2022年考研考博-考博英语-湖南大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷(带答案)第60期

2022年考研考博-考博英语-湖南大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B
卷（带答案）
一.综合题(共15题)
1.
单选题
She was delirious last night, but she seems quite lucid this morning.
问题1选项
A.rational
B.peaceful
C.patient
D.insane
【答案】A
【解析】形容词辨析。

句意: 她昨晚昏迷不醒，但今天早晨她起来很清醒。

rational:理智的。

peaceful:和平的，平静的。

patient:耐心的,耐烦的。

insane:患精神病的，极度愚蠢的。

lucid:头脑清楚的，理智的。

故选A。

2.
单选题
测试使用试题试卷，请勿组卷到其他试卷中
问题1选项
A.1
B.2
C.3
D.4 问题2选项
A.2
B.3
【答案】第1题:B
第2题:B
【解析】第1题:
第2题:试题解析
3.
单选题
The river is already（）its banks because of excessive rainfall; and the city is threatened with a likely flood.
问题1选项
A.parallel to
B.level in
C.flat on
D.flush with
【答案】D
【解析】短语辨析。

句意: 由于降雨过多，河水己经（）到河床，整座城市有可能受到洪水威胁。

parallel to:与…平行; level in:相等; flat on:平躺; flush with:与…齐平。

因此D项符合句意。

4.
单选题
He （）himself as gentle and romantic toward a woman he was trying to impress.
问题1选项
A.expressed
B.conveyed
C.demonstrated
D.presentedf
【答案】A
【解析】动词辨析。

句意: 他他对待女性温柔且浪漫，他也正努力地给人留下这样的印象。

express:表达，表示，表露。

convey:传达，运输。

demonstrate: 证明，证实，论证。

present:提出，提交，提供。

因此A项符合句意,在句子中语义为“认为”。

5.
单选题
If we don't stop flirting with those deathly nuclear weapons, the whole globe will be（）问题1选项
A.empowered
B.punished
C.polluted
D.annihilated
【答案】D
【解析】动词辨析。

句意: 如果我们不停止与那些致命的核武器的亲密接触，整个地球将。

empower:使控制局势，授权。

punish:惩罚,处罚。

pollute:污染，弄脏。

annihilate:消灭，湮没。

6.
单选题
You mustn't allow your work to become sloppy, but rather you should try to improve it.
问题1选项
A.fall off
e off
C.put off
D.wear off
【答案】A
【解析】动词短语辨析。

句意: 你不应该让你的工作水平下滑，而应当努力提高。

、
fall off:下降，降低。

come off:举行，达到效果。

Put off：推迟，延迟。

Wear off:麿损，逐渐消逝。

sloppy:马虎的，草率的，粗心的。

故A与原文相符。

7.
单选题
To pull a personality together takes inner reserves of powerd（） from
beyond oneself.
问题1选项
A.assimilated
B.accumulated
C.congregated
D.infiltrated
【答案】B
【解析】动词辨析。

句意:人格形成需要内在的力量储存，这些力量不仅仅是自己积累出来的。

assimilated吸收；使同化；把... 比作；使相似。

accumulated累积。

congregated聚集。

infiltrated （使）透过，（使）浸入。

8.
翻译题
In recent years Westerners have reassured themselves and irritated others by expounding the notion that the culture of the West is and ought to be the culture of the world.This conceit takes two forms. One is the Coca-colonization thesis. Its proponents claim that Western, and more specifically American, popular culture is envelopin—g the world: American food, clothing, pop music, movies, and consumer goods are more and more enthusiastically embraced by people on every continent. The other has to do with modernization. It claims not only that the West has led the world to modern society, but that as people in other civilizations modernize they also westernize, abandoning their traditional values, institutions, and customs and adopting those that prevail in the West. Both theses project the image of an emerging homogeneous, universally Western world—and both are to varying degrees misguided, arrogant, false, and dangerous. Advocates of the Coca-colonization thesis identify culture with the consumption of material goods. The heart of a culture, however, involves language, religion, values， traditions，and customs. Drinking Coca-Cola does not make Russians think like Americans any more than eating sushi makes Americans think like Japanese. Throughout human history, fads and material goods have spread from one society to another without significantly altering the basic culture of the recipient society. Enthusiasms for various items of Chinese, Hindu, and other cultures have periodically swept the Western world, with no discernible lasting spillover. The argument that the spread of pop culture and consumer goods around the world represents the triumph of Western civilization depreciates the strength of other cultures while trivializing Western culture by identifying it with fatty foods, faded pants, and fi drinks. The essence of Western culture is the Magna Carta, not the Magna Mac.
The modernization argument is intellectually more serious than the Coca-colonization thesis, but equally flawed. The tremendous expansion of scientific and engineering knowledge that occurred in the nineteenth century allowed humans to control and shape their environment in unprecedented ways. Modernization involves industrialization; urbanization; increasing levels of literacy，education，wealth, and social mobilization; and more complex and diverse occupational structures. It is a revolutionary process comparable to the shift from primitive to civilized societies that began in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, the Nile, and the Indus about 5000 B.C.
The attitudes, values, knowledge，and culture of people in a modern society differ greatly from those in a traditional society. As the first civilization to modernize, the West is the first to have fiilly acquired the culture of modernity. As other societies take on similar patterns of education, work, wealth, and class structure, the modernization argument runs, this Western culture will become the universal culture of the world.
【答案】近年来，西方国家的人大肆鼓吹这样的观点，西方的文化就是而且应该是世界的文化，他们以此聊以自慰并使旁人深感不安。

这一自负的观点包含两个形式。

其中一种主题就是所谓可乐殖民主义理论。

它的拥护者声称，西方的，更具体的说是美国的流行文化涵盖了整个世界：美国的食物、衣服、流行音乐、电影院和消费品，越来越受到其他大洲人民的热情拥抱。

另一种看法与现代化的概念有关。

它的主张是：西方不仅作为世界进入现代化社会的引领者，而且在那些被现代化了的文明中的人民，他们也被西方化了，他们放弃了自己的传统价值观、社会制度、习俗，并将这些融入到流行的西方文化中。

然而，文化的核心，还包含着语言、宗教、价值观、传统的和习俗。

俄罗斯人喝可口可乐并不意味着他们会像美国人一样思考，同样的，美国人吃寿司也并不会让他们像日本人一样思考问题。

总揽整个人类历史，时尚和商品从一个社会传播到另外一个社会，但接收这些东西的社会的文化根基，并没有出现值得注意的变化。

发生在19世纪的科学工程技术的惊人发展，使得人们以史无前例的方式控制和塑造他们的生存环境。

现代化包含工业化、城市化、不断增长的识字率、教育、财富和社会结构的变化；以及更复杂、更多样的职业结构。

这种变革过程可以与发生在公元前5000年前，在两河流域（底格里斯河、幼发拉底河）、尼罗河、印度河发生的从原始社会到文明社会的变革相媲美。

现代社会中人们的世界观、价值观、知识和文化与那些传统社会的人们有很大不同。

作为第一个现代化了的文明社会，西方也是第一个完全进行了文化现代化的社会。

9.
单选题
It is noticed that there had a perceptible change in his behavior lately.
问题1选项
A.pessimistic
B.perceivable
C.persistent
D.perpetual
【答案】B
【解析】形容词辨析。

句意: 值得注意的是，最近他的行为出现明显变化。

pessimistic:悲观的。

perceivable:可感知的。

persistent:执着的，坚持的。

perpetual:永久的，不断的。

perceptible:可察觉的，可感知的,看得出的。

故B符合句意。

10.
单选题
Whenever two or more unusual traits or situations are found in the same place, it is tempting to look for more than a coincidental relationship between them. The high Himalayas and the Tibetan plateau certainly have extraordinary physical characteristics and the cultures which are found there are also unusual, though not unique. However, there is no intention of adopting Montesquieu's view of climate and soil as cultural determinants. The ecology of a region merely poses some of the problems faced by the inhabitants of the region, and while the problems facing a culture are important to its development, they do not determine it. The appearance of the Himalayas during the late Tertiary Period and the accompanying further raising of the previously established rages had a marked effect on the climate of the region. Primarily, of course, it blocked the Indian monsoon（季风）from reaching Central Asia at all. Secondarily, air and moisture from other directions were also reduced.
Prior to the raising of the Himalayas, the land now forming the Tibetan uplands had a dry, continental climate with vegetation and animal life similar to that of much of the rest of the region on the same parallel, but somewhat different than that of the areas farther north, which were already drier. With the coming of the Himalayas and the relatively sudden drying out of the region, there was a severe thinning out of the animal and plant population. The ensuing incomplete Pleistocene glaciations （冰蚀）had a further thinning effect, but significantly did not wipe out life in the area. Thus after the end of the glaciations there were only a few varieties of life extant from the original continental species. Isolated by the Kunlun range from the Tarim basin and Turfan depression, species which had already adapted to the dry steppe climate, and would otherwise have been expected to flourish in Tibetan, the remaining native fauna and flora （动植物）multiplied. Armand describes the Tibetan fauna as not having great variety, but being "striking” in the abunda nce of the particular species that are present. The plant life is similarly limited in variety, with some observers finding no more than seventy varieties of plants in even the relatively fertile Eastern Tibetan valleys ; with fewer than ten food crops. Ti betan ’’tea" is a major staple, perhaps replacing the unavailable vegetables.
The difficulties of living in an environment at once dry and cold and populated with species more usually found in more hospitable climates, are great. These difficulties may well have influenced the unusual polyandrous（一妻多夫制）societies typical of the region. Lattimore sees the maintenance of multiple-husband households as being preserved from earlier forms by the harsh conditions of the Tibetan uplands which permitted no
experimentation and "froze" the cultures which came there. Kawakita, on the other hand, sees the polyandry as a way of easily permitting the best householder to become the head husband regardless of age. His detailed studies of the Bhotea village of Tsumje do seem to support this idea of polyandry as a method of talent mobility is a situation where even the best talent is barely enough for survival for more than a coincidental relationship between them. In sum, though arguments can be made that a pre-existing polyandrous system was strengthened and preserved （insofar as it has been） by the rigors of the land, it would certainly be an overstatement to lay causative factors of any stronger nature to the ecological influences in this case.
1.What are the "unusual traits or situations" referred to in the first sentence?
2.The purpose of the passage is to （）.
3.The author's knowledge of Tibet is probably（） .
4.According to the passage, which of the following would probably be the most agreeable to Montesquieu?
5.The species of fauna and flora remaining in Tibet after the Pleistocene glaciations can properly be called continental because they（） .
问题1选项
A.Patterns of animal and plant growth
B.Food and food preparation patterns of the upland Tibetans.
C.Social and familial organization of typical Tibetan society.
D.All of the above
问题2选项
A.analyze the possible causal links between Tibetan ecology and society.
B.describe the social organization of typical Tibetan villages.
C.describe Tibetan fauna and flora.
D.analyze the mysteries of the sudden appearance of the Himalayas.
问题3选项
A.based on firsthand experience
B.the result of lifelong studies.
C.derived from books only
D.limited to geological history
问题4选项
A.All regions have different soils and thus, different cultures
B.Some regions with similar climates will have similar cultures.
C.Cultures in the same area, sharing soil and climate, will be essentially identical.
D.The plants of a country, by being the food of its people, cause the people to have similar views to one another.
问题5选项
A.are originally found in continental climates.
B.are the only life forms in Tibet, which is as big as a continent.
C.have been found in other parts of the Asian continent.
D.are found in land mass that used to be a separate continent.
【答案】第1题:D
第2题:A
第3题:C
第4题:C
第5题:A
【解析】1.细节题。

A项(动植物生长模式), B项(高原藏族的食物和食物准备模式),C项(典型藏族社会的社会家庭组织)都是文中提到的不寻常的特征或情况。

2.主旨大意题。

文章主要是分析了一妻多夫制的社会体制及其形成的生态原因。

3.推断题。

文章中作者引用了Montesquieu, Armand等人的观点,由此推测作者对西藏的知识应该是从书本中获得。

4.细节题。

由第一段得知Montesquieu认为如果同一地区的土壤和气候相同，那么其文化也应该相同。

故选C。

5.细节题。

第三段指出: Thus after the end of the glaciation there were only a few varieties of life extant from the original continental species (因此，在冰河期结束后，只有少数现存于原始大陆物种生命),故选A。

11.
单选题
The room was full of people and smoke. She started to feel （）with the heat inside.
问题1选项
A.oppressed
B.congested
C.confronted
D.craned
【答案】A
【解析】动词辨析。

句意: 这个房间里全是人，布满了烟雾。

她开始被里面的热气压的喘不过气来了。

oppressed 被压迫的;受迫害的。

congested 拥挤的;挤满的;(交通)堵塞的;充血的。

confronted，confront的过去分词和过去式。

使…无法回避;降临于;处理。

craned，crane的过去分词和过去式。

(为看得更清楚而)探着身子;伸长(脖子)。

12.
单选题
Since the early nineties, the trend in most businesses has been toward on-demand, always-available products and services that suit the customer's （）rather than the company s.
问题1选项
A.benefit
B.availability
C.suitability
D.convenience
【答案】D
【解析】固定搭配。

句意: 九十年代早期开始，大多数公司就倾向于经营随需应变、随时可用的产品和服务。

这样为顾客提供了，而不是为公司提供便利。

Suit one’s convenience 对…便利。

13.
单选题
The “Echo House” will demonstrate how we can live with highly efficient insulation,solar heating, energy efficient（） and organic gardening.
问题1选项
A.applicators
B.applications
C.applicants
D.appliances
【答案】D
【解析】名词辨析。

句意: 绿色环保屋显示我们是如何使用高效绝缘体、太阳能供暖、高效能源装置和有机园艺。

applicator涂药器；敷帖器。

application应用；申请；应用程序。

applicant申请人。

appliance器具,器械, 装置。

14.
填空题
Pesticides, the most cost-effective （1）of pest and weed control, allow the maintenance of current yields and so contribute（2）economic viability .Concern about the environmental impact of repeated pesticide use has prompted research into the environmental fate of these agents, which （3）emigrate from treated fields to air, other land and water bodies. How （4）the pesticide remains in the soil depends on how strongly it is bound by soil components and how readily it is degraded .It （5）depends on the environmental conditions at the time of application, e.g.oil water content. Pesticide use must ensure public safety and environmental protection with（6）to both the chemical itself and their potentially harmful metabolites. This paper reviews what is known of the （7）of the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil system, such as moisture content, organic matter and clay contents, and pH, on the sorption/desorption and degradation of pesticides and their access to groundwater and surface waters. An understanding of the fate of pesticides is essential for rational decision-taking regarding their authorization. To reach an adequate understanding will require the concourse （8）soil science, clay mineralogy, physical chemistry, surface chemistry, environmental microbiology, plant physiology and, no doubt, other disciplines.
（9）through a multidisciplinary approach to environmental research will it be possible to plan, manage, pursue and integrate the results of the studies that will be necessary for the development of tools and techniques allowing effective environmental decision-making. There seems to be a great potential to develop microbially derived pesticides, which are effective, reliable and have a（10）environmental risk. In addition, new application techniques, for example precision band spraying, can reduce the dose, which can be a very effective way to minimize transport and emission but also to avoid a build-up of resistance in target organisms. Improved formulations will also be needed to reduce off-target deposition, improve retention on target, and enhance uptake and translocation.
【答案】（1）Means。

（2）to。

（3）can。

（4）long。

（5）also。

（6）regards。

（7）influence。

（8）of。

（9）Only。

（10）low。

【解析】1.语义连接。

句意：农药是除害虫和杂草的最有效的（）。

means：方式，手段。

2.固定搭配。

contribute to：有助于。

3.语义连接。

句意：农药重复使用对环境造成污染，此现象已经引起了研究机构的注意，污染治理的范围将不仅仅局限于土壤本身，可能转向其他领域。

4. 语义连接。

how long：多久，表示时间长度。

句意：农药在土壤中残留多久，取决于它的强度。

5. 语义连接。

前句提到农药在土壤中残留程度取决于多方面因素，接着讲述也取决于……
6.固定搭配。

With regards to：关于，考虑到。

7.语义连接。

句意：本文综述了土壤系统的物理和化学特性（如含水量、有机质和粘土含量、pH值）对农药的吸附/解吸和降解及其进入地下水和地表水的影响。

influence：影响。

8. 语义题。

concourse：综合。

空格处填介词of，此处表示各学科的综合。

9. 固定搭配。

句子是部分倒装句，状语提前放到句首，谓语动词放在主语前面。

表示：只有通过……才……。

10. 逻辑分析。

微生物源农药更effective， reliable（有效，可靠），应该对应a low environmental risk（低风险）。

15.
单选题
测试用试题，请勿组到其他试卷中，过会就会删掉111
问题1选项
A.2
B.3
C.4
D.5
E.6
【答案】C
【解析】第1题:
测试解析。