公司理财_6
《公司理财》习题及答案
项目一财务管理总体认知一、单项选择题1.下列各项企业财务管理目标中,能够同时考虑资金的时间价值和投资风险因素的是( D )。
A.产值最大化 B.利润最大化C.每股收益最大化 D.企业价值最大化2.企业筹资活动的最终结果是( D )。
A。
银行借款 B.发行债券C.发行股票D.资金流入7.相对于每股收益最大化目标而言,企业价值最大化目标的不足之处是( D )。
A.没有考虑资金的时间价值 B.没有考虑投资的风险价值C.不能反映企业潜在的获利能力 D.某些情况下确定比较困难9.下列法律法规同时影响企业筹资、投资和收益分配的是( A )。
A.公司法 B.金融法C.税法 D.企业财务通则10.在市场经济条件下,财务管理的核心是( B )。
A。
财务预测 B.财务决策C.财务控制 D。
财务分析二、多项选择题2.企业财务管理的基本内容包括( ACD )。
A。
筹资决策 B.技术决策C.投资决策 D.盈利分配决策3.财务管理的环境包括( ABCD ).A.技术环境 B.经济环境C.金融环境 D.法律环境4.以下项目中属于“利润最大化"目标存在的问题有( ABCD )。
A.没有考虑利润实现时间和资金时间价值B.没有考虑风险问题C.没有反映创造的利润与投入的资本之间的关系D.可能导致企业短期财务决策倾向,影响企业长远发展5.以股东财富最大化作为财务管理目标存在的问题有( ABC ).A.通常只适用于上市公司B.股价不能完全准确反映企业财务管理状况C.对其他相关者的利益重视不够D.没有考虑风险因素6.下列财务管理的目标当中,考虑了风险因素的有( BCD )。
A.利润最大化 B.股东财富最大化C.企业价值最大化 D.相关者利益最大化7.在分配活动中,企业财务管理的核心任务是( BC )。
A. 确定筹资结构 B。
确定分配规模C.确定分配方式 D。
确定投资方向8.利润最大化目标和每股利润最大化目标存在的共同缺陷有( ABD )。
公司理财习题4-6
第一章单项选择题参考答案1 .C 2. A 3.B 4. C 5.C 6. D 7. B 8.A 9.C多项选择题参考答案:1 .ABD 2. AC 3. ABCD 4. ABCD 5.ABD 6. ABCD 7. CD 8. BD 9. ABC10.ABC 11.ABC判断题参考答案:1 .X 2. √ 3.X 4. X 5. X 6. √ 7. X 8. √第二章单项选择题参考答案:1.B2. B3. D4. D5. C6. C7. A8. B多项选择题参考答案:1 .AC 2. ABCD 3. AC 4. AC 5. BCD判断题参考答案:1.√ 2. X 3.√ 4. V 5. X第三章单项选择题参考答案:1.D2. D 3.B 4. B多项选择题参考答案:1.ABCD2. BD3. ABCD4. ABCD5. BCD6. AD判断题参考答案:1 .X 2. X 3.X第四章练习题一、单项选择:1.一个公司“当期的营业性现金净流入量等于当期的净利润加折旧之和”,就意味着()。
A.该公司不会发生偿债危机 B.该公司当期没有股利分配C.该公司当期的营业收入都是现金流入D.该公司当期的营业成本与费用除折旧外都是付现费用2.年末,ABC公司正在考虑卖掉现有的一台闲置设备。
该设备于8年前以40 000元入,税法规定的折旧年限为10年,按照直线法计提折旧,预计残值率为10%,己提折旧28800元。
目前可以按10 000元价格卖出,假设所得税税率为30%,卖出现有设备对本期现金流量的影响是()。
A.减少360元 B.减少1200元 C.增加9 640元 D.增加10 360元3.已知某设备原值60 000元,税法规定残值率为10%,最终报废残值5000元,该公司所得税税率为40%,则该设备最终报废由于残值带来的现金流入量为()元。
A. 5 400B. 6 000C. 5 000D.46004.在长期投资决策中,一般来说,属于经营期现金流出项目的有()。
公司理财(MBA全景教程之六)
公司理财(MBA全景教程之六)★课程提纲——通过本课程,您能学到什么?第一讲1.财务与会计的内涵2.财务与会计的关系3.评判现行财务制度4.如何认识会计工作(一)第二讲1.如何认识会计工作(二)2.会计等式与会计报表第三讲1.现金流量表2.财务治理的目标3.财务治理的内容4.财务治理的职能第四讲1.财务分析概述2.流淌性分析3.资产治理分析4.长期偿债能力分析5.盈利能力分析6.上市公司财务分析第五讲1.财务推测(一)2.财务推测(二)第六讲1.财务推测(三)2.本量利分析3.财务预算4.作业成本与作业预算5.一般股筹资第七讲1.负债筹资2.营运资金政策3.资本成本4.财务杠杆5.资本结构第八讲1.三种投资分类方式2.投资中考虑的因素3.项目投资决策基础4.长期投资决策方法(一)第九讲1.长期投资决策方法(二)2.证券的评判第十讲1.现金和有价证券治理2.应收账款和存货治理3.利润分配活动的治理4.构建现代企业财务治理体系第1讲财务治理基础知识(一)【本讲重点】财务与会计的关系会计的基础知识(一)财务与会计的关系【重点提示】财务与会计的内涵财务与会计的关系评判现行财务制度财务与会计的内涵1.会计会计工作要紧是解决三个环节的咨询题:会计凭证会计账簿会计报表图1-1 会计工作的三个环节2.财务财务不是解决对外报告的咨询题,而是要解决企业内部资金运作过程中的一系列咨询题,涉及到推测、决策、操纵和规划。
财务所要解决的是如何筹集资金,筹集资金以后如何进行投资,项目投资完成以后,在经营过程当中营运资本如何治理,以及最后盈利如何分配的咨询题,它包括筹资治理、投资治理、经营活动的治理和分配活动的治理。
财务与会计的关系1.理论上财务和会计的关系过去理论上对财务和会计的关系有三种看法:(1)大财务:财务决定会计;(2)大会计:会计决定财务;(3)平行观:财务和会计是一种平行的关系,不存在谁决定谁的咨询题。
2.实务上财务和会计的关系实务上这三种观点不可能同时存在。
罗斯公司理财PPT第6章
净资本投资
净营运资本变动
利息费用
后续章节将讨论资本结构中债务所占
比重大小对公司的影响 目前,我们暂且假定公司的负债水平 (以及由此产生的利息费用)与眼前 的项目之间是互相独立的。
6-8
6.2 包尔得文公司:一个例子
市场考察成本(已花费): $250,000 生产厂址(是我们所拥有的)的目前市价: $150,000 保龄球设备的成本: $100,000 (按改进的 加速成本折旧法分5年折旧) 净营运资本增加: $10,000 设备在5年中的产量分别为:5,000, 8,000, 12,000, 10,000, 6,000
6-3
现金流量—而非会计利润
考虑折旧费用
你从来不会为“折旧”而开支票进行支
票吧?
项目评价的大部分工作都需要利用会
计数据来推导现金流量
6-4
增量现金流量
沉没成本是不相关的
―我们已经……‖并不是继续往坏项目上投钱的 理由
机会成本是相关的!如果一个项目的NPV 为正,并不意味着我们就应当自动接受它。 特别地,如果将资金用于另一个项目还可 能带来更高的NPV,我们显然就不应继续 这个项目。
6-27
6-13
包尔得文公司:一个例子
第0年 收益: (8) 销售收入 (9) 经营成本
第1 年
163.20 88.00
第2年
第3 年
第4年 第 5年
100.00 50.00
249.70 212.24 129.89 145.20 133.10 87.85
同样,设备在5年内的产量分布为:
(5,000, 8,000, 12,000, 10,000, 6,000). 第1年的生产成本为每件$10, 以后每年增长10% 因此第2年的生产成本为: = 8,000×[$10×(1.10)1] = $88,000
例题整理
或 PV = ¥20,000 [1 - 1/(1+4%)3]/4%
= ¥20,000 2.775091 = ¥55,501.82
CUFE 金融学院 公司理财
19
例题:如何计算等额支付 C ?
问题:如果你想买一辆价值¥25,000的车,首付10%,其余 部分银行按12%的年利率给你贷款60个月,你的月供是 多少? 回答:你将借贷的总额是90% ×¥25,000 = ¥22,500 . 这是 贷款的现值,月利率为1%,连续计复利60次:
例题:增长型永续年金的现值
• 某增长型永续年金明年将分红1.30元,并将以5% 的速度增长下去,年贴现率为10%, 那么该年金 的现值是多少?
¥ 1.30 ¥ 1.30×(1.05) ¥ 1.30 ×(1.05)2
…
0
1
2
3
¥ 1.30 PVA ¥ 26.00 0.10 0.05
CUFE 金融学院 公司理财 24
CUFE 金融学院 公司理财 14
计息频率
• 注意:当计息频率增大时,真实年利率 上升
• 当计息频率趋于无穷大时,真实年利率 也趋于无穷吗?
m k EFF Lim 1 1 e k 1 m m
CUFE 金融学院 公司理财
15
计息次数的例子
25
• 假定收入发生在工作1年之后,那么相当于 2000年7月1日的价值为
P A (P / A,5%,40) (P / F,5%,1) 36000 17.159 0.9524 588320
• 而相当于2041年的价值为
F A (F / A,5%,40) 36000 120 .8 4348800
Ch 6 Cost of Capital(公司理财(哈工大深圳研究生院,王苏生)
HIT SGS
RISK AND RETURN
Shareholders' required rate of return, rE , compensates for • Time value of money - riskless rate of return, rf • Risk - they require a risk premium depending on the risk level
HIT SGS
COST OF DEBT, WEIGHTS AND TAX RATE
The cost of debt capital, rD is the current Yield to Maturity, or YTM, on the bond - it is the IRR on the company's bonds Note that it is the current IRR, not historical coupon rates. Often estimated as a spread over T-bond rates
Learn how to incorporate risk in DCF valuations
HIT SGS
DEFINITION OF COST OF CAPITAL
The opportunity cost of capital is expected return that the owners of the firm could have earned if they invested in other projects with similar risk • It recognizes the foregone opportunities when investing in the project as opposed to other projects with similar risk
《公司理财》教学大纲
《公司理财》课程教学大纲课程英文名称:Corporate Finance课程代码:课程性质:文化素质选修课适用专业:各专业适用总学时数:24 其中讲课学时:24 实验学时:总学分数:1编写人:刘承智审核人:廖国和一、课程简介(一)课程性质及其在课程体系中的地位《公司理财》是管理类专业的专业基础课,也是经济类专业的专业必修课。
对于非经济管理类专业而言,通过《公司理财》课程的学习,了解理财学的基本思想和原理,树立正确的理财观念,掌握基本的公司理财的方法手段,对提升学生文化素质,培养其创业思想和能力会起到重要作用。
该课程运用西方财务理论的基本立场、观点和方法,从客观资本市场现实出发,对于理财的本质及其发展规律展开深入的分析和探讨,并把它概括归纳、总结上升为理论形态。
它主要解决的是为什么要理财以及如何理财的问题,是人们认识、把握和分析理财的理论基础和基本的方法论,是一门培养理财能力非常重要的文化素质选修课。
(二)课程教学目标1、课程能力目标:能够初步利用公司理财的基本技能分析企业经营和日常生活中和财务有关的经济现象。
能够运用筹资的基本知识对企业的筹资方案进行预测、决策分析。
能够运用投资的基本知识对企业的投资方案进行预测、决策分析。
能够结合日常财务管理的具体方法对企业理财的不足之处提出管理建议。
能够阅读并对公司财务报表进行指标分析和综合分析。
2、课程知识目标:掌握公司理财的概念,财务活动、财务关系、理财基本环节的主要内容,明确理财目标的含义、特点及优缺点,并掌握其实现与协调方法。
理解各种外部环境对公司理财的影响。
明确资金时间价值各要素的实质意义,掌握并熟练运用公式。
掌握资本成本的概念、构成和作用,并能计算各种不同类型的资本成本。
掌握各种杠杆效益的原理和最佳资本结构的衡量方法。
掌握债券、股票等筹资方式的分类、基本要素及优缺点,掌握长期借款、融资租赁等筹资方式的分类、基本要素及优缺点。
理解投资决策分析中用现金流量而不用利润指标的原因。
公司理财第九版 -第6章
Quick Quiz – Part I
• Suppose you are looking at the following possible cash flows: Year 1 CF = $100; Years 2 and 3 CFs = $200; Years 4 and 5 CFs = $300. The required discount rate is 7%. • What is the value of the cash flows at year 5? • What is the value of the cash flows today? • What is the value of the cash flows at year 3?
6F-10
Multiple Cash Flows – PV Another Example 求多期现值
• You are considering an investment that will pay you $1,000 in one year, $2,000 in two years and $3000 in three years. If you want to earn 10% on your money, how much would you be willing to pay?
0 0 0
…
0
25K 25K 25K
25K 25K
Notice that the year 0 cash flow = 0 (CF0 = 0)
The cash flows in years 1 – 39 are 0 (C01 = 0; F01 = 39)
The cash flows in years 40 – 44 are 25,000 (C02 = 25,000; F02 = 5)
公司理财课后习题参考答案
公司理财课后习题参考答案ANSWS第1章习题答案1.在投资活动上,固定资产投资大量增加,增加金额为387270117(万元)2.在筹资活动上,非流动负债减少,流动负债大大增加,增加金额为29990109(万元)3.在营运资本表现上,2022年初的营运资本20220220(万元)2022年末的营运资本21129988(万元)营运资本不仅大大减少,而且已经转为负数。
这与流动负债大大增加,而且主要用于固定资产的形成直接相关。
第2章习题答案1.PV200(P/A,3%,10)(P/F,3%,2)1608.11(元)2.5000012500(P/A,10%,n)(P/A,10%,n)50000/125004查表,(P/A,10%,5)3.7908(P/A,10%,6)4.3553n543.7908(65)(43.7908)插值计算:n5654.35533.79084.35533.7908n5.37最后一次取款的时间为5.37年。
3.租入设备的年金现值14762(元),低于买价。
租入好。
4.乙方案的现值9.942万元,低于甲方案。
乙方案好。
5.40001000(P/F,3%,2)1750(P/F,3%,6)F(P/F,3%,10)F2140.12第五年末应还款2140.12万元。
6.(1)债券价值4(P/A,5%,6)100(P/F,5%,6)20.3074.6294.92(元)(2)2022年7月1日债券价值4(P/A,6%,4)100(P/F,6%,4)13.8679.2193.07(元)(3)4(P/F,i/2,1)104(P/F,i/2,2)97i12%时,4(P/F,6%,1)104(P/F,6%,2)3.7792.5696.33i10%时,4(P/F,5%,1)104(P/F,5%,2)3.8194.3398.14利用内插法:(i10%)/(12%10%)(98.1497)/(98.1496.33)解得i11.26%7.第三种状态估价不正确,应为12.79元。
如何进行公司理财
如何进行公司理财公司理财是指对公司的资金进行有效管理和运用,以实现公司财务目标的过程。
它涉及到资金的筹集、投资、运营和分配等各个环节。
一家公司的理财能力和水平直接影响到其经营业绩和发展潜力。
下面将详细介绍公司理财的一般步骤和主要原则。
一、公司理财的一般步骤1.了解公司财务状况:首先需要了解公司的财务状况,包括资产、负债、现金流、利润等方面的情况。
这可以通过查阅财务报表、分析财务指标等来实现。
2.制定财务目标:根据公司的经营战略和市场环境,制定合理的财务目标。
财务目标应当具体、可衡量和可达到。
3.制定资金筹集计划:根据公司的资金需求和财务目标,制定资金筹集计划。
资金筹集可以通过自有资金、借贷、股权融资等多种方式实现。
4.进行资金投资:根据公司的资金筹集计划和财务目标,进行资金投资。
资金投资可以选择投资项目、购买金融资产等多种方式。
5.进行资金运营:对已经筹集和投资的资金进行运营管理,以实现资金的最大利用和最大增值。
这需要进行风险管理、资产配置、流动性管理、税务规划等工作。
6.进行资金分配:将公司的利润按照一定比例进行分配,以满足投资者和股东的需求,同时为公司的再投资和发展提供足够的资金。
二、公司理财的主要原则1.长期导向原则:公司的理财应当注重长远效益和持续发展。
不能为了眼前利益而牺牲长远发展。
2.风险控制原则:公司理财应当注意风险,采取合理的风险管理措施,减少风险对公司的影响。
3.收益最大化原则:公司理财的目标是追求利润最大化,提高资金的使用效率和增值能力。
4.费用最小化原则:在追求收益最大化的前提下,尽量减少理财过程中的各种费用和成本。
5.信息透明原则:公司理财应当在合法、规范和透明的基础上进行,与投资者、股东、债权人等进行及时、准确的信息沟通。
6.合规管理原则:公司理财应当遵守国家法律法规和公司治理准则,保障公司和股东的合法权益。
7.策略与执行原则:理财工作需要制定合理的理财策略,并注重执行力度,确保理财策略的落地和实施。
公司理财英文版第五章第六章-表格
• Formula:
1 1 (1.01) 48 PV 632 23,999.54 .01
6F-18
Buying a House
• You are ready to buy a house, and you have $20,000 for a down payment and closing costs. Closing costs are estimated to be 4% of the loan value. You have an annual salary of $36,000, and the bank is willing to allow your monthly mortgage payment to be equal to 28% of your monthly income. The interest rate on the loan is 6% per year with monthly compounding (.5% per month) r a 30-year fixed rate loan. How much money will the bank loan you? How much can you offer for the house?
• Future value interest factor = (1 + r)t
5F-6
Effects of Compounding
• Simple interest • Compound interest • Consider the previous example
– FV with simple interest = 1,000 + 50 + 50 = 1,100 – FV with compound interest = 1,102.50 – The extra 2.50 comes from the interest of .05(50) = 2.50 earned on the first interest payment
公司理财的内容有哪些
公司理财的内容有哪些公司理财是指企业对资金的合理运用和管理,以实现财务目标和最大化利润为目的的一项重要工作。
公司理财内容涉及多方面,包括资金筹集、资金投资、资金运营等方面。
下面将从不同的角度来介绍公司理财的内容。
首先,资金筹集是公司理财的重要内容之一。
资金筹集是指企业通过不同的途径获取资金,包括自有资金、债务融资和股权融资等。
企业需要根据自身的经营情况和发展需要,制定合理的资金筹集计划,确保资金来源的多样性和灵活性,降低资金成本,保障企业的正常经营和发展。
其次,资金投资是公司理财的另一个重要内容。
资金投资是指企业将闲置资金进行有效配置和运用,以获取更高的收益。
企业可以通过投资股票、债券、基金等金融产品,或者投资于实业、房地产等实体项目,实现资金的增值和流动性管理。
在进行资金投资时,企业需要根据自身的风险偏好和投资期限,制定合理的投资策略和风险控制措施,确保资金的安全和稳健增值。
另外,资金运营也是公司理财的重要内容之一。
资金运营是指企业对资金的日常管理和运作,包括资金的收付、结算、理财、风险管理等方面。
企业需要建立健全的资金管理制度和内部控制机制,加强对资金流动的监控和预测,合理安排资金的使用和周转,确保企业的资金安全和流动性。
此外,公司理财还包括财务规划、成本控制、财务风险管理等内容。
财务规划是指企业根据经营发展的需要,制定长期和短期的财务目标和计划,合理安排资金的使用和配置,确保企业的财务稳健和持续发展。
成本控制是指企业对生产经营中的各项成本进行合理控制和降低,提高企业的盈利能力和竞争力。
财务风险管理是指企业对外部市场环境和内部经营风险进行识别、评估和应对,保障企业的财务安全和稳健经营。
综上所述,公司理财的内容涉及资金筹集、资金投资、资金运营、财务规划、成本控制、财务风险管理等多个方面。
企业需要根据自身的实际情况,科学合理地进行公司理财,以实现财务目标,保障企业的经营稳健和持续发展。
公司理财第五版课后习题答案
公司理财第五版课后习题答案考试题型:一、单项选择题:15分二、多项选择题:10分三、填空题15分四、名词解释:15分后五、简答题:15分后六、计算题:30分后一、单项选择题1、在筹资投资理财阶段,公司投资理财的重点内容就是()。
BA有效运用资金 B如何设法筹集到所需资金 C研究投资组合 D国际融资2、以往被西方经济学家和企业家做为公司的经营目标和投资理财目标的就是()。
AA利润最大化 B资本利润率最大化 C每股利润最大化 D股东财富最大化3、现代公司投资理财的目标就是()。
CA获利能力最大化 B偿债能力最大化 C股东财富最大化 D追求利润最大化4、由于生产经营不断地展开而引发资金不断地循环叫做()。
CA资金运动 B财务活动 C资金周转 D资金耗费二、多项选择题1、以利润最大化作为公司理财目标存在的缺陷有()。
ABCDEA无法精确充分反映所荣获利润额同资金投入资本额的关系 B没考量利润出现的时间C会导致公司理财决策者的短期行为 D没有考虑货币的时间价值E没考虑到经营风险问题2、股东财富最大化作为公司理财目标的优点有()。
ABCDEA考量了货币的时间价值 B考量了风险价值C体现了对公司资产保值增值的要求 D克服公司经营上的短期行为E使得公司投资理财当局从长远战略角度展开财务决策3、公司的财务活动包括()。
ABCDEA资金的筹措 B资金的运用 C资金的花费 D资金的归还 E资金的分配4、公司理财的内容主要有()。
ABEA筹资决策 B投资决策 C成本决策 D价格决策 E股利分配决策三、填空题1、直观地谈,公司投资理财就是公司如何(万晓塘、多管齐下、以有)。
2、公司理财产生至今经历了筹资、(内部控制)、投资和国际理财阶段。
3、在内部掌控投资理财阶段,公司投资理财的重点内容就是如何有效地(运用资金)。
4、投资理财阶段重视两项理财内容:一是研究公司(最佳资本结构)的构成;一是研究(投资组再分理论)及其对公司财务决策的影响。
罗斯公司理财第六版习题答案第6章
Chapter 6: Some Alternative Investment RulesConcept Questions - Chapter 66.2 ∙List the problems of the payback period rule.1.It does not take into account the time value of money.2.It ignores payments after the payback period.3.The cutoff period is arbitrary.∙What are some advantages?1.It is simple to implement.2.It may help in controlling and evaluating managers.6.4 ∙What are the three steps in calculating AAR?1.Determine average net income.2.Determine average investment3.Divide average net income by average investment.∙What are some flaws with the AAR approach?1.It uses accounting figures.2.It takes no account of timing.3.The cutoff period is arbitrary.6.5 ∙How does one calculate the IRR of a project?Using either trial-and-error or a financial calculator, one finds the discount ratethat produces an NPV of zero.6.6 ∙What is the difference between independent projects and mutually exclusiveprojects?An independent project is one whose acceptance does not affect the acceptance of another. A mutually exclusive project, on the other hand is one whose acceptance precludes the acceptance of another.∙What are two problems with the IRR approach that apply to both independent and mutually exclusive projects?1.The decision rule depends on whether one is investing of financing.2.Multiple rates of return are possible.∙What are two additional problems applying only to mutually exclusive projects?1.The IRR approach ignores issues of scale.2.The IRR approach does not accommodate the timing of the cash flowsproperly.6.7 ∙How does one calculate a project's profitability index?Divide the present value of the cash flows subsequent to the initial investment by the initial investment.∙How is the profitability index applied to independent projects, mutually exclusive projects, and situations of capital rationing?1.With independent projects, accept the project if the PI is greater than 1.0 andreject if less than 1.0.2.With mutually exclusive projects, use incremental analysis, subtracting thecash flows of project 2 from project 1. Find the PI. If the PI is greater than1.0, accept project 1. If less than 1.0, accept project2.3.In capital rationing, the firm should simply rank the projects according to theirrespective PIs and accept the projects with the highest PIs, subject to thebudget constrain.Answers to End-of-Chapter ProblemsQUESTIONS AND PROBLEMSThe Payback Period Rule6.1 Fuji Software, Inc., has the following projects.Year Project A Project B0 _$7,500 _$5,0001 4,000 2,5002 3,500 1,2003 1,500 3,000a. Suppose Fuji’s cutoff payback period is two years. Which of these two projects should be chosen?b. Suppose Fuji uses the NPV rule to rank these two projects. If the appropriate discount rate is 15 percent, which project should be chosen?6.1 a. Payback period of Project A = 1 + ($7,500 - $4,000) / $3,500 = 2 yearsPayback period of Project B = 2 + ($5,000 - $2,500 -$1,200) / $3,000 = 2.43 yearsProject A should be chosen.b. NPV A = -$7,500 + $4,000 / 1.15 + $3,500 / 1.152 + $1,500 / 1.153 = -$388.96NPV B = -$5,000 + $2,500 / 1.15 + $1,200 / 1.152 + $3,000 / 1.153 = $53.83Project B should be chosen.6.2 Suppose Peach Paving Company invests $1 million today on a new construction project. The project will generate annual cash flows of $150,000 in perpetuity. The appropriate annual discount rate for the project is 10 percent.a. What is the payback period for the project? If the Peach Paving Company desires to have a 10-year payback period, should the project be adopted?b. What is the discounted payback period for the project?c. What is the NPV of the project?6.2 a. Payback period = 6 + {$1,000,000 - ($150,000 ⨯ 6)} / $150,000 = 6.67 yearsYes, the project should be adopted.A= $974,259b. $150,000 11.010The discounted payback period = 11 + ($1,000,000 - $974,259) / ($150,000 / 1.112)= 11.54 yearsc. NPV = -$1,000,000 + $150,000 / 0.10 = $500,000The Average Accounting Return6.3 The annual, end-of-year, book-investment accounts for the machine whose purchase your firm is considering are shown below.Purchase Year Year Year YearDate 1 2 3 4Gross investment $16,000 $16,000 $16,000 $16,000 $16,000Less: accumulateddepreciation ______0_ ___4_,0_0_0_ ___8_,0_0_0_ __1_2_,0_0_0_ _1_6_,_0_0_0Net investment $16,000 $12,000 $ 8,000 $ 4,000 $ 0If your firm purchases this machine, you can expect it to generate, on average, $4,500 peryear in additional net income.a. What is the average accounting return for this machine?b. What three flaws are inherent in this decision rule?6.3 a. Average Investment:($16,000 + $12,000 + $8,000 + $4,000 + 0) / 5 = $8,000Average accounting return:$4,500 / $8,000 = 0.5625 = 56.25%b. 1. AAR does not consider the timing of the cash flows, hence it does notconsider the time value of money.2. AAR uses an arbitrary firm standard as the decision rule.3. AAR uses accounting data rather than net cash flows.6.4 Western Printing Co. has an opportunity to purchase a $2 million new printing machine. It has an economic life of five years and will be worthless after that time. This new investment is expected to generate an annual net income of $100,000 one year from today and the income stream will grow at 7 percent per year subsequently. The company adopts a straight-line depreciation method (i.e., equal amounts of depreciation in each year). What is the average accounting return of the investment? Supposing Western Printing’s AAR cutoff is 20 percent, should the machine be purchased?6.4 Average Investment = ($2,000,000 + 0) / 2 = $1,000,000Average net income = [$100,000 {(1 + g)5 - 1} / g] / 5= {$100,000A (1.075 - 1} / 0.07} / 5= $115,014.78AAR = $115,014.78 / $1,000,000 = 11.50%No, since the machine’s AAR is less than the firm’s cutoff AAR.6.5 Nokia Group has invested $8,000 in a high-tech project. This cost is depreciated on an accelerated basis that yields $4,000, $2,500, $1,500 of depreciation, respectively, during its three-year economic life. The project is expected to produce income before tax of $2,000 each year during its economic life. If the tax rate is 25%, what is the project’s average accounting return (AAR)?a. 44.44%b. 50.23%c. 66.67%d. 70.00%e. 82.21%The Internal Rate of Return6.5 a6.6 Compute the internal rate of return on projects with the following cash flows.Cash Flows ($)Year Project A Project B0 _3,000 _6,0001 2,500 5,0002 1,000 2,000/ $160,000 = 1.046.6PI = $40,000 715.0Since the PI exceeds one accept the project.6.7 CPC, Inc., has a project with the following cash flows.Year Cash Flows ($)0 _8,0001 4,0002 3,0003 2,000a. Compute the internal rate of return on the project.b. Suppose the appropriate discount rate is 8 percent. Should the project be adopted by CPC?6.7 The IRR is the discount rate at which the NPV = 0.-$3,000 + $2,500 / (1 + IRR A) + $1,000 / (1 + IRR A)2 = 0By trial and error, IRR A = 12.87%Since project B’s cash flows are two times of those of project A, the IRR B = IRR A =12.87%6.8 Compute the internal rate of return for the cash flows of the following two projects.Cash Flows ($)Time A B0 _2,000 _1,5001 2,000 5002 8,000 1,0003 _8,000 1,5006.8 a. Solve x by trial and error:-$4,000 + $2,000 / (1 + x) + $1,500 / (1 + x)2 + $1,000 / (1 + x)3 = 0x = 6.93%b. No, since the IRR (6.93%) is less than the discount rate of 8%.6.9 Suppose you are offered $5,000 today and obligated to make scheduled payments as follows:Year Cash Flows ($)0 5,0001 _2,5002 _2,0003 _1,0004 _1,000a. What is the IRRs of this offer?b. If the appropriate discount rate is 10 percent, should you accept this offer?c. If the appropriate discount rate is 20 percent, should you accept this offer?Chapter 6 Some Alternative Investment Rules 165d. What is the corresponding NPV of the project if the appropriate discount rates are 10 percent and 20 percent, respectively? Are the choices under the NPV rule consistent with those of the IRR rule?6.9 Find the IRRs of project A analytically. Since the IRR is the discount rate that makes the NPVequal to zero, the following equation must hold.-$200 + $200 / (1 + r) + $800 / (1 + r)2 - $800 / (1 + r)3 = 0$200 [-1 + 1 / (1 + r)] - {$800 / (1 + r)2}[-1 + 1 / (1 + r)] = 0[-1 + 1 / (1 + r)] [$200 - $800 / (1 + r)2] = 0For this equation to hold, either [-1 + 1 / (1 + r)] = 0 or [$200 - $800 / (1 + r)2] = 0.Solve each of these factors for the r that would cause the factor to equal zero. Theresulting rates are the two IRRs for project A. They are either r = 0% or r = 100%.Note: By inspection you should have known that one of the IRRs of project A iszero. Notice that the sum of the un-discounted cash flows for project A is zero.Thus, not discounting the cash flows would yield a zero NPV. The discount ratewhich is tantamount to not discounting is zero.Here are some of the interactions used to find the IRR by trial and error.Sophisticated calculators can compute this rate without all of the tedium involved inthe trial-and-error method.NPV = -$150 + $50 / 1.3 + $100 / 1.32 + $150 / 1.33 = $15.91NPV = -$150 + $50 / 1.4 + $100 / 1.42 + $150 / 1.43 = -$8.60NPV = -$150 + $50 / 1.37 + $100 / 1.372 + $150 / 1.373 = -$1.89NPV = -$150 + $50 / 1.36 + $100 / 1.36 2 + $150 / 1.363 = $0.46NPV = -$150 + $50 / 1.36194 + $100 / 1.361942 + $150 / 1.361943= $0.0010NPV = -$150 + $50 / 1.36195 + $100 / 1.361952 + $150 / 1.361953= -$0.0013NPV = -$150 + $50 / 1.361944 + $100 / 1.3619442 + $150 / 1.3619443= $0.0000906Thus, the IRR is approximately 36.1944%.6.10 As the Chief Financial Officer of the Orient Express, you are offered the following twomutually exclusive projects.Year Project A Project B0 _$5,000 _$100,0001 3,500 65,0002 3,500 65,000a. What are the IRRs of these two projects?b. If you are told only the IRRs of the projects, which would you choose?c. What did you ignore when you made your choice in part (b)?d. How can the problem be remedied?e. Compute the incremental IRR for the projects.f. Based on your answer to part (e), which project should you choose?g. Suppose you have determined that the appropriate discount rate for these projectsis 15 percent. According to the NPV rule, which of these two projects should beadopted?6.10 a. Solve r in the equation:$5,000 - $2,500 / (1 + r) - $2,000 / (1 + r)2 - $1,000 / (1 + r)3- $1,000 / (1 + r)4 = 0By trial and error,IRR = r = 13.99%b. Since this problem is the case of financing, accept the project if the IRR is less thanthe required rate of return.IRR = 13.99% > 10%Reject the offer.c. IRR = 13.99% < 20%Accept the offer.d. When r = 10%:NPV = $5,000 - $2,500 / 1.1 - $2,000 / 1.12 - $1,000 / 1.13 - $1,000 / 1.14= -$359.95When r = 20%:NPV = $5,000 - $2,500 / 1.2 - $2,000 / 1.22 - $1,000 / 1.23 - $1,000 / 1.24= $466.82Yes, they are consistent with the choices of the IRR rule since the signs of the cashflows change only once.6.11 Consider two streams of cash flows, A and B. Cash flow A consists of $5,000 starting three years from today and growing at 4 percent in perpetuity. Cash flow B consists of _$6,000 starting two years from today and continuing in perpetuity. Assume the appropriate discount rate is 12 percent.a. What is the present value of each stream?b. What is the IRR of a project C, which is a combination of projects A and B; that is, C _ A _ B?c. If it is assumed that the discount rate is always positive, what is the rule related to IRR for assessing project C that would correspond to the NPV rule?6.11 a. Project A:NPV = -$5,000 + $3,500 / (1 + r) + $3,500 / (1 + r)2 = 0IRR = r = 25.69%Project B:NPV = -$100,000 + $65,000 / (1 + r) + $65,000 / (1 + r)2 = 0IRR = r = 19.43%b. Choose project A because it has a higher IRR.c. The difference in scale is ignored.d. Apply the incremental IRR method.e.C0C1C2B - A -$95,000 $61,500 $61,500NPV = -$95,000 + $61,500 / (1 + r) + $61,500 / (1 + r)2 = 0Incremental IRR = r = 19.09%f. If the discount rate is less than 19.09%, choose project B.Otherwise, choose project A.g. NPV A = -$5,000 + $3,500 / 1.15 + $3,500 / 1.152 = $689.98NPV B = -$100,000 + $65,000 / 1.15 + $65,000 / 1.152 = $5,671.08Choose project B.6.12 Project A involves an investment of $1 million, and project B involves an investment of $2 million. Both projects have a unique internal rate of return of 20 percent. Is the following statement true or false? Explain your answer.For any discount rate between 0 percent and 20 percent, inclusive, project B has an NPV twice as great as that of project A.6.12 a. PV A = {$5,000 / (0.12 - 0.04)} / 1.122 = $49,824.61 PV B = (-$6,000 / 0.12) / 1.12 = -$44,642.86 b. The IRR for project C must solve{$5,000 / (x - 0.04)} / (1 + x)2 + (-$6,000 / x) / (1 + x) = 0 $5,000 / (x - 0.04) - $6,000 (1 + x) / x = 0 25 x 2 + 3.17 x - 1 =0x = {-3.17 - (110.0489)0.5} / 50 or {-3.17 + (110.0489)0.5} / 50 The relevant positive root is IRR = x = 0.1464 = 14.64%c.To arrive at the appropriate decision rule, we must graph the NPV as a function of the discount rate. At a discount rate of 14.64% the NPV is zero. To determine if the graph is upward or downward sloping, check the NPV at another discount rate. At a discount rate of 10% the NPV is $14,325.07 [= $68,870.52 - $54,545.54]. Thus, the graph of the NPV is downward sloping. From the discussion in the text, if an NPV graph is downward sloping, the project is an investing project. The correct decision rule for an investing project is to accept the project if the discount rate is below 14.64%.The Profitability Index6.13 Suppose the following two mutually exclusive investment opportunities are available to the DeAngelo Firm. The appropriate discount rate is 10 percent. Year Project Alpha Project Beta 0 _$500 _$2,000 1 _300 _300 2 700 1,800 3 600 1,700a. What is the NPV of project alpha and project beta?b. Which project would you recommend for the DeAngelo Firm?6.13 Generally, the statement is false. If the cash flows of project B occur early and the cashflows of project A occur late, then for a low discount rate the NPV of A can exceed the NPV of B. Examples are easy to construct.14.64%10%rNPV$14,325.07C0C1C2IRR NPV @ 0% A: -$1,000,000 $0 $1,440,000 0.20 $440,000B: -2,000,000 2,400,000 0 0.20 400,000 In one particular case, the statement is true for equally risky projects. If the lives of thetwo projects are equal and in every time period the cash flows of the project B are twicethe cash flows of project A, then the NPV of project B will be twice as great as the NPV of project A for any discount rate between 0% and 20%.6.14 The firm for which you work must choose between the following two mutually exclusive projects. The appropriate discount rate for the projects is 10 percent.ProfitabilityC0 C1 C2 Index NPVA _$1,000 $1,000 $500 1.32 $322B _500 500 400 1.57 285The firm chose to undertake A. At a luncheon for shareholders, the manager of a pension fund that owns a substantial amount of the firm’s stock asks you why the firm chose project A instead of project B when B is more profitable.How would you justify your firm’s action? Are there any circumstances under which the pension fund manager’s argument could be correct?6.14 a. NPVα = $756.57 - $500 = $256.57NPVβ = $2,492.11 - $2,000 = $492.11b. Choose project beta.6.15 The treasurer of Davids, Inc., has projected the cash flows of projects A, B, and C as follows. Suppose the relevant discount rate is 12 percent a year.Year Project A Project B Project C0 _$100,000 _$200,000 _$100,0001 70,000 130,000 75,0002 70,000 130,000 60,000a. Compute the profitability indices for each of the three projects.b. Compute the NPVs for each of the three projects.c. Suppose these three projects are independent. Which projects should Davids accept based on the profitability index rule?d. Suppose these three projects are mutually exclusive. Which project should Davids accept based on the profitability index rule?e. Suppose Davids’ budget for these projects is $300,000. The projects are not divisible. Which projects should Davids accept?6.15 Although the profitability index is higher for project B than for project A, the NPV is theincrease in the value of the company that will occur if a particular project is undertaken.Thus, the project with the higher NPV should be chosen because it increases the value of the firm the most. Only in the case of capital rationing could the pension fund manager be correct.6.16 Bill plans to open a self-serve grooming center in a storefront. The grooming equipment will cost $160,000. Bill expects the after-tax cash inflows to be $40,000 annually for seven years, after which he plans to scrap the equipment and retire to the beaches of Jamaica.Assume the required return is 15%. What is the project’s PI? Should it be accepted?Comparison of Investment Rules6.16 a. PI A = ($70,000 / 1.12 + $70,000 / 1.122) / $100,000 = 1.183PI B = ($130,000 / 1.12 + $130,000 / 1.122) / $200,000 = 1.099PI C = ($75,000 / 1.12 + $60,000 / 1.122) / $100,000 = 1.148b. NPV A = -$100,000 + $118,303.57 = $18,303.57NPV B = -$200,000 + $219,706.63 = $19,706.63NPV C = -$100,000 + $114,795.92 = $14,795.92c. Accept all three projects because PIs of all the three projects are greater than one.d. Based on the PI rule, project C can be eliminated because its PI is less than the oneof project A, while both have the same amount of the investment. We can computethe PI of the incremental cash flows between the two projects,Project C0C1C2PIB - A -$100,000 $60,000 $60,000 1.014We should take project B since the PI of the incremental cash flows is greater thanone.e. Project B has the highest NPV, while A has the next highest NPV.Take both projects A and B.6.17 Define each of the following investment rules. In your definition state the criteria for accepting or rejecting an investment under each rule.a. Payback periodb. Average accounting returnc. Internal rate of returnd. Profitability indexe. Net present value6.17 a. The payback period is the time it takes to recoup the initial investment of a project.Accept any project that has a payback period that is equal to or shorter than thecompany’s standard payback period. Reject all other projects.b. The average accounting return (AAR) is defined asAverage project earnings ÷ Average book value of the investment.Accep t projects for which the AAR is equal to or greater than the firm’s standard.Reject all other projects.c. The internal rate of return (IRR) is the discount rate which makes the net presentvalue (NPV) of the project zero. The accept / reject criteria is:If C0 < 0 and all future cash flows are positive, accept the project if IRR ≥discount rate.If C0 < 0 and all future cash flows are positive, reject the project if IRR <discount rate.If C0 > 0 and all future cash flows are negative, accept the project if IRR ≤discount rate.If C0 > 0 and all future cash flows are negative, reject the project if IRR >discount rate.If the project has cash flows that alternate in sign, there is likely to be more thanone positive IRR. In that situation, there is no valid IRR accept / reject rule.d. The profitability index (PI) is defined as:(The present value of the cash flows subsequent to the initial investment ÷The initial investment)Accept any project for which the profitability index is equal to or greater thanone. Reject project for which that is not true.e. The net present value (NPV) is the sum of the present values of all project cashflows. Accept those projects with NPVs which are equal to or greater than zero.Rejects p roposals with negative NPVs.6.18 Consider the following cash flows of two mutually exclusive projects for Chinese Daily News.New Sunday New SaturdayYear Early Edition Late Edition0 _$1,200 _$2,1001 600 1,0002 550 9003 450 800a. Based on the payback period rule, which project should be chosen?b. Suppose there is no corporate tax and the cash flows above are income before the depreciation. The firm uses a straight-line depreciation method (i.e., equal amounts of depreciation in each year). What is the average accounting return for each of these two projects?c. Which project has a greater IRR?d. Based on the incremental IRR rule, which project should be chosen?6.18 Let project A represent New Sunday Early Edition; and let project B represent NewSaturday Late Edition.a. Payback period of project A = 2 + ($1,200 - $1,150) / $450 = 2.11 yearsPayback period of project B = 2 + ($2,100 - $1,900) / $800 = 2.25 yearsBased on the payback period rule, you should choose project A.b. Project A:Average investment = ($1,200 + $0) / 2 = $600Depreciation = $400 / yearAverage income = [($600 - $400) + ($550 - $400) + ($450 - $400)] / 3= $133.33AAR = $133.33 / $600 = 22.22%Project B:Average investment = ($2,100 + $0) / 2 = $1,050Depreciation = $700 / yearAverage income = [($1,000 - $700) + ($900 - $700) + ($800 - $700)] / 3= $200AAR = $200 / $1,050 = 19.05%c. IRR of project A:-$1,200 + $600 / (1 + r) + $550 / (1 + r)2 + $450 / (1 + r)3 = 0IRR = r = 16.76%IRR of project B:-$2,100 + $1,000 / (1 + r) + $900 / (1 + r)2 + $800 / (1 + r)3 = 0IRR = r = 14.29%Project A has a greater IRR.d. IRR of project B-A:Incremental cash flowsYear 0 1 2 3B - A -$900 $400 $350 $350-$900 + $400 / (1 + r) + $350 / (1 + r)2 + $350 / (1 + r)3 = 0Incremental IRR = r = 11.02%If the required rate of return is greater than 11.02%, then choose project A.If the required rate of return is less than 11.02%, then choose project B.6.19 Consider the following cash flows on two mutually exclusive projects that require an annual return of 15 percent. Working in the financial planning department for the Bahamas Recreation Corp., you are trying to compare different investment criteria to arrive at a sensible choice of these two projects.Deepwater New SubmarineYear Fishing Ride0 _$600,000 _$1,800,0001 270,000 1,000,0002 350,000 700,0003 300,000 900,000a. Based on the discounted payback period rule, which project should be chosen?b. If your decision rule is to accept the project with a greater IRR, which project should you choose?c. Since you are fully aware of the IRR rule’s scale problem, you calculate the incremental IRR for the cash flows. Based on your computation, which project should you choose?d. To be prudent, you compute the NPV for both projects. Which project should you choose? Is it consistent with the incremental IRR rule?6.19 Let project A be Deepwater Fishing; let project B be New Submarine Ride.a. Project A:Year Discounted CF Cumulative CF0 -$600,000 -$600,0001 234,783 -365,2172 264,650 -100,5673 197,255Discounted payback period of project A = 2 + $100,567 / $197,255= 2.51 yearsProject B:Year Discounted CF Cumulative CF0 -$1,800,000 -$1,800,0001 869,565 -930,4352 529,301 -401,1343 591,765Discounted payback period of project B = 2 + $401,134 / $591,765= 2.68 yearsProject A should be chosen.b. IRR of project A:-$600,000 + $270,000 / (1 + r) + $350,000 / (1 + r)2 + $300,000 / (1 + r)3 = 0IRR = r = 24.30%IRR of project B:-$1,800,000 + $1,000,000 /(1 + r) + $700,000 / (1 + r)2 + $900,000 / (1 + r)3= 0IRR = r = 21.46%Based on the IRR rule, project A should be chosen since it has a greater IRR.c. Incremental IRR:Year 0 1 2 3B - A -$1,200,000 $730,000 $350,000 $600,000-$1,200,000 + $730,000 / (1 + r) + $350,000 / (1 + r)2 + $600,000 / (1 + r)3 = 0Incremental IRR = r = 19.92%Since the incremental IRR is greater than the required rate of return, 15%, chooseproject B.d. NPV A = -$600,000 + $270,000 / 1.15 + $350,000 / 1.152 + $300,000 / 1.153= $96,687.76NPV B = -$1,800,000 + $1,000,000 / 1.15 + $700,000 / 1.152 + $900,000 / 1.153 = $190,630.39Since NPV B > NPV A, choose project B.Yes, the NPV rule is consistent with the incremental IRR rule.6.20 The Utah Mining Corporation is set to open a gold mine near Provo, Utah. According to the treasurer, Steven Sample, “This is a golden opportunity.” The mine will cost $600,000 to open. It will generate a cash inflow of $100,000 during the first year and the cash flows are projected to grow at 8 percent per year for 10 years. After 10 years the mine will be abandoned. Abandonment costs will be $50,000.a. What is the IRR for the gold mine?b. The Utah Mining Corporation requires a 10 percent return on such undertakings.Should the mine be opened?6.20 a. The IRR is the discount rate at which the NPV = 0-$600,000 + ()0r 1000,50$r 1%811%)8r (000,100$1111=+-⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛++--IRR ≈18.56% b. Yes, the mine should be opened since its IRR exceeds its required return of 10%.。
金融学考研复习 公司理财习题(6)
金融学考研复习公司理财习题(6)第六章投资决策1.机会成本:请阐述一下机会成本的含义。
2.增量现金流:在计算投资项目的NPV时,下边哪一个可以被看成是增量现金流?(1)新的投资项目所带来的公司的其他产品的销售的下滑。
(2)只有新的项目被接受,才会开始投入建造的机器和厂房。
(3)过去3年发生的和新项目相关的研发费用。
(4)新项目每年的折旧费用。
(5)公司发放的股利。
(6)项目结束时,销售厂房和机器设备的收入。
(7)如果新项目被接受,那么需要支付的新雇用员工的薪水和医疗保险费用。
3.增量现金流:你的公司现在生产和销售钢制的高尔夫球杆。
公司的董事会建议你考虑生产钛合金和石墨制高尔夫球杆,下列哪一项不会产生增量现金流。
(1)自有土地可以被用来建设新厂房,但是如果新项目不被接受,该土地将以市场价700000美元出售。
(2)如果钛合金和石墨制高尔夫球杆被接受,则钢制的高尔夫球杆的销售额可能下降300000美元。
(3)去年用在石墨高尔夫球杆上的研究开发费用200000美元。
4.折旧:如果可以选择,你更愿意接受直线折旧法还是改进的加速成本折旧法(MACRS)?为什么?5.净营运资本:我们在前面讨论资本预算的时候,我们假设投资项目的所有的营运资本都能够回收。
这是一个在实践中可以接受的假设吗?如果不可以,将出现什么情况?6.独立原则:一位财务管理人员曾经说过:“我们的公司采用独立原则进行资本预算,因为我们把项目看成一个迷你小公司,在做资本预算时,我们仅仅包含公司层面上的相关现金流。
”请评价这个说法。
7.约当年均成本法:约当年均成本法(EAC)在哪种情况下适用于比较2个或更多个项目?为何使用这种方法?这个方法里是否隐含着你认为比较麻烦的假设?请做出评价。
8.现金流和折旧:“在做资本预算的时候,我们只关注相关税后增量现金流,由于折旧是非付现费用,所以我们可以在做预算的时候忽略折旧。
”请评价这句话。
9.资本预算审议:一所大学的主修课本的出版商手中有一部现有的财务学教材。
《公司理财》模块6(国外财务分析实例)
衡量公司用流动资产 偿还短期债务的能力.
$1,195 = 2.39 $500
6-12
流动比率比较
流动比率
年 BW
行业平均
2.15
2.09 2.01
2008
2007 2006
6-13
2.39
2.26 1.91
流动比率比行业平均水平要高
速动比率
资产负债表比率 速动比率
酸性测试比率(速动比率)
流动资产-存货 流动负债 用 B W公司 2008.12.31 的数据 $1,195 - $696 = 1.00 $500
财务报表分析 实例应用
(国外)
6-1
BW公司资产负债表 (资产边)
BW 资产负债表
现金及等价物 应收帐款c 存货 待摊费用 d 累计预付税款
单位 (千元)
$
2008.12.31a
a. 反映某一日期公司的财务 状况. b. BW 拥有的. c. 客户欠公司款项. d. 已支付的将来费用. e. 现金及一年内可变现的项 目. f. 购置土地、建筑物和设备 的原始成本. g. 固定资产累计耗损作为原 值的扣除.
比较形式
内部比较 外部比较
6-10
外部比较和行业比率的来源
将一个公司的比率与 相 似情况的 公司的比率比 较或是与同期的行业平 均水平相比.
相似情况 是很重要的,
苹果不能和橘子相比较?
6-11
流动比率
资产负债表比率 流动比率
流动比率
流动资产 流动负债 用 B W公司 2008.12.31 的数据
反映公司用变现能力 最强的资产偿还流动 负债的能力.
6-14
速动比率比较
速动比率
年 BW
乔纳森 伯克 公司理财 (6)
6-17
Applying The IRR Rule (cont'd)
• Multiple IRRs
– The cash flows would now look like:
– The NPV is calculated as:
500, 000 500, 000 500, 000 1, 000, 000 NPV 550,000 2 3 1 r (1 r ) (1 r ) (1 r ) 4
– Take any investment where the IRR exceeds the cost of capital. Turn down any investment whose IRR is less than the cost of capital.
6-9
The Internal Rate of Return Rule (cont'd)
Chapter 6
Investment Decision Rules
Chapter Outline
6.1 NPV and Stand-Alone Projects
6.2 The Internal Rate of Return Rule 6.3 The Payback Rule 6.4 Choosing Between Projects 6.5 Project Selection with Resource Constraints
6-4
6.1 NPV and Stand-Alone Projects
• Consider a take-it-or-leave-it investment decision involving a single, stand-alone project for Fredrick’s Feed and Farm (FFF).
《公司理财》第6章-净现值法
2
3
4
NPV
项目A
-10
15
15
16.03
项目B
-10
10
10
10
10 21.69
1、重置链法
将生命周期不同的项目延长至同一个周期,这个周期 就是取各个项目周期的最小公倍数
生命周期
0
1
2
3
项目A
第一次循环 第二次循环
-10
15
15 -10
15
项目A在4年内的现 金流
-10
15
5
15
项目B
-10 10
• ③考虑项目对公司其他业务的所有关联效应
如:新产品的推出带来现金流入,但也会导致旧产品的销售减少,需要 考虑增加的收入是否可以抵消销售下降
二、项目现金流的估算
• 一、现金流估算的原则
• (三)计入的增量现金流必须与贴现率保持一致
本质是用相应现金流的机会成本贴现,因此要求在处理被贴现的现金流 和贴现率上要一致。
二、项目现金流的估算
案例1:现金流估算实例—推出新产品现金流估算表
现金流估算表
0
1、初始阶段
设备投资
(1300)
2、期间营运阶段 2-1销售收入 2-2可变成本
2-3固定成本
2-4期间费用 2-5折旧费用 2-6税前利润
销售收入-成本和费用
2-7所得税 2-8税后利润 加:折旧费用
3、期末现金流量
• 再投资假定: –净现值规则假定,所有的现金流能够以相同的 贴现率进行再投资。
二、项目现金流的估算
• 一、现金流估算的原则
• (一)只计税后的现金流量
• 一项投资必然引起收入的变化,因而会造成应税所得的变 化,税收的变化继而造成现金流量的变化。一项投资是免 税还是需要纳税对公司实际现金流入流出可以造成很大区 别。因此,估算项目现金流时,要考虑税收的影响,计算 的是税后的现金流。
公司理财第八版第6章净现值和投资评价的其他方法1
Computing Payback for the Project
• Assume we will accept the project if it pays back within two years.
• 理财实务中经常被用来代替净现值,具有净现值的部分特征
6.5 内部收益率法
• 内部收益率的基本法则:
• 若内部收益率大于贴现率,项目可以接受;若内部收益率小于贴现率, 项目不能接受
6.5 内部收益率法
• 内部收益率(IRR)与净现值(NPV)的比较
• 在某些情况下,两种方法是等价的 • 贴现率小于内部收益率时,净现值为正;贴现率大于内部收益
Example
• You are reviewing a new project and have estimated the following cash flows:
• Year 0:CF = -165,000 • Year 1:CF = 63,120; • Year 2:CF = 70,800; • Year 3:CF = 91,080;
9-8
净现值 (NPV)法则
• 净现值法的三个特点:
• 1.净现值法使用了现金流量 • 2.净现值法包含了项目的全部现金流量 • 3.净现值对现金流量进行了合理的折现(考虑了风险)
6.2 回收期法
•定义:
• 项目要花多少时间才能收回其原始投资? • 回收期 = 收回原始投资需要的年数
•计算:
• 一般可以根据累计净现金流量计算而得。
率时,净现值为负。 • 如果我们在贴现率小于内部收益率时接受某一个项目,我们也
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优先股
普通股
14 15 16
22,500元以内 22,500/0.75 30,000元以内 =30,000 22,500~75,000 75,000/0.75 30,000~100,000 75,000元以上 =100,000 100,000元以上
第四步,根据计算的分界点,得出新的筹资 范围。计算加权平均资金成本即为边际资本成本。
§6.4 加权平均资本成本的计算 (WACC法) 综合资本成本 ––– 以各种资金占全部资本 的比重为权数,对各种资本成本加权计算的平 均值。 n
即 : WACC Wi K i
i 1
(6-10)
WACC ––– 加权平均资本成本;
Wi ––– 第i种资本占总资本比重;
Ki ––– 第i种资本的成本。
权益资产 s=1.4,同年无风险收益率为10%,
市场收益率为16.1%。
K s R f Rm R f s 10% 16.1% 10% 1.4 18.54%
可作为资本预算中投资决策的评估标准
表6-5 外部情况 1. 严重衰退 2. 缓和衰退 3. 缓慢恢复 4. 快速恢复 概率 市场收益率 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 –0.15 0.05 0.15 0.2
E Rm 0.10
投资方案收益率 (ri) 甲 乙 丙 丁 –0.30 0.10 0.30 0.40 –0.30 –0.09 –0.05 –0.10 0.01 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.10 0.40 0.08 0.15
r1 0.2 r2 0.14 r3 0.03 r4 0.08
考虑资金的时间价值
It P L(1 Fd ) t (i K ) (1 K ) n t 1
It –t年的利息支出
P–n年末应偿还本金
n
(6.2)
K –税前长期借款资本成本
税后:Kd =K(1-T)
上例:
150 10.8% 150 1501 0.2% t 3 (1 K ) (1 K ) t 1
6.7 资本资产定价模型及其应用 1. CAPM模型
E Ri R f i E ( Rm ) R f
(6-11)
E(Ri) ––– 任一种风险资产i的期望收益率。
CAPM模型说明某一特定资产的期望收益 (E(Ri))由下面三个因素决定:
资金的时间价值 (无风险报酬);
例:某企业共有长期资本(帐面价值) 1000万元,其中长期借款150万元,债券200 万元,优先股100万元,普通股300万元,留 存收益250万元,各种资金成本:Kd=5.64%, Kb=6.25%,Kp=10.5%,Ks=15.7%,Kr=15%, 试计算该企业加权平均的资金成本。
WACC 0.10 10.5% 0.3 15.7% 0.25 15% 0.15 5.64% 0.20 6.25% 11.61%
n
3. 优先股成本
Kp
Pp 1 Fp
Dp
(6-3)
式中:Kp ––– 优先股成本 (固定金额); Dp ––– 优先股股利; Pp ––– 优先股发行总额 (现值); Fp ––– 优先股筹资费用率。 例:某企业按面值发行100万元的优先股, 筹资费率为4%,每年支付12%的股利,优先股 成本是多少?
10,000元以内 10,000/0.2 =50,000 50,000元以内 10,000~40,000 40,000/0.2 50,000~200,000 40,000元以上 =200,000 200,000元以上 2,500元以内 2,500元以上 2,500/0.05 =50,000 50,000元以内 50,000元以上
11 .25 13 .25
3
50,000~ 100,000元
4
100,000~ 200,000元
1.4 0.6
12 14
5
200,000元以上
1.6 0.6
12 14.2
14 13 WACC 12
11
10 5 10 15 20
(万元) 新曾筹资金额
图6-1
§6.6 最佳资本预算 某企业的投资机会可列表如下:
Wi ––– 目标资本结构中第i种资本的比重
例:华西公司目前有资金1,000,000元,其 中长期债务200,000元,优先股50,000元,普通 股750,000元 (含留存利润)。现在公司为满足投 资要求,准备筹集更多的资金,试计算资金的 边际成本。
表6-1 华西公司筹资资料
筹资方式 (资本种类) 长期债务 目标资金结构 新筹资的范围 资金成本(%) 10,000元以内 10,000~40,000 40,000元以上 6 7 8
§6.5 边际资本成本
即企业新筹措资本的成本,在已有的资 本规模和明确的资本结构条件下,资本每增 加一个单位而增加的成本。 边际资本成本计算步骤如下: 第一步:确定目标资本结构; 第二步:确定各种资本成本; 第三步:计算筹资总额分界点。
TFi BPi Wi
BPi ––– 筹资总额分界点; TFi ––– 第i种资金成本分界点。
第六章 资本成本
§6.1 §6.2 §6.3 §6.4 §6.5 §6.6 资本成本的概念 资本成本作用 单一资本成本的计算 加权平均资本成本的计算 边际资本成本 最佳资本预算
§6.1 资金成本的概念 资金成本 ––– 指企业筹集和使用资金 必须支付的各种费用。资金成本包括用资 费用和筹资费用两部分。
假设每一方案资本支出数额相同,无风险利 率为5%,加权平均资本成本为10%,为1.0,且 四个方案彼此独立。
2 市场预期收益=0.10,方差 M 0.01,四个方 案的预期收益及与市场收益的协方差:
(甲) r1 0.20, COV (r1 , RM ) 0.02 (乙) r2 0.14, COV (r2 , RM ) 0.023
表6-4 某企业的投资机会 项目 投资额(万元) 内部收益率IRR(%)
A B C D E F
200 100 300 400 202
根据上表,将投资项目按内部收益率从高到低 排序,可作出投资机会曲线 如图6-2。
26 A, 25% 24
IRR, WACC (%) 22 20 18 16 B, 21% C, 19% D, 18% WACC=15.51% WACC=14.06% 边际资本成本曲线
1.2 0.5
11 .25 12 .95
续表
序 号 筹资总额范围 筹资方式 长期债务 优先股 普通股 长期债务 优先股 普通股 长期债务 优先股 普通股 资本结构 0.2 0.05 0.75 0.2 0.05 0.75 0.2 0.05 0.75 资金成本 % 7 12 15 7 12 16 8 12 16 资金的 边际成本 1.4 0.6
作为投资项目的“最低收益率”,决定是否取
舍投资项目。 3. 资金成本是评价企业经营业绩的基准
§6.3 单一资本成本的计算 1. 长期借款成本
长期借款成本: K d
式中:
i L(1 T ) i1 T L(1 Fd ) 1 Fd
(6-1)
Kd ––– 税后长期借款成本; Fd ––– 长期借款筹资费率;
表6-3 资金的边际成本计算表
序 号 筹资总额范围 筹资方式 长期债务 优先股 普通股 资本结构
资金成本 % 6 10 14
6 10 15
资金的 边际成本
1.2 0.5
10.5 12.2
1
30,000元以内
0.2 0.05 0.75
0.2 0.05 0.75
2
30,000~ 50,000元
长期债务 优先股 普通股
(丙) r3 0.030, COV (r3 , RM ) 0.0047
(丁) r4 0.080, COV (r4 , RM ) 0.0055
根据
i
CovRi , Rm
2 m
可得:
0.02 (甲) 1 2.0 0.01 0.023 (乙) 2 2.3 0.01
i ––– 长期借款年利率;
T ––– 企业所得税税率;L ––– 长期借款筹资总额;
例:某企业取得三年期长期借款150万元, 年利率10.8%,每年付息一次,到期一次还本, 筹资费用率0.2%,企业所得税税率33%,该项 长期借款的资金成本为多少。
150 10.8% 1 33% Kd 7.25% 1501 0.2%
0.2
优先股
0.05
2,500元以内 2,500元以上
22,500元以内 22,500~75,000 75,000元以上
10 12
14 15 16
普通股
0.75
表6-2 筹资总额分界点计算表
筹资方式 资金 (资本种类) 成本% 长期债务 6 7 8 10 12 新筹资的 筹资范围 筹资总额 分界点 筹资总额 范围
100 12% Kp 12.5% 100(1 4%)
4. 普通股的资金成本
Dt D1 D2 D P0 2 t (6-4) 1 K s 1 K s 1 K s t 1 1 K s
D1 假定股利增长率为g,由式(5-5) P0 ,得: Ks g D1 Ks g (6-5) P0
12 Ks 4% 16.63% 100(1 5%)
5. 留成利润成本
D1 Kr g P0
(6-9)
例:某公司下一年度预计每股能实现税 后利润2元,准备每股发放1元股息,目前每 股售价20元,预期未来股息每年将平均增长 5%,计算该股票的资金成本率。
1 Kr 5% 10% 20
(6-2)