The influence of accounting information on the financial management of enterprises and the
新视野大学英语(第三版)U校园读写教程4第二单元答案
Answer the following questions briefly based on the given pictures.1) Lipstick is used to apply color to the lips. 2)2) 第一篇阅读Nail polish is applied to fingernails or toenails to decorate and / or protect the nails. 3) Eye shadow is applied to areas around the eyes, usually on the eyelids and under the eyebrows, to make the eyes stand out or look more attractive. 4) Mascara is used to enhance the eyes. It may help make the eyelashes darker, thicker and longer. 5) Eyeliner is used to draw lines around the eyes so as to createa more beautiful contour. 6) Powder foundation is used to tone the face and give it an even, uniform color. It can cover flaws, and some can also protect the face from damage caused by sunlight. Facial masks, sunscreen, facial cream, eye cream, etc. Reference: 1. • Yes, I do use some of these products once in a while. For example, when I go to parties, I often apply lipstick and eyeliner. On such occasions, putting on some makeup gives me a good mood. • No, I don't use any of them because I'm a male and these products are all for women. However, I do apply sunscreen when I stay outdoors for a lo ng time in summer. 2. • Yes, they are generally used by women. What men usually do may be just shaving and having a haircut. • No, I don't think only women use cosmetics. Although men in general do not use such products in daily life, it is possible that male actors and singers wear some makeup when they perform.1. The sentence means that it is very difficult, or even impossible, for a man to give a right answer when a woman asks him how she looks, no matter how hard he thinks about it and how many different answers he tries.2. Men are satisfied with being average-looking, paying little attention to their looks. In contrast, women pay great attention to their body and image, considering their appearance as not good enough even if they are in fact attractive.3. The interaction of many psychological and societal factors, for example, their childhood experiences with toys, and the influence of the media.4. Girls' toys are proportioned to have extreme measures of the body (e.g. in terms of height, weight and waist size), whereas boys' toys can look weird rather than handsome.5. It implies that men pay little attention to the details of their appearance.6.Cindy Crawford is mentioned as an example to show that the beauty industry and the media have great influence on women's devotion to physical beauty and the use of beauty products.27. The author thinks that the claim is not right since men in fact pay little attention to the details of women's appearance. 8. Women think so because men do not even care about their own appearance. For instance, a man often does not bother to clean the cream in his hair or ears after shaving.1. I think there are three main factors accounting for women's greater attention to appearance. The first are cultural traditions. It is common in many cultures that people put high value on beauty when they look at women. The second is the requirement of certain jobs. For example, in China airline companies set certain criteria for appearance (e.g. in terms of height and weight) when they recruit stewards and stewardesses. Finally, the influence of the media is another strong factor which shapes women's pursuit of physical beauty. There are a lot of advertisements of cosmetics and skincare products in various media such as TV, magazines and newspapers. They often have celebrities as the spokesperson for the advertised products, which makes women have an illusion that they could look as good as those famous stars if they use the products. In short, these three factors exert immense influence on how women value appearance.2. • Yes. On certain formal occasions, a person, either female or male, has to pay attention to his attire. Sample cases are job interviews, business meetings, weddings, and banquets. This is because to dress properly is an important element of successful completion of these events. • No. People do not have to care what others think of them as long as they feel comfortable and satisfied with their looks themselves. After all, this is the most important source of happiness to people.3. In my opinion, the important traits of human beauty include two types, one for appearance and one for inner qualities. Features that characterize a beautiful appearance are a good-looking body, proper clothes and accessories, as well as use of makeup that matches the occasion or event one is attending. Inner qualities that make a person beautiful mainly include good manners and positive personality traits such as honesty, bravery or friendliness.4. • Yes.Women should pay great attention to their appearance and hence need to wear makeup. This is because beauty is, believe it or not, usually an important quality for women to succeed, for example, when they want to look for a job or an ideal husband. • No. What really makes a person beautiful is inner beauty rather than physical appearance. A beautiful look can't last long, but inner beauty, for example, intelligence and honesty, may make a person successful and happy throughout his life. 5. I would market a new product by three means. First, I can ask a celebrity, for example a famous movie star or a supermodel, to be the brand spokesperson on TV. This is a common practice in the advertising industry, and I think it is very effective. Second, I will hire people to distribute flyers and give away free samples of the product on the streets, so the product can reach potential customers directly. Inaddition, I may post advertisements on public transportation vehicles such as buses and subways. In this way, the commercials can be seen by a large number of people.人们普遍认为，威廉・莎士比亚是最伟大的英语作家和世界杰出的戏剧家。
新视野大学英语(第三版)U校园读写教程4第二单元secionA答案
Answer the following questions briefly based on the given pictures.1) Lipstick is used to apply color to the lips.2) Nail polish is applied to fingernails or toenails to decorate and / or protect the nails.3) Eye shadow is applied to areas around the eyes, usually on the eyelids and under the eyebrows, to make the eyes stand out or look more attractive.4) Mascara is used to enhance the eyes. It may help make the eyelashes darker, thicker and longer.5) Eyeliner is used to draw lines around the eyes so as to create a more beautiful contour.6) Powder foundation is used to tone the face and give it an even, uniform color. It can cover flaws, and some can also protect the face from damage caused by sunlight. Facial masks, sunscreen, facial cream, eye cream, etc.Reference:1.• Yes, I do use some of these products once in a while. For example, when I go to parties, I often apply lipstick and eyeliner. On such occasions, putting on some makeup gives me a good mood.• No, I don't use any of them because I'm a male and these products are all for women. However, I do apply sunscreen when I stay outdoors for a long time in summer. 2.• Yes, they are generally used by women. What men usually do may be just shaving and having a haircut.• No, I don't think only women use cosmetics. Although men in general do not use such products in daily life, it is possible that male actors and singers wear some makeup when they perform.1. The sentence means that it is very difficult, or even impossible, for a man to give a right answer when a woman asks him how she looks, no matter how hard he thinks about it and how many different answers he tries.2. Men are satisfied with being average-looking, paying little attention to their looks. In contrast, women pay great attention to their body and image, considering their appearance as not good enough even if they are in fact attractive.3. The interaction of many psychological and societal factors, for example, their childhood experiences with toys, and the influence of the media.4. Girls' toys are proportioned to have extreme measures of the body (e.g. in terms of height, weight and waist size), whereas boys' toys can look weird rather than handsome.5. It implies that men pay little attention to the details of their appearance.6. Cindy Crawford is mentioned as an example to show that the beauty industry and the media have great influence on women's devotion to physical beauty and the use of beauty products.7. The author thinks that the claim is not right since men in fact pay little attention to the details of women's appearance.8. Women think so because men do not even care about their own appearance. For instance, a man often does not bother to clean the cream in his hair or ears after shaving.1.I think there are three main factors accounting for women's greater attention to appearance. The first are cultural traditions. It is common in many cultures that people put high value on beauty when they look at women. The second is the requirement of certain jobs. For example, in China airline companies set certain criteria for appearance (e.g. in terms of height and weight) when they recruit stewards and stewardesses. Finally, the influence of the media is another strong factor which shapes women's pursuit of physical beauty. There are a lot of advertisements of cosmetics and skincare products in various media such as TV, magazines and newspapers. They often have celebrities as the spokesperson for the advertised products, which makes women have an illusion that they could look as good as those famous stars if they use the products. In short, these three factors exert immense influence on how women value appearance.2.• Yes. On certain f ormal occasions, a person, either female or male, has to pay attention to his attire. Sample cases are job interviews, business meetings, weddings, and banquets. This is because to dress properly is an important element of successful completion of these events.• No. People do not have to care what others think of them as long as they feel comfortable and satisfied with their looks themselves. After all, this is the most important source of happiness to people.3.In my opinion, the important traits of human beauty include two types, one for appearance and one for inner qualities. Features that characterize a beautiful appearance are a good-looking body, proper clothes and accessories, as well as use of makeup that matches the occasion or event one is attending. Inner qualities that make a person beautiful mainly include good manners and positive personality traits such as honesty, bravery or friendliness.4.• Yes. Women should pay great attention to their appearance and hence need to wear makeup. This is because beauty is, believe it or not, usually an important quality for women to succeed, for example, when they want to look for a job or an ideal husband.• No. What really makes a person beautiful is inner beauty rather than physical appearance. A beautiful look can't last long, but inner beauty, for example, intelligence and honesty, may make a person successful and happy throughout his life.5.I would market a new product by three means. First, I can ask a celebrity, for example a famous movie star or a supermodel, to be the brand spokesperson on TV. This is a common practice in the advertising industry, and I think it is very effective. Second, I will hire people to distribute flyers and give away free samples of the product on the streets, so the product can reach potential customers directly. Inaddition, I may post advertisements on public transportation vehicles such as buses and subways. In this way, the commercials can be seen by a large number of people.1.deficient2.prosecution3.outragestrand4.appeased5.conformity6.strandplement8.transient9.appliances10.o utfitdeficient, orientation, confrontation, composer, binder, scanner, manufacturer, erase, imperialist, leftist, terrorist, humanistdomination scanners humanist confrontation leftists orientation erased terrorists manufacturers binder imperialists composersachieving gorgeous considered context accessories appreciated complexion handsome comment admirationin hopes of came up with excused herself was obsessed with reaching out to voice an opinion on live up to in terms ofWhen you get yourself ready to go to school or work in the morning, or attend a party in the evening, you may have to do various preparations. What you consider as essential to prepare largely depends on whether you are a female or a male. Women and men take care of their appearance in different ways, which are mainly shown in three areas.One difference lies in the variety of beauty products that women and men use. Women have a great variety of tools and skincare products; for example, combs and clips for hair, brushes for powder foundation, and eyeliners for eyebrows, creams for face, to name just a few. Men, however, do not use so many things. They may comb their hair, but they seldom use cosmetics.Another difference involves the amount of clothes women and men have. Females usually have many more clothes than men do. You may well be familiar with movie scenes in which a woman tries on the outfits in her wardrobe one after another and still hesitates about which one to wear. Unlike females, males do not buy themselves piles of clothes as long as they still have something at home.人们普遍认为，威廉・莎士比亚是最伟大的英语作家和世界杰出的戏剧家。
会计英语作文
会计英语作文Title: The Importance of Accounting in Business Management。
Accounting plays a pivotal role in the successful management of businesses worldwide. It serves as the language of business, providing crucial information for decision-making, financial reporting, and performance evaluation. In this essay, we will delve into the significance of accounting in business management.First and foremost, accounting serves as a tool for financial reporting. Through various financial statements such as the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement, businesses communicate their financial health and performance to stakeholders, including investors, creditors, and regulators. These reports provide insights into the company's profitability, liquidity, and solvency, enabling stakeholders to make informed decisions.Furthermore, accounting facilitates effective decision-making by providing timely and accurate financial information. Managers rely on accounting data to assess the profitability of different projects, allocate resources efficiently, and formulate strategic plans. For instance, cost accounting helps managers determine the cost of producing goods or services, enabling them to set competitive prices and maximize profitability.Moreover, accounting plays a crucial role in compliance and regulatory requirements. Businesses must adhere to various accounting standards and regulations imposed by regulatory bodies such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Compliance with these standards ensures transparency, consistency, and credibility in financial reporting, fostering trust among stakeholders.In addition to external reporting, accounting also aids in internal control and decision support. Internal controls help safeguard assets, prevent fraud, and ensure the accuracy of financial records. By implementing internalcontrol measures such as segregation of duties, authorization procedures, and regular audits, businesses mitigate risks and enhance operational efficiency.Furthermore, managerial accounting provides valuable insights for internal decision-making. Through techniques such as budgeting, variance analysis, and performance measurement, managers can evaluate the financial performance of different departments, identify areas for improvement, and make informed decisions to achieve organizational goals.Moreover, accounting serves as a basis for performance evaluation and incentive systems. By measuring key performance indicators (KPIs) such as return on investment (ROI), profitability ratios, and efficiency metrics, businesses can assess the effectiveness of their operations and reward employees based on their contributions to the company's success. Performance-based incentives motivate employees to perform better and align their efforts with organizational objectives.Additionally, accounting facilitates financial planning and forecasting, allowing businesses to anticipate future trends, risks, and opportunities. Through budgeting, forecasting, and financial modeling, managers can develop strategic plans, allocate resources effectively, and mitigate potential risks. Accurate financial forecasts enable businesses to adapt to changing market conditions, capitalize on emerging opportunities, and maintain long-term sustainability.In conclusion, accounting plays a multifaceted role in business management, encompassing financial reporting, decision support, compliance, internal control, performance evaluation, and strategic planning. By providing timely and accurate financial information, accounting enables businesses to make informed decisions, comply with regulatory requirements, optimize performance, and achieve their strategic objectives. Therefore, accounting is indispensable for the successful management and operation of businesses in today's competitive marketplace.。
(完整版)内部控制英文文献目录
内部控制英文文献目录1. 内部控制管制对盈余质量的影响：来自德国的证据( March 2008 )The effect of internal control regulation on earnings quality: Evidence from Germany2. 内部控制制度如何影响财务报告？( Altamuro ，June 24, 2009)How Does Internal Control Regulation Affect Financial Reporting3. 财务报告内部控制缺陷的决定因素( Doyle ，May 15, 2006)Determinants of weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting4. 应计质量与财务报告内部控制( Doyle，January 24, 2007)Accruals Quality and Internal Control over Financial Reporting5. SOX 内部控制缺陷对公司风险与权益资本成本的影响( Ashbaugh-Skaife ，June 10, 2008) The Effect of SOX Internal Control Deficiencies on Firm Risk and Cost of Equity6. 审计委员会质量、审计师独立性与内部控制缺陷( Zhang)Audit Committee Quality, Auditor Independence, and Internal Control Weaknesses7. 小企业受益于内部控制缺陷审计师认证吗Do Small Firms Benefit from Auditor Attestation of Internal Control Effectiveness8. 内部控制缺陷的决定因素( Jahmani)Determinants of Internal Control Weaknesses In Accelerated Filers9. 操控性应计项目能帮助区分内部控制缺陷和欺诈吗Do Discretionary Accruals Help Distinguish between Internal Control Weaknesses and Fraud10. 财务报告质量对债务契约的影响：来自内部控制缺陷报告的证据 ( Costello ，September 4, 2010) The impact of financial reporting quality on debt contracting: Evidence from internal control weakness reports11. 重大内部控制缺陷与盈余管理Material Internal Control Weaknesses and Earnings Management in the Post-SOX Environment12. 家族企业的内部控制( April 2013 )Internal Controls in Family-Owned Firms ()13. 内部控制质量对企业并购绩效的影响研究Study on the Impact of the Quality of Internal Control on the Performance of M&A14. 内部控制质量与信用违约互换利差( January 2014)Internal Control Quality and Credit Default Swap Spreads15. 家族企业内部控制：特征和后果Internal Control in Family Firms: Characteristics and Consequences16. 内部控制报告与会计信息质量：洞察”遵守或解释的“内部控制制度Internal control reporting and accounting quality ：Insight "comply-or-explain" internal control regime17. 内部控制报告与会计稳健性Internal Control Reporting and Accounting Conservatism18. 会计信息质量影响产品市场契约吗？来自政府合同授予的证据( March 2014 )Does Accounting Quality Influence Product Market Contracting? Evidence from Government Contract Awards19. 公司特征与财务报告质量：尼日利亚制造业上市公司的证据20. 内部控制情况与专家审计师选择The Association between Internal Control Situations and Specialist Auditor Choices21. 审计费用反应了控制风险的风险溢价吗( 2013-07 )Do Audit Fees Reflect Risk Premiums for Control Risk?22. 内部控制质量与审计定价Internal Control Quality and Audit Pricing under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act23. 内部控制缺陷与权益资本成本：来自萨班斯法案404 节披露的证据Internal Control Weakness and Cost of Equity: Evidence from SOX Section 404 Disclosures24. 内部控制缺陷与信息不确定性Internal Control Weaknesses and Information Uncertainty25. 重大内部控制缺陷与股票价格崩溃危险：来自404 条款披露的证据( May 2013 )Material Weaknessin Internal Control and Stock Price Crash Risk: Evidence from SOX Section 404 Disclosure 26. SOX 内部控制缺陷对公司风险与权益资本成本的影响The Effect of SOX Internal Control Deficiencies on Firm Risk and Cost of Equity27. 信用评级、债务成本与内部控制信息披露：SOX302 和SOX404 法的比较28. 萨班斯-奥克斯利法案对会计信息债务契约价值的影响The Effect of Sarbanes-Oxley on the Debt Contracting Value of Accounting Information29. 财务报告内部控制的不利意见与审计师解聘/辞职Adverse Internal Control over Financial Reporting Opinions and Auditor Dismissals/Resignations30. 新管理人员任命与随后的SOX 法案404 的意见Appointment of New Executives and Subsequent SOX 404 Opinion31. 萨班斯奥克斯利：有关萨班斯法案404 影响的证据Sarbanes-Oxley: The Evidence Regarding the Impact of Sox 40432. 内部控制有效性自愿披露的经济决定因素及后果：从首次公开发行的证据( March 2013 ) Economic Determinants and Consequences of Voluntary Disclosure of Internal Control Effectiveness: Evidence from Initial Public Offerings33. 非营利组织中内部控制问题的原因和后果The Causes and Consequences of Internal Control Problems in Nonprofit Organizations34. SOX 内部控制披露在公司控制权市场中的价值The Value of SOX Internal Control Disclosures in the Market for Corporate Control35. 内部控制缺陷与销售、一般的及行政费用的非对称性行为Internal Control Weakness and the Asymmetrical Behavior of Selling, General, and Administrative Costs36. 内部控制缺陷及补救措施披露对投资者感知的盈余质量的影响The Impact of Disclosures of Internal Control Weaknesses and Remediation on Investor-Perceived Earnings Quality37. 内部控制缺陷与美国上市的中国公司与美国公司的审计师SOX Internal Control Deficiencies and Auditors of U.S.-Listed Chinese versus U.S. Firms38. 内部控制信息披露与代理成本—来自瑞士的非金融类上市公司的证据( January 2013) Internal Control Disclosure and Agency Costs Evidence from Swiss listed non-financial Companies39. 萨班斯奥克斯利法案与公司投资：来自自然实验的新证据The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and Corporate Investment: New Evidence from a Natural Experiment40. 国内投资者保护、所有权结构与交叉上市公司遵守SOX 要求披露内部控制缺陷Home Country Investor Protection, Ownership Structure and Cross-Listed Firms 'Compliance with SOX-Mandated Internal Control Deficiency Disclosure41. 审计师对披露重大缺陷相关风险的看法Auditors ' Percenpsti o f the Risks Associated with Disclosing Material Weaknesses42. 交叉上市公司提供与美国公司相同质量的披露？来自萨班斯-奥克斯利法案302 条款下的内部控制缺陷信息披露的证据Do cross-listed firms provide the same quality disclosure as U.S. firms? Evidence from the internal control deficiency disclosure under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act43. 内部控制缺陷与并购绩效Internal Control Weaknesses and Acquisition Performance44. 萨班斯-奥克斯利法案302 条款下的内部控制缺陷对审计费用的影响The Effect of Internal Control Weakness under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act on Audit Fees45. 审计师对财务报告内部控制的评价对审计费用、债务成本及净遵从收益The Effect of Auditors ' Assessment of Internal Control of over Financial Reporting on Audit Fees, Cost of Debt and Net Compliance Benefit46. 上市公司披露的信息含量与萨班斯-奥克斯利法案Information Content of Public Firm Disclosures and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act47. 财务错报与股票市场的契约：从增发的证据Financial Misstatements and Contracting in the Equity Market: Evidence from Seasoned Equity Offerings48. 公司治理质量与SOX 302 条款下内部控制报告Corporate Governance Quality and Internal Control Reporting Under Sox Section 30249. 审计委员会质量、审计师独立性与内部控制缺陷Audit Committee Quality, Auditor Independence, and Internal Control Weaknesses50. SOX404 条款的影响：成本，盈余质量与股票价格The Effect of SOX Section 404: Costs, Earnings Quality, and Stock Prices51. 内部控制缺陷与银行贷款契约：来自SOX404 条款披露的证据Internal Control Weakness and Bank Loan Contracting: Evidence from SOX Section 404 Disclosures52. 审计师对财务报告内部控制的决策：分析、综合和研究方向Auditors I'nternal Control Over Financial Reporting Decisions: Analysis, Synthesis, and Research Directions 53. 应计质量与财务报告内部控制( Doyle ，The Accounting Review, forthcoming )Accruals Quality and Internal Control over Financial Reporting54. 业绩基础CEO 和CFO 薪酬对内部控制质量的影响The impact of performance-based CEO and CFO compensation on internal control quality55. 内部控制重大缺陷与CFO 薪酬Internal Control Material Weaknesses and CFO Compensation56. 财务报告内部控制缺陷的决定因素Determinants of weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting57. 内部控制与管理指南Internal Control and Management Guidance58. 2002 萨班斯-奥克斯利法案302 条款下内部控制缺陷的市场反应以及这些缺陷的特征Market Reactions to the Disclosure of Internal Control Weaknesses and to the Characteristics of thoseWeaknesses under Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 200259. 自愿报告内部风险管理和控制系统的经济激励Economic Incentives for Voluntary Reporting on Internal Risk Management and Control Systems60. 后萨班斯法案时代审计意见的信息含量The information content of audit opinions in the post-sox era61. 上市公司披露的信息含量与萨班斯-奥克斯利法案( April, 2010 )Information Content of Public Firm Disclosures and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act62. 信息摩擦如何影响公司资产流动性的选择？萨班斯法案404 条款的影响How do Informational Frictions Affect the Firm s Choice of A'sset Liquidity? The Effect of SOX Section 404 63. 已审计的信息披露给资本市场参与者带来利益是什么( December 19, 2013)What are the benefits of audited disclosures to equity market participants64. 诉讼风险与审计定价：公众股权的作用( January 7, 2013)Litigation Risk and Audit Pricing: The Role of Public Equity65. 萨班斯-奥克斯利法案对IPO 和高收益债券发行人的影响The Impact of Sarbanes-Oxley on IPOs and High Yield Debt Issuers66. 来自金融危机的公司治理的经验教训The Corporate Governance Lessons from the Financial Crisis67. 谁对企业欺诈吹口哨Who Blows the Whistle on Corporate Fraud68. 内部控制缺陷与现金持有价值Internal Control Weakness and Value of Cash Holdings69. 民族文化和制度环境对内部控制信息披露的影响The impact of national culture and institutional Environment on internal control disclosures70. 财务报告质量与权益资本成本之间联系的讨论：一些个人的意见( June 6, 2013)Some Personal Observations on the Debate on the Link between Financial Reporting Quality and the Cost of Equity Capital71. 使用盈利预测同时估计企业层面的权益资本成本和长期增长Using Earnings Forecasts to Simultaneously Estimate Firm-Specific Cost of Equity and Long-Term Growth72. 高管薪酬差距与权益资本成本Executive Pay Disparity and the Cost of Equity Capital73. 财务报告质量与公司债券市场(博士论文，Mingzhi Liu, 2011 )Financial Reporting Quality and Corporate Bond MarketsReferencesAboody, D., J. 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(2002) The impact of voluntary corporate disclosure on the ex-ante cost of capital for Swiss firms European Accounting Review 11: 741-773.Hail, L., and C. Leuz. (2006) International differences in the cost of equity capital: Do legal institutions and securities regulation matter? Journal of Accounting Research 44(3): 485-531.Healy, P., and K. Palepu (2001) Information asymmetry, corporate disclosure, and the capital markets: A review of the empirical disclosure literature. Journal of Accounting and Economics 31: 405-440. Hirshleifer, D., K. Hou, and S.H. Teoh (2012) The accrual anomaly: Risk or mispricing? ManagementScienee (58-2); 320 -335.Holthausen, R., and R. Watts (2001) The relevance of value-relevance literature for financial accounting standard setting. Journal of Accounting and Economics (Sept): 3-75.Hribar, P. and T, Jenkins. (2004) The effect of accounting restatements on earnings revisions and the estimated cost of capital. 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我对会计的了解英语作文
我对会计的了解英语作文Accounting is a critical field that plays a vital role in the success of businesses and organizations of all sizes. It involves the systematic recording, analyzing, and reporting of financial transactions and information to provide a clear picture of a company's financial health and performance. As an individual with a keen interest in finance and business, I have developed a deep understanding of the importance of accounting and its various aspects.At its core, accounting serves as the language of business, enabling stakeholders such as investors, creditors, and management to make informed decisions. It provides a structured framework for tracking and reporting on a company's assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses, which are essential for monitoring financial performance, identifying areas for improvement, and ensuring compliance with relevant laws and regulations.One of the key functions of accounting is financial reporting. Accountants are responsible for preparing financial statements, including the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flowstatement, which offer a comprehensive view of a company's financial position and performance. These reports are not only crucial for internal decision-making but also serve as a means of communication with external stakeholders, such as investors and regulatory bodies.Accurate and timely financial reporting is crucial for maintaining transparency and building trust in the business community. Accountants must adhere to strict accounting standards and principles, such as the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) or the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), to ensure the reliability and comparability of financial information. This attention to detail and adherence to professional standards is what sets accounting apart as a highly specialized and respected field.Beyond financial reporting, accounting encompasses a wide range of functions, including budgeting, cost analysis, tax preparation, and internal auditing. Budgeting, for instance, involves the allocation of financial resources to different areas of the business, allowing management to plan and control expenditures effectively. Cost analysis, on the other hand, helps organizations identify and manage their costs, ultimately improving profitability and operational efficiency.Tax preparation is another critical aspect of accounting, asbusinesses must comply with complex tax laws and regulations to avoid penalties and ensure they are paying the appropriate amount of taxes. Accountants play a crucial role in this process, helping organizations navigate the tax landscape and maximize their tax savings through legitimate means.Internal auditing, meanwhile, is a crucial function that ensures the accuracy and reliability of a company's financial records and internal controls. Accountants who specialize in internal auditing work to identify potential risks, detect fraudulent activities, and recommend improvements to the organization's financial management practices.The importance of accounting extends beyond the boundaries of individual businesses. At a broader level, accounting information is essential for the proper functioning of the financial system and the overall economy. Accurate and transparent financial reporting helps investors make informed decisions, facilitates the efficient allocation of capital, and contributes to the stability of the financial markets.Moreover, the field of accounting is constantly evolving, with new technologies and methodologies being introduced to improve the efficiency and accuracy of financial management. The rise of data analytics, for example, has enabled accountants to leverage large datasets and sophisticated algorithms to gain deeper insights into a company's financial performance, identify trends, and make moreinformed decisions.As the business landscape becomes increasingly complex and globalized, the role of accountants is becoming more multifaceted and strategic. In addition to their traditional financial reporting responsibilities, accountants are now expected to provide advisory services, offer insights on business strategy, and collaborate with cross-functional teams to drive organizational success.In conclusion, my understanding of accounting has deepened through my studies and exposure to the field. I recognize accounting as a vital discipline that underpins the success of businesses and the broader economy. The attention to detail, adherence to professional standards, and strategic decision-making capabilities required of accountants make it a highly respected and in-demand profession. As I continue to explore the field, I am excited to see how accounting will evolve and contribute to the ever-changing business landscape.。
会计政策与会计估计变更对企业财务状况的影响
1会计政策变更1.1含义会计政策是指企业在会计核算时所遵循的具体原则以及企业所采用的具体会计处理方法。
会计政策变更即企业对同一经济业务所允许采用的会计处理方法采用其他选择的行为。
为了对比不同时期的会计信息，使财报阅读者在比较企业不同时期的财报时，可以有效认识企业的财务状况、经营成果和现金流量的趋势，通常应该在不同时期选择一致的会计政策，不应也不能随意变更会计政策，不然就会降低会计信息的可比性，使财报阅读者对企业经营绩效比较时发生困难。
1.2条件企业出现下列情况时，应改变之前使用的会计政策：①相关法律法规或行业标准会计制度变更；②会计政策变更可以呈现更有效、更相关的会计信息。
1.3对企业财务状况质量分析的影响上述情况中第一种会计政策变更属外在因素，企业按行业有关规定执行即可。
该情况不是企业会计政策变更的一般性原因。
为企业财务状况、经营成果和现金流量呈现的会计信息更有效、更相关而变更会计政策，是企业选择会计政策的内在因素。
如果企业认为之前所选的会计政策提供的有关信息不如新会计政策所能呈现的信息有效与相关，那么企业可以考虑变更会计政策。
但必须注意的是，这种变更其必要性主要根据企业主观意愿。
通常，企业变更会计政策可能参考另外的情况。
企业财报阅读者理应考虑此情形。
2耐威科技会计政策变更分析2017年4月24日，北京天圆全会计师事务所发布了《关于北京耐威科技股份有限公司2016年会计政策变更的专项说明》。
公告中关于耐威科技会计政策变更的内容如下。
2.1会计政策变更的原因根据《增值税会计处理规定》（下称《规定》），2016年5月1日之后发生的与增值税相关的交易，影响资产、负债等金额的，予以调整。
利润表中的“税金及附加”项目代替原“营业税金及附加”项目，并包括了土地使用税、房产税、印花税、车船税等原计入“管理费用”的相关税费。
2.2具体的会计处理根据《规定》，2016年1~4月份，印花税及其他有关税费仍在“管理费用”项目中进行核算；5~12月在“税金及附加”核算。
财务会计英文版课后习题答案Ch12
CHAPTER 12 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS1.There are several reasons for a firm to makeinvestments in assets not directly related to the primary operations of its business (that is, investments in assets other than property, plant, equipment, and inventory). Companies usually make short-term investments be-cause of a temporary surplus of cash. They make long-term investments either because they believe that purchased investments provide a good return on money invested or because they want to gain influ-ence or control over investee companies.2.The risk and return trade-off of investmentsis that investors must usually decide whether they want a potentially higher return with more risk or a lower return with less risk.Most investments fall somewhere along a risk-return continuum. Investments that pro-vide high returns but have low risk are desir-able, but rare.3.The FASB has defined four different classifi-cations for debt and equity securities: trading securities, available-for-sale securities, held-to-maturity securities, and equity method se-curities.4. A security will be classified as trading if theinvestor is making the investment with the intent of selling the security should the need for cash arise, or to realize short-term profits should the price of the security increase.5. A security will be classified as held-to-maturity if the investor intends to hold the security until it matures. This criterion means that only debt securities can be classified as held-to-maturity, as equity securities typically do not mature. If a debt security is classified as held-to-maturity, any premium or discount associated with the security must be amor-tized over the life of the debt security.6.To be classified as an equity method securi-ty, an investor must typically own between20 and 50% of the outstanding commonstock of the investee. Ownership of between20 and 50% generally indicates the ability ofthe investor to significantly influence the operations and decisions of the investee.7.When an investor purchases debt and equitysecurities, two types of returns may be rea-lized. The first type of return is the receipt ofinterest (in the case of debt) or dividends (inthe case of equity). The second type of re-turn is from an increase in the price of thesecurity. To realize this type of return, the in-vestor must sell the security.8.When a security is sold, the seller must haveseveral pieces of information to properly ac-count for the transaction. The seller mustknow the selling price as well as the histori-cal cost of the security. The differencebetween these two amounts results in a rea-lized gain or loss on the sale.9.The difference between a realized gain orloss and an unrealized gain or loss relates tothe account ing concept of arm’s-lengthtransactions. The term ―realized‖ indicatesthat an arm’s-length transaction has takenplace and a security has been sold. A rea-lized gain indicates that the security was soldfor more than its historical cost, while a rea-lized loss means that the security was soldfor less than its original purchase price. Anunrealized gain means that the price of thesecurity being held has increased above itshistorical cost, but the security has not beensold. If the security is still being held and theprice falls below its historical cost, an unrea-lized loss has occurred.10.The account ―Market Adjustment‖ is used tovalue both trading and available-for-sale se-curities at their market value. Trading andavailable-for-sale securities are initiallyrecorded at their historical cost, and as theirvalue changes, the historical cost remainsthe same on the books. To reflect marketvalues on the books, the market adjustmentaccount is used to record both increasesand decreases in value. A separate marketadjustment account is used for both tradingand available-for-sale securities.11.Changes in the value of trading securities,both increases and decreases, are recordedon the books of the investor. Prior to 1994,only declines below historical cost wererecorded on the books. In 1994, however,434Chapter 12the rules were changed to allow companiesto record both increases and decreases invalue. At the end of each accounting period,the market value of the portfolio of tradingsecurities is compared to its historical cost,and the difference is recorded in the marketadjustment account. The offsetting credit (inthe case of increases in value) or debit (inthe case of decreases in value) is recordedin an income statement account as an un-realized gain or loss.12.Accounting for changes in the value ofavailable-for-sale securities is similar to theprocedures applied when accounting fortrading securities with one important differ-ence. Instead of recording any unrealizedincreases or decreases in value on theincome statement, unrealized increasesand decreases in value are recorded in astockholders’ equity account, UnrealizedIncrease/Decrease in Value of Available-for-Sale Securities—Equity. Thus, the journalentry to record unrealized changes in valuealways contains the stockholders’ equity a c-count and the market adjustment—available-for-sale securities account.13.The market adjustment account can befurther adjusted; however, the adjustmentaccount should always report the total netchange in the value of the security. For ex-ample, if a security that cost $200 rose invalue to $300 during the first period and thento $350 during the second period, the mar-ket adjustment account would show a bal-ance of $150 at the end of the second period. 14.Premiums and discounts on available-for-sale securities are not amortized because itis assumed that trading and available-for-sale securities will not be held long enoughto warrant the need to amortize a premiumor discount.15.Changes in the value of held-to-maturity andequity method securities are not accountedfor on the books of the investor. For held-to-maturity securities, the investor intends tohold the debt security until it matures, and asa result, changes in value will not affectthe eventual maturity value of the security.For equity method securities, the investoris holding the security for the purpose ofbeing able to influence the operating deci-sions of the investee on a long-term basis.Thus, temporary changes in value of equitymethod securities are ignored for accountingpurposes.16.The only difference between the accountingfor trading securities and available-for-salesecurities lies in unrealized changes in valueof those securities. For trading securities,the changes in value are recorded on the in-come statement. For available-for-sale se-curities, the unrealized changes in value arerecorded in a stockholders’ equity a ccount. 17.*When buying a held-to-maturity security, aninvestor purchases the right to receive twodifferent types of future cash receipts. First,the investor receives periodic interest pay-ments over the life of the security; second,the investor receives the face amount (prin-cipal) of the security at maturity.18.* A company would usually be willing to paymore than the face amount (a premium) fora held-to-maturity security when the interestrate on the security is higher than the marketrate of interest for similar investments. Thepaying of a higher price reduces the statedrate of interest to a point where it approx-imates the market rate of interest.19.*The amortization of a discount increases theamount earned on a held-to-maturity securitybecause at maturity investors receive theface value, which is higher than the amountoriginally paid. These increased proceedsmust be recognized over the life of the secu-rity through amortization. The amortization ofa discount increases interest from a statedrate to a higher effective rate.20.*An investor purchasing held-to-maturitysecurities (typically bonds) between interestdates must pay for accrued interest becauseat the next interest payment date a fullpe riod’s interest will be received, eventhough the securities have been held for onlya portion of the period. Because the securi-ties are sold in relatively small denomina-tions and are usually owned by numerousindividuals, it is almost impossible for acompany to know who bought how manybonds on which dates. Therefore, with manyheld-to-maturity securities, whoever ownsthe securities on the interest payment datereceives the full period’s i nterest.*Relates to expanded material.Chapter 12 43521.*The effective-interest amortization method istheoretically superior to the straight-lineamortization method because it takes intoconsideration the time value of money. Withthe effective-interest method, the amount ofinterest recognized is the effective interestrate times the amount of money actuallybeing borrowed at any period of time. Thestraight-line method is only an approximationof the true rate of interest.22.*The key criterion for using the equity methodis the ability of the investor to influence theoperations or decisions of the investee.23.*The accounting profession has providedguidelines to determine if the ability tosignificantly influence the operating deci-sions of an investee exists. The primaryguideline is degree of ownership. If the in-vestor owns between 20 and 50% of a cor-poration’s outstanding common stock, it isassumed that the investor is able to signifi-cantly influence the investee. Thus, unlessevidence exists to the contrary, ownership ofbetween 20 and 50% would require the useof the equity method.24.* When an investor purchases a trading secu-rity, revenue is recognized when interest ordividends are received. A gain or loss (un-re alized) is recorded when the security’sprice changes in value. For an investmentaccounted for under the equity method, rev-enue is recognized when the investee re-ports income for the period. This recognitionserves to increase the investment ac-count. The investment account is decreasedwhen dividends are received from the inves-tee. Unlike trading securities, temporarychanges in the value of equity method secur-ities are not recorded on the investor’sbooks.25.* Consolidated financial statements are pre-pared when a corporation owns more than50% of the stock of another company (acontrolling interest).26.* In the consolidated balance sheet, minorityinterest is the amount of equity investmentmade by outside shareholders to consolidat-ed subsidiaries that are not 100% owned bythe parent. In the consolidated incomestatement, minority interest income (shownas a subtraction) reflects the amount ofincome belonging to outside shareholders ofconsolidated subsidiaries that are not 100%owned.*Relates to expanded material.436Chapter 12PRACTICE EXERCISESPE 12–1 (LO1) Why Companies Invest in Other CompaniesThe correct answer is B.a. True. Most cases of companies investing in other companies are to investexcess cash.b. False. Investing in other companies will not necessarily eliminate risk in oth-er investments.c. True. By investing in other companies, the investing company can gain in-fluence over the operations of another company.d. True. When one company owns a significant portion of another company,the owner company can essentially control the operations of the owned company.PE 12–2 (LO2) Classifying a SecurityThe correct answer is C. Held-to-maturity securities are always considered debt securities. Trading and available-for-sale securities can sometimes be consi-dered debt securities. True to their name, equity method securities are always considered equity securities.PE 12–3 (LO2) Equity Method SecuritiesThe correct answer is A. An entity is presumed to have significant influence upon the operations of another company when it owns 20 to 50% of the outstanding voting stock.PE 12–4 (LO2) Disclosure of SecuritiesThe correct answers are A and C. Equity method securities are valued at cost ad-justed for changes in the net assets of the investee. Held-to-maturity securities are valued at amortized cost.PE 12–5 (LO3) Accounting for the Purchase of Trading and Available-for-Sale SecuritiesInvestment in Trading Securities ................................................... 65,400 Investment in Available-for-Sale Securities .................................. 79,600 Cash ............................................................................................ 145,000 Purchased various securities.Chapter 12 437 PE 12–6 (LO3) Accounting for the Return Earned on an InvestmentCash ................................................................................................. 1,359 Interest Revenue (459)Dividend Revenue (900)To record interest and dividends earned on securities.PE 12–7 (LO3) Accounting for the Sale of SecuritiesCash ................................................................................................. 25,200 Realized Loss on Sale of Trading Securities ................................ 2,800 Investment in Trading Securities ............................................. 28,000 To record the sale of Security 1 with original cost of$28,000 for $25,200.PE 12–8 (LO4) Changes in Value of Trading SecuritiesMarket Adjustment—Trading Securities (750)Unrealized Gain on Trading Securities—Income (750)To recognize the increase in value of the trading security($24,250 – $23,500 = $750).PE 12–9 (LO4) Changes in Value of Available-for-Sale SecuritiesUnrealized Increase/Decrease in Value of Available-for-SaleSecurities—Equity (400)Market Adjustment—Available-for-Sale Securities (400)To record net change in value of available-for-sale securities(Security 1 increased in value by $400, and Security 2 de-clined in value by $800).PE 12–10 (LO4) Subsequent Changes in Value of Trading Securities Unrealized Loss on Trading Securities—Income ......................... 1,900 Market Adjustment—Trading Securities .................................. 1,900 To adjust the market adjustment account to requiredending balance.Once this entry is posted, Market Adjustment—Trading Securities will have the required $800 credit balance as follows:438Chapter 12 PE 12–11 (LO5) Computing the Value of Held-to-Maturity Securities*First, we must compute the present value of the bonds as follows:Quarterly interest payment ($30,000 ⨯ 0.08 ⨯ ¼) ............... $ 600Present value of an annuity of 16 payments of $1 at 3%(Table II) ........................................................................... ⨯ 12.5611Present value of interest payments .................................... $ 7,537 Principal (face value) of bonds ........................................... $ 30,000Present value of $1 received 16 periods in the futurediscounted at 3% (Table I) .............................................. ⨯ 0.6232Present value of principal .................................................... 18,696 Total present value of investment ...................................... $26,233The value of the bonds can also be computed using a business calculator as follows:a. CLEAR ALL.b. Set P/YR to 1.1. 30,000 Press FV.2. 600 Press PMT.3. 16 Press N.4. 3 Press I/YR.5. Press PV for the answer of $26,231.67.PE 12–12 (LO5) Accounting for the Initial Purchase of Held-to-MaturitySecurities*The journal entry to record the purchase of this security is as follows:Investment in Held-to-Maturity Securities .......................... 26,233 Cash .............................................................................. 26,233 PE 12–13 (LO5) Straight-Line Amortization of Bond Discounts*The company will record a bond discount amortization of $676.83 ($40,000 –$35,939 = $4,061; $4,061/3 years ⨯ ½ = $676.83) on each date. Every six months, the company will make the following entry:Cash ...................................................................................... 2,000.00Investment in Held-to-Maturity Securities .......................... 676.83 Bond Interest Revenue ................................................ 2,676.83 Received semiannual bond interest and amortizedbond discount.*Relates to expanded material.Chapter 12 439 PE 12–14 (LO5) Straight-Line Amortization of Bond Premiums*The company will record a bond premium amortization of $567.90 ($68,407.39 –$65,000.00 = $3,407.39; $3,407.39/3 years ⨯ ½ = $567.90) on each date. Every six months, the company will make the following entry:Cash ...................................................................................... 3,250.00 Investment in Held-to-Maturity Securities .................. 567.90 Bond Interest Revenue ................................................ 2,682.10 PE 12–15 (LO5) Effective-Interest Amortization of Bond Premiums*The first step is to compute the market rate on bonds of similar risk as follows:a. CLEAR ALL.b. Set P/YR to 1.1. 65,000 Press FV.2. -68,407.39 Press PV.3. 3,250 Press PMT.4. 6 Press N.5. Press I/YR for the answer of 4%.The market interest rate of 4% is the semiannual rate, so the annual rate is 8%. The following amortization table shows the amount of interest earned and the amount of amortization for each period.InterestActually Earned(0.08 ⨯ ½ ⨯Cash Investment Amount of Investment Time Period Received Balance) Amortization Balance Acquisition date $68,407.39 Year 1, first six months $3,250 $2,736.30 $513.70 67,893.69 Year 1, second six months 3,250 2,715.75 534.25 67,359.44 Year 2, first six months 3,250 2,694.38 555.62 66,803.82 Year 2, second six months 3,250 2,672.15 577.85 66,225.97 Year 3, first six months 3,250 2,649.04 600.96 65,625.01 Year 3, second six months 3,250 2,624.99 625.01 65,000.00 Using the above amortization schedule, the journal entry for the first interest payment received is as follows:Cash ...................................................................................... 3,250.00 Investment in Held-to-Maturity Securities .................. 513.70 Bond Interest Revenue ................................................ 2,736.30 *Relates to expanded material.440Chapter 12 PE 12–15* (LO5) (Concluded)Using the above amortization schedule, the journal entry for the second interest payment received is as follows:Cash ...................................................................................... 3,250.00 Investment in Held-to-Maturity Securities .................. 534.25 Bond Interest Revenue ................................................ 2,715.75 PE 12–16 (LO5) Accounting for the Sale of Bond Investments*Cash ...................................................................................... 67,000.00Loss on Sale of Bonds......................................................... 359.44 Investment in Held-to-Maturity Bonds ........................ 67,359.44 Sold held-to-maturity bonds for $67,359.44.The following table shows the book value of the investment at the end of the first year (after the second interest payment) is $67,359.44.InterestActually Earned(0.08 ⨯ ½ ⨯Cash Investment Amount of Investment Time Period Received Balance) Amortization Balance Acquisition date $68,407.39 Year 1, first six months $3,250 $2,736.30 $513.70 67,893.69 Year 1, second six months 3,250 2,715.75 534.25 67,359.44 Year 2, first six months 3,250 2,694.38 555.62 66,803.82 Year 2, second six months 3,250 2,672.15 577.85 66,225.97 Year 3, first six months 3,250 2,649.04 600.96 65,625.01 Year 3, second six months 3,250 2,624.99 625.01 65,000.00 *Relates to expanded material.Chapter 12 441 PE 12–17 (LO6) Accounting for Investments Using the Equity Method* Investment in Hall Company .......................................................... 32,000 Revenue from Investments ....................................................... 32,000 To recognize Manwill’s portion of Hall’s net income ($80,000 ⨯0.40 = $32,000).Cash ................................................................................................. 8,000 Investment in Hall Company ..................................................... 8,000 To recognize Manwill’s portion of Hall’s dividends paid ($20,000⨯ 0.40 = $8,000).No entry is made for market value adjustments under the equity method of ac-counting for investments.PE 12–18 (LO7) Consolidated Financial Statements*Parent Company will report $135 ($150 ⨯ 0.90) as Income from Sub on its own in-come statement. On the consolidated financial statements, all of Sub’s revenue and expenses will be reported. Also reported will be Minority Interest in the amount of $15.*Relates to expanded material.442Chapter 12EXERCISESE 12–19 (LO3, LO4) Investment in Trading Securities—Journal Entries2008July 1 Investment in Trading Securities ................................... 8,300Cash ............................................................................ 8,300 Purchased 350 shares of Bateman Companystock at $22 per share plus $600 commission.Oct. 31 Cash (700)Dividend Revenue (700)Received a $2.00 per share dividend on350 shares of Bateman Company stock.Dec. 31 Unrealized Loss on Trading Securities—Income ......... 1,650Market Adjustment—Trading Securities .................. 1,650 To reduce trading securities to market($8,300 – $6,650).2009Feb. 20 Cash ................................................................................. 4,550Realized Gain on Sale of Trading Securities (400)Investment in Trading Securities ............................. 4,150 Sold 175 shares of Bateman Company stock[(175 shares ⨯ $26 = $4,550); one-half oforiginal cost of $8,300 is $4,150].Oct. 31 Cash (385)Dividend Revenue (385)Received a $2.20 per share dividend on175 shares of Bateman Company stock.Dec. 31 Market Adjustment—Trading Securities ....................... 2,575Unrealized Gain on Trading Securities—Income .... 2,575 To increase trading securities to market givena credit balance in the market adjustment of$1,650. Cost = $8,300 – $4,150 = $4,150;market = $29 ⨯ 175 shares = $5,075.Chapter 12 443 E 12–20 (LO3, LO4) Investment in Trading Securities—Journal EntriesJuly 16 Investment in Trading Securities ................................... 41,880Cash ............................................................................ 41,880 Purchased 4,000 shares of Eli Corporation stock.Sept. 23 Cash ................................................................................. 3,600Dividend Revenue ...................................................... 3,600 Received a cash dividend of $0.90 per share on4,000 shares of Eli Corporation stock.28 Cash ................................................................................. 21,840Investment in Trading Securities ............................. 20,940Realized Gain on Sale of Trading Securities (900)Sold 2,000 shares of Eli Corporation stock at $11per share—paid a commission of $160. [Cash =($11 ⨯ 2,000) – $160; short-term investment =$41,880 ⨯ 1/2; gain = $21,840 – $20,940].Dec. 31 Market Adjustment—Trading Securities ....................... 1,560Unrealized Gain on Trading Securities—Income .... 1,560 To increase value of securities to market [$11.25⨯ 2,000 shares – ($41,880 – $20,940) = $1,560].E 12–21 (LO3, LO4) Investment in Available-for-Sale Securities—JournalEntriesJan. 14 Investment in Available-for-Sale Securities .................. 83,200Cash ............................................................................ 83,200 Purchased 4,000 shares of Pinegar Corporationstock at $20.80 per share.Mar. 31 Cash ................................................................................. 1,000Dividend Revenue ...................................................... 1,000 Received a cash dividend of $0.25 per share on4,000 shares of Pinegar Corporation stock.Aug. 28 Cash ................................................................................. 36,160Investment in Available-for-Sale Securities ............ 33,280Realized Gain on Sale of Available-for-SaleSecurities ................................................................. 2,880Sold 1,600 shares of Pinegar Corporation stock at$22.60 per share [gain = 1,600 shares ⨯ ($22.60 –$20.80) = $2,880].444Chapter 12 E 12–21 (LO3, LO4) (Concluded)Dec. 31 Market Adjustment—Available-for-Sale Securities ...... 7,680Unrealized Increase/Decrease in Value ofAvailable-for-Sale Securities—Equity ................... 7,680To increase value of securities to marketvalue using market adjustment account[2,400 shares ⨯ ($24.00 – $20.80) = $7,680].E 12–22 (LO3, LO4) Investment in Securities2007Jan. 17 Investment in Available-for-Sale Securities .................. 89,500Cash ............................................................................ 89,500 Purchased 2,750 shares of Horner Companystock for $89,500.May 10 Cash ................................................................................. 3,575Dividend Revenue ...................................................... 3,575 Received a cash dividend of $1.30 per share on2,750 shares of Horner Company stock.Dec. 31 Unrealized Increase/Decrease in Value of Available-for-Sale Securities—Equity ......................................... 7,000Market Adjustment—Available-for-Sale Securities .7,000 To decrease value of securities to market valueusing market adjustment account (2,750 shares⨯ $30.00 = $82,500; $89,500 – $82,500 = $7,000).2008May 22 Investment in Available-for-Sale Securities .................. 30,000Cash ............................................................................ 30,000 Purchased an additional 750 shares of HornerCompany stock for $40 per share.July 18 Cash ................................................................................. 3,150Dividend Revenue ...................................................... 3,150 Received a cash dividend of $0.90 per share on3,500 shares of Horner Company stock.Chapter 12 445 E 12–22 (LO3, LO4) (Concluded)Dec. 31 Market Adjustment—Available-for-Sale Securities ...... 34,500Unrealized Increase/Decrease in Value ofAvailable-for-Sale Securities—Equity ................... 34,500To adjust portfolio of available-for-sale securitiesto market given a credit balance in the marketadjustment account from the prior period of$7,000. Market = $147,000 (3,500 shares ⨯ $42);Historical cost = $119,500 ($89,500 + $30,000);$147,000 – $119,500 = $27,500 + $7,000 = $34,500.2009June 7 Cash ................................................................................. 3,500Dividend Revenue ...................................................... 3,500 Received a cash dividend of $1.00 per share on3,500 shares of Horner Company stock.Oct. 5 Cash ................................................................................. 94,500 Realized Loss on Sale of Available-for-Sale Securities 25,000Investment in Available-for-Sale Securities ............ 119,500 To record sale of all Horner Company stock for$27 per share. Loss on sale = [$119,500 – ($27 ⨯3,500 shares)].Dec. 31 Unrealized Increase/Decrease in Value ofAvailable-for-Sale Securities—Equity ......................... 27,500Market Adjustment—Available-for-Sale Securities .27,500 Eliminate market adjustment account as allavailable-for-sale securities have been sold.Balance prior to adjustment is $27,500 ($34,500debit – $7,000 credit).E 12–23 (LO4) Investment in Equity Securities1. Market ValueSecurity Cost (December 31, 2009)A $250,000 $130,000B 160,000 169,000C 315,000 350,000Total $725,000 $649,000An unrealized loss of $76,000 ($725,000 –$649,000) would be recognized, reducing net income to $554,000 ($630,000 – $76,000).。
account information
management
5
1 Introduction
Basic Back knowledge
1、The definition ： accounting information is refers to the information that the accounting units reveal to investors, creditors, or other users of the information through the form of financial statements, financial reports or note about unit’s financial position and operating results.
Tianjin university of commerce-Graduate department
11
2 Literature Review
Foreign literatures
Paper : Competition, Efficiency, and Cost Allocation in Government Agencies: Evidences on the Federal Reserve System. Author : (Cavaalluzo,Ittner and Larcker(1998)) Purpose: Highlighted the importance of external competition to governmental efficiency and accounting system design and use. Method:The empirical research
会计专业 英语作文
会计专业英语作文## The Role of Accounting in Modern Business: ACritical Analysis。
Accounting, often referred to as the "language of business," is a vital component of modern business operations. It involves the systematic recording, analyzing, and reporting of financial transactions, providing stakeholders with the information needed to make informed decisions. This essay explores the significance of accounting in contemporary business, highlighting its key functions, the ethical considerations it entails, and its evolving role in the digital age.### Key Functions of Accounting。
At its core, accounting serves several critical functions. Firstly, it facilitates financial record-keeping, ensuring that businesses maintain accurate and reliable financial data. This data is essential for tracking revenue,expenses, assets, and liabilities, providing a clearpicture of a company's financial health.Secondly, accounting plays a pivotal role in financial analysis. By analyzing financial statements such as the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement, accountants can assess a company's profitability, liquidity, solvency, and efficiency. This analysis informs strategic decision-making, helping businesses identify areas for improvement and growth opportunities.Another key function is compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. Accountants ensure that businesses adhere to financial reporting standards and tax regulations, reducing the risk of legal issues and penalties. This compliance function also promotes transparency and accountability, fostering trust among stakeholders.### Ethical Considerations in Accounting。
英语作文 e-commerce change the wor
英语作文e-commerce change the wore-commerce change the worIntroduction: in the 21st century, with the rapid development of computer technology and network technology, e-commerce has become a very powerful way of life and commerce. Under the environment of e-commerce, manufacturers will produce according to their needs, and their sales will be completed with the help of computers and networks. It will completely change the business process of traditional business model, and revolutionary changes will inevitably lead to the connotation and significance of accounting management The extension of information technology has a revolutionary impact, and fundamentally challenges the basic theory of traditional accounting system and accounting model.This paper analyzes the impact of e-commerce on accounting, and puts forward improvement measures. Any accounting theory is based on a certain accounting environment and practice. E-commerce has greatly changed the traditional accounting environment and inevitably produces accounting theory The influence of e-commerce is a virtual enterprise both in organization and geography.The traditional accounting principle and the corresponding development need, on the basis of modern information technology, e-commerce has an impact on the traditional accounting mode. In the new social and economic environment, e-commerce is facing unprecedented opportunities and challenges in the development of China.。
人工智能对于会计行业的影响和对策研究-毕业论文
本科毕业设计（论文）题目人工智能对于会计行业的影响和对策研究人工智能对于会计行业的影响和对策研究摘要随着会计信息化的发展，人丄智能给会讣带来了重大革新，极大地提升了会讣工作的效率，但也给会计机构和会计人员带来了一些负面影响。
本文通过介绍人工智能在会计行业的应用现状，对会计行业和会计人员的积极影响和消极影响两个角度进行分析，层层深入，最后提出会计人员应对人工智能冲击的对策，以求促进会计人员的更好职业发展。
关键字：人工智能会计行业会计人员管理会计Research on the influence of artificial intelligence onaccounting industry and countermeasuresAbstractAlong with the development of accounting informationization, artificial intelligence has brought accounting major innovations, greatly improve the efficiency of the accounting work but also to the accounting offices and accounting personnel to bring about many negative impacts in this paper, through the introduction of the present application of artificial intelligence in the accounting profession, the accounting profession and accounting personneT s positive influence and negative influence two aspects were analyzed, and the layers of in-depth, finally puts forward some countermeasures to accounting personnel to the impact of artificial intelligence (ai), in order to promote the better professional development of the accounting personnelKey Words: Artificial intelligence accounting profession accounting personnelmanagement accounting1.绪论1.1研究背景1.2本文研究的U的和意义1.3研究方法1.3.1问卷调查法1.3. 2访谈法1.4国内外研究综述1.4.1国内研究现状1.4.2国外研究现状2.我国人工智能和会计信息化起步和发展历程2.1会计信息化的起步和发展2.2人工智能在会计行业应用背景和应用现状2.3人工智能在会计行业的发展前景3.人工智能在我国会计行业发展现状及存在的问题3.1人工智能在我国会计行业的发展现状和积极作用。
大数据对会计的影响英语作文
大数据对会计的影响In the era of rapid technological advancement, big data has emerged as a transformative force in various industries, including accounting. The influence of big data on accounting is profound, reshaping the way financial information is processed, analyzed, and utilized. Thisessay delves into the impact of big data on accounting, exploring its potential to revolutionize the accounting profession.**The Evolution of Accounting with Big Data**Traditional accounting practices relied heavily on manual processes and spreadsheets to track and analyze financial transactions. However, with the advent of big data, accounting has evolved to become more efficient, accurate, and comprehensive. Big data allows accountants to process and analyze vast amounts of structured and unstructured data, providing a deeper understanding of financial performance and insights into business trends.**Enhanced Decision-Making**One of the most significant impacts of big data on accounting is its ability to enhance decision-making. By analyzing vast amounts of data, accountants can identify patterns and trends that may indicate areas of potential risk or opportunity. This information can then be used to make informed decisions that drive strategic planning and business growth.**Improved Efficiency and Accuracy**Big data has also revolutionized the efficiency and accuracy of accounting processes. Automation and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies can now handle routine tasks such as data entry and reconciliation, reducing the needfor manual intervention. This not only saves time but also reduces the potential for human error, ensuring greater accuracy in financial reporting.**Transformative Role of Big Data in Accounting**The transformative role of big data in accounting is further evident in its ability to predict future outcomes. By analyzing historical data and identifying patterns, accountants can forecast future financial performance,enabling businesses to plan ahead and mitigate potential risks.**Challenges and Opportunities**While the impact of big data on accounting is primarily positive, it also poses certain challenges. The volume and complexity of data can be overwhelming, requiring accountants to develop new skills and expertise in data analysis and interpretation. Additionally, the ethical and privacy implications of handling sensitive financial data must be carefully considered.Despite these challenges, the opportunities presented by big data are vast. It offers accountants the potential to gain deeper insights into business operations, identify new sources of revenue, and create more value for their organizations. By embracing big data, accountants can transform their role from mere record-keepers to strategic advisors who contribute significantly to the growth and success of their businesses.**Conclusion**In conclusion, the impact of big data on accounting is profound and transformative. It has the potential to revolutionize the accounting profession, enhancingdecision-making, improving efficiency and accuracy, and预测未来结果。
大数据对会计的影响英语作文
The Impact of Big Data on AccountingIn the digital era, the emergence of big data has revolutionized numerous industries, including accounting. This vast amount of information, generated from various sources at unprecedented speeds, has had profound effects on how accounting is performed, analyzed, and interpreted.Firstly, big data has changed the way accountants gather and process information. Traditionally, accounting relied heavily on manual processes and limited datasets. However, with big data, accountants can now access vast repositories of structured and unstructured data from multiple sources, including social media, transaction records, and customer feedback. This data can be analyzed using advanced algorithms and tools, providing insights that were previously unattainable.Secondly, big data has enhanced the accuracy and efficiency of accounting processes. By automating routine tasks and performing complex calculations in real-time, big data reduces the chances of human error and speeds up the financial reporting process. This not only saves time and resources but also ensures that financial statements are more accurate and reliable.Furthermore, big data has transformed the role of accountants from mere record-keepers to strategic business partners. With the ability to analyze vast amounts of data, accountants can now provide valuable insights into market trends, customer behavior, and financial performance. These insights can be used to make informed business decisions, identify potential risks and opportunities, and drive strategic planning.However, the rise of big data has also brought challenges to the accounting industry. One of the major challenges is data security. With so much sensitive information being stored and processed, it is crucial to ensure that the data is secure and protected from unauthorized access. Additionally, the complexity of big data analysis requires accountants to possess specialized skills and knowledge in data science and technology.In conclusion, big data has had a significant impact on the accounting industry. It has transformed the way accountants gather, process, and analyze information, enhanced the accuracy and efficiency of accounting processes, and transformed the role of accountants from record-keepers to strategic business partners. However, it has also brought challenges in terms of data security and the need for specialized skills. As the world continues to become more data-driven, it is essential for accountants to stay up-to-date with the latest trends and technologies in order to remain competitive and relevant in the industry.。
人工智能技术对会计影响的英文文献
人工智能技术对会计影响的英文文献示例文章篇一：Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence Technology on AccountingAbstractThis paper explores the various impacts of artificial intelligence (AI) technology on the field of accounting. It examines how AI is changing accounting practices, from routine tasks to more complex decision - making processes. Through an in - depth analysis of relevant research and practical examples, the paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between AI and accounting.I. IntroductionAccounting has been a fundamental part of business operations for centuries. It involves recording, classifying, and summarizing financial transactions to provide useful information for decision - making. In recent years, artificial intelligence technology has emerged as a powerful force that is beginning to reshape the accounting landscape. AI refers to machines or computer systems that can perform tasks requiring human intelligence, such as learning, problem - solving, and decision - making. In the context of accounting, AI is being used in a variety of ways, and its influence is far - reaching.For example, my uncle is an accountant. He used to spend hours every day just on data entry. Now, with AI - powered software, a lot of that mundane work can be automated. He was initially skeptical, thinking that these newfangled technologies would take his job away. "How can a machine do what I've been trained to do for years?" he would say. But as he started using some of the basic AI - assisted accounting tools, he realized that it was more like having a super - efficient assistant rather than a replacement.II. AI in Routine Accounting TasksOne of the most significant areas where AI is making an impact is in routine accounting tasks. Data entry, for instance, is a time - consuming and error - prone process in traditional accounting. AI - based software can scan invoices, receipts, and other financial documents and automatically extract relevant data and enter it into theaccounting system. This not only saves time but also reduces the risk of human error.Let's take a small business owner, Mrs. Smith, as an example. She runs a bakery and has to deal with a lot of invoices from suppliers. Before using an AI - enabled accounting system, she had to hire an assistant just to enter all the invoice details into the books. "It was such a headache," she said. "There were always mistakes, and it took forever." But after switching to an AI - supported system, the process became much smoother. The system could read the invoices accurately and quickly, and Mrs. Smith could focus more on growing her business rather than worrying about accounting errors.Another routine task that AI can handle is bank reconciliations. In a large company, the finance department used to have to manually match bank statements with the company's internal records. This was a tedious job that required a lot of manpower. With AI, the system can analyze both sets of data and quickly identify any discrepancies. It's like having a super - detective that can spot the tiniest differences in a matter of seconds. "I can't believe how much easier this has made my job," said one of the accountants in the finance department.III. AI in Financial Analysis and Decision - MakingBeyond routine tasks, AI is also starting to play an important role in financial analysis and decision - making in accounting. AI algorithms can analyze large volumes of financial data much faster and more accurately than humans. They can detect patterns, trends, and anomalies in the data that might be overlooked by human accountants.For example, in a big investment firm, the accounting team was tasked with analyzing the financial performance of different companies to make investment recommendations. Traditionally, they would look at historical financial statements, ratios, and other metrics. But with AI, they can now analyze not only the structured data from financial statements but also unstructured data such as news articles, social media posts, and industry reports related to the companies. This gives them a more comprehensive view of the companies' financial health and future prospects.One of the accountants in the firm, Mr. Lee, said, "It's like we have a crystal ball now. The AI can tell us things about a company that we could never have found out just by looking at the numbers on the balance sheet." The ability of AI to analyze such a wide range of data sources enables accountants to make more informed decisions. For instance, if the AI detects a negative trend in a company's customer satisfaction scoresfrom social media posts, along with some signs of financial distress in the financial statements, it can be a strong signal for the accounting team to be cautious about recommending an investment in that company.IV. Challenges and Concerns Associated with AI in AccountingWhile AI offers many benefits to the accounting field, it also brings some challenges and concerns. One of the main concerns is the potential loss of jobs for accountants. As AI takes over routine tasks, some accountants worry that their jobs will become obsolete. "What will happen to us if machines can do everything we do?" is a common question among accountants.However, this view is somewhat short - sighted. While it's true that some routine accounting jobs may be automated, AI also creates new opportunities for accountants. For example, accountants can now focus more on higher - level tasks such as strategic financial planning, risk management, and providing financial advice to clients.Another challenge is the issue of data security and privacy. AI systems rely on large amounts of financial data. If this data is not properly secured, it can be vulnerable to cyberattacks. A data breach in an accounting firm could have serious consequences, not only for the firm itself but also for its clients. "We have to be extra careful with all this data now that we're using AI," said an IT manager in an accounting firm. "It's like guarding a treasure chest full of gold."V. ConclusionIn conclusion, artificial intelligence technology is having a profound impact on the accounting field. It is revolutionizing routine accounting tasks, enhancing financial analysis and decision - making capabilities. While there are challenges and concerns associated with AI in accounting, such as potential job losses and data security issues, the overall impact is positive. Accountants need to adapt to this new technological landscape by upskilling themselves and focusing on areas where human judgment and expertise are still crucial. AI is not here to replace accountants but to work alongside them, making the accounting process more efficient, accurate, and insightful.示例文章篇二：Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence Technology on AccountingAbstractThis paper explores the various impacts of artificial intelligence (AI) technology on the field of accounting. It examines how AI is changing accounting processes, the skills required of accountants, and the overall future of the accounting profession. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing research and practical applications, it aims to provide a clear understanding of the relationship between AI and accounting.I. IntroductionAccounting has been a fundamental part of business operations for centuries. It involves recording, classifying, and summarizing financial transactions to provide useful information for decision - making. However, with the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology in recent years, the accounting field is experiencing significant changes. AI has the potential to automate many routine accounting tasks, such as data entry, invoice processing, and financial reporting. This not only improves efficiency but also reduces the risk of human error.Think about it. Just as the invention of the calculator changed the way accountants calculate numbers, AI is now revolutionizing the entire accounting process. It's like a super - powered tool that can do things much faster and more accurately than humans in certain aspects. For example, in a large company, there are thousands of invoices to be processed every month. Traditionally, accountants have to spend a great deal of time inputting data from these invoices into the system. But with AI - powered invoice processing software, it can scan and extract relevant data automatically, saving a huge amount of time.II. AI - Enabled Automation in AccountingOne of the most obvious impacts of AI on accounting is automation. AI - based software can perform tasks like data extraction, reconciliation, and even basic financial analysis. For data extraction, optical character recognition (OCR) technology within AI systems can read and convert printed or handwritten documents into digital data. This isa game - changer for accounting departments that deal with a large volume of paper - based documents.Let's say there's a small accounting firm. The accountants there used to be buried under piles of paperwork. Now, with AI - enabled automation, they can simply scan the documents, and the AI software will do the rest. It's like having a magic wand that turns chaos into order. The software can also perform reconciliations, such as bank reconciliations, much more quickly. It can match transactions in the company's books with those in the bank statements in a matter of seconds, while it might take a human accountant hours or even days to do the same task.In terms of financial analysis, AI can analyze large datasets and identify trends and patterns. For instance, it can analyze a company's historical financial data to predict future cash flows. This is extremely valuable for businesses as it helps them in financial planning and decision - making. Accountants no longer have to spend countless hours crunching numbers to find these insights.III. Changes in the Skills Required for AccountantsAs AI takes over routine accounting tasks, the skills required of accountants are changing. No longer is it sufficient to be just good at number - crunching and bookkeeping. Accountants now need to have a broader set of skills. They need to be proficient in using AI - based accounting tools, of course. But more importantly, they need to have strong analytical and interpretive skills.Imagine an accountant named John. In the past, John was mainly focused on entering data accurately and preparing financial statements. But now, with AI handling much of the data entry, John has to be able to analyze the data that AI has processed. He has to be able to understand the implications of the trends and patterns that AI has identified. It's like he has to be a detective, looking for the real meaning behind the numbers that AI has crunched.Accountants also need to have good communication skills. They have to be able to explain the financial information generated by AI to non - financial stakeholders. For example, if the AI - generated financial report shows that the company's profit margin is decreasing, the accountant has to be able to communicate this to the management in a way that they can understand and take appropriate action.IV. The Future of the Accounting Profession in the AI EraThe future of the accounting profession in the face of AI is both challenging and full of opportunities. On one hand, some accountants may be worried that their jobs will be replaced by AI. But on the other hand, there are new opportunities emerging.For example, the role of accountants can shift from being mainly transaction - processors to being strategic advisors. They can use the insights provided by AI to offer valuable advice to businesses on financial strategies. In a sense, AI is not replacing accountants but rather elevating their role.There will still be a need for human accountants, especially in areas where judgment and ethical considerations are involved. For instance, in auditing, while AI can assist in analyzing financial data for anomalies, it is human accountants who have to make the final judgment on whether a financial statement is fairly presented. It's like building a house. AI can provide the building blocks, but it is the human accountant who has to put them together in the right way and ensure that the structure is sound.V. ConclusionIn conclusion, artificial intelligence technology is having a profound impact on the accounting field. It is automating routine tasks, changing the skills required of accountants, and reshaping the future of the accounting profession. While there are concerns about job displacement, there are also many new opportunities for accountants to evolve into more strategic and value - added roles. The key for accountants is to embrace AI technology, continuously upgrade their skills, and adapt to the changing landscape. So, instead of fearing AI, accountants should see it as a powerful ally in their professional journey.示例文章篇三：Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence Technology on AccountingAbstractThis paper aims to explore the influence of artificial intelligence technology on accounting. It examines various aspects such as the transformation of accounting tasks, the challenges and opportunities faced by accountants, and the future trends in the accounting field under the impact of AI.1. IntroductionIn recent years, artificial intelligence technology has been developing at an astonishing speed. It has gradually penetrated into various industries, and the accounting field is no exception. AI is like a powerful tornado, sweeping through the traditional accounting world. How is accounting being affected? Let's take a closer look.2. The Transformation of Accounting TasksAccounting used to be a labor - intensive job filled with repetitive tasks. For example, data entry, invoice processing, and basic bookkeeping. These tasks are like small building blocks in the accounting edifice. However, with the advent of AI, machines can now handle these tasks much more efficiently.AI - powered software can quickly and accurately input large amounts of data. It's like having a super - fast typist who never makes mistakes. Take invoice processing. In the past, accountants had to spend a lot of time checking and entering invoice details. Now, AI can scan the invoice, extract relevant information, and automatically enter it into the accounting system. It's as if the invoice is magically transformed into digital data without much human effort.3. Challenges Faced by AccountantsWith AI taking over some of the basic accounting tasks, accountants may feel a bit like they are on a shaky boat. One of the main challenges is the need for up - skilling. Accountants can't just rely on their traditional knowledge and skills anymore.For instance, my uncle is an accountant. He has been doing the job for decades. When his company started to introduce AI - based accounting systems, he was really worried. He said, "I've been doing things the old - fashioned way for so long. How can I keep up with these new technologies?" This shows that accountants need to adapt to new technologies, learn data analytics, and understand how AI algorithms work.Another challenge is the potential job displacement. Some people might think that if machines can do most of the accounting tasks, then accountants will become redundant. But is this really the case?4. Opportunities for AccountantsAlthough AI brings challenges, it also offers many opportunities. Accountants can now focus more on high - value tasks. Instead of spending hours on data entry, they can analyze financial data in depth.Think of it this way. If accounting is a big jigsaw puzzle, AI has helped put together the easy outer pieces, leaving the more complex and important center pieces for accountants. Accountants can provide strategic financial advice to companies. For example, they can analyze financial trends, predict future revenues and costs, and help companies make better business decisions.Also, accountants can work together with AI. They can supervise and improve the performance of AI systems. Just like a pilot and an autopilot system in an airplane. The autopilot can handle some basic flying tasks, but the pilot is always there to make sure everything goes smoothly and make crucial decisions when needed.5. Future Trends in Accounting under the Impact of AIThe future of accounting under the influence of AI is likely to be more data - driven and intelligent. Big data analytics will play an even more important role. Accountants will need to deal with vast amounts of financial and non - financial data.For example, they may need to analyze data from social media, market trends, and customer behavior to provide more comprehensive financial forecasts. AI - based auditing will also become more prevalent. Auditors can use AI to detect fraud more efficiently. It's like having a super - detective that can spot the tiniest irregularities in financial statements.6. ConclusionIn conclusion, artificial intelligence technology has a profound impact on accounting. It changes the nature of accounting tasks, poses challenges to accountants, but also brings many opportunities. The future of accounting will be a combination ofhuman intelligence and artificial intelligence. Accountants need to embrace AI, continuously learn new skills, and work together with AI systems to stay relevant in this ever - changing field.示例文章篇四：Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence Technology on AccountingAbstractThis paper explores the influence of artificial intelligence (AI) technology on the field of accounting. It examines how AI is changing accounting practices, the challenges and opportunities it presents for accountants, and the future prospects of the accounting profession in the age of AI.I. IntroductionAccounting has been a fundamental part of business operations for centuries. It involves recording, classifying, and summarizing financial transactions to provide useful information for decision - making. With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology in recent years, the accounting field is experiencing significant changes. AI technologies such as machine learning, robotic process automation (RPA), and natural language processing (NLP) are being increasingly applied in accounting tasks.For example, think of accounting as a big, complex machine that has been running in a traditional way for a long time. Now, AI is like a new set of gears and cogs that are being added to this machine, changing how it operates.II. AI Technologies in AccountingA. Machine LearningMachine learning algorithms can analyze large amounts of financial data quickly. They can identify patterns and anomalies in financial statements. For instance, in fraud detection, machine learning models can learn from past cases of fraud and then detect similar patterns in new data. Imagine a detective who has seen hundreds of crime scenes (past fraud cases) and can now quickly spot the signs of a new crime (potential fraud) just by looking at the data.B. Robotic Process Automation (RPA)RPA can automate repetitive accounting tasks such as data entry and invoice processing. A software robot can be programmed to enter data from invoices into the accounting system exactly as a human would do, but much faster and without getting tired. It's like having a super - efficient assistant who can do the boring, repetitive jobs all day long.C. Natural Language Processing (NLP)NLP enables computers to understand and process human language. In accounting, NLP can be used to analyze contracts and financial reports written in natural language. For example, it can extract key financial information from a long, wordy contract document, just like a smart reader who can quickly find the important parts in a thick book.III. The Impact on Accounting PracticesA. Efficiency and AccuracyThe use of AI in accounting significantly improves efficiency. Tasks that used to take hours or days can now be completed in minutes or seconds. And the accuracy is also enhanced. Machines don't make the same kinds of mistakes that humans do, like typos or miscalculations in data entry. "Isn't it amazing how much faster and more precise things can be with AI?" a senior accountant might say to a junior one.B. Cost ReductionBy automating tasks, companies can reduce the need for a large number of manual labor in accounting departments. This leads to cost savings in terms of salaries and benefits. It's like instead of hiring ten people to do data entry, a company can use an RPA system and only need a few people to oversee and manage it.C. Changing the Role of AccountantsAccountants are no longer just number - crunchers. With AI taking over routine tasks, accountants need to focus more on analysis, interpretation, and strategic decision - making. "We can't just sit around and do the same old data entry all day. We have to be more like financial advisors now," an accountant might complain to his colleague at first, but then realize the new opportunities.IV. Challenges Posed by AI in AccountingA. Job Displacement ConcernsOne of the biggest concerns is job displacement. Some accountants worry that as AI takes over more tasks, their jobs will be at risk. "Will I still have a job in a few years?" an anxious accountant might wonder. However, while some routine jobs may be automated, new jobs will also be created in areas such as AI system management, data analysis, and financial consulting.B. Data Security and PrivacyAI systems deal with a large amount of sensitive financial data. Ensuring data security and privacy is crucial. A single data breach could have serious consequences for a company. It's like having a big treasure chest (the financial data) and we need to make sure it's locked up tight and protected from thieves (hackers).C. Ethical and Regulatory IssuesThere are ethical questions regarding the use of AI in accounting, such as bias in algorithms. Also, regulatory frameworks need to be updated to keep up with the new technology. "How can we make sure the AI is making fair decisions?" an industry expert might ask.V. Future ProspectsThe future of accounting in the age of AI is full of possibilities. Accountants will need to continuously learn and adapt to new technologies. Collaboration between accountants and AI systems will become more common. "We can't fight the change, we have to embrace it and use it to our advantage," a forward - thinking accountant might say.In conclusion, artificial intelligence technology is having a profound impact on the accounting field. It brings both opportunities and challenges. Accountants need to be proactive in upskilling themselves and working with AI to ensure the continued success of the accounting profession.。
会计知识点英文作文
会计知识点英文作文The Importance of Accounting KnowledgeIntroductionIn today's globalized business world, accounting knowledge plays a crucial role in ensuring the financial stability and success of companies. Accounting is a language that allows businesses to communicate their financial information accurately and effectively. In this article, we will explore the significance of accounting knowledge and its application in various aspects of business operations.Financial Reporting and AnalysisOne of the fundamental roles of accounting is to provide accurate and reliable financial information through various reports. These reports, such as income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements, help stakeholders understand a company's financial performance and make informed decisions. Accounting knowledge enables professionals to compile, analyze, and interpret these reports, which are essential for management, investors, and creditors.Budgeting and ForecastingAccounting knowledge plays a vital role in budgeting and forecasting. A budget serves as a blueprint for a company's financial activities and helps allocate resources effectively. Understanding accounting principles allows managers to create realistic budgets based on historical financial data and economic conditions. Additionally, forecasting future financial trends enables companies to plan for potential challenges and identify opportunities for growth.Internal Control and Risk ManagementAccounting knowledge is crucial for implementing robust internal control systems. Internal controls ensure the accuracy and integrity of financial information, protect company assets, and prevent fraud. Professionals with accounting expertise can design and implement control procedures, such as segregation of duties, authorization processes, and regular audits. Effective internal controls mitigate risks and enhance the overall financial health of a business.Tax Compliance and PlanningAccounting knowledge is essential for ensuring tax compliance and optimizing tax planning strategies. Understanding tax regulations and laws enables businesses to calculate and file accurate tax returns. Additionally, accounting professionals can identify tax-saving opportunities and devise strategies to minimize tax liabilities. Bystaying up-to-date with changing tax regulations, companies can avoid penalties and maximize their after-tax profits.Financial Decision-MakingAccounting knowledge plays a significant role in financial decision-making. It provides insights into a company's financial health, profitability, and liquidity. Professionals proficient in accounting principles can analyze financial data and ratios to evaluate investment opportunities, assess the viability of projects, and determine the company's overall performance. Accurate financial analysis allows businesses to make informed decisions that align with their strategic goals.ConclusionAccounting knowledge is integral to the success of any organization, regardless of its size or industry. It helps ensure reliable financial reporting, effective budgeting, robust internal controls, tax compliance, and informed decision-making. Professionals who possess comprehensive accounting skills are invaluable assets to companies, as they contribute to their financial stability and sustainable growth. Embracing and investing in accounting knowledge is a crucial step for businesses seeking to thrive in today's competitive marketplace.。
会计英语的重要性英文作文
会计英语的重要性英文作文English: The importance of accounting English lies in its role as a universal language for financial reporting and analysis, making it essential for professionals in the accounting and finance fields to effectively communicate and understand complex financial information across borders. With the globalization of businesses, the ability to read, write, and comprehend accounting information in English has become a critical skill for accountants and financial professionals. Additionally, many international accounting standards and regulations are published in English, thus requiring a good command of accounting English for compliance and adherence to these standards. Furthermore, proficiency in accounting English enables professionals to access a wide range of resources, such as journals, textbooks, and online information, to stay updated on the latest industry trends and developments, ultimately enhancing their knowledge and professional capabilities.中文翻译: 会计英语的重要性在于它作为财务报告和分析的通用语言的作用，使得会计和金融领域的专业人士能够跨越国界地有效沟通和理解复杂的财务信息。
EQ情商-Economic consequences 18 精品
SFAS 8 (1975)
Use of temporal method distinction between nonmonetary
and monetary items
nonmonetary items: historical rate monetary items: current rate translation adjustments included in net
Economic consequences
Shanghai University of Finance and Economics
YUAN HONGQI
DIFINITION
Zeff (1978): the impact of accounting reports on the decision making behavior of business, government and creditors
The key problem was that the translation adjustments were unrealized but included in net income. The treatment was inconsistent with generally accepted historical cost accounting. Realization of translation gains or losses would take a long time.
subsidiary was a separate operation and parent’s exposure is equal to its net investment
会计专业评估作文英语
会计专业评估作文英语Title: The Significance of Accounting Profession: An Evaluation。
Introduction:The field of accounting plays a crucial role in the global economy by providing financial information that facilitates decision-making for businesses, investors, and other stakeholders. In this essay, we will delve into the significance of the accounting profession, its evolution, challenges, and future prospects.Importance of Accounting:Accounting serves as the language of business, enabling organizations to communicate their financial health and performance to various stakeholders. It involves the recording, summarizing, and analyzing of financial transactions to produce financial statements such asbalance sheets, income statements, and cash flow statements. These statements provide insights into a company's profitability, liquidity, and overall financial health, guiding stakeholders in making informed decisions.Evolution of Accounting:The accounting profession has evolved significantlyover the years, adapting to changes in technology, regulations, and business practices. From its roots in ancient civilizations, where simple record-keeping was practiced, to the double-entry system pioneered by Luca Pacioli in the 15th century, accounting has continuously evolved to meet the needs of modern businesses. The adventof computers and accounting software has further revolutionized the profession, making data processing more efficient and enabling real-time financial reporting.Challenges Facing the Accounting Profession:Despite its importance, the accounting profession faces several challenges. One major challenge is maintainingethical standards and integrity in financial reporting. The occurrence of financial scandals, such as Enron and WorldCom, has raised concerns about the credibility of financial information provided by companies. Additionally, globalization and the increasing complexity of financial transactions pose challenges for accountants in ensuring compliance with international accounting standards and regulations.Another challenge is the rapid pace of technological advancement, which requires accountants to continually update their skills to remain relevant. Automation and artificial intelligence are reshaping the accounting landscape, automating routine tasks and data analysis. While these technologies offer opportunities for increased efficiency, they also raise concerns about job displacement and the need for accountants to develop new skills in data analysis and interpretation.Future Prospects of the Accounting Profession:Despite these challenges, the accounting professionremains indispensable in the global economy. As businesses continue to expand globally, the demand for skilled accountants who can navigate complex financial environments is expected to increase. Moreover, advancements in technology present opportunities for accountants to provide higher-value services such as financial analysis, strategic planning, and risk management.Conclusion:In conclusion, the accounting profession plays a vital role in the global economy by providing financialinformation that facilitates decision-making for businesses, investors, and other stakeholders. Despite facingchallenges such as maintaining ethical standards and adapting to technological advancements, the profession remains resilient and continues to evolve to meet the needs of modern businesses. As we look to the future, the demand for skilled accountants is expected to grow, underscoringthe significance of this profession in driving economic prosperity.。
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The influence of accounting information on the financial management of enterprises and the Countermeasures作者：李东印来源：《西部论丛》2019年第25期Abstract： accounting informatization can effectively improve the financial management ability of enterprises and ensure the sustainability of business development. There are some problems in the financial management under the enterprise accounting informatization， which need to be solved to promote the upgrading of financial management. This paper focuses on the enterprise financial management under the informatization， analyzes the existing problems， summarizes the countermeasures， in order to provide help for the enterprise financial management.Key words： accounting informatization， enterprise financial management， countermeasures1、 Accounting InformatizationUnder the background of enterprise informatization， accounting informatization is to integrate new technologies and concepts into accounting work by means of informatization， realize financial digitization and information sharing by means of computer network and new financial software system， and provide support for enterprise management， operation and analysis decisions through information resource integration. Accounting information is helpful to strengthen the competitiveness of enterprises and enhance the ability of financial management. Accounting informatization improves the efficiency of accounting work， strengthens the security of financial information of enterprises，and supports the operation and management of enterprises.2.Problems in financial management under Accounting Informatization2.1 ;Management concept needs to be improvedThe management concept of enterprise managers is backward， which does not meet the application and management requirements of accounting information， and even hinders the process of accounting information. After the accounting informationization of enterprises， the accounting knowledge and computer knowledge of accountants are deficient. Financial management is very important for business management. Financial personnel lack the ability of information management， which limits the role of accounting information.2. 2 ;Professional team needs to be builtThe financial managers of enterprises need not only the ability of financial management， but also the ability of software operation. The software knowledge and operation ability of accountants are generally weak， and there are few professional computer talents. Under the information environment， the financial management of enterprises has higher requirements for professional knowledge and experience， which requires the construction of professional team.2.3 ;Software application needs to be improvedThe single general financial software commonly used by enterprises has defects in function，can not fully support the diversity of production and operation， industry characteristics， and lack of management ability. At present， the application of accounting software in enterprises focuses on bookkeeping and accounting. The functions of financial analysis and financial management are limited， and the accounting and supervision under financial concentration are not perfect， which results in the nonstandard application of financial software and hinders the financial management of enterprises.3.Accounting information environment financial management countermeasures of enterprises3.1Update the concept of financial management to promote accounting informatizationAccounting informatization is the premise of new financial management， which requires decision-making level and management level to change their thinking， establish professional team，improve personnel capacity， improve application system， attach importance to risk management and control， improve financial management process， and ensure the operation of accounting informatization.3.2Establish financial system to improve financial management levelEnterprises must establish rules and regulations and strengthen their financial management ability. Enterprises should establish management and control awareness from the management level to employees， establish effective financial management mechanism and financial inspection system，strictly supervise financial confidentiality， and form a standardized and good financial management environment.3.3Strengthening financial audit in EnterprisesEnterprises need to formulate scientific assessment standards and practical audit system， ensure the scientificity of audit system， highlight the management and supervision functions， establish problem response mechanism and strategy， strengthen the coordination between audit and accounting department， and promote the improvement of working ability.3.4 Improve the risk awareness of financial managementAccounting work is confidential and safe， and accounting informatization has increased the risk to a certain extent. In order to ensure the reliability of data protection， enterprise finance should strengthen risk awareness， establish preventive and response measures， and systemize the inspection of application system.References[1] Li Xuhong. Impact analysis and Countermeasures of accounting informatization on enterprise financial management [J]. Financial learning， 2017 （10）[2] Wang Weixin. Enterprise financial management innovation in the era of big data [J]. Taxation. 2019 （13）： 199。