmation security and accountability ata. They provide ty controls to an in its mission-critical activities. The performance measures development is document will assist agency information security practitioners in ship between information system and program security activities under f information security plementation ofelated activities. It entifies the adequacy h to help es, identify and ontrols for continuous cesses and how nd support risk-program can and should entation of such a program assists agencies in meeting the annual requirements of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to report the status of agency information security programs.NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-55, Revision 1, expands upon NIST’s previous work in the field of information security measures to provide additional program-level guidelines forquantifying information security performance in support of organizational strategic goals. The processes and methodologies described in this document link information system securityperformance to agency performance by leveraging agency-level strategic planning processes. By doing so, the processes and methodologies help demonstrate how information securityThe requirement to measure information security performance is driven by re and organizational reasons. A number of existing laws, rules, and regulat performance measurement in general, and information security performance measurem particular, as a requirement. These laws include th Performance and Results Act (GPRA), the Government Paperwork Eli the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA).While these laws, rules, and regulations are important drivers for informa measurement, equally compelling are the benefits that information security pe measurement can yield for organizations. Agencies can use performance mea management tools in their internal improvement efforts and link implementati information security programs to agency-level strategic planning efforts. Info measures are used to facilitate decision making and improve performance through collection, analysis, and reporting of relevant performance-related d the means for tying the implementation, efficiency, and effectiveness of securi agency’s success process described in th establishing a relation their purview and the agency mission, helping to demonstrate the value o to their organization.1.1 Purpose and ScopeThis document is a guide for the specific development, selection, and im information system-level and program-level measures to indicate the implementation,efficiency/effectiveness, and impact of security controls, and other security-r provides guidelines on how an organization, through the use of measures, id of in-place security controls, policies, and procedures. It provides an approac management decide where to invest in additional information security resourc evaluate nonproductive security controls, and prioritize security c monitoring. It explains the measurement development and implementation pro measures can be used to adequately justify information security investments a based decisions. The results of an effective information security measurement provide useful data for directing the allocation of information security resources simplify the preparation of performance-related reports. Successful implemcontributes to accomplishing agency strategic goals and objectives. Performance m developed according to this guide will enhance the a easures bility of agencies to respond to a variety of mended Security at support the s on developing r, expand, or use ile focused on NIST SP 800-53 security controls, measures related to an be helpful in ta collection, analysis, ored to support FISMA performance measures, e Architecture’s (FEA) Performance Reference Model (PRM) requirements, and any other enterprise-specific requirements for reporting quantifiable information about written primarily for Chief Information Officers (CIOs), Senior Agency Information Security Officers (SAISOs)—often referred to as Chief Information Security SOs)—and Information System Security Officers (ISSOs). It targets individuals who are familiar with security controls as described in NIST SP 800-53. The concepts,vernment and ness has been under development for, and tion Security, both e publications by building upon them to align this approach with security controls provided in NIST SP 800-53, Recommended Security Controls for Federal Information Systems . The document also expands 0-55 to assist with the assessment of information security program implementation.Security control implementation for information systems and information security programs is reviewed and reported annually to OMB in accordance with the Electronic Government Act of 2002, which includes FISMA. The Act requires departments and agencies to demonstrate that federal government mandates and initiatives, including FISMA.This publication uses the security controls identified in NIST SP 800-53, Recom Controls for Federal Information Systems , as a basis for developing measures th evaluation of information security programs. In addition to providing guideline measures, the guide lists a number of candidate measures that agencies can tailo as models for developing other measures.1 Wh the process described in this guide can be applied to develop agency-specific security controls that are not included in NIST SP 800-53.The information security measurement program described in this document c fulfilling regulatory requirements. The program provides an underlying da and reporting infrastructure that can be tail Federal Enterpris information security performance.1.2 AudienceThis guide is Officers (CI processes, and candidate measures presented in this guide can be used within go industry contexts.1.3 HistoryThe approach for measuring security control effective several years. NIST SP 800-55, Security Metrics Guide for Information Technology Systems NIST Draft SP 800-80, Guide to Developing Performance Metrics for Informa addressed information security measurement. This document supersedes thes on concepts and processes introduced in the original version of NIST SP 801 Candidate measures offered by this guide do not constitute mandatory requirements. Rather, they provide a sampling ofmeasures to be considered for use by the readers of this guide.they are meeting applicable information security requirements, and to document the level of performance based on results of annual program reviews.An information security measurement program within an organization should include four interdependent components (see Figure 1-1).1.4Critical Success FactorsFigure 1-1. Information Security Measurement Program StructureThis supportization. Without trol information ured by The second component of an effective information security measurement program is theexistence of information security policies and procedures backed by the authority necessary to enforce compliance. Information security policies delineate the information securitymanagement structure, clearly assign information security responsibilities, and lay the foundation needed to reliably measure progress and compliance. Procedures document management’s position on the implementation of an information security control and the rigor with which it is applied. Measures are not easily obtainable if no procedures are in place that supply data to be used for measurement.The foundation of strong upper-level management support is critical, not only for the success of the information security program, but also for the program’s implementation. establishes a focus on information security within the highest levels of the organ a solid foundation (i.e., proactive support of personnel in positions that con resources), the information security measurement program can fail when press organizational dynamics and budget limitations.The third component is developing and establishing quantifiable performanc designed to capture and provide meaningful performance data. To provide meaningful data, quantifiable information security measures must be based on information goals and objectives, and be easily obtainable and feasible to measure. They m e measures that are security performance ust also be repeatable, provide relevant performance trends over time, and be useful for trackingonsistent periodic learned, improve d plan for the implementation of future security controls to meet new information security requirements as they occur. Accurate data collection ningful and useful d by the degree rmation security measurement program should provide substantive justification for decisions that directly affect the information se decisions include budget and personnel requests and should assist in ance.ded to assist ent,s on quantifying fforts such as those described in NIST SP ation Systems; in NIST SP 800-30, mmended Security from NIST SP 800-53A in that it provides a quantitative approach to measuring and analyzing security controls implementation and effectiveness at the information system and program levels, aggregated across multiple individual efforts. It also provides an approach for aggregating information from multiple information systems to measure and analyze information security from an enterprise-level perspective. NIST SP 800-53A provides procedures for assessing if the security controls are implemented and operating as intended according to the information system security plan for the system. The assessment data produced as a result of applying NIST SP 800-53A assessment procedures can serve as a data source for information security measurement.performance and directing resources.Finally, the information security measurement program itself must emphasize c analysis of the measures data. Results of this analysis are used to apply lessons effectiveness of existing security controls, an must be a priority with stakeholders and users if the collected data is to be mea in improving the overall information security program.The success of an information security program implementation should be judge to which meaningful results are produced. A comprehensive info security posture of an organization. The allocation of available resources. An information security measurement program the preparation of required reports relating to information security perform 1.5 Relationship to Other NIST DocumentsThis document is a continuation in a series of NIST special publications inten information management and information security personnel in the establishm implementation, and maintenance of an information security program. It focuse information security performance based on the results of a variety of information security activities. This approach draws upon many sources of data, including:• Information security assessment and testing e 800-53A, Guide for Assessing the Security Controls in Federal Inform • Information security risk assessments efforts, such as those described Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems ; and• Minimum security controls recommended in NIST SP 800-53, Reco Controls for Federal Information Systems .NIST SP 800-55, Revision 1, differsinputs into the anagers ; and•NIST SP 800-65, Integrating IT Security into the Capital Planning and Investmentsist with prioritization for the continuous monitoring of bed in NIST SP 800-37, Guide for the Security Certification and1.6Document Organizationnsibilities of agency rity program, and in uidelines on the security measures, the benefits ofhe factors that.y to strategic rocess used for usses those factors tion of an information security measurement program.This guide contains four appendices. Appendix A, Candidate Measures, provides practicalexamples of information security measures that can be used or modified to meet specific agency requirements. Appendix B provides a list of acronyms used in this document. Appendix C lists references. Appendix D lists specifications for minimum security requirements taken from Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 200, Minimum Security Requirements for Federal Information and Information Systems .Information security measurement results described in this guide will provide information security program activities described in a number of NIST publications, including: • NIST SP 800-100, Information Security Handbook: A Guide for M Control Process .These measures can also be used to as security controls, as descri Accreditation of Federal Information Systems. The remaining sections of this guide discuss the following:• Section 2, Roles and Responsibilities, describes the roles and respo staff that have a direct interest in the success of the information secu the establishment of an information security measurement program.• Section 3, Information Security Measures Background , provides g background and definition of information implementation, various types of information security measures, and t directly affect success of an information security measurement program • Section 4, Legislative and Strategic Drivers, links information securit planning through relevant legislation and guidelines.• Section 5, Measures Development Process, presents the approach and p development of information security measures.• Section 6, Information Security Measurement Implementation, disc that can affect the implementa2. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIESThis section outlines the key roles and responsibilities for developing and imp information security measures. While information security is the responsib of the organization lementingility of all members , the positions described in Sections 2.1 through 2.6 are key information ders that should work to instill a culture of information security awareness zation..urement are as agency strategic and al planning processes to secure the organization’s mission;to annual reporting on the ationent andgency;t activities have adequate financial andhuman resources for success;• Actively promoting information security measurement as an essential facilitator of y; and• Approving policy to officially institute measures collection.2ollowing responsibilities related to information • Using information security measures to assist in monitoring compliance with applicable information security requirements;• Using information security measures in annually reporting on effectiveness of the agency • Demonstrating management’s commitment to information security measuresdevelopment and implementation through formal leadership;security stakehol across the organi 2.1 Agency HeadThe specific Agency Head responsibilities related to information security meas follows:• Ensuring that information security measures are used in support of operation • Ensuring that information security measures are integrated in effectiveness of the agency information security program by the Chief Inform Officer (CIO);• Demonstrating support for information security measures developm implementation, and communicating official support to the a • Ensuring that information security measuremen information security performance improvement throughout the agenc 2.2 Chief Information OfficerThe Chief Information Officer (CIO) has the f security measurement: information security program to the agency head;2 When an agency has not designated a formal Chief Information Officer position, FISMA requires the associated responsibilities to be handled by a comparable agency official.。

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• The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress, and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first signs of unusual difficulties. When exposed to stress, in whatever form, we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make choice between light and fight. And in more primitive days the choices made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme, but however little the stress, it involves the same response.
• …It is when such a reaction lasts long, through continued exposure to stress, that health becomes endangered. Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart diseases have established links with stress. Since we cannot remove stress from our lives (it would be unwise to do so even if we could), we need to find ways to deal with it.

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Dealing with complaints (Writing)
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Dealing with complaints (Writing)
Requirements: 1. apologizing for the problems 2. giving an explanation (a period of very high demand, our usual supplier causing us some problems) 3. offering the customer a discount of 5 percent on the order
On the phone (Speaking)
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3R 10 R
4R 11 C
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Lecture 6
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Dealing with complaints (Writing)
Dealing with complaints (Writing)

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IA PRESENTATION SEPT 2013SANOFI MANUFACTURING SYSTEMDevelop, Produce and Distribute for SanofiPatientsIA PRESENTATION SEPT 20132“Our employees expertise,our development,production and distribution sites,and our products portfolio are our most important industrial assets;they play a leading role in the implementation and success of Sanofi’s growth strategy.The company’s ambition for growth builds upon a variety of actions which need our industrial contribution.As part of this,we are deploying the Sanofi Manufacturing System (SMS),a foundation for industrial excellence,to be on the cutting edge of technology and performance in all of our industrial activities.The SMS will be the primary ambassador of the strategic vision and ambition that each and every one of us as entrepreneurs must carry forth to make Sanofi Industrial Affairs the gold-standard for the pharmaceutical industry.To achieve this,in 40countries,every day,45,000men and women from Industrial Affairs are proudly sharing,common industrial values and a common culture to develop,produce and distribute products for Sanofi patients.”Philippe Luscan, Executive Vice President Global Industrial AffairsIA PRESENTATION SEPT 2013CONTENT3IA AT A GLANCEIA PRIORITIES AND CHALLENGESIAORGANIZATIONPREPARE AND TRANSMIT TO NEW IAGENERATIONSIA AT A GLANCEIA PRESENTATION SEPT 2013IA PRESENTATION SEPT 2013IA KEY FIGURESPresent in40Countries€10 bncost of sales managed4 bnboxesproduced and distributed per year~85 bngalenic units produced per year112Industrial Sites5~45,000Employees focused on patients and customers satisfactionIA PRESENTATION SEPT 2013AWORLDWIDE INDUSTRIAL NETWORK A strong geographical presence to fulfill our customers’needsNORTH AMERICA LATIN AMERICA11 sites7PHARMA (solids) 2ANIMAL HEALTH 2 VACCINS52 sites39PHARMA (Solids, Injectables,Chemistry & Biotechnologies) 2GENZYME 8ANIMAL HEALTH 3VACCINSEUROPE 20 sites3PHARMA (Solids)8GENZYME5ANIMAL HEALTH 4VACCINS7 sites7PHARMA (Solids)AFRICA MIDDLE ‐EASTASIA ‐PACIFIC22 sites14 PHARMA (Solids &Chemistry)1GENZYME3ANIMAL HEALTH 4VACCINS112MANUFACTURINGSITES IN40COUNTRIES (40sites in emerging countries)6IA PRESENTATION SEPT 2013A large range of expertise and know-how from Developmentand Active Ingredient Production to Distribution INDUSTRIALDIVERSITYALL ALONGTHE VALUECHAINR&DIAChemistry& Biochemistry11 sitesBiotechnology3sitesPharma Injectables 10sitesPharma Solids46 sitesVaccins 13 sitesGenzyme11 sitesAnimal Health18 sitesIndustrialDevelopmentSupport &Launches13 CentersActiveIngredientoutsourcing450suppliersPharmaoutsourcing400CMOs*83DistributionplatformsPATIENTS7*ContractManufacturingOperationsIA PRESENTATION SEPT 2013IA PRIORITIES AND CHALLENGESIndustrial FundamentalsInternal Customer ServiceProcess QualitySafetyEnvironmentTeamwork & Industrial CultureEnergy ConsumptionSupplier DevelopmentYield ImprovementsHeadcount ProductivityInnovationLEAN DeploymentContinuous Performance ImprovementSite Network OptimizationCapacity UtilizationEquipment EffectivenessIndustrial AgilityNetwork Footprint & SpecializationStandardizationTransversal OptimizationPortfolio StreamliningDistributionExternal ManufacturingIS Solutions HarmonizationInventory OptimizationCustomer Satisfaction Customer ServiceProduct Quality Competitive COGSProductsLaunches AgilityIA PRESENTATION SEPT 2013Our ambition is to make Sanofi IA the gold-standard in the pharmaceutical industryTHE FOUNDATION OF OURINDUSTRIAL EXCELLENCE9SANOFI MANUFACTURINGSYSTEM (SMS*) * Sanofi Manufacturing SystemIA PRESENTATION SEPT 2013INTERNAL CUSTOMER SERVICEQUALITYSAFETYENVIRONMENTTEAMWORK &INDUSTRIAL CULTUREA common priority for all of us to always provide reliable end to end supplies and give patient more than he expects to getMaking Quality and Compliance an engine of industrial performanceWe are all Safety contributors and everybody’s involvement leads to our goal: 0 major accidentsWe speak the same language about our commitments and actions regarding sustainable responsibilities and ethics in all our industrial activitiesTransversal collaboration, innovation and teamwork boost the sharing of our expertise's and know ‐how. Women and Men from IA operate with thiscommoncultureand setof values10BUILDING ON OURFUNDAMENTALS WITH NOCOMPROMISEIA PRESENTATION SEPT 2013DELIVERSUSTAINABLE LONG-TERMGROWTHOUR GROUPOUR STRATEGY DIABETES : IA Diabetes strategy addresses cartridge demand andemerging markets growthCONSUMER HEALTHCARE : Industrial footprint aligned with CHC agility, launch and performance requirementsGENERICS (Gx) : A dedicated Gx industrial footprint backed by Global Development tackling the requested COGs ImprovementETHICS (Rx), MATURE & EMERGING MARKETS : Transformed API and DP networks with decreasing volumes in mature markets and growth in emergingNEW MOLECULAR ENTITIES (NMEs): Be agile and reliable for launch 11GENZYME : Addressing the Genzyme growth platform needs with supply recovery ensuring manufacturing excellenceVACCINES : Supporting sales growth through a sustainably reliable supply and performanceANIMAL HEALTH : Adapt capacity to business requirements and ensure launches readiness for New ProductsDIVERSIFIED BUSINESS NEEDS ARE DRIVING OUR PRIORITIESIA PRESENTATION SEPT 201312OPERATIONAL UNITSAT A GLANCECHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY BIOTECHNOLOGYPHARMA INJECTABLES PHARMA SOLIDSGLOBAL BIOTHERAPEUTICS (IA/R&D)INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, SUPPORT & LAUNCHES VACCINES GENZYMEANIMAL HEALTHGLOBAL SUPPLY CHAINCOMMERCIAL & EXTERNAL PARTNERSHIP (CEPiA)IAIA PRESENTATION SEPT 2013Synthetic & Semi ‐synthetic chemistryBiochemistryActivecoupounds from synthetic, animal and Plant originsElbeuf (France)Garessio (Italy)In 2013,Sanofi signed two strategic agreements which have underlined Aramon’s industrial excellence in the production of biological products.Fermentation usingbacteria or yeast culture, Vitamin B12,Pristinamycin, antibiotics,biocorticosteroids…C&BD : Chemistry & Biotechnology DevelopmentPart of the new IDSL division, several C&BD centers are hosted in the Chemistry & Biochemistry site network. Its main missions are to develop, scale up, industrialize and transfer chemical &biotechnological (mAbs exluded), API processes up to commercial production.Network highlights11sites~5,700employees10 ProcessDevelopment centersA new chemical pathway (UCI*)for corticosteroids currently under development has considerably expanded the site.Aramon (France)An investment of €10M allowed the validation in 2012of the production of Semi ‐Synthetic Artemisinin starting material,the main antimalarial products in the market.Key Figuresin 4countries*Universal Corticosteroids Intermediates13C H E M I S T R Y B I O C H E M I S T R YIA PRESENTATION SEPT 2013B I O T E C H N O L O G YInsulin and Insulin analoguesProteins &PeptidesOligo nucleotides Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)Polyclonal antibodiesHighly Actives & Conjugates3sites~1,600employees17 products(commercial and development)Lantus ®‐Apidra® ‐Insuman®Taxotere ®‐Jevtana® ‐Thymoglobulin ®Zaltrap® ‐PCSK9Network highlights Frankfurt Bio (Germany)Lyon Polyclonals (France)Vitry ‐sur ‐Seine (France)François Jabob Production & DevelopmentVitry is evolving into a unique integrated cell culture platform in France covering facility scale ranging from laboratory work to commercial supply.Lyon Polyclonals consists of two production sites in Marcy and Gerland.The newly built Gerland site represents a state ‐of ‐the ‐art facility and will deliver Thymoglobulin®to patients in 62countries.The Frankfurt Biotechnology site includes nine production plants.It produces innovative insulin products such as Lantus®and Apidra®and also the GLP ‐1receptor agonist Lyxumia®.Key FiguresIn 2 countries14Buserelin ‐Gonadorelin ‐Lyxumia®Kynamro ®IA PRESENTATION SEPT 2013Pre ‐filled SyringesDiabetes, Oncology &DevicesWaterford (Ireland)Orel (Russia)P H AR M A I N JE C T A B L E SKey FiguresNetwork highlights1.5bn~6,800employees 5million Le Trait (France)galenic units of injectablesInhalation products produced per yearClexane ®‐Lovenox®EmergingMarkets InhalationLyo & RenalVaccinesLantus ®‐Apidra® ‐SoloStar®‐Lyxumia ®‐Taxotere ® ‐Eloxatine®Nasacort ®‐Flutiform®Russia ‐China ‐India Renagel ®‐Renvala ®‐Cerezyme®‐Myozyme®Act Hib®‐Fluzone ID®‐Vaxigrip®The €44million investment announced in 2013will increase the site’s product diversity by adding the filling of Sanofi’s Lantus®(insulin glargine).Le Trait is the “Technology Lead Site/Launch Plant”for pre ‐filled syringe technology products.The site will also receive more vaccine units from Marcy ‐L’Étoile.Orel is now after Frankfurt the second largest Sanofi manufacturing site that fills cartridges and releases Insulin pens.10sites In 7 countries15PHARMA SOLIDSKey FiguresNetwork highlights3.1bn~15,000employees46sitesBucharest (Romania)Boxes producedper year25 in emerging marketsGenericsObjectives: Development, Time‐to‐Market & CompetitivenessCHCObjectives: Launches,Performance & AgilityKey brands: Allegra®‐Doliprane® ‐Dorflex®Magne B6®‐Lactacyd®‐NoSpa® ‐Essentiale®‐Maalox®5 Regional PlatformsRegions: Europe ‐Latin America ‐Asia Pacific ‐Africa & Middle‐East ‐North AmericaObjectives: Operating Strategy,Specialization & PerformanceSMSObjective: maximizing IndustrialPerformance Hangzhou Pharma (China)Sanofi has invested€43M to buildthis new plant,well equipped withworld‐class production facilities,laboratories,a warehouse andreliable utilities.Bucharest’s annual productioncapacity is2billion tablets,520million capsules and112millionampoules for the whole EasternEurope region generic market.In2012,the site produced around180million units.In2014,Lisieux willcelebrate50years of Doliprane®production,the leading analgesicbrand in France.Lisieux (France)Key brands:Zentiva® ‐Medley® ‐Genfar®Key levers: Lean –Global PackagingPlatform –Energy savingsIA PRESENTATION SEPT 2013IA PRESENTATION SEPT 2013228>50%Key Figures17Bio ‐Innovation (Bio ‐I) UnitsBio ‐Realization (Bio ‐R) Platform> Located in Vitry, Frankfurt and Cambridge with a research focus> Collaborative efforts with units, academia as well as projects sponsored by Bio ‐T> Emphasis on novel mechanisms and novel biotherapeutic modalities> Fostering the local biotech environment and external innovation> Major focus on immuno ‐and onco ‐biologics > Expertise in molecular and cellular biology,bioinformatics, histology, immunology,pharmacology, design of antibodies and nucleic acids> Joint organization of both R&D and IA focusing on the effective development of new biologics products > Present in Vitry, Toulouse, Frankfurt and Genzyme Biologics> Operational connection to IA biotechnology and Sanofi Pasteur biologics> CMC governance with LGCR & IDSL (iCMC board)> Focus on mAb generation, bio ‐engineering, cell line management, bioprocess development,antibody formulation, bioanalytics, technology transfer & industrialization support > CMC project management> Compliance and dossier support > Regeneron interfaceBiologics in the currentdevelopment portfoliodevelopment projectsprojects in industrialization (3 from Regeneron)Where R&D and IA intersect, Global Biotherapeutics are enabling and advancing a “first-class” portfolio of biologics.G L O B A L B I O T H E R A P E U T I C S (B i o ‐T )IA PRESENTATION SEPT 2013Key Products18Chemistry &Biotechnology Development (C &BD)Device Development(MED)Pharmaceutical Science Operations(PSO)> Based in Frankfurt and Cambridge (USA)> Main focus on patient centric device development andtechnology innovation including IP patent application submissions > Mechanical devices: Lyxumia® pen, AllStar®, Diagnostic devices such as BGM®, eBGStar® and Electromechanical devices> Develop, scale up, industrialize and transfer chemical andbiotechnological Drug Substance (DS) processes up to commercial production, including laboratory development,AllStar®Lyxumia®>Define jointly with IA and R&D drug product manufacturing and technology strategies aiming at securing reliable and robust processes at industrial scale.> Bridge R&D and IA Pharma NMEs operations in a single organization, allowing an optimum use ofavailable capacities and resources.>Continue adaptation of the Development Center Network to streamline NME development and support manufacturing operationsAlirocumab(Anti PCSK ‐9monoclonal antibody)BGStar® and iBGStar®UCI **UniversalCorticosteroidsIntermediates I D S LINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENT, SUPPORT &LAUNCHESIA PRESENTATION SEPT 2013VACCINESKey FiguresNetwork highlights120~7,400employees 13sitesAntigens toprotect against20diseasesShenzhen (China)417Million containers prepared (451 million including outsourcing)in 8 countriesSMSConverging towards a unified and powerful industrial approach with the adoption of the SMS.Process optimizationStreamlining operations to become more efficient and cost ‐effective for improving Sanofi Pasteur’s growth margin.QualityStepping up the application of our Quality Enhancement Program, to give customers the service they expect.Expanding capacitiesStartup phase in Neuville (France) for Dengue and Shenzhen (China) for Flu production.The new flu vaccine facility in Shenzhen is awaiting the GMP certificate which will open the way to licensing,then production of the first commercial batches.Neuville (France)Neuville will start producing Dengue vaccine consistency batches in Sept 2013.In Swiftwater,Clostridium difficile industrialization has been successfully achieved.Swiftwater (USA)19IA PRESENTATION SEPT 2013GENZYMEKey FiguresNetwork highlights9.1~3,500employees11sitesMillion vials produced. ( 42.7million including outsourced production)New Genzyme BusinessFramingham (USA)Biosurgery BusinessRare genetic diseases such as lysosomal storage disorders, as well as thyroid cancer and multiple sclerosis.Cerezyme®‐Thyrogen® ‐Myozyme ® ‐Fabrazyme®‐Aubagio ®Polymer, biologic, small molecule and cell therapeutics to meet a variety of unique medical needs (cartilage,skin regeneration, and medical devices to aid clotting and prevent adhesions during surgery).Carticel®‐Epicel® ‐MACI ® ‐Seprafilm®‐Synvisc ®in 4 countriesRegulatory approval of Framingham Biologics was a milestone in Genzyme’s journey to restore unconstrained supply of Fabrazyme®for patients globally.Geel (Belgium)In 2010,Genzyme in Geel started the construction of another autonomous facility for the production of the treatment for Pompe disease.Northpointe ‐Lynnwood (USA)The site produce sargramostim,the active ingredient in Leukine®(treatment of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia).20IA PRESENTATION SEPT 2013Areas of focusKey FiguresNetwork highlights500~2,300employees18sites Million doses vaccines for all species other than avianPharmaceutical productionLyon LPA (France)Toulouse (Frontline®) and Saint Herblon (Generics), East Tamaki in New Zealand for solutions and Paulinia in Brazil for Injectables (avermectin),Pastes and Chewables.Vaccines productionMultispecies vaccines produced at Lyon (Gerland ‐LPA ‐Lentilly), Athens and Worthington (USA). Avian vaccines at Noventa (Italy), Merial Select (USA) and in China with Nanchang and Nanjing JV. Foot ‐and ‐Mouth disease at Pirbright (UK), Lelystad (Netherland) and Paulinia (Brazil).In 9 countries90Billion doses for avian vaccinesLyon LPA provides such major vaccines as Circovac®,Vaxxitek®,Rabisin®,Avinew®and Purevax®.Nanchang (China)With a production capacity of 16billion doses of poultry vaccine per year,Nanchang II will soon be replacing NanchangI.21Paulinia (Brazil)Paulinia in Brazil is the most important animal health site in Latin America.ANIMAL HEALTHIA PRESENTATION SEPT 2013Areas of focusKey Figures100~3,500employees20global orregional distribution centersPresence inGLOBALSUPPLY CHAINA patient-centric organization covering all Supply Chain aspects from manufacturing plant to final deliveries.Sales Forecasting processesManufacturing schedulingForecasting accuracyMarkets & Plants links through VMI* mode Physical Distribution tocustomers & patients Flow Management &Inventory Policy *Vendor ManagedInventoriesBestpracticesAcross all Sanofi Supply Chain activitiesCountries2018 target144distribution centers from what98Multi Activity Hubs (70%)Network highlightsIn 2013,Saint Loubès inaugurated a new automated retail order preparation “Goods To Man”system.80%of the export products from Frankfurt are related to Sanofi's diabetes business,including Sanofi's flagship product Lantus,and require cool chain handling.22IA PRESENTATION SEPT 2013Areas of focusDeveloping relations with third parties on industrial matters for the benefit of SanofiKey Figures>200>€600>30%Million packsproduced (18% of Sanofi group)Million of sales (in the top10 of Sanofi ‘s affiliates6 Sales BUs‐Corticosteroids, ‐Opiates, ‐Prostaglandins, ‐Biotech, ‐Synthesis, ‐Drug products/toll manufacturing.Custom synthesis‐Therapeutic proteins (Rhucin, Facteur VII, Viaskin)‐Sartans ‐Peptides & Oligonucleotides ‐Viral Vectors (Transgene)‐Highly Acitve Products (HAP)‐Monoclonal Antibodies(Mablaunch).Business Development‐Strengthen our business in our fields of expertise.‐New partnering and acquisition opportunities.Partnerships Leveraging ourhistoric partners and developing ourindustrial activitieswith the new ones such as Daichi ‐Sankyo, Regeneronor Pfizer.Global ExternalManufacturing3 missions:‐Reliable customer service performance ‐Quality & regulatory compliance‐Optimum economic efficiency.Sales & Custom Synthesis Global External manufacturingAPI s in catalogue sold in 80countriesOf Chemistry &Biotechnology industrial activities>800 customers >410Suppliers8116200 SKUs23COMMERCIAL & EXTERNAL PARTNERSHIP CEPiAIA PRESENTATION SEPT 2013PREPARE AND TRANSMIT TO NEWIA GENERATIONSIA PRESENTATION SEPT 2013Identify and develop a new IA Leader Generation, expand Project Leadership and Transversal CollaborationSHAPE OUR FUTURE•Implement early potential career development action (imagine your future differently)•Develop further “ IA Pépinière” and VIE projects from targeted schools•Conduct inititiatives for gender diversityTap into the potential of the N ew Generation •Draw up rules and good pratices for project management and project leadership•Define career Path for Project Leaders and Project Managers •Implement specific Talent Reviews and consolidate the pool of Project LeadersDevelop Project Leadership and management capabilities •Reinforce coordination between organizations (R&D, IA, Commercial Operations…) and cross ‐activity Talent Reviews •Develop new ways of working in the framework of the Sanofi New Development Operating Model•New governance for Campus Biotech . Stimulate exchange and career path (Genzyme, Merial)Strengthen transversal collaboration and communication25IA PRESENTATION SEPT 2013PREPARE AND TRANSMIT TO NEWIA GENERATION26For more information about the Industrial Affairs networkplease visit our intranet sitehttp://aff ‐indus.sanofi ‐/Welcome_en_US.aspx。