modules. Computer Aided Design, 827–33, 1976.
企业员工信息管理系统的设计与实现毕业设计论文
企业员工信息管理系统- 0 -分类号_______________ 密级________________UDC _______________ 学号_ ___毕业设计（论文）论文题目企业员工信息管理系统的设计与实现 Thesis Topic Design and implementation of enterprise employee2017年7月25日毕业设计（论文）任务书企业员工信息管理系统的设计与实现摘要随着电子信息的飞速发展，计算机已经融入到了生活的各个方面，越来越多的企业开始使用电子计算机来对企业进行管理，信息化的时代已经到来，各个企业无论大小都需要一个信息化的管理系统来对自己公司内部的员工信息进行管理，企业员工信息管理系统是一个针对此问题而进行开发的系统，使得公司的员工管理不如现代化，开启了一个新的管理模式。
本文首先对比了国内外企业员工信息管理的现状，明确了需求的不同以及需要吸收借鉴的部分，然后在员工信息管理的需求基础上，通过系统的功能需求与系统的可行性分析，确立了企业员工信息管理系统的基本功能，构建了该系统的框架以及结构设计，然后对该系统的各个功能的主要代码进行分析、设计，最后对系统的各个功能进行测试，完成了本次系统的开发。
企业员工信息管理系统分为两大模块，管理员模块和普通员工模块，管理员可以操作系统的所有功能，主要包括部门管理、员工信息管理、出勤管理、工资管理以及请假审核等功能；为了信息的保密以及系统的安全性，普通员工只具有查看工资以及请假的功能。
文章以需求分析，系统概要设计，系统功能实现，系统测试等为主要内容，详细介绍了一个基于Web技术的B/S结构的企业员工信息管理系统。
本系统主要使用MyEclipse软件进行程序编写，使用JSP作为前台的开发语言，使用MySql 作为后台的数据库管理系统，服务器采用tomcat，开发出的一个适应现代社会发展的企业员工信息管理系统。
关键词：员工信息，JSP，B/S结构The design and implementation of enterpriseemployee information management systemABSTRACTWith the rapid development of electronic information, computer has been integrated into all aspects of life, more and more enterprises begin to use computer to manage the enterprise, the information age has arrived, regardless of the size of each enterprise needs an information management system to the company's internal staff information management, employee information a management system is to solve this problem for the development of the system, making the company's employee management as the modernization, opening a new management mode.This paper first compares the present situation of domestic and foreign enterprise employee information management, clarifies the different demand and need to absorb the part, and then the demand based on the employee information management, through the feasibility of functional requirements and system analysis, establishes the basic function of enterprise staff information management system, construct the system framework and structure design, and then the main code foreach function of the system is analyzed and designed, and finally test the various functions of the system, completed the development of this system. Employee information management system is divided into two modules, administrator module and general staff module, the administrator can all functions of the operating system, including department management, employee information management, attendance management, salary management and audit functions in order to leave; information security and secrecy system, general staff wages and leave only with a view the function of.This paper takes requirement analysis, system outline design, system function realization and system test as the main contents, and introduces a B/S enterprise employee information management system based on Web technology in detail. This system mainly uses MyEclipse software to program and use JSP as the development language, using MySQL as the background database management system, using Tomcat server, an information management system for enterprise employees adapt to the development of modern society developed.Keywords:em ployee information，JSP，B / S structure企业员工信息管理系统目录摘要 (1)ABSTRACT (3)1绪论 (1)1.1课题背景 (1)1.2目的和意义 (2)1.3研究的目标与内容 (3)1.4软硬件需求 (4)1.5本文组织结构 (4)2 需求分析 (6)2.1系统功能需求 (6)2.1.1系统功能需求 (6)2.1.2用户特点 (8)2.2系统模型 (8)2.2.1参与者 (8)2.2.2管理员用例图 (8)2.2.3普通员工用例图 (9)2.3可行性分析 (10)2.3.1技术的可行性 (10)2.3.2经济的可行性 (11)2.3.3操作可行性 (11)2.3.4法律的可行性 (12)3 系统概要设计 (13)3.1系统设计原则 (13)3.2系统架构设计 (14)3.3数据库设计 (16)3.3.1数据库的概念结构设计 (16)3.3.2数据库的逻辑结构设计 (17)3.3.3数据库的连接原理 (21)4 系统详细设计 (25)4.1系统登陆页面实现 (25)4.2管理员模块 (32)4.2.1部门信息管理 (33)4.2.1.1部门信息录入 (33)4.2.1.2部门信息管理 (34)4.2.1.3部门信息删除 (37)4.2.2员工信息管理 (38)4.2.2.1员工信息信息录入 (38)4.2.2.2员工信息管理 (39)4.2.3出勤管理 (43)4.2.3.1出勤录入 (43)4.2.4修改密码 (43)4.2.5工资管理 (43)4.2.6请假审核管理 (44)4.2.7退出系统 (45)4.3普通员工模块 (45)4.3.1请假申请 (45)4.3.2我的工资浏览 (46)4.3.3修改密码 (47)5 系统测试 (48)5.1系统测试目的与意义 (48)5.2系统测试方法 (48)5.2.1系统测试计划 (48)5.2.2系统测试方法 (49)5.2系统功能测试 (49)5.2.1主页面的登录模块测试 (49)5.2.2修改密码的模块测试 (50)5.2.3部门管理的模块测试 (51)5.2.4员工管理的模块测试 (51)5.2.5出勤管理的模块测试 (52)5.2.6工资管理的模块测试 (53)5.2.7请假审核的模块测试 (54)5.2.8我的请假的模块测试 (55)5.3其他错误 (55)6 总结与展望 (57)6.1论文的主要工作 (57)6.2存在问题 (57)结论 (59)参考文献 (61)致谢 (62)外文原文 (63)中文翻译 (77)企业员工信息管理系统1绪论1.1课题背景计算机网络技术的发展，给信息时代的人们带来了很大的方便。
英文文献-计算机与制造业
Computer –Aided Design and ManufacturingComputer-aided design (CAD)involoves the use of computer to create design drawings and product models computer-aided design is usually associated with interactive computer graphics (known as a CAD system). Computer-aided design systems are powerful tools and used in the mechanical design and geometric modeling of products and components.In cad ,the drawing board is replaced by electronic input and output devices.when using a cad system,The designer can conceptualize the object to be desiged more easily on the graphics screen and can consider alternative designs or modify a particular design quickly to meet the necessary design requirements or changes. The designer can then subject the design to a variety of engineering analyses and can identify potential problems (such as an excessive load or deflection).The speed and accuracy of such analyses far surpass what is available form traditional methods.Draft productivity rises dramatically. When something is drawn once, it never has to be drawn again. It can be retrieved from a library, and can be duplicated, stretched, sized, and changed in many ways without having to be redrawn. Cut and paste techniques are used as Labor-saving aids.CAD makes possible multiview 2D drawings, and the drawings can be reproduced at different levels of reduction and enlargement. It gives the mechanical engineer the ability to magnify even the smallest components to ascertain if assembled components fit properly. Parts with different characteristics, such as movable or stationary, can be assigned different color on the display.Designers have even more freedom with the advent of 3D modeling. They can create 3D parts and manipulate them in endless variations to achieve desired results. Through finite element analysis, stresses can be applied to a computer model and the results graphically displayed giving the designer quick feedback on any inherent problems in a design before the creation of a physical prototype.In addition to the design’s geometric and dimensional features, other information (such as a list of materials, specifications, and manufacturing instructions) is stored in the CAD database. Using such information, the designer can then analyze the economics of alternative designs.Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) involves the use of computer and computer technology to assist in all the phases of manufacturing a product, including process and production planning, machining, scheduling, management, and qualitycontrol. Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing are often combined into CAD/CAM systems.This combination allows the transfer of information from the design stage into the stage of planning for the manufacture of a product, without the need to reenter the data on part geometry manually. The database developed during CAD is stored; then it is processed further, by CAM, into the necessary data and instructions for operating and controlling production machinery, material-handing equipment, and automated testing and inspection for product quality.In machining operations, an important feature of CAD/CAM is its capability to describe the tool path for various operations, such as NC turning, milling, and drilling. The instructions (programs) are computer generated, and they can be modified by the programmer to optimize the tool path. The engineer or technician can then display and visually check the tool path for possible tool collisions with fixtures or other interferences. The tool path can be modified at any time, to accommodate other part shapes to be machined.Some typical applications of CAD/CAM are: (a) programming for NC, ENC, and industrial robots; (b) design of tools and fixtures and EDM electrodes; (c) quality control and inspection, for instance, coordinate-admeasuring machines programmed on a CAD/CAM workstation; (d) process planning and scheduling; and (e) plant layout.The emergence of CAD/CAM has had a major impact on manufacturing, by standardizing product development and by reducing design effort, tryout, and prototype work; it has made possible significantly reduced costs and improved productivity. The two-engine Boeing 777 passenger airplane, for example, was designed completely by computer (paperless design). The plane is constructed directly from the CAD/CAM software developed (an enhanced CATIA system) and no prototypes or mockups were built, such as were required for previous models.计算机与制造业计算机正在将制造业带入信息时代，计算机长期以来在商业和管理方面得到了广泛得应用，它正做为一种新型得工具进入到工厂中，而且它如同蒸气机在100年前使制造业发生改变那样，正在使制造业发生着改革。
国开电大化工识图与CAD基础下线形考一试题及答案
国开电大化工识图与CAD基础下线形考一试题及答案一、单项选择题（共10题，每题2分，共20分）1.下面哪个命令可以在CAD软件中创建一个圆形？– A. LINE命令– B. ARC命令– C. CIRCLE命令– D. POLYLINE命令答案：C2.在CAD软件中，一个直线段由起点和终点确定，可以通过哪个命令进行绘制？– A. LINE命令– B. ARC命令– C. CIRCLE命令– D. POLYLINE命令答案：A3.在CAD软件中，当需要删除一个对象时，可以使用哪个命令？– A. DELETE命令– B. ERASE命令– C. CUT命令– D. REMOVE命令答案：B4.在化工识图中，常用的表示容器的图形符号是什么？– A. 矩形– B. 圆形– C. 水平线段– D. 垂直线段答案：A5.在化工识图中，用来表示气体的图形符号是什么？– A. 实心圆– B. 空心圆– C. 实心三角形– D. 空心三角形答案：D6.在CAD软件中，如果需要将绘图区域移动到一个新的位置，可以使用哪个命令？– A. MOVE命令– B. COPY命令– C. ROTATE命令– D. SCALE命令答案：A7.在化工识图中，常用的表示阀门的图形符号是什么？– A. 矩形– B. 圆形– C. 水平线段– D. 垂直线段答案：B8.在CAD软件中，如果需要创建一个多边形，可以使用哪个命令？– A. LINE命令– B. ARC命令– C. CIRCLE命令– D. POLYGON命令答案：D9.在CAD软件中，如果需要将一个对象复制到新位置，可以使用哪个命令？– A. MOVE命令– B. COPY命令– C. ROTATE命令– D. SCALE命令答案：B10.在化工识图中，常用的表示泵的图形符号是什么？• A. 矩形• B. 圆形• C. 水平线段• D. 垂直线段答案：D二、简答题（共5题，每题10分，共50分）1.请简要说明CAD软件的基本功能和用途。
建筑工程专业英语-吴承霞版考试资料
1.Construction engineering is a specialized branch of civil engineering concerned with thepianning ,execution,andcontrol of construction operations for various projects.planning consists of scheduling the work to be done and selecting the most suitable construction methods and equipment for the project .execution requires the timely mobilization of all drawings,layouts,and materials on the job to prevent delays to the work.control consists analyzing progress and cost to ensure that the project will be done on schedules and within the estimated cost.（一单）建筑工程是土木工程的一个分支，涉及项目的计划、实施和施工控制。
计划包括安排项目工程进度，选择适当的施工方法和设备。
实施则是要求及时筹备所有的图纸、布置和施工原料以防止工作延期。
控制包括进度和成本分析，以保证项目能按计划进行，并控制成本消耗在预期范围内。
2.Construction operations are generally classified according to specialized fields. These include preparation of the projectsite, earthmoving, foundation treatment, construction of load-carrying frame and electrical and mechanical installations.However, the relative importance of each field is not the same in all cases[5施工程序通常根据工种不同来分类，包括现场准备、挖运土方、地基处理、主体结构施工以及电器和机械安装，但是每个工种的相对重要性在各种情况下并不总是相同的。
全新版大学英语第四册第四单元课后习题答案
Unit FourKey to Part II Reading TaskContent Questions:Pair Work:1.Because he feels he is completely international.2.What he means is that if one has a network of friends and enjoys what one is doing, one can functionwell anywhere in the world.3.It refers to a member of the international business elite who treks each year to the Swiss Alpine town ofDavos for the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum.4.The issues include everything from post-election Iraq and HIV in Africa to the global supply of oil andthe implication of nanotechnology.5.They all believe that globalization, the unimpeded flows of capital, labor and technology across nationalborders, is both welcome and unstoppable. They see the world increasingly as one vast, international marketplace in which corporations search for the most advantageous locations to buy, produce and sell their goods and services.6.He describes Davos Man as an emerging global superspecies and a threat.7.Yes, global trade has been around for centuries. In the past, the corporations and countries that benefitedfrom global trade were largely content to treat vast parts of the world as places to mine natural resources or sell finished products.8.It predicted that four economies – Russia, Brazil, India and China – will become a much larger force inthe world economy than widely expected, based on projections of demographics and economic growth, with China potentially overtaking Germany this decade. By 2050, these four newcomers will likely have displaced all but the US and Japan from the top six economies in the world.9.It refers to low-paid migrant workers from Asia and elsewhere who are increasingly providing keyservices around the world.10.Unlike Davos Man, Manila Woman is strongly patriotic.11.Because he thinks that there are still too many barriers to cross-border business in Europe, let alone theworld.12.Davos Man needs to figure out how to strike a balance on a global scale between being international andbeing national at the same time.Text OrganizationWorking on Your Own:1.Part One, Paras. 1-3: introduction to Davos Man and the World Economic ForumPart Two. Paras. 4-5: Debate over the impact of globalization on current society and culturePart Three. Paras. 6-8: History of globalization and its recent trands and future prospectsPart Four. Paras. 9-11: Globalization versus nationalism and the challenges it faces2. Main Events:2) Davos Man seen their identity as a matter of personal choice, not an accident of birth.3) Davos Man believes that globalization, the unimpeded flows of capital, labor and technology acrossnational borders, it both welcome and unstoppable.4) Davos Man sees the world increasingly as one vast, international marketplace in which corporationssearch for the most advantageous locations to buy, produce and sell their goods and services.Language Sense Enhancement1.(1) both see their identity (2) birth (3) incidentally (4) annual(5) networking (6) implications (7) Whatever their considerable differences(8) unimpeded flows (9) interconnected marketplace (10) advantageousLanguage FocusVocabulary:I.1. Fill in the gaps with words or phrases given in the box.1) advantageous 2) let alone 3) witnessing…vanishing 4) landmark5) entitled 6) displace 7) Establishment 8) patriotic…strengthen9) contradictions 10) aspires 11) divorced 12) pendulums2. Use the verb in the brackets to form an appropriate phrasal verb you have learned and complete the sentence with it.1) come to 2) dozed off 3) believed in 4) was set apart5) take in 6) sucks in 7) clean up 8) turn away3. Rewrite each sentence with the word or phrase in the brackets.1) makes no/little difference whether we go there by train or by bus.2) overtaken General Motors as the world’s biggest car maker.3) at odds with his wife over money matters.4) been at the forefront of nanotechnology research.5) let alone cook a meal.4. Complete the sentence, using the words or phrases in the brackets.a) is increasingly…to accelerate…their investmentb) economy…make an earnest…strike a balance betweenc) a handful of…be endorsed by…on a large scaleII. Word Formation:WTO World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织GDP gross domestic product 国内生产总值ATM automatic teller machine 自动出纳机V AT value-added tax 增值税CAD computer-aided design 计算机辅助设计IT information technology 信息技术IDD international direct dialing 国际直拨电话MTV music television 音乐电视Radar radio detecting and ranging 雷达IOC International Olympic Committee 国际奥委会VIP very important person 贵宾、大人物Laser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation 激光CPU central processing unit 中央处理器III. Usage:1)An unusual present, a book on ethics, was given to Henry for his birthday.2)The reason (he gave) that he didn’t notice the car till too late was unsatisfactory.3)Football, his only interest in life, has brought him many friends.4)Cloning had been raised as a possibility decades ago, then dismissed, something that serious scientiststhought was simply not going to happen anytime soon.Comprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze1. Text-related:(1) academics; (2) networking (3) a variety of (4) growth(5) vanish (6) facilitate (7) endorsing (8) outlook(9) sweeping aside (10) patriotic (11) erasing (12) strike a balance2. Theme-related:(1) aided (2) effects (3) distances (4) connected (5) invested(6) features (7) prevailing (8) qualitatively (9) volume (10) DistinguishingIII. Translation1. Translate the sentences into English:1) Due to his pessimistic outlook on the European economy, John has moved his assets from Europe to elsewhere.2) I like hiring young people. They are earnest learners and committed to work.3) Unlike her girl friends who center their lives on their children, Mary cares more about her personal growth.4) The Chinese government has introduced a variety of policies to strengthen cooperation with developing countries.2. Translate the passage into English:Globalization has great implications for young Chinese. For example, young farmers are moving on a large scale to urban areas for jobs. And for those young people who aspire to study abroad or work in foreign-invested enterprises, English has become increasingly important. At the same time, a considerable number of overseas Chinese have returned home in recent years, for they hold an optimistic outlook for the long-term growth of the Chinese economy. The Internet has strengthened the links between Chinese young people and those elsewhere. They follow the latest trends can copy foreign fashions. Some of them don’t seem to care for traditional Chinese virtues, let alone carry them forward, which has given rise to worries that the traditional Chinese culture might one day vanish.。
第一 二章作业题(参考答案)汇总
第一章引论（Introduction）1．知识要点数字电路的发展及其在信息技术领域中的地位；数字信号与模拟信号之间的关系及数字信号的基本特点；数字系统输入/输出特性及其逻辑特点，数字逻辑电路（Digital Logic Circuit）的主要内容。
重点：1．数字信号（Digital Signal）与模拟信号（Analog Signal）之间的关系；2．数字信号的基本特点；3．数字系统（Digital System）输入/输出特性及其逻辑特点。
难点：1．数字信号的基本特点；2．数字系统的特点。
数字信号只在离散时刻（观测时刻）变化；其取值也是离散的，即数字信号只能取有限种不同的值，为方便电路中处理，这些数值可以用二进制（Binary Number)表达（0，1）。
数字系统的特点：（1）只需考虑观测时刻的输入/输出关系，无须考虑其连续的变化；（2）只需考虑有限的信号取值，不考虑其中间值；（3）任何时刻一根输入/输出线上的状态只能为0或1，所以输入/输出具有有限状态，输入-输出的关系可以采用有限表格进行表达；（4）对于输出的讨论只是考虑在哪些输入条件下输出会等于0，哪些条件下会等于1，于是输入-输出关系体现为逻辑关系。
2．Exercises1.1 Define the following acronyms:ASIC, CAD, CD, CO, CPLD, DIP, DVD, FPGA, HDL, IC, IP, LSI, MCM, MSI, NRE, PBX, PCB, PLD, PWB, SMT, SSI, VHDL, VLSI.ASIC: Application Specific Integrated Circuit，专用集成电路CAD: Computer Aided Design，计算机辅助设计CD: Compact Disc，原意: 紧凑型小唱片，即CD光盘CO: Central Office，中央局，中心站，交换机（也可作Carry Out，进位输出）CPLD: Complex Programmable Logic Device，复杂可编程逻辑器件DIP: Dual Inline-pin Package，双列直插式封装DVD: Digital Versatile Disc，数字通用光盘FPGA: Field Programmable Gate Array，现场可编程门阵列HDL: Hardware Description Language，硬件描述语言IC: Integrated Circuit，集成电路IP: Internet Protocol，因特网协议（也可作Intellectual Property，知识产权）LSI: Large Scale Integration，大规模集成电路MCM: MultiChip Module，多芯片模块MSI: Medium Scale Integration，中规模集成电路NRE: Nonrecurring Engineering，非再现工程，一次性工程PBX: Private Branch Exchange，专用用户交换机PCB: Printed Circuit Board，印制电路板PLD: Programmable Logic Device，可编程逻辑器件PWB: Printed-Wiring Board，印刷线路板SMT: Surface Mount Technology，表面贴装技术SSI: Small Scale Integration，小规模集成电路VHDL: Very High-speed-integrated-circuit Hardware Description Language，超高速集成电路硬件描述语言VLSI: Very Large Scale Integration，超大规模集成电路1.2 Research the definitions of the following acronyms:ABEL, CMOS, DDPP, JPEG, MPEG, OK, PERL (Is OK really an acronym?).ABEL: Advanced Boolean Equation Language，高级布尔方程语言（一种硬件描述语言）CMOS: Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor，互补金属氧化物半导体DDPP: Digital Design Principles and Practices，数字设计原理和实践（英文教材名）JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group，联合图像专家组MPEG: Moving Picture Experts Group，运动图像专家组OK: OkayPERL: Practical Extraction and Report Language，实用报表提取语言1.3 Draw a digital circuit consisting of a 2-input AND gate and three inverters,where an inverter is connected to each of the AND gate’s inputs and its output for each of the four possible combinations of inputs applied to the two primary inputs of this circuit determine the value produced at the primary output. Is there a simpler circuit that gives the same input/output behavior?F第二章 信息的二进制表达 （Binary Expression of Information ）1．知识要点十进制、二进制、八进制和十六进制数的表示方法以及它们之间的相互转换、二进制数的运算；符号-数值码，二进制补码、二进制反码表示以及它们之间的相互转换；符号数的运算；溢出的概念。
计算机辅助设计概述
•
20世纪60年代初美国麻省理工学院林肯
实验室的I．E．Sutherland发表T“Sketch—Pad：
一个人机通讯的图形系统”的博士论文，首先提
出计算机图形学、交互技术、分层存储的数据结
构等新思想，从而为计算机辅助设计技术的发展
和应用打下了理论基础，打开了计算机图形处理
和辅助设计发展的大门。
• 70年代计算机辅助设计专家的理论研究利用有限元方
大型系统： （1）Pro/Engineer –美国PTC公司产品，是
最早的参数化造型软件，是CAD/CAE/CAM集 成软件系统，其中CAD系统尤为突出。 （2）UG--美国EDS公司产品，CAD/CAE/CAM集 成软件系统，CAM系统功能强大。己和IDEAS合并。
（3）I-DEAS--美国SDRC公司产品，最初以工 程计算和结构分析为主，后来也成为 CAD/CAE/CAM集成软件系统，CAE是该软件 特长，CAM相对不足，因此与UG合并。
1.2 计算机辅助设计的作用和功能
• 1.2.1 计算机辅助设计的作用 1．交互式的图形处理与几何模型构造 2．工程计算分析和对设计的模拟、验证、优化 3. 计算机自动绘图和辅助文档编辑 4．工程信息的有效存储及工程数据库的管理与共事 5．知识库基础上的专家系统和人工智能型辅助设计
与决策 6．良好的人机交互界面
因此，在研究计算机辅助设计技术的发展 时．不能只看到计算机辅助设计本身，必须随时 注意到相关工程技术领域的发展以及在这些领域 的推广和应用，从而引起全方位的技术革命。
第二章 计算机辅助设计系统的硬件和软件
• 计算机辅助设计系统包括硬件系统和软件系统 两大部分。硬件系统主要由电子计算机及其外 围设备组成，它是计算机辅助设计技术的物质 基础。软件系统是计算机辅助设计技术的核心， 它决定了系统所具有的功能。硬件和软件的组 合形成了计算机辅助设计系统。因此，了解和 掌握计算机辅助设计技术，研究和开发计算机 辅助设计系统，必须具备一定的硬件和软件知 识。
实现CAD绘图多功能的插件推荐
实现CAD绘图多功能的插件推荐CAD（Computer-Aided Design）是一种广泛应用于工程设计领域的计算机辅助设计软件，它能够帮助工程师们通过电脑来进行各种设计和制图工作。
为了让CAD软件的功能更加强大和多样化，很多插件应运而生。
本文将为大家推荐一些实现CAD绘图多功能的插件，帮助您提高工作效率。
1. AutoCAD插件– CADtoolsCADtools是一款功能丰富的AutoCAD插件，它为用户提供了一系列实用的工具，例如自动标注、尺寸线创建、图纸管理等。
CADtools不仅可以简化绘图流程，还可以提高绘图的准确度和效率。
它还具有强大的编辑功能，能够对绘图进行各种修改和优化。
无论是初学者还是专业人士，CADtools都是一款非常值得推荐的插件。
2. SketchUp插件– ArtisanArtisan是一款专为SketchUp设计的插件，它为用户提供了一系列高级绘图工具，例如表面细化、形状编辑、光影效果等。
Artisan可以让用户在SketchUp中实现更加精确和复杂的绘图效果，为设计师们提供了更大的创作空间。
无论您是建筑师、室内设计师还是景观设计师，Artisan都能够帮助您打造出令人惊艳的作品。
3. SolidWorks插件– CAMWorksCAMWorks是一款为SolidWorks设计的先进的制造软件，它能够将CAD模型和CAM程序紧密结合，实现高效的制造流程。
CAMWorks具有智能特征识别和自动化加工的功能，能够大大简化NC 编程的过程。
它还支持多轴加工和刀具路径优化，提高了加工效率和质量。
如果您需要在SolidWorks中进行复杂的制造任务，CAMWorks绝对是一个不可缺少的插件。
4. Revit插件– EnscapeEnscape是一款支持实时渲染的Revit插件，它能够快速将设计模型转化为高质量的渲染图像和动画。
Enscape不仅能够提供逼真的光影效果，还支持虚拟现实和全景漫游。
PSCAD使用手册(中文版)
PSCAD简明使用手册Chapter 1: EMTDC/PSCAD简介 (1 1.1 功能 (11.2 技术背景 (11.3 主要的研究范围 (11.4 目前应用情况 (21.5 各版本限制 (31.6 目前最新版本:PSCAD 第四版 (3 Chapter 2: 安装及License设置 (42.1 安装 (42.2 License设置 (6Chapter 3: PSCAD工作环境 (93.1 术语和定义 (93.1.1 元件 (93.1.2 模块 (103.1.3 工程 (103.2 各工作区介绍 (103.2.1 工作空间窗口 (103.2.2 输出窗口 (143.2.3 设计编辑器 (163.3 工作区设置 (163.4 在线帮助系统 (18 Chapter 4: 基本操作 (194.1 工程 (194.2 元件和模块 (224.2.1 元件 (224.2.2 模块 (254.3 常用工具栏及快捷键 (25 4.3.1常用工具栏 (254.3.2快捷键 (27Chapter 5: 在线绘图和控制 (29 5.1 控制或显示数据的获取 (29 5.2 图形框 (305.3 图、曲线及轨迹 (315.4 在线控制器及仪表 (345.5 几种特殊表计 (365.5.1 XY绘图 (365.5.2多测计 (385.5.3相量计 (39参考文献 (41Chapter 1: EMTDC/PSCAD简介Dennis Woodford博士于1976年在加拿大曼尼托巴水电局开发完成了EMTDC 的初版,是一种世界各国广泛使用的电力系统仿真软件,PSCAD是其用户界面,PSCAD的开发成功,使得用户能更方便地使用EMTDC进行电力系统分析,使电力系统复杂部分可视化成为可能,而且软件可以作为实时数字仿真器的前置端。
可模拟任意大小的交直流系统。
操作环境为:UNIX OS, Windows95, 98,NT等;Fortran 编辑器;浏览器和TCP/IP协议。
ΕΥΦΥΗΣ ΒΙΟΚΛΙΜΑΤΙΚΟΣ ΑΡΧΙΤΕΚΤΟΝΙΚΟΣ ΣΧΕΔΙΑΣΜΟΣ
INTELLIGENT BIOCLIMATIC ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN T. Panayiotopoulos, A. Prokopiou*, K. TsipirasKnowledge Engineering Laboratory Dpt. of Informatics, University of Piraeus 80 Karaoli & Dimitriou str., 18534 Piraeusemail: themis@unipi.gr *P-Systems International S.A.57 Stournari str., 10432 Athens email: info@pi-systems.grABSTRACTTo produce intelligent bioclimatic architectural design software one must put together many different modules, such as, architectural design programs, bioclimatic design programs and expert consultation systems. The problem is very complex and many different technologies must be integrated. A first approach is to produce a module-based system, where every module provides its output to the next module. The architect, when using the system, is able to design faster and more adequetly.ΕΥΦΥΗΣΒΙΟΚΛΙΜΑΤΙΚΟΣΑΡΧΙΤΕΚΤΟΝΙΚΟΣΣΧΕΔΙΑΣΜΟΣΘ. Παναγιωτόπουλος, Α. Προκοπίου*, Κ. ΤσίπηραςΕργαστήριοΤεχνολογίαςΓνώσηςΤμήμαΠληροφορικής, Παν. ΠειραιάΚαραολή & Δημητρίου 80, 18534 Πειραιάςemail: themis@unipi.gr*π-Systems Α.Ε.Β.Ε.ΛΣτουρνάρη 57, Αθήνα 10432 email: info@pi-systems.grΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗΓιανααναπτυχθείτολογισμικόενόςπρογράμματοςευφυούςβιοκλιματικούαρχιτεκτονικούσχεδιασμούπρέπεινασυνδυαστούνπολλάδιαφορετικάπρογράμματαπουαφορούνσεαρχιτεκτονικόσχεδιασμό, βιοκλιματικόσχεδιασμόκαθώςκαιέμπειρασυστήματα. Τοπρόβλημαείναιιδιαίτεραπολύπλοκοκαθώςπολλέςδιαφορετικέςτεχνολογίεςπρέπεινασυνδυαστούνκαιτελικάναενοποιηθούν. Μιαπρώτηπροσέγγισηείναιηανάπτυξηενόςσυστήματοςπουαποτελείταιαπόεπιμέρουςυποσυστήματα, έτσιπουηέξοδοςτουενόςναδίδεταιστοεπόμενο. Ηχρήσηενόςτέτοιουσυστήματοςβοηθάτοναρχιτέκτονανασχεδιάσειγρηγορότερακαιμεμεγαλύτερηακρίβεια.1. INTRODUCTIONBioclimatic architectural design, [1,2,3,4], is a demanding design task. Architects must compute a significant number of parameters which concern not only the building, but the enviroment as well. The goal of such studies is to develop architectural designs which take advantage of various environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, solar radiation, climate, as well as factors concerning the building such as building orientation, occupants’ activities, building elements, surroundings, etc. All these parameters must be specified in detail in order to achieve high levels of energy savings in buildings. Given that the number of parameters is extremely large, architects could benefit from expert consultation systems [5,6,7], which should be integrated on their bioclimatic architectural design program.In this paper we present a system architecture which integrates three different computer programs : An architectural design commercial program, a bioclimatic design program and an expert consultation system. The expert consultation system provides certain suggestions to the architects as intelligent help, or expert recommendation based on certain building designs, conditions, constraints and priorities. The overall system consists of several modules concerning climate, thermal comfort, heating, cooling, solar properties.The paper is structured as follows. Section 2 discusses problem specification concepts of the intelligent bioclimatic architectural design programs. Section 3 presents the overall architecture of the system. Consequently, section 4 presents some forms of the developed expert consultation sytem and section 5 concludes and discusses some future work.2. BIOCLIMATIC ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNSoftware for architectural design is based on the concept of Computer Aided Design, (CAD), which provides the user with a graphical interface along with a number of easy to use graphical operators for designing shapes. Using such software tools the heavy work of an architect has been somehow automated without affecting the initial design part which is a truelly high level creative work. An architect has to capture with her/his imagination the initial idea, and work out the details using the help of a computer.Moreover, during the last decade, the concept of bioclimatic architecture has emerged. Bioclimatic architectural studies try to take advantage of certain bioclimatic parameters in order to provide designs with high energy savings, without reducing the sense of comfort of the inhabitans. Bioclimatic architecture provides many solutions to the problems of heating and cooling of buildings in a way which avoids the use of energy consuming and therefore high polluting technology. Many alternative techniques have been developed for this reason. Therefore, Bioclimatic architectural software should consist of several modules concerning climate, thermal comfort, heating, cooling, and solar properties. In each of these modules an architect must specify a large number of parameters in order to be able to compute the results of energy savings when she/he would apply some kind of bioclimatic interference on the building.To give just a simple example, energy savings of a building could be dramatically changed with a simple change of orientation of the building. Theoretically, this can be done at the design phase, with the drawback of a number of complicated computations which must be performed for all, say eight, directions : We must assume that the building is phasing north, east, south, west and the four intermediate directions (northeast, etc.). This procedure multiplies by eight the time as well as thecost of the design phase, and is only one of the numerous parameters which can be changed. In fact, for every initial design, further elaboration is needed, in order to compute the final energy savings. Even worse, there are certain constraints, concerning the surroundings, the surface, the solar activity at the given location, etc. which must be very seriously taken into consideration. Other climatic data are also very important, such as the local weather for each season, temperature for each hour, day, month, season. In fact, the parameters needed to be defined are even more, and for each case there seem to be alternative methods which solve the problem, but each case needs a special study.If the building has already been built, it is not possible to change the orientation, but it is still possible to alter some of its substructures, in order to improve its energy consumption behaviour.FIGURE 1. Overall abstract system architecture of the first Generation Intelligent BioclimaticArchitectural Design ProgramOn the other hand, intelligent software systems, or expert systems, can be used to provide the user with an experts’ opinion for some application area [8,9,10]. A medical diagnosis expert system, for example, needs to be set up with all the health information of a person, such as the symptoms, the medical history, medical records of similar situations, etc. The expert system has been encoded with all the appropriate medical knowledge in the form of some knowledge representation technique, [6], such as logic programming, semantic networks, frame systems, etc. When the expert system is consulted, it tries to define the spesific illness of a person given all the above knowledge. Moreover,it provides the doctor with how, why and what-if explanations, and many times, due to the incompleteness of the input data, provides some alternative answers with measures of belief in each answer.In the case of bioclimatic architectural design, an expert system should be able to give spesific directions and advice to an architect at all stages of the design study. To accomplish this, we must be able to develop knowledge bases containing all the appropriate bioclimatic architectural theories, along with some reasoning behind each theory. Moreover, the expert system must be able to invoke appropriate strategies, different for each design stage, test alternatives, take into consideration certain constraints, give default values to certain parameters, etc. At certain stages of the design, it should ask the user to take some important decisions and not prevent her/him at the same time from the creative architectural design work.Given these specifications, the ultimate goal would be to develop an integrated intelligent bioclimatic architectural design software, which would include computer aided design software, bioclimatic architectural software and an expert consultation system which coulld be invoked anytime.FIGURE 2. A sample screenshot of the form of the IMPORT program3. OVERALL SYSTEM ARCHITECTUREWe have developed a first generation intelligent bioclimatic architectural design system, which implements some of the characteristics previously described. The overall architecture of the system concerns a collection of ‘loosely-coupled’ modules which communicate with each other through Databases. The system consists of three main modules : An Architectural Design commercialprogram, a Bioclimatic design commercial program and an Expert Consultation prototype system as they are depicted in Figure 1.An architect using the architectural design commercial program, designs a first draft of the building, with some details, concerning the walls, the openings, etc. The program saves the results in the Arch database. This database is imported by the IMPORT program which also uses some simple graphical interface for the definition of walls, rooms, spaces and other details needed from the bioclimatic design program. Consequently, it exports these data in the Bui database. The Bui database is used by the bioclimatic program with which the architect makes all possible computations given her/his initial considerations for bioclimatic interferences. The output is stored in the Bcl DataBase, which is going to be used by the Expert Consultation prototype system.The expert consultation system, consults its knowledge base, and provides the architect with an energy evaluation of the study. It also proposes alternative design interferences and generates a report which can be further used by the architect for making appropriate changes in the study through the Architectural Design commersial program. In this way the whole circle starts from the beginning, but this time the architect may design at a more detailed way.The system uses much more files and databases, than the ones actually depicted in Figure 1. There are, for example, climatic data, data about the surroundings, etc.FIGURE 3. A sample screenshot of the form of the overall energy evaluation expert system4.EXPERT CONSULTATION SYSTEMThere are two main modules of the expert consultation system : The first module concerns the evaluation of the thermal comfort of a given space of a building. The presentation of the firstmodule is treated in depth elsewhere, [11]. The second module concerns the energy gains of a study and is much more complicated than the first, as it consists of several submodules.The second module has itself a hierarchical architecture : There is a high level expert system, (Figure 3), which treates the space as a whole, as well as five more expert systems for Openings, (Figure 4), AirCollectors, (figure 5), Trombe Walls, Solar Walls and Mass Walls.FIGURE 4. Sample screenshots of the form of the Openings Expert SystemThere is a number of parameters to be specified for each expert system. For example, for the openings expert system there is a parameter called surface which specifies the relative change of the surface of a given opening. The user may ask the expert system to generate a report on the total energy gain (or loss) for various changes of the surface. We have predefined some relative changes in percentages, such as 75%, 100%, 125%, 150%, etc. but the user may also put her/his own percentage of change. This can be done for all nine parameters simultaneously. Then, the expert system finds the best five proposals, with their energy gains and presents them to the user.For all five sub-expert systems there is also a number of parameters. Similar tactics are followed for all of them. Among the expert systems, some of the parameters are common, while others are unique. We have therefore grouped all the parameters together and we allow the user to ask for an overall proposal for all subsystems, using the top-level expert system (Figure 3).The Knowledge Base of the expert system lies hidden from the user, and is handled by a Sicstus Prolog logic program which is called from the interface. We have encoded the corresponding theory into the knowledge base with a mixed declarative/procedural technique. There are some declarative definitions concerning user preconditions and constraints, as well as some high level strategies forfinding the optimum solutions. However, much of the knowledge has been encoded in a procedural way, as many values can only be computed by complex mathematical formulas.FIGURE 5. Sample screenshots of the form of the Air Collectors Expert System5. CONCLUSIONSWe have presented the overall architecture of an intelligent bioclimatic architectural design program. We have also presented the most important of its modules and have sketched their inter-communication protocols through databases. We have also discussed some of the issues concerning the underlying expert system which helps the user to design faster and more adequetly using bioclimatic elements.The commercial modules we have used are products of the p-systems s.a. company. They are currently used by a large number of architects and engineers and their experience as well as their feedback from the utilisation of the current system will provide us with useful insights for further developing the system.We have characterised the proposed system as a first generation system as there is still much work to be done. First of all, not all aspects of bioclimatic design are covered. Moreover, the expert system does not provide the user with how, why and whatif explanations. Another reason is that the system has not been enriched with the actual experience of bioclimatic architects, as only the corresponding theories have been encoded into it.Besides from the above issues a next generation intelligent bioclimatic architectural design system should be integrated in one module. Some work can also be done towards the direction of developing different expert systems for each stage of the design process. This demands a lot of research and development work to be done, but we are working towards this direction. Nevertheless, we believe that with this work we have made a small step for making bioclimaticbuildings easier to design and in this way we may provide some protection to our planet’s environment by aiding in preventing pollution without decreasing the level of comfort in our lives. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis work has been supported by the Greek General Secretariat of Research and Technology under the project “Integrated Software System for the evaluation of energy consumption of architectural studies” of PAVE99 under the constract no. 99BE417.REFERENCES[1]. Gallo C., M. Sala, A.M.M Sayigh (1998) ‘Architecture : Comfort and energy’ Pergamon.[2]. Santamouris M., D.N. Asimakopoulos, (1994), Energy Conservation in Buildings, CentralInstitution for Energy efficiancy Education, SAVE Programme, ‘Short Educational Structure on Energy Efficiency in Buildings’, Commision of the European Communities, Directorate General XVII for Energy.[3]. Santamouris M., (1994) ‘Passive Cooling of Buildings’, Central Institution for Energyefficiancy Education, SAVE Programme, ‘Short Educational Structure on Energy Efficiency in Buildings’, Commision of the European Communities, Directorate General XVII for Energy.[4]. Oliviery J., T. Singh, S. Lovodocky, (1996) ‘Psychrometrics : Theory and Practice’,American Society of Heating, Refrigerarting and Air-Conditioning engineers, Inc.[5]. Schalkoff R.J., (1990), ‘Artificial Intelligence : An Engineering approach’, McGraw-Hill.[6]. Jackson P., (1990) ‘Intorduction to Expert Systems’, Addison-Wesley.[7]. Puppe F., (1993) ‘Systematic Intorduction to Expert Systems’, Springer-Verlag.[8]. Papakonstantinou G., T.Panayiotopoulos, (1993) ‘A Full Theorem Prover underuncertainty’, Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems, No 7, pp.139-149.[9]. Vouros G.A., T. Panayiotopoulos, C.D. Spyropoulos, (1996) ‘A framework fordeveloping Expert Loading System for product carriers’, Expert Systems withApplications, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 113-126.[10]. Marinagi C.C., T. Panayiotopoulos, G.A. Vouros, C.D. Spyropoulos, (1996) ‘Advisor :A knowledge-based planning system’, International Journal of Expert Systems,Research and Applications, Vol.9, No.3., pp. 319-355.[11]. Panayiotopoulos T., D. Zabakolas, D. Maras, I. Blatsis, (2001), ‘Incorporating LogicProgramming techniques for improving the Thermal Comfort of a Building’, Ecological Protection of the Planet Earth I, June 5-8, Xanthi, Greece.。
机电技术教育专业外文翻译--计算机辅助设计与制造
外文原文：Modern design and manufacturingCAD/CAMCAD/CAM is a term which means computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing. It is the technology concerned with the use of digital computers to perform certain functions in design and production. This technology is moving in the direction of greater integration（一体化）of design and manufacturing, two activities which have traditionally been treated as distinct（清楚的）and separate functions in a production firm. Ultimately, CAD/CAM will provide the technology base for the computer-integrated factory of the future.Computer-aided design (CAD) can be defined as the use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization（最优化）of a design. The computer systems consist of the hardware and software to perform the specialized design functions required by the particular user firm. The CAD hardware typically includes the computer, one or more graphics display terminals, keyboards, and other peripheral equipment. The CAD software consists of the computer programs to implement（实现，执行）computer graphics to facilitate the engineering functions of the user company. Examples of these application programs include stress-strain（压力-应变）analysis of components（部件）, dynamic（动态的）response of mechanisms, heat-transfer calculations, and numerical control part programming. The collection of application programs will vary from one user firm to the next because their product lines, manufacturing processes, and customer markets are different these factors give rise to differences in CAD system requirements.Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) can be defined as the use of computer systems to plan, manage, and control the operations of a manufacturing plant through either direct or indirect computer interface with the plant’s production resources. As indicated by the definition, the applications of computer-aided manufacturing fall into two broad categories:puter monitoring and control.2.manufacturing support applications.The distinction between the two categories is fundamental to an understanding of computer-aided manufacturing.In addition to the applications involving a direct computer-process interface（界面，接口）for the purpose of process monitoring and control, compute-aided manufacturing also includes indirect applications in which the computer serves a support role in the manufacturing operations of the plant. In these applications, the computer is not linked directly to the manufacturing process. Instead, the computer is used “off-line”（脱机）to provide plans, schedules, forecasts, instructions, and information by which the firm’s production resources can be managed more effectively. The form of the relationship between the computer and the process is represented symbolically in the figure given below. Dashed lines（虚线）are used to indicate that the communication and control link is an off-line connection, with human beings often required to consummate（使圆满）the interface. However, human beings are presently required in the application either to provide input to the computer programs or to interpret the computer output and implement the required action.CAM for manufacturing supportWhat is CAD/CAM software?Many toolpaths are simply too difficult and expensive to program manually. For these situations, we need the help of a computer to write an NC part program.The fundamental concept of CAD/CAM is that we can use a Computer-AidedDrafting (CAD) system to draw the geometry of a workpiece on a computer. Once the geometry is completed, then we can use a computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) system to generate an NC toolpath based on the CAD geometry.The progression（行进，级数）from a CAD drawing all the way to the working NC code is illustrated as follows:Step 1: The geometry is defined in a CAD drawing. This workpiece contains a pocket to be machined. It might take several hours to manually write the code for this pocket（凹槽，型腔）. However, we can use a CAM program to create the NC code in a matter of minutes.Step 2: The model is next imported into the CAM module. We can then select the proper geometry and define the style of toolpath to create, which in this case is a pocket. We must also tell the CAM system which tools to use, the type of material, feed, and depth of cut information.Step 3: The CAM model is then verified to ensure that the toolpaths are correct. If any mistakes are found, it is simple to make changes at this point.Step 4: The final product of CAD/CAM process is the NC code. The NC code is produced by post-processing（后处理）the model, the code is customized（定制，用户化）to accommodate the particular variety of CNC control.Another acronym that we may run into is CAPP, which stands for Computer-Aided Part Programming. CAPP is the process of using computers to aid in the programming of NC toolpaths. However, the acronym CAPP never really gained widespread acceptance, and today we seldom hear this term. Instead, the more marketable CAD/CAM is used to express the idea of using computers to help generate NC part programs. This is unfortunate because CAM is an entire group of technologies related to manufacturing design and automation-not just the software that is used to program CNC machine tools.Description of CAD/CAM Components and FunctionsCAD/CAM systems contain both CAD and CAM capabilities – each of whichhas a number of functional elements. It will help to take a short look at some of these elements in order to understand the entire process.1.CAD ModuleThe CAD portion of the system is used to create the geometry as a CAD model. The CAD model is an electronic description of the workpiece geometry that is mathematically precise. The CAD system, whether stand alone or as part of a CAD/CAM package, tends to be available in several different levels of sophistication. （强词夺理，混合）2-D line drawings 两维线条图Geometry is represented in two axes, much like drawing on a sheet of paper. Z-level depths will have to be added on the CAM end.3-D wireframe models 三维线框模型Geometry is represented in three-dimensional space by connecting elements that represent edges and boundaries. Wiregrames can be difficult to visualize（想象，形象化，显现）, but all Z axis information is available for the CAM operations.3-D surface models 三维表面模型These are similar to wireframes except that a thin skin has been stretched over the wireframe model to aid in visualization.Inside, the model is empty. Complex contoured Surfaces are possible with surface models.3-D solid modeling 三维实体模型This is the current state of the market technology that is used by all high-end software. The geometry is represented as a solid feature that contains mass. Solid models can be sliced（切片，部分，片段）open to reveal internal features and not justa thin skin.2.CAM ModuleThe CAM module is used to create the machining process model based upon the geometry supplied in the CAD model. For example, the CAD model may contain a feature that we recognize as a pocket .We could apply a pocketing routine to the geometry, and then all of the toolpaths would be automatically created to produce the pocket. Likewise, the CAD model（模子，铸型）may contain geometry that should beproduced with drilling operations. We can simply select the geometry and instruct the CAM system to drill holes at the selected locations.The CAM system will generate a generic（一般的，普通的）intermediate（中间的，媒介）code that describes the machining operations, which can later be used to produce G & M code or conversational programs. Some systems create intermediate code in their own proprietary（所有的，私人拥有的）language, which others use open standards such as APT for their intermediate files.The CAM modules also come in several classes and levels of sophistication. First, there is usually a different module available for milling, turning, wire EDM, and fabrication（装配）. Each of the processes is unique enough that the modules are typically sold as add-ins（附加软件）. Each module may also be available with different levels of capability. For example, CAM modules for milling are often broken into stages as follows, starting with very simple capabilities and ending with complex, multi-axis toolpaths :● 21/2-axis machining● Three-axis machining with fourth-axis positioning● Surface machining● Simultaneous five-axis machiningEach of these represents a higher level of capability that may not be needed in all manufacturing environments. A job shop might only require 3-axis capability. An aerospace contractor might need a sophisticated 5-axis CAM package that is capable of complex machining. This class of software might start at $5,000 per installation, but the most sophisticated modules can cost $15,000 or more. Therefore, there is no need to buy software at such a high level that we will not be able to use it to its full potential.3.Geometry vs. toolpathOne important concept we must understand is that the geometry represented by the CAD drawing may not be exactly the same geometry that is produced on the CNC machine C machine tools are equipped to produce very accurate toolpaths as long as the toolpaths are either straight lines or circular arcs. CAD systems are alsocapable of producing highly accurate geometry of straight line and circular arcs, but they can also produce a number of other classes of curves. Most often these curves are represented as Non-Uniform（不均匀的，不一致的）Rational Bezier Splines (NURBS) （非均匀有理B样条）. NURBS curves can represent virtually any geometry, ranging from a straight line or circular arc to complex surfaces.Take, for example, the geometric entity that we call an ellipse（椭圆形）. An ellipse is a class of curve that is mathematically different from a circular arc. An ellipse is easily produced on a CAD system with the click of the mouse. However, a standard CNC machine tool cannot be use to directly problem an ellipse – it can only create lines and circular arcs. The CAM system will reconcile（使和解，使顺从）this problem by estimating the curve with line segments.CNC machine tools usually only understand circular arcs or straight lines. Therefore, the CAM system must estimate curved surfaces with line segments. The curve in this illustration is that of an ellipse, and the toolpath generated consists of tangent line segments that are contained within a tolerance zone.The CAM system will generate a bounding geometry on either side of the true curve to form a tolerance zone.It will then produce a toolpath from the line segment that stays contained within the tolerance zone. The resulting toolpath will not be mathematically correct – the CAM system will only be able to estimate the surface. This basic method is used to produce estimated toolpaths for both 2-D curves and 3-D surface curves.Some CAM programs also have the ability to convert the line segments into arc segments. This can reduce the number of blocks in the program and lead to smoother surfaces.The programmer can control the size of the tolerance zone to create a toolpath that is as accurate as is needed. Smaller tolerance zones will produce finer toolpaths and more numerous line segments, while larger tolerance zones will produce fewer line segments and coarser（粗糙的）toolpaths. Each line segment will require a block of code in the NC program, so the NC part program can grow very large when using this technique.We must use caution when machining surfaces. It is easy to rely on the computer to generate the correct tooolpath, but finished surfaces are further estimated during machining with ball end mills.If we do not pay attention to the limitations of these techniques, then the accuracy of the finished workpiece may be compromised （妥协，折衷）.4.Tool and material librariesTo create the machining operations, the CAM system will need to know which cutting tools are available and what material we are machining. CAM systems take care of this by providing customizable （可定制的）libraries of cutting tools and materials. Tool libraries contain information about the shape and style of the tool. Material libraries contain information that is used to optimize（使最优化）the cutting speeds and feeds. The CAM system uses this information together to create the correct toolpaths and machining parameters.（参数）The format of these tool and material libraries is often proprietary（专利的，独占的，私有的）and can present some portability issues.Proprietary（轻便，移动）tool and material files cannot be easily modified or used on another system. More progressive （改革论者，进步论者，前进的）CAM developers tend to produce their tool and material libraries as database files that can be easily modified and customized for other applications.5.Verification and post-processorCAM systems usually provide the ability to verify that the proposed toolpaths are correct. This can be via a simple backplot（背景绘制）of the tool centerline or via a sophisticated solid model of the machining operations. The solids verifications（确认，查证）is often a third-party software that the CAD/CAM software company has licensed.（得到许可的）However, it may be available as a standalone package. The post-processor is a software program that takes a generic intermediate code and formats the NC code for each particular machine tool control. The post-processor（后置处理器）can often be customized through templates（模板）and variables to provide the required customization. （用户化，专用化，定制）6.Portability 轻便，可带的Portability of electronic data is the Achilles` heel(唯一致命的弱点)of CAD/CAM systems and continues to be a time-consuming concern. CAD files are created in a number of formats and have to be shared between many organizations. It is very expensive to create a complex model on a CAD system; therefore, we want to maximize the portability of our models and minimize the need for recreating the geometry on another system.DXF, DWG, IGES, SAT, STL and parasolids are a few of the common formats for CAD data exchange.CAM process models are not nearly as portable as CAD models. We cannot usually take a CAM model developed in one system and transfer it to another platform. The only widely accepted standard for CAM model interchange is a version of Automatically Programmed Tool (APT). APT is a programming language used to describe machining operations. APT is an open standard that is well documented and can be accessed by third-party software developers. A number of CAD/CAM systems can export to this standard, and the CAM file can later be used by post-processors and verification software.There are some circumstances when the proprietary intermediate files created by certain CAD/CAM systems can be fed directly into a machine tool without any additional post-processing. This is an ideal solution, but there is not currently any standard governing this exchange.One other option for XAD/CAM model exchange is to use a reverse post-processor. A reverse post-processor can create a CAD/CAM model from a G &M-code of NC part program. These programs do work; however, the programmer must spend a considerable amount of time determining the design intent of the model and to separate the toolpaths from the geometry. Overall, reverse post-processing has very limited applications.Software issues and trendsThroughout industry, numerous software packages are used for CAD andCAD/CAM. Pure CAD systems are used in all areas of design, and virtually any product today is designed With CAD software-gone are the days of pencil and paper drawings.CAD/CAM software, on the other hand, is more specialized. CAD/CAM is a small but important niche（适当的位置）confined to machining and fabrication organizations, and it is found in much smaller numbers than its CAD big brother.CAD/CAM systems contain both the software for CAD design and the CAM software for creating toolpaths and NC code. However, the CAD portion is often weak and unrefined when compared to much of the leading pure CAD software. This mismatch sets up the classic（第一流的，标准的）argument between the CAD designers and the CAD/CAM programmer on what is the best way to approach CAD/CAM.A great argument can be made for creating all geometry on an industry-leading CAD system and then importing the geometry into a CAD/CAM system.A business is much better off if its engineers only have to create a CAD model one time and in one format. The geometry can then be imported into the CAD/CAM package for process modeling. Furthermore, industry-leading CAD software tends to set an unofficial standard. The greater the acceptance of the standard, the greater the return on investment for the businesses that own the software.The counter argument comes from small organizations that do not have the need or resources to own both an expensive, industry-standard CAD package and an expensive CAD/CAM package. They tend to have to redraw the geometry from the paper engineering drawing or import models with imperfect（有缺点的，未完成的）translators. Any original models will end up being stored as highly non-standardized CAD/CAM files. These models will have dubious（可疑的，不确定的）prospects（景色，前景，期望）of ever being translated to a more standardized version.Regardless of the path that is chosen, organizations and individuals tend to become entrenched（以壕沟防护）in a particular technology. If they have invested tremendous effort and time into learning and assimilating（吸收）a technology, then it becomes very difficult to change to a new technology, even when presented withoverwhelming（压倒性的，无法抵抗的）evidence of a better method. It can be quite painful to change. Of course, if we had a crystal ball and could see into the future, this would never happen; but the fact is that we cannot always predict what the dominant （有统治权的，占优势的）technology will be even a few years down the road.The result is technology entrenchment（堑墩）that can be very difficult and expensive to get out from under. About the only protection we can find is to select the technology that appears to be the most standardized (even if it is imperfect) and stay with it-then, if major changes appear down the road, we will be in a better position to adapt.外文原文：计算机辅助设计与制造CAD/CAM是表示计算机辅助设计和计算机辅助制造的专业术语。
计算机辅助设计 Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Week 9 :: Involute Gears and Dimensioning
Gears - Introduction
Single Gear
Gear Train
Driver and Driven Gear Wheels
Types of Gears
The part of the tooth below the Pitch Circle.
Gear Data and Equations
Circular Pitch = Module x 3.14 (Pi)
The distance from a point on one tooth to a similar on the next.
The part of the tooth above the Pitch Circle.
Clearance = 0.25 x Module (1/4 of Module)
The gap between the tip and the root of two meshing teeth.
Dedendum = Module + Clearance
Spur Gear
Rack & Pinion
Helical Gear
Worm Gear and Wheel
Note: Not an exhaustive list.
Some Gear Terminology
Pitch Circle Diameter
Fillet Radius
Gear Data and Equations
Tooth Thickness = Circular Pitch / 2 Fillet Radius (approx) = Circular Pitch / 7
全新版大学英语第四册第四单元课后习题答案
Unit Four Key to Part II Reading Task Content Questions: Pair Work: 1. Because he feels he is completely international. 2. What he means is that if one has a network of friends and enjoys what one is doing, one can function well anywhere in the world. 3. It refers to a member of the international business elite who treks each year to the Swiss Alpine town of Davos for the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum. 4. The issues include everything from post-election Iraq and HIV in Africa to the global supply of oil and the implication of nanotechnology. 5. They all believe that globalization, the unimpeded flows of capital, labor and technology across national borders, borders, is is is both both both welcome welcome welcome and and and unstoppable. unstoppable. unstoppable. They They They see see see the the the world world world increasingly increasingly increasingly as as as one one one vast, vast, vast, international international marketplace in which corporations search for the most advantageous locations to buy, produce and sell their goods and services. 6. He describes Davos Man as an emerging global superspecies and a threat. 7. Yes, global trade has been around for centuries. In the past, the corporations and countries that benefited from global trade were largely content to treat vast parts of the world as places to mine natural resources or sell finished products. 8. It predicted that four economies – Russia, Brazil, India and China – will become a much larger force in the world economy than widely expected, based on projections of demographics and economic growth, with China potentially overtaking Germany this decade. By 2050, these four newcomers will likely have displaced all but the US and Japan from the top six economies in the world. 9. It It refers refers refers to to to low-paid low-paid low-paid migrant migrant migrant workers workers workers from from from Asia Asia Asia and and and elsewhere elsewhere elsewhere who who who are are are increasingly increasingly increasingly providing providing providing key key services around the world. 10. Unlike Davos Man, Manila Woman is strongly patriotic. 11. Because he thinks that there are still too many barriers to cross-border business in Europe, let alone the world. 12. Davos Man needs to figure out how to strike a balance on a global scale between being international and being national at the same time. Text Organization Working on Y our Own: 1. Part One, Paras. 1-3: introduction to Davos Man and the World Economic Forum Part Two. Paras. 4-5: Debate over the impact of globalization on current society and culture Part Three. Paras. 6-8: History of globalization and its recent trands and future prospects Part Four. Paras. 9-11: Globalization versus nationalism and the challenges it faces 2. Main Events: 2) Davos Man seen their identity as a matter of personal choice, not an accident of birth. 3) Davos Man believes that globalization, the unimpeded flows of capital, labor and technology across national borders, it both welcome and unstoppable. 4) Davos Man sees the world increasingly as one vast, international marketplace in which corporations search for the most advantageous locations to buy, produce and sell their goods and services. Language Sense Enhancement1. (1) both see their identity (2) birth (3) incidentally (4) annual (5) networking (6) implications (7) Whatever their considerable differences (8) unimpeded flows (9) interconnected marketplace (10) advantageous Language FocusVocabulary:I.1. Fill in the gaps with words or phrases given in the box.1) advantageous 2) let alone 3) witnessing…vanishing 4) landmark strengthen 5) entitled 6) displace 7) Establishment 8) patriotic…patriotic…strengthen 9) contradictions 10) aspires 11) divorced 12) pendulums 2. Use the verb in the brackets to form an appropriate phrasal verb you have learned and complete the sentence with it.1) come to 2) dozed off 3) believed in 4) was set apart 5) take in 6) sucks in 7) clean up 8) turn away 3. Rewrite each sentence with the word or phrase in the brackets.1) makes no/little difference whether we go there by train or by bus. ’s biggest car maker. 2) overtaken General Motors as the world3) at odds with his wife over money matters. 4) been at the forefront of nanotechnology research. 5) let alone cook a meal. 4. Complete the sentence, using the words or phrases in the brackets.a) is increasingly…to accelerate…their investment b) economy…make an earnest…strike a balance between c) a handful of…be endorsed by…on a large scale II. Word Formation:WTO World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织世界贸易组织GDP gross domestic product 国内生产总值国内生产总值A TM automatic teller machine 自动出纳机自动出纳机V A T value-added tax 增值税增值税CAD computer-aided design 计算机辅助设计计算机辅助设计IT information technology 信息技术信息技术IDD international direct dialing 国际直拨电话国际直拨电话MTV music television 音乐电视音乐电视Radar radio detecting and ranging 雷达雷达IOC International Olympic Committee 国际奥委会国际奥委会VIP very important person 贵宾、大人物贵宾、大人物Laser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation 激光激光CPU central processing unit 中央处理器中央处理器III. Usage:1)An unusual present, a book on ethics, was given to Henry for his birthday. ’t notice the car till too late was unsatisfactory. 2)The reason (he gave) that he didn3)Football, his only interest in life, has brought him many friends. 4)Cloning had been raised as a possibility decades ago, then dismissed, something that serious scientists thought was simply not going to happen anytime soon. Comprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze1. Text-related:(1) academics; (2) networking (3) a variety of (4) growth (5) vanish (6) facilitate (7) endorsing (8) outlook (9) sweeping aside (10) patriotic (11) erasing (12) strike a balance 2. Theme-related:(1) aided (2) effects (3) distances (4) connected (5) invested (6) features (7) prevailing (8) qualitatively (9) volume (10) Distinguishing III. Translation1. Translate the sentences into English:1) 1) Due Due Due to to to his his his pessimistic pessimistic pessimistic outlook outlook outlook on on on the the the European European European economy, economy, economy, John John John has has has moved moved moved his his his assets assets assets from from from Europe Europe Europe to to elsewhere. 2) I like hiring young people. They are earnest learners and committed to work. 3) 3) Unlike Unlike Unlike her her her girl girl girl friends friends friends who who who center center center their their their lives lives lives on on on their their their children, children, children, Mary Mary Mary cares cares cares more more more about about about her her her personal personal growth. 4) The Chinese government has introduced a variety of policies to strengthen cooperation with developing countries. 2. Translate the passage into English:Globalization has great implications for young Chinese. For example, young farmers are moving on a large scale to urban areas for jobs. And for those young people who aspire to study abroad or work in foreign-invested enterprises, enterprises, English English English has has has become become become increasingly increasingly increasingly important. important. important. At At At the the the same same same time, time, time, a a a considerable considerable considerable number number number of of of overseas overseas Chinese have returned home in recent years, for they hold an optimistic outlook for the long-term growth of the Chinese economy. The Internet has strengthened the links between Chinese young people and those elsewhere. They follow the latest trends can copy foreign fashions. Some of them don ’t seem to care for traditional Chinese virtues, let alone carry them forward, which has given rise to worries that the traditional Chinese culture might one day vanish. 。
机电工程专业英语翻译
Lesson 1Machinery design may be simple or enormously complex, easy or difficult, mathematical ornonmathematical, it may involve a trivial problem or one of great importance.机械设计可能简单，可能复杂；可能容易，可能困难；可能要求精确，也可能不精确；有时要解决的可能是一些很平常琐碎的问题，也可能是非常重大的问题。
In the modern industrialized world, the wealth and living standards of a nation are closely linked with their capabilities to design and manufacture engineering products. It can be claimed that the advancement of machinery design and manufacturing can remarkably promote the overall level of a country’s industrialization.在现代的工业化社会，一个国家的财富和生活水平与他们设计和制造工程产品的能力紧密相关，可以说机械设计和制造业的进步能显著地促进一个国家工业化整体水平的提高。
Definition of problem is necessary to fully define and understand the problem, after which itis possible to restate the goal in a more reasonable and realistic way than the original problemstatement.定义问题对全面认识、理解问题非常必要，之后可以更加合理可行的方式来重新阐述。
信息技术数字家庭改造方案
随着信息技术、宽带技术的不断发展和逐步完善，家电设备通过内置各种嵌入式芯片和处理器，可以具备网络连接和数据通信的功能。
因此各类家电设备如电视、微波炉、冰箱等都可能成为未来数字家庭的网络终端，而未来数字家庭的控制中心为各种高性能的计算机，人们利用计算机下达各种指令实现对家庭网络终端的智能控制。
目前一些家电设备虽然已经实现智能化和网络化，但是由于使用的是IPv4的组网技术和组网方式，这些家电设备并不能直接接入互联网，人们也就无法体验这些先进技术给人们的生活带来的巨大变化。
针对这种状况，本课题采用计算机有关的技术等，通过对现有的家电设备进行适当改造，实现一种可以体验未来数字家庭的数字化、智能化、网络化、集成化的家庭网络控制系统。
文中首先概述未来数字家庭控制系统的发展现状，并研究了其中涉及的关键技术，然后从物理实现、媒体控制、网络与集成三个方面详细阐述了未来数字家庭体验系统的设计与实现方案。
文中重点论述了实际应用系统中的硬件改造和软件实现方案，具体包括冰箱和微波炉的改造方案、冰箱中ＲＦＩＤ技术的实现方案、智能灯光和窗帘的控制方法、在本地或远程端对家电设备的控制方案和相应软件的实现方法。
本课题是一个跨学科的综合性课题，将科学性、知识性和趣味性有机地融为一体。
经过实验和调试，实现了预期的目标和功能，达到了有很好的展示效果，实现了一种可体验的未来数字家庭控制系统。
关键词：数字家庭, 智能家电, 智能冰箱, 智能微波炉, 电子标签识别AbstractWith the development and perfection of information technology and broadband technology, appliances have network connectivity and data communications capability through built-in the embedded chip and processor. Different types of home appliances such as television, microwave ovens, refrigerators and other appliances will become network terminal, and they connected with network and computers. Computers will become the control center of the future family. It will be issued through the computer instructions to achieve the family of Intelligent Control. Because of the inadequate of the IPv4 network technology and network approach, though some appliances have already achieved the network and intelligent, they don’t directly linked to the Internet. It is also impossible to feel these advanced technologies to the people's life the great changes.In this situation，in order to create a new digital view,lot of technologies are used to make appropriate transformation of the existing home appliances. This thesis first discusses the development of family control system, as well as the theoretical expositions for the key technologies. Then physical realization, media control, integrated network are described in detail based on current appliance, which can achieve a viewable family intelligent control design and realization. This paper mainly discusses the reconstructive approaches for smart refrigerators and microwave ovens, the introduction of RFID to refrigerator design, the design and implementation of intelligent lighting and curtains, the control method of local or remote controllable home appliances, the corresponding design of web page and so forth.The thesis is an interdisciplinary and integrated project, which requires characteristic of scientific knowledgeable and interest being properly mixed to be a completely one. After making experiment and debugging，we achieve the preplanning goal and function. It is a intelligent digital control system that is a miniature of the future family modern life, showing satisfactory display results.Keywords:Smart home,Intellective appliance wiring, Intellective icebox, Intellective micro-wave oven, Radio Frequency Identification英文缩略语PC –Personal Computer个人电脑RFID - Radio Frequency Identification无线射频识别技术DMX – Difital Muliplex 数字多路复用协议VOD - Video On Demand 视频点播VoIP - Voice over Internet Protocol 互联网协议语音技术IPv4 - Internet Protocol 4 第四代互联网协议IPv6 - Internet Protocol 6 下一代互联网协议PDA - Personal Digital Assistant 个人数字助理CPU - Central Processing Unit 中央处理器GSM - GlobalSystemForMobileCommunication 全球移动通信系统WAP - Wireless Application Protocol 无线应用协议LED - Light Emitting Diode 发光二极管VCD - Video Compact Disk 视频光盘DVD - Digital Video Disk 数字视频光盘ARM - Advanced RISC Machines 微处理器企业MIPS -Microprocessor without interlocked piped stages 无内部互锁流水级的微处理器PCI - Pedpherd Component Interconnect 周边元器件扩展接口CAD - Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计CAM - Computer Aided Manufacturing 计算机辅助制造JSP - Java Server Pages SUN公司的动态网页标准IPC – Industrial Personal Computer 工业控制计算机TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol传输控制/网际协议AV - AudioVoice 声音视频UPS - Uninterruptiable Power Supply 不间断电源1 绪论随着生活水平的提高，新需求的增长以及信息化对人们传统生活的改变，人们对智能化家居的需求日益强烈，市场的潜力也日益增长。
大众汽车集团常用的缩写词和概念
大众汽车集团常用的缩写词和概念大众汽车集团常用的缩写词和概念Häufig verwendete Abkürzungen und Begriffe im VW – KonzernLHDKM TP P B DBMGSFEM+EMEPKAF2TPV0SSOME➢LH Lastenheft (Sämtliche Unterlagen zu einem Projekt) 要求汇总书（一个项目的所有资料）➢TPB Technische Produkt – Beschreibungen （Zeichnungen, TL usw.）技术产品描述（图纸，技术供货条件等等）➢DKM Daten – Kontroll – Modell ( Urmuster 1:1 für die Form) 数据控制模型（汽车形状1：1 的基准样车）➢P P – Freigabe = Planungsfreigabe ( Entscheidung Serieneinsatz ) P 认可= 计划认可（决定投入批量生产）➢ B B – Freigabe = Beschaffungsfreigabe (Investitionsfreigabe für Betriebsmittel) B 认可= 采购认可（对生产手段的投资认可）➢ D D – Freigabe = Dispositionsfreigabe ( für die Nullserie) D 认可= 零件生产和供应认可（为零批量）➢BMG Baumustergenehmigung 产品工程性能检查认可➢EM Erstmusterprüfung 首批样件检验，也称首批样件认可（Bemusterung）➢EMPB Erstmusterprüfbericht , Erstmuter für die Erstmusterprüfung = Bemusterung; EMPB = Erstmuster – Prüfbericht ( Dokumentation der Prüfungen der EM durch den Liferanten) 首批样件检验报告（供货厂对其样件检验的文件）➢2TP 2 – Tagesproduktion ( Vorserie beim Lieferanten, Nachweise der Serienfähigkeit) 两日生产（供货厂的批量预生产，用来验证批量能力）➢PVS Produktions – Versuchsserie 生产试制批量➢0S Nullserie (Generalprobe unter Serienbedingungen) 零批量（在批量生产条件下的总演习）➢SF Serien – Freigabe (für die Serie) 批量认可（对批量生产的产品认可）➢EPF Einplanungs – Feigabe (für die Serie) （批量供货）计划认可➢KAF Konzern – Abnehmefahrt ( Q – Serienfreigabe) 集团路试验收（质量方面的批量认可）➢SOP Start of produktion (Serienanlauf) 生产启动（批量生产启动）➢ME Markt – Einführung ( Händlerversorgung) 市场导入（提供给销售商）➢CAD Computer aided design 计算机辅助设计➢COP Carry over parts (Uebernahme von Teilen aus Vormodellen) 沿用件（与先前车型通用的零件）➢CKD Completely knocked down ( in Einzelteile zerlegt) 全部拆散➢SKD Semi knocked down (nur teilweise zerlegt) 部分拆散➢HT Hausteil (im JV – Werk hergestellt) 自制件（本厂自己生产的零件）➢KT Kaufteil (extern von Lieferanten hergestellt) 外购件（外部供货厂生产的零件）➢KD Kundendienst 售后服务➢OTS Off tool samples (Teile aus Serienwerkzeug) 用批量生产的模具生产的零件➢Q Qualität 质量➢QS Qualitätssicherung 质量保证➢TE Technische Entwicklung 技术开发部➢PE Product Engineering (im JV – Werk) （合资厂中的）产品工程部➢TL Technische Lieferbedingungen 技术供货条件➢TS Technische Stückliste 产品零件表➢ZP Zählpunkt 检查点➢ZSB Zusammenbau 总成➢AEKO Änderungs – Kontroll – Organisation （产品）改动的控制组织➢FMEA Fehlermöglichkeit – und Einfluss – analyse 缺陷可能性及其影响分析NL: Nomintion Letter →Festlegung LC-Teile →Diff. Liste →techin. Stueckliste (ESON) Vergabeliste (LC/SKD Teile) → Weg AuflassenOTS : off Tool Singl → Funktionmasse . Matrial. Funktion →fuer BL-Motoren → Vorerprobung EM : muss alle Mass.Matrial. Lastenhaft I.O → EM-Pruefbericht → BemusterungNL OTEM PVNot0SBLBMGSOBMBMG BL OTNot在OTS （BL）前4个月，物流需要将CKD件（差异件）确定在SOP 前6个月，物流需要知道零件状态（CKD，SKD，LC）。
计算机专业常用英语词汇总结
计算机专业常用英语词汇总结计算机专业英语词汇指与计算机硬件、软件、网络等多方面有关的英语词汇，主要包括硬件基础、计算机系统维护、计算机网络基础、软件、程序设计语言、计算机网络技术、IT职场英语等词汇。
店铺为大家总结一些计算机常用词汇：compilation 编辑compilation time 编译时间compilation unit 编译单位compilc 编译compile 编辑compile and go 编译及执行compile phase 编译时间compile time 编译时间compile, machine language 机器语言编译compile-time error 编译时期错误compiled resource file 编译资源文件compilei 编译器compiler 编译器compiler defect report 编译器缺失报告compiler diagnostcs 编译程序侦断compiler directive 编译程序定向compiler generatoi 编译程序产生器compiler interface 编译器界面compiler language 编译器语言compiler manager 偏译器经理compiler options 编译器任选compiler vs. interpreter 编译器对编译器compiler, cobol cobol编译器compiler-complier 编译程序的编译程序compilers 编译器compiling duration 编译期间compiling routine 编译例程compiling time 编译时间complement base 互补基点complement instruction 补码指令complement on n n补码complement on n-1 n-1补码complement, diminished 减少补码complement, nines 九补码complement, noughts 0补码complement, ones 1补码complement, tens 10补码complement, two 2补码complementary 补色complementary bipolar ic 互补双极集成电路complementary metal oxide semiconductor (cmos) 互补式金氧半导体complementary mos(cmos) 互补金属氧化半导体complementary operation 互补运算complementary operations 互补运算complementary operator 互补运算子complementary scr(cscr) 互补硅控整流器complementei 补码器complementing 互补complete carry 完全进位complete object 终衍物件complete operation 完全作业complete routine 完全例程completeness 完整性completeness check 完整检查completeness errors (remote computing sy) 完成误差completion code 整体码complex bipolai 复合双极complex constant 复合常数complex data 复合贫籵complex decision-making simulation 复合决策模拟complex instruction set computer (cisc) 复杂指令集计算机complex instruction set computing (cisc) 复杂指令运算complex number 复数complex relocatable expression 复数可重置表示法complex script 复杂脚本complex-bound 复杂系结compliant 相容compliant naming 适用的名称compnter, first generation 第一代计算器component 组件component address 组件地址component code generator 组件程序代码产生器component density 组件密度component derating 分件降低定额component erroi 组件误差component fail impact analysis, cfia 组件失误撞击分析component gallery 组件展示廊component load balancing 组件负载平衡component name 组件名称component object 组件对象component object model 组件对象模型 (com) component object model (com) 组件对象模型component project 组件项目component registrar 组件登录器component selector 组件选取器component services explorer 组件服务总管component site 组件站台component software 组件软件component stress 组件应力component tray 组件匣component video 成分视讯component wizard 组件精灵component, solide-state 固态组件component-based development 组件式软件开发技术compose 撰写compose buffer 撰写缓冲区composite 合成composite black 合成黑色composite cable 复成电境composite conductoi 复合导体composite console 复合控制台composite control 复合控件composite data servicevendoi 复合数据服务贩责者composite display 合成屏幕composite filter 复合滤波器composite module data set 复合模块数据集composite module library 复合模块数据馆composite modules 复合模块composite moniker 复合型composite operator 复合运算子composite video 复合视讯composite video input 复合视讯输入composited circuit 复成电路compositing 复合composition error 组合误差composition file 复合档composition video signal 复合视频信号compound condition 复合条件compound document 复合文件compound document files 复合文件档案compound file 复合档案compound logical element 多逻辑组件compound-assignment operator 复合设定运算子compoundstatement 复合叙述compress 压缩compressed files 压缩档compressed serial link internet protocol, compressed slip 压缩式串连链接因特网协议compressed video vs. facsimile 压缩视频对传真compression 压缩方式compression algorithm 压缩算法compression format 压缩格式compression scheme 压缩方法compression, data 数据压缩compression, zero 零压缩compression/decompression (codec) 编码/译码compressor 压缩器compromise net 协调网络computation, address 地址计算computation, implicit 隐含计算computational stability 计算稳定度computcr-aided dispatch(cad) 计算器辅助发送compute 运算compute mode 计算型computer 计算机;计算器computer & communications research labs (itri) 工研院计算机与通讯工业研究所computer administrative records 计算器管理记录computer aided logistic support (cals) 计算机辅助后勤支持系统computer aided software engineering (case) 计算机辅助软件工程computer animation 计算器电影制作computer application 电脑应用系统computer architecture 电脑体系结构computer bureau 电脑服务中心computer capacity 计算器容量computer cartography 计算器制图法computer center 电脑中心computer center manager 计算器中心管理人computer circuits 计算器电路computer communications 计算机通信computer communications system 计算器通信系统computer conferencing 电子计算器会议computer configuration 计算器组态computer configuration 计算器组态computer console 计算器控制台computer control 计算器控制computer duplex 计算器双工computer emergency response team 电脑紧急应变小组computer equation 计算器方程式computer equipment operation 电脑设备操作computer generated image (imagery, cgi) 计算机产生的影像computer graphics (cg) 计算机图形;计算器制图法computer graphics (cg) 计算器制图法computer graphics interface (cgi) 计算机图形接口computer graphics technology 计算器制图法技术computer image processing 计算器影像处理computer installation (service) 安装计算机 [ 服务 ]computer instruction 计算器指令computer instruction code 计算器指令码computer instruction code 计算器指令码computer instruction set 计算器指令集computer integrated manufacturing (cim) 计算机整合制造computer interface types 计算器分界面类型computer interface unit (ciu) 计算器界面单位computer language 计算器语言computer language symbols 计算器语言符号computer learning 计算器学习computer letter 计算器信件computer logic 计算器逻辑computer memory 计算机内存computer micrographics 计算器微图形computer name 计算机名称computer network 电脑网络computer network components 计算器网络组件computer numerical control 计算器数值控制computer operating procedures manual 电脑操作程序手册computer operation 计算器运算computer operator 电脑操作员computer output microfilm (com) 计算器输出微胶片computer output microfiche 电脑输出缩微胶片computer output microfilm 电脑输出缩微胶卷computer output microfilmer (com) 计算器输出微影机computer output microform 电脑输出缩微方式computer peripherals 计算器外围设备computer power center (cpc) 计算机动力中心computer program 电脑程式computer program origin 计算器程序原始computer programming language 计算器程序语言computer project 电脑计划computer readable medium 电脑可读媒体computer scicnccs (cs) 计算器科学computer service level requirement 电脑服务水平要求computer service orsanization 计算器服务组织computer simulatoi 计算器仿真器computer site preparation 电脑场地准备工作computer storage 计算器储存器computer stores 计算器商店computer system 电脑系统computer system audit 计算器系统审计computer telephony integration (cti) 计算机语音整合computer terminal 电脑终端机computer time 计算器时间computer utility 计算器公用computer virus 电脑病毒computer vision 计算机视觉computer word 计算器字computer-aided design & drafting (cadd) 计算机辅助设计与绘图computer-aided design (cad) 计算机辅助设计computer-aided education (cae) 电脑辅助教育computer-aided engineering (cae) 计算机辅助工程computer-aided experiment (cae) 计算机辅助实验computer-aided instruction (cai) 计算机辅助教学computer-aided manufacturing (cam) 计算机辅助制造computer-aided publishing 电脑辅助出版computer-aided test (cat) 计算机辅助测试computer-assisted learning (cal)计算机辅助学习computer-assisted management 计算器辅助管理computer-assisted publishing 电脑辅助出版computer-assisted software engineering tool 计算机辅助软件工程工具computer-assisted typesetting 电脑辅助排字computer-based automation (cba) 计算器基准自动化computer-based training (cbt) 计算机辅助训练computer-controlled pattern generator 计算器控制型样产生器computer-generated (cg) 计算机合成的computer-generated map 计算器产生地图computer-independent language 计算器通用语言computer-integrated manufacturing (cim) 计算机整合制造computer-mediated communication (cmc) 计算机媒介沟通;计算机中介传播(沟通)computer-operated memory test system 计算器运算记忆测试系统computer-oriented language 机向语言computerarchitecture 计算机结构computerese 计算机文computerization 电脑化computerization requirement 电脑化需求computerization strategy 电脑化策略computerized foreman 计算机化领班computerized hyphenation 计算机化忠诚computerized numerical control (cnc) 计算机化数字控制computerized patient record (cpr) 电子病历computerized tomography 计算机化断层摄影术computer、communication、consumer electronics (3c) 3c多元化技术整合computex computexcomputing 计算computing amplifier 计算放大器computing element 计算组件computing machinery 计算器械computing power 计算能力computing, multiaccess 多重接达计算computor, sensor-based 传感器为基础的系统comsat 通信卫星con 主控台concatenate 序连concatenate data set 序连资料集concatenated key 串连索引键concatenation 序连concatenation character 序连字符concatenation operator 串连运算子concentrated messages 集中信息concentration 集中concentration, data 资料集中concentrator terminal buffer(ctb) 集讯器终端机缓冲器concept coordination 概念协调conceptual data model 概念数据模型conceptual infrastructure 概念基本建设conceptual level 概念级conceptual modei 概念模式conceptual model 概念模型conceptual modeling 概念模拟conceptual schema 概念模式conceptual system design 概念系统设计concert 音乐会concordance 索引concordance program 索引程序concordant 调和排列concrete 具象的concrete syntax 具体语法concrete syntax of sgml sgml的具体语法concrete syntax parameter 具体语法参数concurrcnt 同作concurrency 并行性concurrency mode 同作模态concurrency, executive-system 执行系统同作concurrency, operations(real-time) 实时同作操作concurrency, real-time 实时同作concurrent connections 同时联机concurrent i/o 同作输出入concurrent operating control 同作作业控制concurrent operation 同作运算concurrent processing 同作处理concurrent real-time processing 同作实时处理concurrent/concurrency 并行。
重庆邮电大学2023-2023学年第二学期(试卷)—制图实践与数字化建模期末考试卷
重庆邮电大学2023-2023学年第二学期（试卷）—制图实践与数字化建模期末考试卷一、选择题（共30分，每题2分）1.下列是CAD常用的文件格式有（）。
– A. DWG– B. PSD– C. DOCX– D. XLSX2.AutoCAD软件的主要功能是（）。
– A. 3D建模– B. 网络通信– C. 程序设计– D. 2D绘图3.CAD是（）的英文缩写。
– A. Computer Aided Design– B. Computer Animation Design– C. Computer Algorithm Design– D. Computer Architecture Design4.图纸的标准比例尺是（）。
– A. 1:50– B. 1:100– C. 1:200– D. 1:5005.数字化建模是指将实物建筑、设备或者其他物体通过数字化手段转换为（）。
– A. 文字描述– B. 三维模型– C. 图形图像– D. 空间坐标二、判断题（共20分，每题2分）1.图形学是计算机科学的一个子领域，主要研究如何表示和处理图形和图像。
（）2.AutoCAD是一种计算机辅助设计软件，主要用于制图和绘制工程图。
（）3.数字化建模可以有效提高工程设计的效率，减少错误发生的概率。
（）4.计算机辅助设计软件只能用于二维绘图，无法进行三维建模。
（）5.数字化建模可以在建筑项目的各个阶段中发挥重要作用，包括概念设计、施工图设计等阶段。
（）三、简答题（共30分，每题10分）1.请简要介绍CAD软件的基本功能和应用领域。
2.请简要说明数字化建模在建筑设计中的作用和意义。
3.请简要描述CAD绘图的基本步骤。
四、综合题（共20分）请绘制一张制图示意图，包括平面图和立面图，要求使用CAD软件完成，并附上相应的图纸尺寸和比例尺。
五、附加题（共10分）请根据提供的实际案例，通过CAD软件绘制一幅三维建模图，并简要说明你的设计理念和思路。
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