2013年厦门大学348文博综合考研真题
厦门大学文物与博物馆历年真题
2013年（厦门大学）一、名词解释（8选5,每个20分）1.长信宫灯2.南通博物苑3.定陵4.拓片5. Paraloid B726.热释光断代法7.大遗址保护8.原状陈列二、简答题（3选2，每个50分）1.文物鉴定的对象、内容、方法。
2.博物馆藏品的分类方法。
3.古建筑修缮的原则三、论述题（2选1,100分）1.中国历史文化名称保护规划的内容及你对中国历史文化名城名镇名村保护的认识。
2.博物馆的安全工作。
2013年厦大文博专硕试题一、名词解释（8选5,每个20分）（长信宫灯；南通博物苑；定陵；拓片；热释光段代法；大遗址保护；原状陈列）1.长信宫灯在张之恒的《中国考古学通论》新版第345页有提及但没具体解释，可以参考《大百科全书文物博物馆卷》第82页2.南通博物苑可以参考《中国博物馆学基础》第73-78页，或《大百科全书文物博物馆卷》第389-390，需概括3.定陵可以参考张之恒的《中国考古学通论》新版第565-566页4.拓片又称“文物传拓技术”可参考《大百科全书文物博物馆卷》591-560页5.热释光断代法可参考张之恒的《中国考古学通论》新版第19-20页6.大遗址保护参考书上没有涉及，可参考网络（大遗址保护区，就是人们通常把占地面积在5平方公里以上的范围较大、有居民生活、具有较高历史文化价值的、不可移动的地下文物遗迹保护起来称为大遗址保护区。
在我国已公布的六批2351处全国重点文物保护单位中，约有500余处是大遗址，占总数的四分之一左右，其中一部分已被列为世界文化遗产或作为世界文化遗产的重要组成部分。
国家设立大遗址保护专项资金，实施大遗址保护工程，在有效保护遗址本体及其环境风貌的同时，加强展示和宣传工作，对于全面提高文物保护、管理、利用水平，发挥文物在经济和社会发展中的重要作用，实现文物保护事业的可持续发展具有重要意义。
）8.原状陈列可参考《大百科全书文物博物馆卷》第706页二、简答题（3选2，每个50分）1.文物鉴定的对象、内容、方法。
【免费下载】厦门大学研究生入学考试历年真题及答案
厦门大学研究生入学考试历年真题及答案点击蓝色字体查看原文温馨提示：内容较多，(Ctrl+H)搜索所需内容2015年厦门大学701语言文学基础全套资料本专业课考试科目的全套资料主要包括：1．历年考研真题及详解（即考研拥有的本专业课考试科目的全部考研真题，部分可能由于官方未公布而无法取得，但是我们在不断更新，如有会第一时间补发给学员）；2．本科生、研究生课堂笔记；3．本科生、研究生课堂作业；4．教师授课讲义及课件；5．期中期末考试试题；6．指定教材（参考教材）配套资料（课后习题答案、模拟试题等）。
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2013年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2013年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．______one time, Manchester was the home of the most productive cotton mills in the world.A．OnB．ByC．AtD．Of正确答案：C解析：at one time为固定词组，意义为“曾经”。
句意是，曼彻斯特曾经是世界上最大的纺织厂基地。
所以正确答案是C选项。
2．If you come to Tokyo, I can put you______in an apartment near my company.A．acrossB．downC．outD．up正确答案：D解析：四个选项的意思分别是put across使……被理解；put down放下，镇压；put out熄灭，赶走；put up供给……住宿。
句意是，如果你来东京，可以住在位于我公司附近的一处公寓里。
所以正确答案是D选项。
3．It seems oil______from this pipe for some time. We’ll have to take the machine apart to put it right.A．had leakedB．is leakingC．leakedD．has been leaking正确答案：D解析：现在完成进行时表示在一段时间内持续进行的动作，并对现在产生一定的影响。
句意是，似乎石油从管道泄漏已有一段时间了。
我们将不得不把机器拆开修理。
所以正确答案是D选项。
4．He will agree to do what you require______him.A．ofB．fromC．toD．for正确答案：A解析：四个选项的意思分别是require of sb．要求某人；require sth．from sb．要求某人某事；require to do sth．要求做某事。
最新厦门大学考研历年真题及答案解析汇编
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西北大学348文博综合2013-2019年(缺2017年)考研专业课真题试卷
西北大学2019年招收攻读硕士学位研究生试题
科目名称：文博综合
科目代码：348共2页请考生将答案写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸上的答案一律无效
一、名词解释（每题10分，共80分）
1.二重证据法
2.款识
3.逑盘
4.光释光测年法
5.史密森学会
6.历史文化名城
7.《考古图》
8、石卯遗址
二、简答题（每题20分，共100分）
1.简述中国近代博物馆发展历程。
2.简述“官”子款瓷器的发现及其含义.
3.简述甲骨四堂及主要研究成果。
4.简述文物成分分析的常用方法和优缺点。
5.简述文物学与考古学的关系。
三、论述题（每题30分，共120分）
1.论述中国生态博物馆及发展状况。
2.论述中国文物保护方针中保护和抢救的主要内容。
1。
中国社会科学院【348文博综合专硕考研真题及详解】才聪学习网
中国社会科学院【348文博综合专硕考研真题及详解】才聪学习网[全套]2021年中国社会科学院研究生院文物与博物馆硕士348文博综合[专业硕士]考研全套资料•[电子书]全国名校348文博综合[专业硕士]考研真题汇编（含部分答案）•[电子书]张之恒《中国考古通论》笔记和考研真题详解•[电子书]李晓东《文物学》笔记和考研真题详解•[电子书]王宏钧《中国博物馆学基础》（修订本）核心讲义和考研真题详解•[电子书]王蕙贞《文物保护学》核心讲义和考研真题详解•[电子书]张之恒《中国考古通论》配套题库【名校考研真题＋章节题库＋模拟试题】•[电子书]李晓东《文物学》配套题库【考研真题精选＋专项题库】•[电子书]王宏钧《中国博物馆学基础》（修订本）配套题库【名校考研真题＋章节题库＋模拟试题】•[电子书]王蕙贞《文物保护学》配套题库【名校考研真题＋章节题库＋模拟试题】4．文物与博物馆学考研题库【名校真题＋章节题库＋模拟试题】•[电子书]2021年考古学与文博综合[专业硕士]考研题库【名校考研真题＋章节题库＋模拟试题】第一部分名校考研真题第1章概论一、名词解释1．放射性碳素断代[2014年中央民族大学研]答：放射性碳素断代是利用死亡生物体中碳－14不断衰变的原理进行断代的技术。
1949年开始应用于考古年代的测定。
一般适用的年代范围在5万年以内。
美国芝加哥大学W．F．利比是该方法的创始人。
2．相对年代[2014年中央民族大学研]答：相对年代是考古学年代分类的一种，与其相对的是“绝对年代”。
“相对年代”是指文化遗存在时间上的先后关系，“绝对年代”是指文化遗存形成时的距今年代（具体年代）。
确定相对年代，主要依靠地层学和类型学的研究，是考古学研究中两种常用的断代方法。
此外，也可以利用某些自然科学的手段和文化遗存的对比研究，来判断遗迹和遗物的相对年代。
3．埋藏学[2014年山西大学研]答：埋藏学又称化石形成学，专门研究化石的埋藏条件及其产地的形成原因，即研究生物体从死亡到形成化石的全部历史过程。
厦门大学348文博综合2020年考研专业课真题试卷
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厦门大学 2020年招收攻读硕士学位研究生
第1页 共 1 页 348 文博综合
入学考试试题
科目代码：348 科目名称：文博综Байду номын сангаас 招生专业：文物与博物馆
考生须知：答题书写须使用黑（蓝）色字迹钢笔、签字笔或圆珠笔；各类答案（包括选择 题、填空题）均必须写在答题纸上规定处，不得直接在试卷（试题纸）或草稿 纸上作答；凡未按上述规定作答均不予评阅、判分、后果考生自负。
一、名词解释（每题 15 分，共 150 分） 1、良渚古城 2、考古图 3、苏秉琦 4、目标群众 5、文物保护单位 6、水下遗产 7、德化窑 8、有段石锛 9、民族考古学 10、天亡簋
二、简答题（每题 25 分，共 100分） 1、简述考古学的相对年代，和绝对年代，并说明两者的关系。 2、简述文化遗产的定义和非物质文化遗产保护的重要性。 3、简述博物馆藏品保护的基本原则。 4、简述考古调查和区域系统调查的区别。
三、论述题（共 50 分） 1、新博物馆学是什么？列举一个你参观过的博物馆，结合新博物馆学理论 进行论述
[全]《文博综合》考研真题详解
![[全]《文博综合》考研真题详解](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/e0bd418f67ec102de3bd899e.png)
《文博综合》考研真题详解1古物陈列所[中央民族大学2014年研]答：古物陈列所是我国第一个以皇家藏品为主的博物馆，于1914年在故宫文华殿和武英殿成立，首开皇宫社会化的先河。
它是一个主要保管、陈列清廷辽宁、热河两行宫文物的机构，代表了我国20世纪20年代博物馆的水平，在当时社会产生了广泛而积极的影响。
在1948年3月与故宫博物院合并。
2生态博物馆[中央民族大学2014年研；南京大学2012年研]答：生态博物馆是博物馆中的一个新的类型，它是在人类社会现代环境意识与现代生态意识不断觉醒的背景下产生的。
希微贺给生态博物馆也曾下了如下的定义：“生态博物馆是由地方当局和居民共同筹划、建造和运作的设施。
地方当局负责提供专家、设备和资金，而当地人民则依靠他们自己的意愿、知识和个人力量推动工作。
”3大不列颠博物馆[中央民族大学2014年研]答：大不列颠博物馆是世界上历史最悠久、规模最宏伟的综合性博物馆，也是世界上规模最大、最著名的博物馆之一，它是在私人收藏的基础上建立起来的，其奠基人是著名医生汉司·斯隆。
位于英国伦敦新牛津大街北面的罗素广场，成立于1753年，1759年1月15日起正式对公众开放。
大不列颠博物馆收藏了世界各地的许多文物和珍品，及很多伟大科学家的手稿，藏品之丰富、种类之繁多，为全世界博物馆所罕见。
4复原陈列法[中央民族大学2014年研]答：复原陈列法是常用的一种效果较好的陈列方法，按照文物的本来面貌给以科学的复原。
复原的方法有成套文物组合复原法、文物与环境组合复原法、文物与模型组合复原法、文物与图像组合复原法、文物与实际操作组合复原法等，在社会历史类陈列或自然科学类陈列中广泛使用。
它使某些历史现象或自然环境再现于陈列室中，使观众犹如身临其境，有强烈的历史感和真实感。
5博物馆学[南京大学2012年研]答：博物馆学是一门研究博物馆的性质、任务、特征、作用和工作一般特点和规律的学科。
博物馆学的内容有以下几个方面：①博物馆学概论。
厦门大学文博12-17历年真题
2012
一、名词解释（选答5题，每题20分，合计100分）
1.唐三彩
2.故宫博物馆
3.碳－14断代法
4.金石学
5.数学化博物馆
6.不可移动文物
7.考古学文化
8.文化遗产
二、简答题（答题2题，每题50分，合共100分）
1.概述博物馆的定义、功能及类型。
2.国际通用的文物保护和修复的原则有哪些？
3.何谓文物，研究文物的价值及作用有哪些？
三、论述题（选答1题，每题100分，合计100分）
1.试谈你对博物馆藏品搜集及保管工作的认识。
2.《中国文物保护法》中对考古发掘工作都有什么具体的规定和要求。
2013
一、名词解释（选答5题，每题20分，合计100分）
1.长信宫灯
2.南通博物馆
3.原状陈列
4.拓片
5.定陵
6.Paraloid B72
7.热释光断代法
8.大遗址保护
二、简答题（答题2题，每题50分，合共100分）
1.简答文物鉴定的对象、内容和方法。
2.简述古建筑维修的原则。
3.简述博物馆藏品分类方法。
三、论述题（选答1题，每题100分，合计100分）
1.浅谈中国历史文化名城保护规划内容以及你对当前历史名城名镇名村保护与管理工作的认识。
2.如何做好博物馆安全工作？
2014年
一、名词解释（选答5题，每题20分，合计100分）
1.国际博物馆馆日
2.陈列总体设计。
厦门大学348文博综合2017年考研专业课真题试卷(考场回忆版)
厦门大学 2017 年招收攻读硕士学位研究生 入学考试试题
科目代码：348 科目名称：文博综合 招生专业：文物与博物馆
考生须知：答题书写须使用黑（蓝）色字迹钢笔、签字笔或圆珠笔；各类答案（包括选择 题、填空题）均必须写在答题纸上规定处，不得直接在试卷（试题纸）或草稿 纸上作答；凡未按上述规定作答均不予评阅、判分、后果考生自负。
一、名词解释（每题 10 分，共 150 分） 1.兽面纹 2.周原遗址 3. 觚 4. 海昏侯墓 5. 大遗址 6.世界文化遗产 7 . 实验室考古 8.层位关系 9. 建窑遗址 10.文物鉴定 11.忘了； 12.忘了； 13.忘了； 14.忘了； 15.忘了。
二、简答题（每题 30 分，共 90 分） 1.考古学的研究对象和研究目标 2.历史博物馆陈列内容设计的原则和特点 3. 列举新石器时代三只盛行使用玉器的考古学文化及其各自典型玉器。
精都教育——全国 100000 考生的选择
我们的梦想，为成就更多人的梦想
研 究 生 招 生 考 试 初 试 试 题
原版考研真题试卷
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2017 年厦门大学 348 文博综合考研真题（回忆版）
三、论述题（60 分） 1. 论述虚拟博物馆与实体博物馆的关系。
第 1
厦门大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语真题
厦门大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语真题Part I: Vocabulary and structure (15%)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are fourchoices marked A，B，C，and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then markthe corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. ________ one time, Manchester was the home of the most productive cottonmillsin the world.A. OnB. ByC. AtD. Of2. If you come to Tokyo, i can put you ____________ in an apartment near my company.A. acrossB. downC. outD. up3. It seems oil __________ f rom this pipe for some time. Well have to take themachineapart to put it right.A. had leakedB. is leakingC. leakedD. hasbeen lea-king4. He will agree to do what you require ___________ him.A. ofB. fromC. toD. for5. Though he was born and brought up in America, he can speak _________________ Chi- nese.A. fluidB. smoothC. fluentD.flowing6. We look forward to ___________ to the opening ceremony.A. invite 巳.be invited C. having been inviteEI. beinginvited7. If people feel hopeless, they don’t bother to ____________ t he skills theyneed to suc-cess.A. adopt 巳.acquire C. accumulate D. assemble8. Professor Wang, _________ for his informative lectures, was warmlyreceived byhis students.A. knowingB. knownC. to be knownD.having known9. She just had no faith in me. It was William _____________ s he still had herfaith.A. thatB. whoC. whomD.in whom10. The conference __________ a full week by the time it ends.A. must have lasted 巳.will have lasted C. would last D.has lasted11. “ Bob certainly has a low opinion of Sue. It can’t be any worse than________________ of him”'A. herB. hersC. sheD. shedoes12. The woman has not yet __________ the loss of her sonA. got up 巳.got by C. got over D. gotround13. Eighty percent of mothers cradle their ___________ in their left arms,holding them a-gainst the left side of their bodies.A. infants 巳.hoses C. handkerchiefs D. fences14. The explorers came forward with gifts of ducks and flour-cakes and ________________ troughs of water for the horses to drink.A. held inB. held withC. held underD. held up15. He like to _________ everything, even those that hardly concern him.A. offer help toB. get mixed up inC. have a part inD. make a fuss over16. a ________ examination for the post of department manager will be heldnextTuesday.A. classifyingB. comparing 0. contrasting D. competitive17. Mother was so weak after her operation that the doctors wondered if theywould beable to _________ her through.21. We must __________ on our reputation to expand the business.A. improve 巳.build C. develop D.weigh22. _________ i t or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.A. BelieveB. To believeC. BelievingD.Believed23. _________ d oes business with that fellow is bound to lose money.A. WhoeverB. WhoC. No matter whoD.However24. Ann never dreams of __________ for her to be sent abroad very soon.A. there being a chanceB. there to be a chanceC. there be a chanceD. being a chance25. Frequently single-parent children ____________ s ome of the functions that the absentadult in the house would have served.A. take offB. take afterC. take inD. take on26. Whenever a big company __________ a small one, the product almost always getsworse.A. gets on withB. cuts down 0. takes over D. puts up with27. Samuel ________ to compromise on lesser questions.A. was compelledB. was delightedC. was preparedD. was only too ready28. Children tend to __________ while playing, even if they make a promise before.A. lose all count of time 巳.keep all count of timeC. be aware of the passage of timeD. waste time29. a survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region,were surprisingA. as resultsB. which resultsC. the results of itD. the results of which30. Our manager is so __________ in his thinking, he never listens to new ideas.A. stiffB. rigidC. tenseD. tightPart II: Reading comprehension (40%)S e c t i o n A(30%) Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or un-finished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A、B、C、and D. You should de- cide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage 1Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one anotherand to determine where we “fit” in society. As we go about our everyday lives, we mental-ly attempt to place people in terms of their statuses. For example, we must judge whetherthe person in the library is a reader or a librarian, whether the telephone caller is a friend ora salesman, whether the unfamiliar person on our property is a thief or a meter reader, andso on.The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter, and change throughout life. Most of us can, at a very high speed, assume the statuses that various sit-uations require. Much of social interaction consists of identifying and selecting among ap-propriate statuses and allowing other people to assume their statuses in relation to us. Thismeans that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental processof appraisal and interpretation. Although some of us find the task more difficult than others,most of us perform it rather effortlessly.A status has been compared to ready-made clothes. Within certain limits, the buyercan choose style and fabric. But an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chi-nese peasant or that of a Hindu prince. We must choose from among the clothing presen-ted by our society. Furthermore, our choice is limited to a size that will fit, as well as by ourpocketbook. Having made a choice within these limits we can have certain alterations made, but apart from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to what the stores have ontheir racks. Statuses, too, come ready made, and the range of choice among them is lim-ited.31. In the first paragraph, the writer tells us that Lotuses can help us ______________ .A. determine whether a person is jar a certain job巳.behave appropriately in relation to other peopleC. protect ourselves in unfamiliar situationsD. make friends with other people32. According to the writer, people often assume different statuses ______________ .A. in order to identify themselves with othersB. in order to better identify others.C. as their mental processes change.D. as the situation changes.33. The word “appraisal”(Para. 2) most probably means _______________ .A. involvementB. appreciationC. assessmentD. presentation34. In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the pronoun “it” refersto _________ .A. fitting our actions to those of other peopleappropriated巳.identification of other people’s statusesC. selecting one’s ow n statusesD. constant mental process35. By saying that “an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinesepeas-ant or that of a Hindu prince” (Para. 3)，the writer means _______________ .A. different people have different styles of clothes巳.ready-made clothes may need alterationsC. statuses come ready made just like clothesD. our choice of statuses is limitedPassage 2Humanity uses a little less than half the water available worldwide. Yetoccurrences ofshortages and droughts are causing famine and distress in some areas, and industrial andagricultural acts are polluting water supplies. Since the world’s population is expected todouble in the next 50 years, many experts think we are on the edge of a widespread watercrisis.But that doesn’t have to be the outcome. W ater shortages do not have to trouble theworld —if we start valuing water more than we have in the past. Just as we began to ap-preciate petroleum more after the 1970 oil crisis, today we must start looking at water froma fresh economic perspective. We can no longer afford to consider water a virtually free re-source which we can use as much as we live in any way we want.Instead, for all uses except the domestic demand of the poor, governments shouldprice water to reflect its actual value. This means charging a fee for the water itself as wellas for the supply costs.Governments should also protect this resource by providing water in more, economi-cally and environmentally sound ways. For example, often the cheapest way to provide irri-gation water in the dry tropics is through small-scale projects, such as gathering rainfall indepressions and pumping it to nearby cropland.No matter what steps governments take to provide water more efficiently, they mustchange their institutional and legal approaches to water use. Rather than spreadcontrol a-mong hundreds or even thousands of local, regional, and national agencies that watchva-rious aspects of water use, countries should set up central authorities to coordinatewaterpolicy.36. What is the real cause of the potential water crisis?A. Only half of the world’s water can be used.B. The world population is increasing faster and faster.C. Half of the world’s water resources hackle been seriously polluted.D. Humanity has not placed sufficient value on water resources.37. As indicated in the passage, the problem .A. is already serious in certain parts of the world巳.has been exaggerated by some experts in the fieldC. poses a challenge to the technology of building reservoirsD. is underestimated by government organizations at different levels38. According to the author, the water price should _____________ .A. be reduced to the minimum巳.stimulate domestic demandC. correspond to its real valueD. take into account the occurrences of droughts39. The author says that in some hot and dry areas, it is advisable to ______________ .A. build big lakes to store water巳.construct big pumping stationsC. build small and cheap irrigation systems.D. channel water from nearby rivers to cropland40. In order to raise the efficiency of the water supply, measures should be takento _________ .A. guarantee full protection of the environmentB. centralize the management of water resources0. increase the sense of responsibility of agencies at alllevelsD. encourage local and regional protection of waterresourcesPassage 3Every night she listened to her father going around the house, locking the doors andwindows. She listened: the back door clog；could hear the fastener of the kitchen window’sclick, and the restless pad of as feet going back to try the front door. It wasn’t only the out-side doors he locked；he locked the empty kitchen too. He was looking something out, butobviously it was something capable of entering into his first defenses. He raised his secondline all the way up to bed.In fourteen years, she thought unhappily, the home will be his，he had paid twenty-five pounds down and the rest he was paying month by month as rent. “Of course,v he bythe habit of saying, “I’ve improved the property. ” “Yes,” he repeated, “I’ve improved the property，” looking around for a nail to drive in weed to uproot. It was more than a sense of property；it was a sense of honesty. Some peace who bought their homes through the society let them go to rack and ruin and then cleared out.She stood with her ear against the wall, a small dark, angry, immature figure. Therewas no more to be heard from the other room；but in her inner ear she still heard thefoot-steps of a property owner, the tap-tap of a hammer, the scrape of a spade, the whistle ofradiator steam, a key turning, a bolt pushed home, the little busy sounds of men buildingbarriers. She stood planning.41. Which of the following is TRUE of the father in the passage?A. He thought a lot about his daughter’s future.B. He saved a lot of money for his daughter.C. He thought that he was secure.D. he avoided his neighbors on purpose.42. From the passage we can see that the father is ____________ .A. kind to his daughter and neighborsB. cruel to his daughter and neighborsC. systematical in his actionsD. careful about his appearance43. According to the passage, the daughter’s attitude toward his father isof _________ ■A. slight dislike 巳.great disapproval C. strong love D. grateful acceptance44. Which of following feelings is conveyed in the passage?A. tensenessB. peaceC. nervousnessD. happiness45. All of the following are true EXCEPT that ___________ .A. the father built his defenses carefullyB. some property owners let their homes go worseC. the daughter was thin and very youngD. the father punished the girl when she was youngS e c t i o n B(10%) Directions：In the following article，some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1 〜5，choose the most suitable one from the list a to e to fit into each of the numbered blank. Mark your an- swers on the ANSWER SHEET.Where Is the News Leading Us?Not long ago I was asked to join in a public symposium on the role of the Americanpress. Two other speakers were included on the program. The first was a distinguished Tvanchorman. The other was the editor of one of the nation’s leading papers, a newsman tothe core-tough, aggressive, and savvy in the ways and means of solid reporting.The purpose of the symposium, as I understood it, was to scrutinize the obligations ofthe media and to suggest the best ways to meet those obligations.[46] ________ . Why, he asked, are the newspapers and television news programsso disaster-prone? Why are newsmen and women so attracted to tragedy, violence, fail-ure?The anchorman and editor reacted as though they had been blamed for the existenceof bad news. Newsmen and newswomen，they said, are only responsible for reporting thenews, not for creating it or modifying it.[47] ________ . The gentleman who had asked it was not blaming them for the dis-tortions in the world. He was just wondering why distortions are most reported. The newsmedia seem to operate on the philosophy that all news is bad news. Why? Could it bethe emphasis on downside news is largely the result of tradition —the way newsmen andnewswomen are accustomed to respond to daily events?[48] ________ . News is supposed to deal with happenings of the past 12 hours —24 hours at most. Anything that happens so suddenly, however, is apt to be eruptive, a sniper kills some pedestrians；a terrorist holds 250 people hostage in a plane；OPEc an-nounces a 25 percent increase in petroleum prices, Great Britain devalues by another 10percent；a truck conveying radioactive wastes collides with a mobile cement mixer.[49] ________ . Civilization is a lot more than the sum total of its catastrophes. Themost important ingredient in any civilizatio n is progress. But progress doesn’t happen all atonce. It is not eruptive. Generally, it comes in bid and pieces, very little of it clearly visibleat any given moment, but all of it involved in the making of historical change for the better.It is this aspect of living history that most news reporting reflects inadequately. The re-sult is that we are under-informed about positive developments and over-informed aboutdisasters. This, in turn, leads to a public mood of defeatism and despair, which in them- selves tend to be inhibitors of progress. An unrelieved diet of eruptive news depletes theessential human energies a free society needs.[50] ________ . I am not suggesting that “positive” news he contrived as an anti-dote to the disasters on page one. Nor do I define positive news as in-depth reportagefunctions of the local YMCA. What I am trying to get across is the notion that the responsi-bility of the news media is to search out and report on important events whether or not theycome under the heading of conflict, confrontation or catastrophe. The world is a splendidcombination of heaven and hell, and both sectors call for attention and scrutiny.A. Focusing solely on these devils, however, produces a misshapen picture.B. Perhaps it would useful here to examine the way we define the word news, for thisis where the problem begins.C. A mood of hopeless and cynicism is hardly likely to furnish the energy needed tomeet serious challenges.D. During the open-discussion period, a gentleman in the audience addressed a question to my two colleagues.E. It didn’t seem to me that the newsmen had answer the question.Part III: Short Answer Questions (10%)Directions: Read the following passage and then give short answers to the five questions. Writeyour answers on the ANSWER SHEET.Surveys have shown that most football and basketball injuries involve the knee, eitherthrough twisting or through application of lateral force. Surgery for such injuries has be- come much simpler with the invention of a thin device containing a fiber optics light that canbe inserted into a thin slit in the knee. Repair can be accomplished through this narrow o-pening. Long-distance runners also suffer knee injuries, but a more common problem forrunners is stress fracture, which is a weakening of the front of the shinbone caused by o-veruse，with pain ant possible bone cracking as the result. Ligament teats are more com-mon in gymnastics. Almost all these conditions heal with rest. Prevention of injuries de- pends primarily on good conditioning. Athletes are also protected by the use of better pad-ding materials ant of face masks and eye protectors in rough sports.The improper or illegal use of drugs and substances for the temporary improvement ofathletic performance in competitions has been a frequent subject of inquiry since the 1960s，when drug misuse by athletes to gain an unfair advantage began to rise dramatical-ly. Anabolic steroids supposedly improve strength and endurance, but they can also haveharmful side effects as liver damage. Tests for drugs such as heroin and other stimulantswere introduced at the Olympic Games in 1968. Anabolic steroids were not banned until1974, when a suitable test was developed. The illegality of some drug has not been ac- cepted by a number of other international and national amateur athletic federations, for rea-sons including testing uncertainties, doubts about banning certain medicinal substances orcommon drugs such as caffeine, and simple lack of concern. Controversy has also arisenover the legality of th e practice of “blood doping，’’ in which an athlete receives a blood transfusion just before an event. The resulting increase in red blood cells apparentlyincrea-ses the athlete’s aerobic power.51. In addition knee injuries, what will also heal with rest?52. Wh at does the word “slit” in Para 1 most probably mean?53. When were the tests for drugs used at the Olympic Games?54. According to the passage, drug misuse by athletes is considered as ________________ .55. Controversy arises over the illegality of some common drugs due to ______________ .Part IV: English-Chinese translation (15%)Directions: Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.Write your answers on the ANSWEr SHEET.Doing a Ph. D. is certainly not for everybody, and I do not recommend it for mostpeople. However, I am really glad I got my Ph. D. rather than just getting a job after fin-ishing my Bachelors. The number one reason is that I learned a hell of a lot doing thePh.D.，and most of the things I learned I would never get exposed to in a typical softwareen-gineering job. [56] The process of doing a Ph. D. trains you to do research: to read re-search papers, to run experiments，to write papers，to give talks. It also teaches youhowto figure out what problem ne㊀ds to be solved. You gain a very sophisticated technical background doing the Ph. D.，and having your work subject to the intense scrutiny oftheacademic peer-review process —not to mention your thesis committee.I think of the Ph. D. a little like the Grand Tour, a tradition in the 16th and 17thcentu-ries where youths would travel around Europe, getting a rich exposure to high societyinFrance, Italy, and German about art, architecture, language, literature, fencing, riding—all of the essential liberal arts that a gentleman was expected to have experience with to bean influential member of society. Doing a Ph. D. is similar: You get an intense exposure every subfield of Computer Science, and have to become the leading world's expert in thearea of your dissertation work. [57] The top Ph. D. programs set an incredibly high bar: a lot of coursework, teaching experience, qualifying exams，a thesis defense，and of course making a groundbreaking research contribution in your area. Having to go throughthis process gives you a tremendous amount of technical breadth and depth…Some important stuffs learned doing a Ph. D•:How to read and critique research paper. As a grad student you have to read thou-sands of research paper, extract their main ideas, critique the methods and presentation,and synthesize their contributions with your own research. As a result you are exposed to awide range of Cs topics, approaches for solving problems, sophisticated algorithms, andsystem designs. This is not just about gain the knowledge in those papers (which is prettyimportant)，but also about becoming conversant in the scientific literature.How to write papers and give talks. Being fluent in technical communication is a reallyimportant skill for engineers. I’ve noticed a big gap between t he software engineers I’veworked with who have Ph. D. s and those who don’t in this regards. [58] Ph. D.- trained folks tend to give clears well-organized talks and know how to write up their workand visualize the result of experiments. As a result they can be much more influential.How to run experiments and interpret the results. I carTt overstate how important thisis. a systems-oriented Ph. D. requires that you run a zillion measurements and present theresults in a way that is both bullet-proof to peer-review criticism (in order to publish) andvisually compelling. Every aspect of your methodology will be critiqued (by your advisor,your co-authors, and your paper reviewers) and, you will quickly learn how to run the rightexperiments, and do it right.[59] How to figure out what problem to work on: This is probably the most importantaspect of Ph. D. training. Doing a Ph. D. w川force you to cast away 什om shore and ex-plore the boundary of human knowledge. (Matt Might’s cartoon on this is a great visualiza-tion of this. ) i think that at least 80% of making a scientific contribution is figuring out whatproblems to tackle: a problem that is at once interesting, open, and going to have impact ifyou solve it. There are lots of open problems that the research community is not interestedin (c. f.，writing an operating system kernel in Haskell). There are many interesting prob-lems that have been solved over and over and over (c. f.，file system block layout optimi-zation ；wireless multi hop routing). There’s a real trick to picking good problems, and de-veloping a taste for it is a key skill if you want to become a technical leader.[60] So i think it’s worth having a Ph. D.，especially if you want to work on the har-dest and most interesting problems. This is true whether you want a car㊀er in academia, aresearch lab, or a more traditional engineering role. But as my Ph. D. advisor was fond ofsaying, “doing a Ph. D. costs you a house. ”(In terms of the lost salary during the Ph.D. years —these days it’s probably more like several houses.Part V: Writing (20%)Directions: You are asked to write an essay on the following topic:Many universities and colleges offer qualifications through some sort of distance learn-ing using the internet, rather than by face-to-face contact in a classroom.In your opinion, do the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages oflearning in this way?You should write at least 250 words.You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your argu-ments with examples and relevant evidence.。
中山大学《348文博综合》[专业硕士]历年考研真题汇编（含部分答案）
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目 录2011年中山大学348文博综合[专业硕士]考研真题2012年中山大学348文博综合[专业硕士]考研真题2013年中山大学348文博综合[专业硕士]考研真题2014年中山大学348文博综合[专业硕士]考研真题（含部分答案）2015年中山大学348文博综合[专业硕士]考研真题2016年中山大学348文博综合[专业硕士]考研真题2017年中山大学348文博综合[专业硕士]考研真题2018年中山大学348文博综合[专业硕士]考研真题2019年中山大学348文博综合[专业硕士]考研真题2011年中山大学348文博综合[专业硕士]考研真题中山大学-0一一年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码：348科目名称：文博综合考试时间：1月16日上午考生须知全部答案一律写在答题纸上，答在试懑纸上的不计分【请用蓝、黑色矗水笔或圆珠笔作答。
答题要写清题号，不必莎题.一、名词解释（每题8分，共跚分）1、文物2、陶瓷3、甲骨文4、黄明题凑5、博物馆6、类型学7、历史文物定名&、博物馆之友9、明清建筑10、藏品登记二、筒答题（每题25分，共100分）1、筒述考古学的分支与种类2、论述文物的作用3、论述国际通用的文物保护和修复的原则4、列举并阐释藏品征壑的途径三、论述题（每题40分，共⑵分）1、试论文物分类的原则与方法2、谈谈在实际工作中如何提高陈列效果3、谈谈你X寸我国文博事业发展的看法考试完毕，试题和草稿纸随答题纸一起交回。
第1页共】页2012年中山大学348文博综合[专业硕士]考研真题2013年中山大学348文博综合[专业硕士]考研真题2014年中山大学348文博综合[专业硕士]考研真题（含部分答案）一、名词解释1博物馆答：博物馆是以收藏、研究、陈列文物和自然标本为基本任务的一种科学研究与文化宣传教育机构。
中国博物馆活动的内容是在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想指导下，以为人民服务为宗旨，把社会效益作为最高准则，通过由文物和标本组成的具有思想性、科学性和艺术性的形象化陈列体系，对观众进行直观而生动的教育，以丰富人民群众的科学知识和文化生活，陶冶人们高尚的思想情操，为社会主义物质文明和精神文明的建设贡献力量，并为科学研究和艺术创作提供资料和借鉴。
厦门大学348文博综合2011-2017和2019年(部分年份为回忆版,含部分答案)考研专业课真题试卷
精都教育——全国 100000 考生的选择
我们的梦想，为成就更多人的梦想
厦 门 大 学 大 学 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 题
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机密 ★ 启用前和使用过程中
厦门大学 2019 年招收攻读硕士学位研究生
三、论述题（共 50 分） 1、论述考古遗物与遗迹的断代法原理以及适用范围
第1页 共 1 页 348 文博综合
2017 年厦门大学 348 文博综合考研真题（回忆版）
机密 ★ 启用前和使用过程中
厦门大学 2017 年招收攻读硕士学位研究生 入学考试试题
科目代码：348 科目名称：文博综合 招生专业：文物与博物馆
2、周原遗址 【参考答案】周人的发祥地和灭商之前周人的都城的遗址，位于陕西省宝鸡岐山县、扶风县 北部，东西约 3 公里，南北约 5 公里。古公亶父率周人迁居此处，营建城郭，前 11 世纪后 半叶，周文王迁都于丰后，这里仍是周人重要的政治中心。西周末年，由于西戎入侵而成废 墟。从西汉起，周原就开始出土青铜器，被誉为“青铜器之乡”，出土了毛公鼎、大克鼎、 墙盘等国宝级青铜器。遗址面积广大内涵丰富。有西周时期的墓葬区、宫殿建筑群、制骨作 坊、制陶作坊、制铜作坊、平民住宅区等遗迹。出土了大量石器、骨器、陶器、玉器、铜器 ，1977 年出土了 17 万片卜骨和卜甲。周原遗址的发现，为探索周文化起源，研究当时社会 政治、经济、法律和社会关系提供了重要资料。
厦门大学真题2013年_真题-无答案
厦门大学真题2013年(总分100,考试时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ V ocabulary and StructureDirections: There are 30 sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that **pletes the sentence or substitute the underlined expression.1. ______ one time, Manchester was the home of the most productive cotton mills in the world.A. OnB. ByC. AtD. Of2. If **e to Tokyo, I can put you ______ in an apartment near my company.A. acrossB. downC. outD. up3. It seems oil ______ from this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.A. had leakedB. is leakingC. leakedD. has been leaking4. He will agree to do what you require ______ him.A. ofB. fromC. toD. for5. Though he was born and brought up in America, he can speak ______ Chinese.A. fluidB. smoothC. fluentD. flowing6. We look forward to ______ to the opening ceremony.A. inviteB. be invitedC. having been invitedD. being invited7. If people feel hopeless, they don't bother to ______ the skills they need to succeed.A. adoptB. acquireC. accumulateD. assemble8. Professor Wang, ______ for his informative lectures, was warmly received by his students.A. knowingB. knownC. to be knownD. having known9. She just had no faith in me. It was William ______ she still had her faith.A. thatB. whoC. whomD. in whom10. The conference ______ a full week by the time it ends.A. must have lastedB. will have lastedC. would lastD. has lasted11. "Bob certainly has a low opinion of Sue. " "It can't be any worse than ______ of him. "A. herB. hersC. sheD. she does12. The woman has not yet ______ the loss of her son.A. got upB. got byC. got overD. got round13. Eighty percent of mothers cradle their ______ in their left arms, holding them against the left side of their bodies.A. infantsB. hosesC. handkerchiefsD. fences14. The explorers came forward with gifts of ducks and flour-cakes and ______ troughs of water for the horses to drink.A. held inB. held withC. held underD. held up15. He likes to take a hand in everything, even those that hardly concern him.A. offer help toB. get mixed up inC. have a part inD. make a fuss over16. A ______ examination for the post of department manager will be held next Tuesday.A. classifyingB. comparingC. contrastingD. competitive17. Mother was so weak after her operation that the doctors wondered if they would be able to ______ her through.A. pullB. cureC. pushD. save18. Go and see what your mother is ______ now.A. forB. atC. aboutD. busy19. With three young children to take care of, Cathy is kept on the run every minute of the day.A. walkingB. at full speedC. busyD. on foot20. Since his retirement, Peter Smith, who was ______ a teacher, has written four novels.A. latelyB. usuallyC. formerlyD. already21. We must ______ on our reputation to expand the business.A. improveB. buildC. developD. weigh22. ______ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.A. BelieveB. To believeC. BelievingD. Believed23. ______ does business with that fellow is bound to lose money.A. WhoeverB. WhoC. No matter whoD. However24. Ann never dreams of ______ for her to be sent abroad very soon.A. there being a chanceB. there to be a chanceC. there be a chanceD. being a chance25. Frequently single-parent children ______ some of the functions that the absent adult in the house would have served.A. take offB. take afterC. take inD. take on26. Whenever a **pany ______ a small one, the product almost always gets worse.A. gets on withB. cuts downC. takes overD. puts up with27. Samuel was obliged to compromise on lesser questions.A. **pelledB. was delightedC. was preparedD. was only too ready28. Children tend to ______ while playing, even if they make a promise before.A. lose all count of timeB. keep all count of timeC. be aware of the passage of timeD. waste time29. A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-horn babies in that region, ______ were surprising.A. as resultsB. which resultsC. the results of itD. the results of which30. Our manager is so ______ in his thinking, he never listens to new ideas.A. stiffB. rigidC. tenseD. tightPart Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one another and to determine where we "fit" in society. As we go about our everyday lives, we mentally attempt to place people in terms of their statuses. For example, we must judge whether the person in the library is a reader or a librarian, whether the telephone caller is a friend or a salesman, whether the unfamiliar person on our property is a thief or a meter reader, and so on.The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter, and change throughout life. Most of us can, at very high speed, assume the statuses that various situations require. Much of social interaction consists of identifying and selecting among appropriate statuses and allowing other people to assume their statuses in relation to us. This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation. Although some of us find the task more difficult than others, most of us perform it rather effortlessly.A status has **pared to ready-made clothes. Within certain limits, the buyer can choose style and fabric. But an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince. We must choose from among the clothing presented by our society. Furthermore, our choice is limited to a size that will fit, as well as by our pocketbook. Having made a choicewithin these limits we can have certain alterations made, hut apart from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to what the stores have on their racks. Statuses **e ready made, and the range of choice among them is limited.1. In the first paragraph, the writer tells us that statuses can help us ______.A. determine whether a person is fit for a certain jobB. behave appropriately in relation to other peopleC. protect ourselves in unfamiliar situationsD. make friends with other people2. According to the writer, people often assume different statuses ______.A. in order to identify themselves with othersB. in order to better identify othersC. as their mental processes changeD. as the situation changes3. The word "appraisal" (Sentence 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means ______.A. involvementB. appreciationC. assessmentD. presentation4. In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the pronoun "it" refers to "______".A. fitting our actions to those of other people appropriatelyB. identification of other people's statusesC. selecting one's own statusesD. constant mental process5. By saying that "an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince" (Sentence 3, Paragraph 3), the writer means ______.A. different people have different styles of clothesB. ready-made clothes may need alterationsC. **e ready made just like clothesD. our choice of statuses is limitedHumanity uses a little less than half the water available worldwide. Yet occurrences of shortages and droughts are causing famine and distress in some areas, and industrial and agricultural by-products are polluting water supplies. Since the world's population is expected to double in the next 50 years, many experts think we are on the edge of a widespread water crisis.But that doesn't have to be the outcome. Water shortages do not have to trouble the world—if we start valuing water more than we have in the past. Just as we began to appreciate petroleum more after the 1970s oil crises, today we must start looking at water from a fresh economic perspective. We can no longer afford to consider water a virtually free resource of which we can use as much as we like in any way we want.Instead, for all used except the domestic demand of the poor, governments should price water to reflect its actual value. This means charging a fee for the water itself as well as for the supply costs.Governments should also protect this resource by providing water in more economically and environmentally sound ways. For example, often the cheapest way to provide irrigation water in the dry tropics is through small-scale projects, such as gathering rainfall in depressions and pumping it to nearby cropland.No matter what steps governments take to provide water more efficiently, they must change their institutional and legal approaches to water use. Rather than spread control among hundreds or even thousands of local, regional, and national agencies that watch various aspects of water use, countries should set up central authorities to coordinate water policy.6. What is the real cause of the potential water crisis?A. Only half of the world's water can be used.B. The world population is increasing faster and faster.C. Half of the world's water resources have been seriously polluted.D. Humanity has not placed sufficient value on water resources.7. As indicated in the passage, the water problem ______.A. is already serious in certain parts of the worldB. has been exaggerated by some experts in the fieldC. poses a challenge to the technology of building reservoirsD. it underestimated by government organizations at different levels8. According to the author, the water price should ______.A. be reduced to the minimumB. stimulate domestic demandC. correspond to its real valueD. take into account the occurrences of droughts9. The author says that in some hot and dry areas it is advisable to ______.A. build big lakes to store waterB. construct big pumping stationsC. build small and cheap irrigation systemsD. channel water from nearby rivers to cropland10. In order to raise the efficiency of the water supply, measures should be taken to ______.A. guarantee full protection of the environmentB. centralize the management of water resourcesC. increase the sense of responsibility of agencies at all levelsD. encourage local and regional protection of water resourcesEvery night she listened to her father going around the house, locking the doors and windows. She listened, the back door closed; she could hear the fastener of the kitchen window's click, and the restless pad of his feet going back to try the front door. It wasn't only the outside doors he locked; he locked the empty kitchen too. He was looking something out, but obviously it was something capable of entering into his first defenses. He raised his second line all the way up to bed.In fourteen years, she thought unhappily, the house will be his; he had paid twentyfive pounds down and the rest he was paying month by month as rent. "Of course," he was in the habit of saying, "I've improved the property." "Yes," he repeated, "I've improved the property," looking around for a nail to drive in, a weed to uproot. It was more than a sense of property; it was a sense of honesty. Some people who bought their homes through the society let them go to rack and ruin and then cleared out.She stood with her ear against the wall, a small, dark, angry, immature figure. There was no more to be heard from the other room; but in her inner ear she still heard the footsteps of aproperty owner, the tap-tap of a hammer, the scrape of a spade, the whistle of radiator steam, a key turning, a bolt pushed home, the little busy sounds of men building barriers. She stood planning.11. Which of the following is TRUE of the father in the passage?A. He thought a lot about his daughter's future.B. He saved a lot of money for his daughter.C. He thought that he was secure.D. He avoided his neighbors on purpose.12. From the passage we can see that the father is ______.A. kind to his daughter and neighborsB. cruel to his daughter and neighborsC. systematical in his actionsD. careful about his appearance13. According to the passage, the daughter's attitude toward his father is of ______.A. slight dislikeB. great disapprovalC. strong loveD. grateful acceptance14. Which of the following feelings is conveyed in the passage?A. Tenseness.B. Peace.C. Nervousness.D. Happiness.15. All of the following are true EXCEPT that ______.A. the father built his defenses carefullyB. some property owners let their homes go worseC. the daughter was thin and very youngD. the father punished the girl when she was youngSection BDirections: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1～5, choose the most suitable one from the list A～E to fit into each of the numbered blank.Where Is the News Leading Us?Not long ago I was asked to join in a public symposium on the role of the American press. Two other speakers were included on the program. The first was a distinguished TV anchorman. The other was the editor of one of the nation's leading papers, a newsman to the core-tough, aggressive, and savvy in the ways and means of solid reporting.The purpose of the symposium, as I understood it, was to scrutinize the obligations of the media and to suggest the best ways to meet those obligations.(1) . Why, he asked, are the newspapers and television news programs so disaster-prone? Why are newsmen and women so attracted to tragedy, violence, failure?The anchorman and editor reacted as though they had been blamed for the existence of bad news. Newsmen and newswomen, they said, are only responsible for reporting the news, not for creating it or modifying it.(2) . The gentleman who had asked it was not blaming them for the distortions in the world. He was just wondering why distortions are most reported. The news media seem to operate on thephilosophy that all news is bad news. Why? Could it be that the emphasis on downside news is largely the result of tradition—the way newsmen and newswomen are accustomed to respond to daily events?(3) . News is supposed to deal with happenings of the past 12 hours—24 hours at most. Anything that happens so suddenly, however, is apt to be eruptive. A sniper kills some pedestrians;a terrorist holds 250 people hostage in a plane; OPEC announces a 25 percent increase in petroleum prices; Great Britain devalues by another 10 percent; a truck conveying radioactive wastes collides with a mobile cement mixer.(4) . Civilization is a lot more than the sum total of its catastrophes. The most important ingredient in any civilization is progress. But progress doesn't happen all at once. It is not eruptive. Generally, it comes in bits and pieces, very little of it clearly visible at any given moment, but all of it involved in the making of historical change for the better.It is this aspect of living history that most news reporting reflects inadequately. The result is that we are under informed about positive developments and over informed about disasters. This, in turn, leads to a public mood of defeatism and despair, which in themselves tend to be inhibitors of progress. An unrelieved diet of eruptive news depletes the essential human energies a free society needs. (5) .I am not suggesting that "positive" news be contrived as an antidote to the disasters on page one. Nor do I define positive news as in-depth reportage of functions of the local YMCA. What I am trying to get across is the notion that the responsibility of the news media is to search out and report on important events—whether or not **e under the heading of conflict, confrontation, or catastrophe. The world is a **bination of heaven and hell, and both sectors call for attention and scrutiny.A. Focusing solely on these details, however, produces a misshapen picture.B. Perhaps it would be useful here to examine the way we define the word news, for this is where the problem begins.C. A mood of hopelessness and cynicism is hardly likely to furnish the energy needed to meet serious challenges.D. During the open-discussion period, a gentleman in the audience addressed a question to my two colleagues.E. It didn't seem to me that the newsmen had answered the question.1.2.3.4.5.Part Ⅲ Short Answer QuestionsDirections: Read the following passage and then give short answers to the five questions. Surveys have shown that most football and basketball injuries involve the knee, either throughtwisting or through application of lateral force. Surgery for such injuries has become much simpler with the invention of a thin device containing a fiber optics light that can be inserted into a thin slit in the knee. Repair can be accomplished through this narrow opening. Long-distance runners also suffer knee injuries, but a **mon problem for runners is stress fracture, which is a weakening of the front of the shinbone caused by overuse, with pain and possible bone cracking as the result. Ligament tears are **mon in gymnastics. Almost all these conditions heal with rest. Prevention of injuries depends primarily on good conditioning. Athletes are also protected by the use of better padding materials and of face masks and eye protectors in rough sports.The improper or illegal use of drugs and substances for the temporary improvement of athletic performance in competitions has been a frequent subject of inquiry since the 1960s, when drug misuse by athletes to gain an unfair advantage began to rise dramatically. Anabolic steroids supposedly improve strength and endurance, but they can also have harmful side effects as liver damage. Tests for drugs such as heroin and other stimulants were introduced at the Olympic Games in 1968. Anabolic steroids were not banned until 1974, when a suitable test was developed. The illegality of some drugs has not been accepted by a number of other international and national amateur athletic federations, for reasons including testing uncertainties, doubts about banning certain medicinal substances or common drugs such as caffeine, and simple lack of concern. Controversy has also arisen over the legality of the practice of "blood doping," in which an athlete receives a blood transfusion just before an event. The resulting increase in red blood cells apparently increases the athlete's aerobic power.1. In addition to knee injuries, what will also heal with rest?2. What does the word "slit" in Pars. 1 most probably mean?3. When were the tests for drugs used at the Olympic Games?4. According to the passage, drug misuse by athletes is considered as ______.5. Controversy arises over the illegality of **mon drugs due to ______.Part Ⅳ English-Chinese TranslationDirections: Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.Doing a PhD is certainly not for everybody, and I do not recommend it for most people. However, I am really glad I got my PhD rather than just getting a job after finishing my Bachelor's. The number one reason is that I learned a hell of a lot doing the PhD, and most of the things I learned I would never get exposed to in a typical software engineering job. (1) The process of doing a PhD trains you to do research, to read research papers, to run experiments, to write papers, to give talks. It also teaches you how to figure out what problem needs to be solved. You gain a very sophisticated technical background doing the PhD, and having your work subject to the intense scrutiny of the academic peer-review process—not to mention your **mittee.I think of the PhD a little like the Grand Tour, a tradition in the 16th and 17th centuries where youths would travel around Europe, getting a rich exposure to high society in France, Italy, and Germany, learning about art, architecture, language, literature, fencing, riding—all of the essential liberal arts that a gentleman was expected to have experience with to be an influential member ofsociety. Doing a PhD is similar. You get an intense exposure to every subfield of Computer Science, and have to become the leading world's expert in the area of your dissertation work. (2) The top PhD programs set an incredibly high bar. a lot of coursework, teaching experience, qualifying exams, a thesis defense, and of course making a groundbreaking research contribution in your area. Having to go through this process gives you a tremendous amount of technical breadth and depth.Some important stuff I learned doing a PhD.How to read and critique research papers. As a grad student you have to read thousands of research papers, extract their main ideas, critique the methods and presentation, and synthesize their contributions with your own research. As a result you are exposed to a wide range of CS topics, approaches for solving problems, sophisticated algorithms, and system designs. This is not just about gaining the knowledge in those papers (which is pretty important), but also about becoming conversant in the scientific literature.How to write papers and give talks. Being fluent in **munications is a really important skill for engineers. I've noticed a big gap between the software engineers I've worked with who have PhDs and those who don't in this regard. (3) PhD-trained folks tend to give clear, well-organized talks and know how to write up their work and visualize the result of experiments. As a result they can be much more influential.How to run experiments and interpret the results: I can't overstate how important this is. A systems-oriented PhD requires that you run a zillion measurements and present the results in a way that is both bullet-proof to peer-review criticism (in order to publish) and **pelling. Every aspect of your methodology will be critiqued (by your advisor, your co-authors, your paper reviewers) and you will quickly learn how to run the right experiments, and do it right.(4) How to figure out what problem to work on. This is probably the most important aspect of PhD training. Doing a PhD will force you to cast away from shore and explore the boundary of human knowledge. (Matt Might's cartoon on this is a great visualization of this. ) I think that at least 80% of making a scientific contribution is figuring out what problem to tackle, a problem that is at once interesting, open, and going to have impact if you solve it. There are lots of open problems that the **munity is not interested in (c.f., writing an operating system kernel in Haskell) . There are many interesting problems that have been solved over and over and over (c.f. , file system block layout optimization; wireless multi hop routing) . There's a real trick to picking good problems, and developing a taste for it is a key skill if you want to become a technical leader.(5) So I think it's worth having a PhD, especially if you want to work on the hardest and most interesting problems. This is true whether you want a career in academia, a research lab, or a more traditional engineering role. But as my PhD advisor was fond of saying, "doing a PhD costs you a house. " (In terms of the lost salary during the PhD years—these days it's probably more like several houses. )1.2.3.4.5.Part Ⅴ WritingDirections: You are asked to write an essay on the following topic:1. Many universities and colleges offer qualification: through some sort of distance learning using the Internet, rather than by face-to-face contact in a classroom.In your opinion, do the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages of learning in this way?You should write at least 250 words.You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.。