4. Title and Subtitle THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FLAMMABILITY TEST METHOD FOR AIRCRAFT BLANKETS

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7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

6. AUTHOR(S)
M. D. Williams
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
NASA Langley Research Center Hamptቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱn, VA 23665-5225
A02
Unclassi ed
Standard Form 298(Rev. 2-89)
Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39-18 298-102 NASA-Langley, 1992
A technology for transmitting high power by laser beam over large distances using a quasi-coherent array of lasers is described. This technology achieves quasi-coherency by turning OFF selected laser elements, rather than trying to correct their phase as present technologies do. Such an array puts less power into a speci ed area in the far eld than a fully coherent array but gains two major advantages: (1) laser array elements are greatly simpli ed and less expensive and (2) array lifetime can be lengthened. The degree of coherency can be chosen. The greater the coherency, the greater is the lifetime of the array (for a speci ed power transmission requirement). More laser elements remain inactive. Also, by making array element selection a dynamic process, the technology can actively correct any phase changes induced in the array. The technology is analyzed, results of a computer experiment are presented, and a laboratory experiment for further development of the technology is proposed. For many years, NASA has studied the transmission of power by laser beam (refs. 1 and 2), with potential applications identi ed both in space and on Earth. Such applications require high power (up to megawatts) di raction limited laser systems. One method to obtain such systems is to assemble arrays of less powerful lasers which can be scaled to the laser power required. Arrays also lend themselves to building the large apertures required for transmission over large distances. The larger the transmission aperture is, the smaller the received laser spot size for a given range. Arrays have usually been described in terms of their ultimate power transmission capability (i.e., the maximum power that a coherent array could transmit into a speci ed area in the far eld). Coherent arrays transmit optical amplitudes that are in phase in space and time. Although coherent arrays are feasible, they are very di cult to obtain in practice. They require complex and expensive electro-optical components that are still challenged by the dynamics of a real system (i.e., heat distribution, alignment, mechanical stress). Thus, the questions arise: \Is the power transmission loss due to incomplete coherence worth the cost of obtaining complete coherence?" and \Are there other advantages of a partially coherent array?" These questions have led to an idea labeled \dynamic selection of emitting laser array elements." This idea represents a new approach to obtaining concentrated laser power in the far eld. In this approach, laser array elements are not \forced" to be perfect (coherent) but are simply turned OFF

英语表格题作文模板

英语表格题作文模板Essay Template for English Table Topic。

Introduction。

The use of tables in academic writing is a common practice, especially when presenting data, statistics, or comparisons. In this essay, we will explore the structure and content of an effective essay template for an English table topic.Title and Subtitle。

The title of the essay should clearly reflect the main topic of the discussion. It should be concise and informative. A subtitle can be added to provide further context or to narrow down the focus of the essay.Table Content。

When writing an essay based on a table topic, it is important to include a clear and well-structured table in the content. The table should be relevant to the topic and should present data or information in a visually organized manner. Each column and row should be labeled appropriately, and the table should be referenced and discussed in the text of the essay.Introduction。

日本微量元素协会

Scope and Policy of the JournalBiomedical Research on Trace Elements (BRTE) is the official quarterly journal of the Japan Society for Biomedical Research on Trace Elements, publishing articles regarding research on trace elements. Submitted manuscripts must be in English or Japanese with the work described not being submitted for publication elsewhere. Manuscripts will be reviewed by two or more specialists. Manuscripts accepted for publication become the copyright of the Japan Society for Biomedical Research on Trace Elements. When appropriate, fully informed consent should be obtained and noted in the manuscripts.Manuscript CategoriesAuthors are invited to submit articles in the following categories:1. Review Article;2. Original Article (including Rapid Communication);3. Case Report; The maximum length of Review Articles are twelve, Original Articles are eight, Rapid Communications and Case Reports are four printed pages, respectively, including all text, figures and tables. About 4,800 characters (including space) can be printed in one page if it contains no figure and table.ManuscriptsManuscripts should be submitted by e-mail preferably as files less than 5 megabytes in size or sent in triplicate (including figures and tables) by registered mail to: Editor-in-Chief, Biomedical Research on Trace Elements, Hideo Saji, Ph.D, Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.Tel: +81-75-753-4567E-mail:brte@pharm.kyoto-u.ac.jpAuthors should keep one set of text, tables, and illustrations, as the Editor cannot accept responsibility for loss or damage to manuscripts. Manuscripts and Discs will not be returned to authors.Manuscripts should be clearly typed in double-spacing on one side only ofgood-quality A4 paper (30 × 21 cm).Conventional ManuscriptThe manuscript should be arranged as follows, with each section beginning on a separate page.1.Cover letter: Manuscripts should be accompanied by a cover letter, statingthat the manuscript is not being submitted for publication elsewhere.2.Title Page: The title page should include the following, in this order:(1)The category of the manuscript (as listed above) should appear on the titlepage. (2) Title and subtitle. (3)A short running title, no longer than 50 words. (4) Full names of the authors. (5) Departments and institutions in which the work was performed. (6) Name and the full postal address, E-mail address, and the telephone and facsimile number of the corresponding author.(7) Number of text pages, reference pages, tables, figures, and legends tofigures.3.Abstract should be a concise abstract of no more than 300 words.4.Key words: No more than five key words.5.Text: The text of an observational and experimental article is usuallydivided into sections with the following headings: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. Long articles may need subheadings within somesections.6.Acknowledgements: Acknowledgements should be made only to persons who havemade genuinecontributions and who endorse the data and conclusions.7.References: Cite references in the text by using superior Arabic numeralsin the order in which they appear in the text. Abbreviate titles of thejournals according to the Index Medicus.Examples of correct reference format:Standard journal articles (list all authors when six or less; when seven or more list only the first six and add et al.).[6] Du SL, Leng T, Gu YH, Ushijima H, Kodama H. Long-term treatment with high-dose zinc sulphate in 36 children with Wilson's disease. Biomed Res Trace Elements 2002; 13: 85-88.Books and monographs[8] Kodama H. Molecular genetics and clinical aspects of Menkes disease and occipital horn syndrome. In: Massaro EJ, editor. Handbook of Copper Pharmacology and Toxicology. New Jersey: Humana Press, 2002: 319-332.8.Tables and FiguresIn preparing a manuscript, consider one table or figure (or a set of figures given the same figure number) as equivalent to a single typed page.(1) Tables should be included on a separate page, numbered with Arabicnumerals, and accompanied by short titles at the top. Each table must be referred to in the text. Explanatory matter should be placed in footnotes below the tabular matter and not included in the title. Vertical rules and horizontal rules between entries should be omitted.(2) High-contrast photographic copies of the original line drawings, reducedto final journal dimensions, are required. Photographs must be sharp, glossy black-and-white prints. Quality laser printouts, with a minimum resolution of 300 dpi, are equally acceptable.The whole cost of reproducing color figures will be charged to the author(s).(3) Figure Legends: All figures require legends typed on a separate sheetand double-spaced. All illustrations are classified as figures and should be numbered with Arabic numerals in the order in which they are referred to in the text. When a full facial photograph is to be reproduced, writtenpermission from the patient or the patient's guardian should be attached to the corresponding figure legend.OffprintsThirty offprints will be supplied free to authors, but additional copies may be ordered on the printed form sent with the proofs.Charges to Author(s)1.Color in Print: Authors are responsible for the costs of color reproduction.2.Charge for English Editing: Accepted manuscripts may be copy-edited at theeditor's discretion.Manuscripts on Disk1.Authors are required to provide their manuscript on disk in the case ofsending a manuscript by registered mail when the manuscript was accepted.Authors should use a new disk rather than a reformatted disk, and the disk should contain the relevant file(s) only. Authors should supply theiraccepted paper as formatted text (most word-processing formats can behandled). It is essential that the hardware and the word-processing package are specified on the disk (e.g. IBM, Word 2000), as well as the first author's surname and the manuscript title.2.The entire article - (i) title page, (ii) text, (iii) acknowledgements, (iv)references, (v) figure legends, (vi) tables and legends, (vii) appendices - should be saved in a single file; only electronic figures should be supplied as separate files. The following instructions should be adhered to.It is essential that the final, revised version of the manuscript and the file saved on disk are identical (i.e authors should supply a new disk if the article is revised).Do not use the carriage return (enter) at the end of lines within a paragraph.Do not use l (ell) for 1 (one), O (upper case oh) for 0 (zero) or s (German esszett) for s (beta), and specify any special characters used to represent non-keyboard characters.Use a tab, not spaces, to separate data points in tables.。

论文作文纸题目和副标题格式模板

论文作文纸题目和副标题格式模板英文回答：Paper Title and Subtitle Formatting Template for Essay Papers。

Title: The Importance of Formatting Titles and Subtitles in Essay Papers。

Subtitle: A Guide for Students。

Title: The Impact of Social Media on Adolescent Development。

Subtitle: An Examination of the Positive and Negative Effects。

Title: The Challenges of Teaching in the 21st Century。

Subtitle: Facing the Evolving Needs of Students in aDigital Age。

Title: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Healthcare Industry。

Subtitle: Transforming Diagnosis, Treatment, and Patient Outcomes。

Title: The Ethics of Genetic Engineering。

Subtitle: Balancing Scientific Advancements with Social Responsibilities。

Title: The Impact of Climate Change on Coastal Communities。

Subtitle: Rising Sea Levels and the Threat to Coastal Populations。

Chinese Answer:论文题目与副标题格式模板。

APA文献引用格式解析

Whenever you use a source, provide in parenthesis: the author’s name and the date of publication
for quotations and close paraphrases, provide a page number as well
In-text citations help readers locate the cited source in the References section of the paper.
APA is a complex system of citation, which is difficult to keep in mind. When compiling the reference list, the strategy below might be useful:
Identify a type source: Is it a book? A journal article?
A webpage?
Find a sample of citing this type of source in the textbook or in the OWL APA Guide. “Mirror” the sample. Make sure that the entries are listed in the alphabetical order and the subsequent lines are indented (Recall References: basics).
name (no title or degree) + affiliation (university, etc.)

智慧树知到《学术英语写作(本科)》章节测试答案

5、学术英语写作中的一般文本特征包括：
答案：sentence、heading、sub-title、paragraph、title、phrase
第2章单元测试
1、在细化主题时，需要考虑你的写作目的是什么以及预期读者是谁。
答案：对
2、My Most Embarrassing Moment是一个可以写的论文题目。
答案：错
2、The negative effects of GM crops have been shown on animals in many studies. 不属于 common knowledge.
答案：错
3、There have been about 400 cancer deaths among 100,000 Japanese nuclear bomb survivors. 属于common knowledge.
4、A good literature review, especially a self-contained review, is composed of four parts: a introduction, a body ， a discussion and a conclusion.
答案：错
答案：错
3、选题不一定是自己感兴趣的和好奇的。
答案：错
4、1. 在本章中，提到的四个写作技巧是：
答案：Research Log、Work Schedule、Mental Inventory、Brainstorming
5、计划书包含下面哪些内容？
答案：your topic and your thesis、the kinds of sources you plan to consult、the problems you anticipate、any special aspects of your project

科技文献选读课后问答题

2 Robots1. How has robot become the familiar figure in popular culture over the past century?Over the past century, robot has become the familiar figure in popular culture through books such as Isaac Asimov’s I, Robot, movies such as Star Wars and television shows such as Star Trek.2. What is the reason for the gap between real robots and their science-fiction counterparts according to the passage?One reason for this gap is that it has been much harder than expected to enable computers and robots to sense their surrounding environment and to react quickly and accurately.3. What was the goal of Bill Gate s’ visiting several leading universities about computer talks in 2004?His goal was to help students understand how exciting and important computer science can be, and he hoped to encourage a few of them to think about careers in technology.4. What are the two greatest fruits that Craig Mundie’s team has achieved?One is tackling the problem of concurrency, and the other is the development of the technology DSS (decentralized software services) which helps to simplify the writing of distributed robotic applications.5. In what fields will the future robots play their important part?The future robots will play an important role in providing physical assistance; in helping people with disabilities get around and extending the strength and endurance of soldiers, construction workers and medical professionals. Besides, robots will maintain dangerous industrial machines, handle hazardous materials and monitor remote oil pipelines. They will also enable health care workers to diagnose and treat patients who may be thousands of miles away, and they will he a central feature of security systems and search-and-rescue operations.5 Computer Technology1. Why professionals such as photographers, graphic designers, architects and those who often work in teams would welcome multi-touch computing?Because the multi-touch screen interface could improve collaboration without a mouse or keyboard, and it even could allow the commands of multiple hands from multiple people.2. What would Jeff Han’s future customers of this multi-touch technology be like?Jeff Han expects the multi-touch technology to find a home in graphically intense businesses such as energy trading and medical imaging.3. What was the toughest difficulty of multi-touch technology?The multi-touch technology's toughest hurdle is achieving fine-solution fingertip sensing. The solution required both hardware and software innovations.4. Which industries are more likely to apply Microsoft’s “Surface computer” technology?Microsoft is shipping Surface table computers to four partners in the leisure, retail and entertainment industries, which it believes arc most likely to apply the technology.5. According to the author, what is the great advantage of multi-touch technology?The great strength of multi-touch is letting multiple people work together on a complex activity.7 Climate Change1. What do studies of the Earth’s climate history involve?Studies of Earth's climate history involve any material that contains a record of past climate, for example, deep-ocean cores collected from sea-going research vessels, ice cores drilled by fossil-fuel machine power in the Antarctic or Greenland ice sheets or by hand or solar power in mountain glaciers: softsediment cores hand-driven into lake muds; hand-augered drills that extract thin wood cores from trees; coral samples drilled from tropical reefs.2. What are the four great revolutions contributing to the ongoing study of climate history?The four great revolutions are: in the 1700s James Hutton concluded that Earth is an ancient planet with a long history of gradually accumulated changes produced mainly by processes working at very slow rates; in 1859 Charles Darwin published his theory of natural selection; in 1912 Alfred Wegener proposed the concept of continental drift, which eventually led to the theory of plate tectonics; and the major advances in this field began in the late 1900s, continue today, and seem destined to go on for decades.3. According to the author, what is basalt and how can the basalt layers be dated?Basalt is the solid rock that is formed by the skeletal remains found in ancient lake sediments sandwiched between two layers of lava, and the basalt layers can be dated by the radioactive decay of key types of minerals enclosed within.4. Why does the author say that researches on climate and human history share similarity with crime solving? These research fields have much in common with the field of crime solving because both of them concentrate on the past.5. How does a hypothesis become recognized as a theory eventually?1 Monograph专著1. The general definition of a monographScientific treatises of book length but otherwise variable format prepared by acknowledged experts on specialized topics for the benefit of others who have specialized in. or who wish to obtain a specialist's appreciation of, these topics.2. The value of monographs for scientific researchesThe value of monographs lies in the coherence and comprehensiveness of the information and knowledge they contain, which is important to the specialized researchers to whom they are directed and, therefore, to the advancement of science and engineering generally.3. The qualities of the authors of monographsThe authors of monographs should have exceptional breadth and depth of knowledge, and must be able to collect, collate, analyze, integrate, and synthesize all relevant contributions to the archival literature of the scientific and engineering journals and to add original material as required.4. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedingsMonographs generally are written by specialists for the benefit of other specialists. Textbooks are pedagogical works which, even if written on fairly narrow subjects, are designed to serve broader and more junior readerships than specialized research communities.5. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedingsConference papers commonly take the form of premature announcements of new scientific discoveries. Conference proceedings generally have a short shelf life.6. The main components of a monographThe author, title and subtitle, date of publication, dust cover or blurb, content pages, bibliography and index, illustrations, preface and introduction.7. An indication of the book’s successThe number of editions is an indication of the boo k’s success.8. The function of the blurbIt gives the reader a rapid overview of the contents and approach. It might also say what the book contains and for whom it is written.2 Academic Journal学术期刊1. The general definition of an academic journalAn academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published.2. The significance of peer-review processThe peer-review process is considered critical to establishing a reliable body of research and knowledge.3. The definition of review articlesReview articles, also called “reviews of progress”, are checks on the research published in journals.4. One difference between original research articles and review articlesUnlike original research articles, review articles tend to be solicited submissions, sometimes planned years in advance.5. The places where science journals are authoritatively rankedNatural science journals are categorized and ranked in the Science Citation Index, and social science journals in the Social Science Citation Index.6. The possible quantitative factors to reflect an academic journal’s prestigeThe number of later articles citing articles already published in the journal, the overall number of citations, how quickly articles are cited, and the average “half-life” of articles.7. The financial resources of humanities and social science academic journalsSubsidies by universities or professional organizations and advertising fees by advertisers.8. The role of internet in the production of, and access to, academic journalsThe Internet has revolutionized the production of, and access to, academic journals, with their contents available online via services subscribed to by academic libraries or even in a way of open access.3 Organization of a Scientific Paper科技论文的篇章结构1. In most scientific journals, scientific papers include the following sectionsSummary or Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgments.2. The content of Summary or AbstractIt gives a brief background to the topic, describes concisely the major findings of the paper, and relates these findings to the field of study.3. The Introduction section deals with the following two pointsIt describes first the accepted state of knowledge in a specialized field; then it focuses more specifically on a particular aspect, usually describing a finding or set of findings that led directly to the work described in the paper.4. The purpose of Materials and MethodsIts purpose is to describe the materials used in the experiments and the methods by which the experiments were carried out.5. The two ways of organizing ResultsIn some papers, the results are presented without extensive discussion, which is reserved for the following section. In other papers, results are given, and then they are interpreted, perhaps taken together with other findings not in the paper, so as to give the logical basis for later experiments.6. The purposes of the Discussion sectionThe data in the paper are interpreted; the findings of the paper are related to other findings in the field; this serves to show how the findings contribute to knowledge, or correct the errors of previous work; some of the logical arguments are often provided when it is necessary to clarify why later experiments were earned out. 7. The reason for combining the Results and DiscussionBecause the data need extensive discussion to allow the reader to follow the train of logic developed in the course of the research.8. The difference between the abstracts in Science and those in NatureIn Science, the abstract is self-contained; in Nature, the abstract also serves as a brief introduction to the paper.4 Reading a Scientific Paper科技论文的阅读方法1. The order to understand the major points of the work, you should first readThe Abstract.2. Reading the Title and the Abstract serves three purposesFirst, it clarifies whether you in fact know enough background to appreciate the paper. Second, it refreshes your memory about the topic. Third, it helps you integrate the new information into your previous knowledge about the topic.3. When reading in a familiar field, you can skim or even skipThe Introduction.4. The three typical codewordsData not shown, unpublished data, preliminary data.5. The poorly written papers are often related to three types of writersThose who are poor writers; those who do not enjoy writing, and do not take the time or effort to ensure that the prose is dear and logical; those who are so familiar with the material that it is difficult to step back and see it from the point of view of a reader not familiar with the topic.6. The three characteristics of “bad writing”First, the logical connections are often left out. Second, papers are often cluttered with a great deal of jargon. Third, the authors often do not provide a clear roadmap through the paper.7. In better writing, the side issues are dealt with in the following waysThey are relegated to Figure legends or Materials and Methods or clearly identified as side issues, so as not to distract the reader.8. Another problem faced by the readers is that when they seek to understand just the experiment was, they may findThe authors refer back to previous papers; these refer in turn to previous papers m a long chain.。

标题副标题写作格式英语作文

The Power of Titles and Subtitles in EnglishEssaysIn the realm of academic writing, the importance oftitles and subtitles cannot be overstated. These elements serve as the first impression for readers, often决定了whether they will engage with the content or move on to something else. The art of crafting engaging titles and subtitles lies in a careful blend of creativity, clarity, and relevance.Titles should be concise yet impactful, capturing the essence of the essay while piquing the reader's interest. They should reflect the main idea or argument of the piece, avoiding vague or generic language. A strong title sets the tone for the entire essay, setting expectations for the reader and framing their understanding of the content.Subtitles, on the other hand, serve to break up the text, guiding the reader through the essay. They introduce new ideas or sections, providing structure and organization. Effective subtitles are specific and descriptive, giving readers a clear sense of what each section will cover. Theyalso help to maintain the flow of the essay, ensuring that the reader remains engaged and informed.When writing an English essay, it is crucial to consider the cultural context and readability. Titles and subtitles should be written in a language that is both accessible and engaging for the target audience. Avoiding complex vocabulary or jargon can help ensure that the message is communicated effectively.In conclusion, titles and subtitles are integral to the success of an English essay. By taking the time to craft engaging and relevant titles and subtitles, writers can significantly improve the readability and impact of their work. Remember, first impressions count, and a strong title and subtitle can be the difference between a reader who stops and a reader who keeps going.**标题与副标题在英语作文中的力量**在学术写作领域，标题与副标题的重要性不容忽视。

英文作文标题和副标题格式

英文作文标题和副标题格式Title and Subtitle Formatting for English Essays.When crafting an English essay, it is crucial to follow the appropriate formatting guidelines for the title and subtitle. This ensures that the essay adheres to academic conventions and facilitates effective communication of your ideas. Here are the key points to consider when formatting the title and subtitle of your English essay:Title Formatting:1. Capitalization: The title should be capitalizedusing title case. This means that the first letter of each word (except for articles, conjunctions, and prepositions) should be capitalized. For example: "The Impact of Globalization on Cultural Identity."2. Font and Size: The title should be in a bold or italicized font to distinguish it from the rest of the text.The font size should be larger than the body text, typically 12-14 points for the title and 10-12 points for the body.3. Position: The title should be centered on the page, either at the top or slightly below the center, depending on the formatting requirements of your institution or journal.4. Punctuation: The title should end with a period, unless it is a question or an exclamation, which.。

2024版English Picture Book Story Complete Edition P

2024/1/24
Symbolism and metallic elements
Identify and interpret symbolic and metallic elements in the story, explaining how they enhance the negative and contribution to its deeper meaning
Synopsis of the plot
Provide a conclusion summary of the story, highlighting the key events and conflicts that drive the narrative forward
2024/1/24
Theoretical elements and messages
of
appearance,
personality, and role in
the story
Character 3
Description
of
appearance,
personality, and role in
the story
9
Character Relationship Sorting
Relationship between Character 1 and Character 2
Character development and motivation
Explore how the characters grow and change through the story, discussing their motivations, desires, and conflicts

报告样表【英文】

This report template has been created with most of the styles you will need built into it. Here are a few tips for creating documents using styles:
Do as little manual formatting as possible when you type the text. Instead, apply the appropriate style to each paragraph (a “paragraph” is defined by a hard carriage return at its end; it may not actually be a paragraph of text).
Using Text Styles
A “style” is a set of definitions for how a heading or paragraph will look, including the font and spacing. In Microsoft Word’s styles menu, choose styles such as “Heading 1” and “Body text” to help you create a consistently formatted report. Styles also enable a table of contents to be automatically generated.
Iowa HighwayResearch Board
Iowa Department of Transportation

doctor Academic writing

• It is my pleasure to express my sincere thanks to Prof. Du Yaowen and Prof. Zhao Anyuan for their invaluable suggestions on my thesis and their great concern for my MA study. • Special thanks should also be granted to all the professors and teachers who taught me and enlightened me in the past years of my MA candidacy, including Prof. Feng Shimei, and foreign teachers: Karen and Robert.
• MLA & APA Compared
---In-text Citation Compared •
MLA
(Lindemann 129) author page •
APA
(Lindemann，1982, p.129) author publication year page
• Verbs often used for quotation: acknowledge, believe, conclude, discuss, imply, remark, add, claim, concur, emphasize, insist, reject, admit, comment, describe, endorse, note, say, agree, compare, deny, illustrate, observe, state, argue, contend, dispute, interpret, point out, suggest

wilmstumor1（wt1）...

AD_________________ Award Number: DAMD17-02-1-0459TITLE: Wilms’ Tumor 1 (WT1) as Novel Molecular Target in BreastCancerPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Ana Tari, Ph.D.CONTRACTING ORGANIZATION: The University of TexasM.D. Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas 77030REPORT DATE: March 2006TYPE OF REPORT: FinalPREPARED FOR: U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel CommandFort Detrick, Maryland 21702-5012DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: Approved for Public Release;Distribution UnlimitedThe views, opinions and/or findings contained in this report are those of the author(s) and should not be construed as an official Department of the Army position, policy or decision unless so designated by other documentation.REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form ApprovedOMB No. 074-0188Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 205032. REPORT DATE3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED1. AGENCY USE ONLY(Leave blank)March 2006Final (15 Mar 2002 – 15 Feb 2006)4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE5. FUNDING NUMBERSWilms’ Tumor 1 (WT1) as Novel Molecular Target in Breast Cancer6. AUTHOR(S)Ana Tari, Ph.D.DAMD17-02-1-04597. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas 77030E-Mail:********************8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER9. SPONSORING / MONITORINGAGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)10. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBERU.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel CommandFort Detrick, Maryland 21702-501211. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 Words)High levels of Wilms' Tumor 1 (WT1) mRNA in breast tumors have been linked with poor prognosis for breast cancer patients. However, the function of WT1 protein in breast cancer was not known. We reported the expression of WT1 protein in 9 out of 10 human breast cancer cell lines. The levels of WT1 protein were increased by the HER2/neu oncogene and 17β-estradiol. We demonstrated that WT1 protein is vital to the proliferation of breast cancer cells since down regulation of WT1 protein expression led to breast cancer growth inhibition and apoptosis, which was correlated with decreased cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 levels. WT1 has been shown to undergo two splicing events, which result in four different isoforms. Stable transfection of the different WT1 isoforms was performed in MCF-7 cells. Our data indicate that the WT1 isoforms enhance the in vitro proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells, but do not modulate the sensitivities of MCF-7 cells to doxorubicin, taxol, or tamoxifen. WT1 protein enhances breast tumorigenesis induced by other oncogenes or growth factors, such as HER2/neu and estradiol, but its over expression alone is not sufficient to induce breast tumorigenesis.14. SUBJECT TERMS15. NUMBER OF PAGES9 Proliferation, apoptosis, chemoresistance, signal transduction16. PRICE CODE17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF REPORTUnclassified 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATIONOF THIS PAGEUnclassified19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATIONOF ABSTRACTUnclassified20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACTUnlimitedNSN 7540-01-280-5500Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)Table of Contents Cover (1)SF 298 (2)Introduction (4)Body (4)Key Research Accomplishments (7)Reportable Outcomes (7)Conclusions (8)References (8)List of Personnel receiving pay from the research effort (9)INTRODUCTIONThe Wilms’ Tumor 1 (WT1) protein and mRNA is expressed in human breast tumors and breast cancer cell lines. Loeb et al. [1] demonstrated that WT1 mRNA and protein are expressed in nearly 90% of breast cancers, but not in most normal breast tissues. Silberstein et al. [2] suggested that there was an association of WT1 protein expression with a biologically aggressive phenotype of breast cancer. Recently, Miyoshi et al. [3] correlated high levels of WT1 mRNA with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. But it is not known how WT1 protein contributes to breast tumorigenesis. One aim of this project is to determine if the WT1 protein contributes to breast tumor progression by deregulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. The deregulation of proliferation and survival pathways has been associated with chemoresistance in many tumors. Therefore, it is hypothesized that WT1 regulates chemoresistance in breast cancer cells. This project seeks to determine the mechanisms and the isoforms by which WT1 deregulates breast cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis.BODYSpecific Aim 1: To determine whether WT1 overexpression increases the proliferation and survival of breast cancer cells in cell culture modelsWe observed that the levels of WT1 protein correlated with the proliferation of breast cancer cells [4]. When the proliferation of breast cancer cells was stimulated by 17β-estradiol, WT1 protein expression increased. But when the proliferation of breast cancer cells was inhibited by tamoxifen or all-trans retinoic acid, WT1 protein expression decreased [4]. We also observed that MCF-7 breast cancer cells stably transfected with the HER2/neu oncogene express approximately 3-fold higher levels of WT1 protein than parental MCF-7 cells [5]. Conversely,inhibition of HER2/neu with the anti-HER2/neu trastuzumab (Herceptin™) antibody or inhibition of Akt with an Akt inhibitor decreased WT1 protein levels in HER2/neu-overexpressing BT-474 and SKBr3 breast cancer cells, indicating that HER2/neu engages Akt to increase WT1 protein expression [5]. Since WT1 protein levels were increased by 17β-estradiol and HER2/neu, two factors known to stimulate breast tumor proliferation, we hypothesize that WT1 protein plays a role in regulating breast cancer cell proliferation. Using liposome-incorporated WT1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, we found that downregulation of WT1 protein expression led to cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and increased apoptosis, which is correlated with decreased cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 levels, in breast cancer cells [4, 5]. These results indicate that WT1 protein plays a vital role in mediating the proliferative and anti-apoptotic signals in breast cancer cells. Our data support earlier observations that WT1 may play a vital role in the aggressive phenotypes of breast cancer cells [1, 3].WT1 has been shown to undergo two splicing events, which result in four different isoforms. These isoforms are able to bind to different DNA promoter elements and different protein partners. Plasmids encoding the four isoforms “A”, “B”, “C”, and “D” of the wild type WT1 gene were transfected into human MCF-7 breast cancer cells to prove that overexpression of the WT1 gene will increase breast cancer cell proliferation and survival. Stable transfectant clones were selected. The transfection remained stable for up to at least 6 months. Western blot confirmed that WT1 protein was expressed about 2-3 levels higher in the transfectants than in the parental cells. The CellTiter 96 Aqueous nonradioactive proliferation (MTS) assay was used to determine the proliferative rates of these transfectants. Compared to parental and vector-transfected cells, all four isoforms increase MCF-7 cell proliferation by about 130-150%. Butflow cytometric analysis does not show any difference in the distribution of cells in the different phases of the cell cycle between the WT1 transfectants and the control cells.Specific Aim 2: To determine whether WT1 overexpression increases breast tumor growth in animal modelsMCF-7 wild type cells and MCF-7 transfectants (vector control, WT1 isoform “A”, WT1 isoform “D”) were implanted into the mammary fat pad of nude mice that had 0.72 mg of 17β-estradiol pellets. We chose WT1 isoforms “A” and “D” for the in vivo studies because these isoforms were believed to regulate different genes since they were found to bind to different DNA elements [6]. Four weeks later, tumors were found from mice implanted with the control wild type and vector cells. Six out of nine mice implanted with MCF-7wild type cells form tumors, and eight out of eight mice implanted with MCF-7/vector cells form tumors. However, no tumor was found in mice implanted with the MCF-7 cells stably transfected with the WT1 “A” isoform or the WT1 “D” isoform. Our data support those of Zhang et al. [7] who found that WT1 protein inhibited tumor growth of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in nude mice.Specific Aim 3: To determine whether WT1 regulates chemoresistance in breast cancer cells MTS assay was used to compare the chemosensitivity of WT1 transfectants with control cells. No difference is observed between the doxorubicin and the taxol sensitivity of any of the isoforms and the control cells. Similarly, no difference is observed between the tamoxifen sensitivity of any of the isoforms and the control cells.KEY ACCOMPLISHMENTS• Published our data that WT1 protein increases the expression of cyclin D1 protein, and increases the proliferation of breast cancer cells.Zapata-Benavides, P., Tuna, M., Lopez-Berestein, G., and Tari, A. M.Downregulation of Wilms' Tumor 1 Protein Inhibits Breast Cancer Proliferation.Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 295:784-790, 2002.• Published our data that the HER2/neu oncogene engages the Akt pathway to increase the expression of WT1 protein. WT1 protein stimulates the transcription of cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 genes. WT1 protein plays a vital role in mediating proliferative and anti-apoptotic functions in HER2/neu-overexpressing breast cancer breast cancer cells.Tuna, M., Chavez-Reyes, A., and Tari, A. M. HER2/neu increases the expression of Wilms’ Tumor 1 (WT1) protein to induce S-phase proliferation and inhibitapoptosis in breast cancer cells. Oncogene, 24:1648-1652, 2005.REPORTABLE OUTCOMESAbstract1. Tuna, M. and Tari, A. M. HER2/neu uses Akt to increase WT1 expression in breastcancer cells. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Cancer Res., 44 (1st ed): 1939, 2003.The abstract was selected for oral presentation. Dr. Tuna received an AACR research award for the abstract.Manuscripts1. Zapata-Benavides, P., Tuna, M., Lopez-Berestein, G., and Tari, A. M. Downregulation ofWilms' Tumor 1 Protein Inhibits Breast Cancer Proliferation. Biochem. Biophys. Res.Commun., 295:784-790, 2002. (See attached)2. Tuna, M., Chavez-Reyes, A., and Tari, A. M. HER2/neu increases the expression ofWilms’ Tumor 1 (WT1) protein to induce S-phase proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Oncogene, 24:1648-1652, 2005. (See attached)CONCLUSIONSWe are very surprised that the four WT1 isoforms, which have been shown to bind to different partnering proteins and different DNA sequences, appear to behave quite similarly in vitro in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell background. Furthermore, it was very disappointing that the WT1 transfectants did not form tumors in nude mice. Thus, we believe that WT1 protein enhances breast tumorigenesis induced by oncogenes and growth factors, such as HER2/neu and estradiol. But its overexpression alone is not sufficient to induce breast tumorigenesisREFERENCES1. Silberstein, G., Van Horn, K., Strickland, P., Roberts, C., and Daniel, C. Alteredexpression of the WT1 wilms tumor suppressor gene in human breast cancer,Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. U S A 94: 8132-8137, 1997.2. Loeb, D., Evron, E., Patel, C., Sharma, P., Niranjan, B., Buluwela, L., Weitzman, S.,Korz, D., and Sukumar, S. Wilms' tumor suppresor gene (WT1) is expressed in primarybreast tumors despite tumor-specific promoter methylation,Cancer Res. 61: 921-925, 2001.3. Miyoshi, Y., Ando, A., Egawa, C., Taguchi, T., Tamaki, Y., Tamaki, H., Sugiyama, H.,and Noguchi, S. High expression of wilms' tumor suppressor gene predicts poor prognosis in breast cancer patients,Clin. Cancer Res. 8: 1167-1171, 2002.4. Zapata-Benavides, P., Tuna, M., Lopez-Berestein, G., and Tari, A. M. Downregulation ofWilms' Tumor 1 Protein Inhibits Breast Cancer Proliferation. Biochem. Biophys. Res.Commun., 295: 784-790, 2002.5. Tuna, M., Chavez-Reyes, A., and Tari, A. M. HER2/neu increases the expression ofWilms’ Tumor 1 (WT1) protein to induce S-phase proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Oncogene, 24: 1648-1652, 2005.6. Bickmore, W., Oghene, K., Little, M., Seawright, A., van Heyningen, V., and Hastie, N.Modulation of DNA binding specificity by alternative splicing of the Wilms Tumor wt1 gene transcript,Science 257: 235-237, 1992.7. Zhang, T., Yu, S., Guan, L., and Wang, Z. Inhibition of breast cancer cell growth by theWilms' tumor suppressor WT1 is associated with a destabilization of beta-catenin.Anticancer Res. 23: 3575-3584, 2003.LIST OF PERSONNEL RECEIVING PAY FROM THE RESEARCH EFFORTPrincipal Investigator: Ana M. TariPostdoctoral fellows: Musaffe Tuna, Yolanda Gutierrez-PuenteResearch Assistant: Galina Kiriakova。

英语演讲稿副标题格式

英语演讲稿副标题格式英文中的副标题（subtitle）在学术著作、论文、刊物中极为常见。

在结构与内容上它们具有一定特点，是读者经常读到的一种副标题格式。

英语正副标题在结构上凝练精当，这是他们的一大特色，也是读者欣赏他们的一个重要原因。

这一特色主要表现在其衔接方法上。

英文剧标题与正标题的衔接方法主要有三种基本方式。

1、破折号衔接式（正标题—刚标题）这种类型的标题是一种常见的种类。

然而，值得引起注意的是，所使用的破折号不需要缩进另起行，可直接衔接副标题。

这与中文传统的正副标题有很大不同。

例如：Challenger-A Lesson for the FutureBell College-A Language SchoolReuters-The Oldest News Service in the WorldAlfred Nobel-A Man of Contrasts2、冒号衔接式（正标题：副标题）“Writing Academie English”一书中指出：“Useacolon between the main title and the subtitle of a book,arti cleor play.”（P.236）（王英格，1996）。

以上可以充分表明，使用冒号来衔接英语正副标题是比较规范的选择方法。

在语言实际运用中，这类形式也是作者最愿选用的。

例如：Hand and Mind:What Gestures Reveal about Thought The Leamer as manager Managing Learing or Managing to Leam Second Language Reading Instruction Its Effects on Comprehension and word Inference Ability Strategy Instruction in the Language Classroom:An Empirical Investigation3、语义衔接式（正标题，副标题）这样的英文正副标题可以是词组或是两个句子，前者是正标题，后者是副标题。

标题副标题写作格式英语作文

标题副标题写作格式英语作文In the world of academic writing, the importance of titles and subtitles cannot be overstated. These two elements serve as the first impression for readers, providing a glimpse into the content and structure of an essay. As such, they must be carefully crafted to engage the reader and convey the essay's central theme.Titles are the broad umbrellas that cover the entire essay, acting as a guide for the reader to understand what the piece is about. They should be concise yet comprehensive, capturing the essence of the argument while also piquing the reader's interest. A good title should be specific enough to give the reader a sense of direction but vague enough to allow for exploration and discovery as they delve into the essay.Subtitles, on the other hand, act as roadmaps within the essay, guiding the reader through the different sections and arguments. They should be clear and descriptive, providing a breakdown of the essay's content and structure. By using subtitles, writers can organizetheir ideas more effectively, ensuring that their arguments flow seamlessly from one section to the next.When writing an English essay, it is crucial to pay attention to the title and subtitle format. The titleshould appear at the top of the page, centered and bold, to immediately draw the reader's attention. The subtitle, if used, should follow the title, either on the same line oron the next line, indented and in regular font. The use of appropriate capitalization and punctuation is alsoessential in ensuring that the title and subtitle are both clear and readable.Incorporating titles and subtitles into an Englishessay not only enhances its readability but also improvesits overall impact. By using these elements effectively, writers can ensure that their essays are both engaging and informative, captivating the reader from the outset and guiding them through the essay's journey.**标题与副标题在英语作文中的力量**在学术写作的世界中，标题与副标题的重要性不容忽视。

英语询问工作文章标题

英语询问工作文章标题Asking for the Title of a Work Article。

As we all know, work is an essential part of our lives. It is not only a means of earning a living but also a way to realize our potential and contribute to society. Therefore, it is crucial to keep ourselves informed about the latest trends and developments in the world of work. One of the best ways to do so is by reading work articles. However, before we can start reading, we need to know the title of the article. In this essay, we will explore how to ask for the title of a work article in English.Firstly, we need to know the basic structure of a work article title. Generally, a work article title consists of two parts: the main title and the subtitle. The main title is usually short and catchy, while the subtitle provides more details about the content of the article. For example, the title of an article about remote work might be "The Future of Work: Embracing Remote Work," where "The Futureof Work" is the main title and "Embracing Remote Work" is the subtitle.Now that we understand the structure of a work article title, let's look at some ways to ask for it in English.1. What's the title of the article?This is a simple and straightforward way to ask for the title of a work article. It is appropriate for both formal and informal situations.2. Could you tell me the title of the article, please?This is a more polite way to ask for the title of a work article. It is suitable for formal situations, such as in a business meeting or when talking to a professor.3. I'm interested in reading the article. What's the title?This is a friendly and casual way to ask for the titleof a work article. It is appropriate for informal situations, such as when talking to a friend or colleague.4. Excuse me, could you let me know what the title of the article is?This is a polite and formal way to ask for the title of a work article. It is appropriate for situations where you need to show respect, such as when talking to a senior colleague or a client.5. May I ask what the title of the article is?This is a polite and formal way to ask for the title of a work article. It is appropriate for situations where you need to show respect, such as when talking to a senior colleague or a client.In conclusion, asking for the title of a work article is a simple but essential skill in English. By knowing the basic structure of a work article title and using appropriate phrases, we can easily get the information weneed and stay up-to-date with the latest trends and developments in the world of work.。

作文正标题和副标题的关系

作文正标题和副标题的关系英文回答：The relationship between the main title and thesubtitle of an essay is crucial in conveying the overall message and providing a clear direction for the reader. The main title is like the headline of a newspaper, giving a concise and attention-grabbing summary of the essay's main theme. It should be catchy and intriguing, making the reader curious to know more. On the other hand, thesubtitle is like the subheading that provides more specific information about the content of the essay. It further elaborates on the main title and gives the reader a better understanding of what to expect.For example, let's say the main title of an essay is "The Power of Music" and the subtitle is "How Music Can Heal and Inspire." In this case, the main title captures the essence of the essay, emphasizing the transformative effect of music. It immediately grabs the reader'sattention and piques their interest. The subtitle then provides more details about the specific aspects of music that will be explored in the essay, such as its healing and inspiring qualities.The main title and subtitle should complement eachother and work together to create a cohesive and engaging essay. They should not contradict or confuse the reader. It is important to choose them carefully and ensure that they accurately represent the content of the essay. Additionally, the main title and subtitle should be concise and clear, avoiding any unnecessary words or phrases that may dilute their impact.中文回答：作文的正标题和副标题之间的关系对于传达整体信息和为读者提供清晰方向至关重要。

主标题和副标题的观后感英语作文600

主标题和副标题的观后感英语作文600英文回答：The Main and Supporting Title Impressions.A film's title and subtitle play a crucial role in captivating the audience's attention, conveying the essence of the story, and setting the tone for the viewing experience. The main title, often solitary and concise, provides the primary means of identification, while the subtitle, an accompanying phrase or sentence, adds depth and specificity. Together, they create a cohesive and impactful package that shapes the viewers' initial perceptions and expectations.Consider the film "Titanic," released in 1997. The main title, simply "Titanic," evokes an immediate sense of historical significance and epic scale. It conjures images of the legendary tragedy that unfolded on the ill-fated ship. The subtitle, "A Love Story," adds a poignant andunexpected dimension to the narrative. It suggests that amidst the tragedy, there is also a tender and enduringlove story that will unfold on the grand stage of the disaster. This combination of titles effectively heightens the viewer's anticipation and intrigue, setting the stagefor a captivating and emotionally resonant cinematic journey.Another example is the 2016 film "La La Land." The main title, "La La Land," captures the whimsical andaspirational essence of the film. It evokes the aura of the legendary Los Angeles neighborhood, known for itsassociation with the entertainment industry and its vibrant cultural scene. The subtitle, "A Modern Musical," further clarifies the genre and sets expectations for a contemporary and stylish musical experience. This title combination encapsulates the film's unique blend of romance, music, and nostalgia, inviting the audience to immerse themselves in a captivating cinematic world.In summary, the main title and subtitle of a film serve as essential elements in conveying the core themes, settingthe tone, and piquing the audience's interest. They work together to create a memorable and impactful impression that shapes the viewer's expectations and enhances the overall cinematic experience.中文回答：主标题和副标题的观后感。

理性作文标题设计英文

理性作文标题设计英文英文回答：Crafting Thoughtful Essay Titles。

The title of an essay serves as a succinct yet informative representation of the paper's content and overall argument. An effective title should engage the reader's curiosity, accurately reflect the paper's scope, and hint at the author's perspective. Crafting a thoughtful essay title involves careful consideration of several key elements.1. Accuracy and Clarity。

Foremost, the title should accurately convey the main topic and thesis of the essay. Avoid using vague or ambiguous language that could mislead the reader about the paper's content. Instead, opt for precise and specific terms that clearly articulate the paper's focus.2. Originality and Appeal。

A memorable and engaging title can help your essay stand out from the crowd. Consider using creative language or a unique turn of phrase that sparks the reader's curiosity and encourages them to delve deeper into the paper. Avoid using overly common or clichéd titles that may fail to capture the reader's attention.3. Consistency with the Thesis。

4. Title and Subtitle THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FLAMMABILITY TEST METHOD FOR AIRCRAFT BLANKETS

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

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英语演讲稿副标题格式

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英语询问工作文章标题

作文正标题和副标题的关系

主标题和副标题的观后感英语作文600

理性作文标题设计英文

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