四川大学华西医学院病理生理学2016年考博真题试卷
四川大学华西医学院眼科学2016年考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
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四川大学华西医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：眼科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释（5*5分=25分） 1. ICE 2. ansiometropia 3. BKC 4. 颈动脉海绵窦漏 5. 囊袋收缩综合征
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二、问答题（5*15分=75分） 1. 青光眼视神经损伤机制，种类，研究进展。 2. 角膜移植的供体来源，适应症。 3. 维持正常双眼视觉的条件及斜视后的病理改变。 4. 甲状腺相关眼病的临床特征和治疗原则。 5. CNV的常见病因目前主要的治疗方法，从发病机制探讨未来的治疗趋势。
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四川大学华西医学院病理学2016年考博真题试卷
二、简述题：7*8=56分
1.简述说出血尿至少三种病因及其临床病理特点。
2.什么是表观遗传调控？举两例说明在肿瘤发生中的作用。
3.CT示左肺有3cm结节，简述三种疾病的临床病理特征。
四川大学华西医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释：2*12=24分
中文部分：
冷脓肿、肉芽肿、免疫组织化学、干酪样坏死、基因扩增、凋亡
英文部：
4.三种常用的病理学方法及应用。
5.慢性萎缩性胃炎的A，B型区别。
6.原发性高血压晚期心、脑、肾的病理学表现。
7.门脉性肝硬化，坏死性肝硬化，胆汁性肝硬化的病因和基本病理特点。
8.说明炎症介质在炎症中的作用，举两个炎症介质。
三、分析题：10*2=20分
1.以结肠癌为例，说明肿瘤是多步骤发生的过程。
2.因某某发现DNA损害修复机制而获得2015诺贝尔奖，说明DNA损害修复机制在肿瘤发生的分子机制。
四川大学华西医学院局部解剖学2016年考博真题试卷
12.枕后三角的位置，组成，内容。
13.右冠状动脉的分布特点。
14.膈肌的血供及神经支配。
4．踝管
5．rotator cuff
6．carotid sheath
7．终丝
8．Superior lumber triangle
9．parotid bed
10．左肋间上动脉
11．室间膈膜部
12．Basal nucleus
二、问答题10分×14题，选做7题
1.右结肠旁沟的位置，交通，毗邻，临床意义。
2.腹膜形成的肝韧带及其间穿行的结构。
3.胃裸区位置、边界、临床意义。
4.胆总管的分段及其毗邻。
5.小儿气管切开的层次及可能损伤结构。
6.肱骨中段骨折最容易损伤什么，为什么，有何症状。
7.颈根部的配布特点。
8.髋关节的组成及结构特点。
9.头皮的层次，损伤后为什么出血量大，受伤深时什么需要缝合。
10制。
四川大学华西医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：局部解剖学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释5分×12题，选做6题
1．闭膜管
2．Celiac plexus（形似）
3．Pelvic fascia
四川大学华西医学院病理学2014年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院
2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学 Байду номын сангаас意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释2*10分
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1、EFGR；2、SARS；3、结核结节；4、肾炎综合征；5、副肿瘤综合征；6、肺褐色硬 化；7、纤维化；8、纤维样坏死； 二、问答题8题 80分 1、脓肿、嗜酸性脓肿、冷脓肿、阿米巴肝脓肿病理学改变 2、肠道溃疡的3种疾病，病理学改变；大体及病检； 3、二次打击学说，举例说明； 4、1青年女性，发现右肺有站位，请说明下一步病理学检查方法，优缺点？ 5、肿瘤学增生与非肿瘤性增生区别 6、为何说淤血总是病理性的，举例说明？ 7、一年轻男性，有肾病综合征，住院期间入厕后促使，请说明最可能死亡的原 因，病理学机制？ 包括1）、股动脉栓塞、2）、急性肺栓塞；3）、股静脉血栓；4）、急性心肌梗塞；5）、 急性脂肪栓塞； 8、两种病毒EB病毒及HPV，请举出两例相关疾病，起诊断及病理学表现。
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四川大学华西医学院普外科2016年考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：普外科 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释
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1.whipple三联征 2.Buerger病 3.股管 4.布加综合征 5.早期倾倒综合征 二、简答题 1.腹股沟斜疝与直疝区别。 2.甲状腺术后并发症 3.乳腺癌根治术后放疗指针 4.胆管癌Bismuth-corett分型 5.胃溃疡及十二指肠溃疡手术指针 三、诊断题 一个男的40多岁，右上腹隐痛1年多，加重一个月，有乙肝病史14年，表面抗原 阳性 AFP500，肝增大，质硬，压痛，叩击痛。脾大，白细胞3 *10的9次方，血小板50*10的9次方。 我诊断的肝细胞性肝癌，肝硬化，脾亢。第二问是还需要做什么检查。第三问 是肝癌治疗原则
病理生理学历年真题
病理生理学历年真题(总15页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--临床法医预防等专业（五年制）12级英汉互译（*10）病理生理学亚健康受体意识肝功能不全cognitionPTSD的全称apoptosisstressorfalse neurotransmitter名词解释（4*5）功能性分流去极化阻滞缺氧反常性酸性尿等渗尿简答1、何种脱水易导致休克原因2、休克二期变化、机制3、高血压引起心肌收缩力降低的机制4、家兔肌注氯化汞引起急性肾功能不全的机制5、列举四种出现AG增高型代谢性酸中毒的疾病（或病理过程），并阐述AG增高型代酸机制11级英汉互译（10*）代谢性酸中毒水肿功能性分流尿毒症凋亡renal osteodystrophymyocardial hypertrophyHypotonic dehydrationOrthopneahemic hypoxia名词解释（5*4）应激缺血再灌注损伤反常性酸性尿弥散性血管内凝血发热简答题（28）1.休克代偿期微循环的特点和代偿机制。
2.急性肾衰竭少尿的机制。
3.酸中毒引起心肌兴奋收缩耦联障碍的机制。
4.肺气肿引起的是什么类型的通气障碍单纯通气障碍如果发展到呼吸衰竭，则属于什么类型的呼吸衰竭为什么论述题（1*12）1.肝性脑病与肺性脑病的异同点是什么？试从发病机制和治疗原则两方面来论述。
10级论述题：1.低钾血症与高钾血症均可引起肌肉麻痹，简述其机制的差异2.失血性休克2期的微循环变化与发生的机制3.酸中毒导致心肌收缩性下降的机制4.急性肾衰竭与慢性肾衰竭均可引起少尿，请分别叙述其机制09级名解发热应激DIC血氧容量缺血再灌注损伤简答1.酸中毒引起兴奋收缩偶联障碍的机制2.肝性脑病中血氨增加主要机制3.产生AG增高型代谢性酸中毒的机制4.休克失血性缺血期的微循环特点及代偿意义翻译题是10个英译汉，认真看书吧。
病理生理学试卷及答案
病理生理学试卷及答案《病理生理学》试卷(A)第一部分：单项选择题（A型）1. 病理生理学大量研究成果主要来自（）A. 流行病学调查B. 动物实验研究C. 临床观察病人D. 推理判断 E. 临床实验研究2. 能引起疾病并赋予其特征性、决定其特异性的因素称为（）A. 疾病的原因B. 疾病的条件C. 疾病的诱因D. 疾病的内因 E. 疾病的外因3. 按目前有关死亡概念，下列哪种情况意味着人的实质性死亡，继续治疗已无意义？（）A. 四肢冰冷，血压测不到，脉搏测不到B. 大脑功能停止，电波消失C. 心跳、呼吸停止 D. 脑电波消失E. 全脑功能永久性停止4. 大量丢失小肠液首先出现的水电解质紊乱，多见的是（） A. 高渗性脱水 B. 低渗性脱水 C. 等渗性脱水 D. 低钠血症 E. 高钾血症A5. 细胞外液渗透压变化时首先通过什么调节水钠平衡？（）A. ADHB. 血管内外钠交换C. 醛固酮D. 心钠素E. 细胞内外钠交换第 1 页共 10 页6. 最易出现休克倾向的水电解质紊乱是（） A. 高血糖致低钠血症B. 低钾血症C. 等渗性脱水D. 高渗性脱水E. 低渗性脱水 7. 低钾血症最常见原因是（）A. 摄入钾不足B. 细胞外钾转移进入细胞内C. 经肾丢失钾D. 经胃肠道丢失钾 E. 经皮肤丢失钾8. 下列哪个不会引起脑细胞水肿？（）A. ADH分泌异常增多症B. 呼吸衰竭C. 脑缺氧D. 正常人一次饮水3000ml E. 肝性脑病 9. 用钙盐治疗高钾血症的作用机制是（） A. 提高心肌阈电位和动作电位2期钙内流 B. 使血钾向细胞内转移 C. 使血钠向细胞内转移 D. 改变血液pH使钾降低 E. 促进钾在肠及肾排出10. 酮症酸中毒时，机体可出现（） A. 细胞内K+释出，肾内H+－Na+交换↓ B. 细胞内K+释出，肾内H+－Na+交换↑ C. 细胞外K+内移，肾内H+－Na+交换↓ D. 细胞外K+内移，肾内H+－Na+交换↑ E. 细胞外K+内移，肾内K+－Na+交换↓11. 从动脉抽取血样后如不与大气隔绝，下列哪项指标将会受到影响 A. SBB. ABC. BE第 2 页共 10 页）（D. AGE. BB12. 组织细胞进行正常的生命活动必须处于（ c ） A. 弱酸性的体液环境中B. 较强的酸性体液环境中C. 弱碱性的体液环境中D. 较强的碱性体液环境中E.中性的体液环境中E13. 大气性缺氧一般不引起（）A. 中枢神经功能障碍B. 肺水肿C. 循环衰竭D. 心律失常E. PaCO2增高 14. 休克时交感?肾上腺髓质系统处于（）A. 强烈兴奋B. 先抑制后兴奋C. 先兴奋后抑制，最后衰竭D. 改变不明显 E. 强烈抑制15. 下列哪种因素可导致左心室后负荷过度（）A. 肺动脉高压B. 高血压C. 血容量增加D. 主动脉瓣关闭不全 E. 二尖瓣关闭不全 16. 限制性通气障碍不是（） A. 因肺泡扩张受限引起 B. 因呼吸肌活动障碍引起C. 因呼吸道阻塞使气体进肺泡受限而引起D. 因胸廓顺应性降低引起E. II型呼吸衰竭的发病机制A17. 急性心力衰竭时下列哪项代偿方式不可能发生？（）A. 心肌肥大B. 心率加快C. 血液重新分配第 3 页共 10 页D. 交感神经兴奋E. 心脏扩张C18. 心肌肥大是一种有效的代偿反应，因为（）A. 促进了能量利用B. 增加了肌浆中[Ca2+]C. 增加了心肌的收缩物质D. 改善了心肌血供E. 支配心肌的交感神经数量增多19. 心力衰竭时血液灌流量减少最显著的器官是（） A. 肝脏 B.皮肤 C. 肾脏 D. 骨骼肌 E. 脑20. 急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）的共同发病环节是（） A. 肺内DIC形成B. 急性肺淤血水肿C. 急性肺不张D. 急性呼吸膜损伤E. 肺泡内透明膜形成21. 有关应激的论述，下列哪项是错误的？（） A. 它属于一种全身性特异性反应 B. 它普遍存在C. 它可利于增强机体适应能力D. 它可成为疾病发生发展的病因或诱因E. 它是机体保护机制的重要组成部分22. 下列疾病中哪一种可引起高输出量性心衰（） A. VitB1缺乏症 B.冠心病 C. 肺源性心脏病 D. 风湿性心脏病 E. 高血压病23. 在肝性脑病发病过程中，下列哪种神经递质既是抑制性神经递质，又是假第 4 页共 10 页性神经递质（）A. 5-羟色胺B. 苯乙醇胺C. 羟苯乙醇胺D. γ-GABAE. 多巴胺24. 胸外中央性大气道阻塞常可导致（）A．呼气性呼吸困难 B．吸气性呼吸困难 C．限制性通气不足 D．呼气性呼吸困难和吸气性呼吸困难 E．以上都不是 25. 谷氨酸钠可降低血氨，其机制是（）A. 促进蛋白质合成B. 使血浆pH降低C. 促进NH3由肾脏排出D. 结合血氨生成谷氨酰胺 E. 促进鸟氨酸循环第二部分：多项选择题（X型）BC26. 应激时最主要的神经内分泌改变发生于（ abcd ）A. 肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统B. 蓝斑-去甲肾上腺素能神经元/交感-肾上腺髓质系统C. 下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质激素系统 D. 下丘脑-神经垂体系统 E. 下丘脑-腺垂体-甲状腺素系统ABE27. AG增高型代谢性酸中毒可见于（）A. 严重心力衰竭B. 饥饿C. 肾小管酸中毒D. 轻、中度肾功能衰竭 E. 摄入大量水杨酸制剂 ABDE28. 应激时机体内代谢变化包括（ abcde ）A. 代谢率升高B. 糖原分解和糖异生增强C. 外周组织对糖的利用增加D. 脂肪的动员和分解增强E. 蛋白质分解增强，出现负氧平衡 29. 缺氧所致紫绀可见于（ bde ）第 5 页共 10 页感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
四川大学华西临床医学院国重基法部分专业的考博真题生化真题_.doc
2016 年名词解释：生物转化蛋白模体信号肽细胞编程G蛋白简答：1,生物信息分子有哪些？细胞信号转导2,蛋白折叠过程3,酶的抑制剂有哪些4,细胞凋亡因子的作用5,蛋白分选机制论述：1, DNA复制RNA合成蛋白合成的保真2,DNA复性的影响因素3,你对合成生物学、系统生物学的认识2011年K乙他辅侑A任：人代谢屮的作川2、代谢调杠细胞水半的调i'i3、变构调肯和化学修饰的井同4、作川J DNA衣达的药物的机理•制述3类药物5、翻译施的蛋门质修饰2012年・、名詞解释（20分）1、RNA splicing2、岱号肚3、构住与构象4、蛋门硕模休令结构域5、SiRNA二、分析简答龛（32分）1、试述卜列冈素如何影响DNA的夂性过程<1）RIW （（2）低J * Tm 度（3〉高浓度的DNA 链2、«A»U冰的原理及其应川3>匝嘤细胞Mi'rW fYf哪叫？兀作川机制如何？4、仆•种混介液MA、B、C -种蛋m 这二种蛋门分了;1匕等电点如卜：A1M000,8.5； B 64000 , 5.9 : C 6000・6.0按分/讹和竽电点将J〔分肉纯化这三种蛋仏并列：||签定方汰.二论述題（48分）K DNA M制、RNA介成、蛋门质介成如何保证冀保戊性?2、细胞内们号传导及冀作川机制3、运川化物化学用I关掠理说明药物介理设讣2013年・、名诃解释（20分）K信号从2.诵导肚3.模休4.Gutn5 •转化二简签越1.DNA M制、转录和胡译如何保允2.什么朋抑制剂？简述右哪儿种抑制剂.分别冇什么待点?3・细胞倍号转导7、论述鬆K细胞核编码的蛋门的分选途径？2、Flftl 7个冈素足怎么影响DNA变性的，高浓度阳离仇低Tmffi, ft浓度的DNA ?3、列;I；朗个实鲨分肉纯化乐门.并说岀原理.蛋门分fWflPI分别为64000、8.0；18000、5.91 6000 . 6.0.2014 年・、名词解释1、RNA splicing2、Apoptosis3、Instructs enzyme4、Stemp cell engering5、Systemic biology二、简答悪K 例举关「2013年保学或生理学方Ifil91尔并说期冀上嘤内容及门＜2 的见解2、DNA V兴的彩响W^：(l)Blwr浓度(2)隘度Tm (3)DNA 浓度3、un^t的比沾性测足\论述理1、H«；素与碳胺类药物的作用机制？2、允核生物与原核生物转杀麻的加I：Y J H井同？3、对r儿种人匸合成底物1刑一酶《i结介时•侑9底物納介的亲和力人小不同・怎样说明？2015 年仁名诃解释(40)K端粒(酶)2、两性a •螺旋3、G PCR4、G WAS5、磷酸无糖途径6、氏链II编码RNA7、朋体8、化学注透学说9、R NAi10、Ubiquitination1、扎糖操纵/和色奴酸操纵/的调控作川2、苏门质结构与功能的关系3、信号转9途径井常9疾病发僅的关系.并设讣种町能的I•扰FBI4、描述〔种不同的组学研丸方法及其任医药学中的嗣IJ5、匕醸辅侑A任物质代谢屮的匝耍作川6、•般1何二DNA损伤对生物体祁是冇害的・”!实质上也右右益的•仏即DNAftl伤仆双咆效应，你如何解释这•观点•。
四川大学华西医学院神经病学2012--2019年考博真题
3.MREEF
4.丛集性头疼
5.脊髓半切综合症
6.
二、简答题（每题8分）
1.帕金森病治疗的常用药物及用药原则
2.脑脊液对中枢性感染的诊断意义
3.AD的诊断标准
4.视神经脊髓炎的诊断及治疗
5.动眼神经危相的治疗
三、论述题（每题15分）
1.抗癫痫药物的分类及用药原则。
2.青年卒中的危险因素，如何检查及处理。
三、论述2个1个15分
1、试述癫痫和癫痫综合征的分类。
2、试述心源性与非心源性缺血性卒中的二级预防现状。
四川大学华西医院
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（全英文6题，每题5分）
1.cross hemiplegia
四川大学华西医学院
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经内科学（神经病学）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释(全是英文)6分一题*5
克雅病
紧张性头痛
自动症
淀粉样变性
脑淀粉样血管病
线粒体肌炎脑病
二、简答题8分*5
1.髓内病变、髓外病变的鉴别
2.失神发作和复杂部分发作的鉴别
一、名词解释
1、hornor综合征
2、NMO
3、朊蛋白病
4、难治性癫痫
5、Meige征
二、问答题
1、癫痫持续状态的定义及治疗
2、帕金森的诊断，鉴别诊断和治疗
4.格林巴利综合症的类型及特点。
5.神经变性性痴呆有哪几种及其特点。
四川大学华西医学院重症医学2014--2017年考博真题
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四川大学华西医院
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：重症医学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 肺顺应性 ECOM 重症超声 创伤死亡三角 SEPSIS3.0 二、简答题 1.限制性液体治疗。 2.感染性休克患者中激素的治疗原则。 三、论述题 1.重症患者的救治原则及流程 2.VAP 3.前负荷
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四川大学华西Biblioteka 院2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：重症医学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 1、 糖异常 2、 跨肺压 3、 EGDI 4、 容量反应性 5、 肺顺应性 6、 莱尔米特征 7、 路易体痴呆 二、简答题 1、重症患者识别。 2、感染性休克血管活性药物使用。 3、癫痫的用药原则。 4、黄斑回避及其机制。 三、问答题 重症患者镇静阵痛原则及流程，休克，肺保护性通气策略。
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攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
医学考博 历年真题试卷
四川大学华西医院
2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：重症医学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
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四川大学华西医院
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：重症医学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
四川大学2016独家真题
四川大学2016年博士研究生英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1. 本试题共5大题，共11页，请考生注意检杏.考试时间为180分钟2. 1-70题答案请填写在机读卡相应处，否则不给分。
3. 翻译和作文题答在答题纸上，答在试题上不给分。
书写要求字迹消楚、工整。
I. Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneWhen a person begins a mediated or immediate encounter, he already stands in some kind of social relationship to the others concerned, and expects to stand in a given relationship to them after the particular encounter ends. This, of course, is one of the ways in which social contacts are geared into the wider society. Much of the activ ity occurring during an encounter can be understood as an effort on everyone’s part to get through the occasion and all the unanticipated and unintentional events that can cast participants in an undesirable light, without disrupting the relationships of the participants. And if relationships are in the process of change，the object will be to bring the encounter to a satisfactory close without altering the expected course of development. The perspective nicely accounts, for example, for the little ceremonies of greeting and farewell which occur when people begin a conversational encounter or depart from one. Greetings provide a way of showing that a relationship is still what it was at the termination of the previous co-participation, and, typically, that this relationship involves sufficient suppression of hostility for the participants temporarily to drop their guards and talk. Farewells sum up the effect of the encounter upon the relationship and show what the participants may expect of one another when they next meet. The enthusiasm of greetings compensates for the weakening of the relationship caused by the absence just terminated, while the enthusiasm of farewells compensates the relationship for the harm that is about to be done to it by separation.It seems to be a characteristic obligation of many social relationships that each of the members guarantees to support a given face for the other members in given situations. To prevent disruption of these relationships, it is therefore necessarily for each m ember to avoid destroying the others’ face. At the same time, it is often the person’s social relationship with others that leads him to participate in certain encounters with them, where incidentally he will be dependent upon them for supporting his face. Furthermore, in many relationships, the members come to share a face, so that in the presence of third parties an improper act on the part of one member becomes a source of acute embarrassment to the other members. A social relationship, then, can be seen as a way in which the person is more than ordinarily forced to trust his self-image and face to the tact and good conduct of others.1 .The last word of the first sentence, nam ely “ends' is most likely B .[A] a noun, meaning “purposes” or “objectives”[B] a verb, meaning “comes to a finish”[C] a postpositional adjective, meaning “finishing”[D] an adjective, meaning “purposeful”2. According to the author, if any unexpected difficulties occur in a social contact,B .[A] the relationships between the participants break up[B] those who participate will be in an unintentional event[C] all participants would try to maintain their relationships|D] the participants will certainly get through an activity3. Which of the following is NOT an idea of the author? C[A] The participants hope their relationship would be the same as they met last.[B] Greetings are just as important as farewells in a social encounter.[C] Before every greeting there is always sufficient hostility to suppress.[D] If their relationship changes, the participants want it to change as they hoped.4. The last sentence of the second paragraph means that . A[A] one’s self-image is dependent on how others behave[B] face and self-image are two different kinds of relationships[C] social relationship is something that is forced on all participants[D] to get along well with others is a process of giving each other face5. The best title for this passage may well be . A[A] Face and Social Relationship [B] How to Conduct Socially[C] Greetings and Farewells [D] Conversational SociologyPassage Two（Tips:出现人名字的地方用笔圈出来，数字用笔圈出来）The poet William Blake wrote in the early nineteenth century: “Great things are done when men and mountains meet.”Great things indeed were done on Mount Everest in May of 1996. Also poignant things, foolish things, deadly things：Hundreds of climbers from eleven different expeditions were on the mountain ---- thirty-one near the summit ---- when a freakish and fierce-some storm blew in. Eight climbers perished, the highest one-day death toll since the first expedition tried to reach the top of the world’s tallest peak in 1921.Adventurers have always sought challenges: deeper jungles, wider oceans, newer worlds. But mountains have been special. Perhaps it’s their size, the ir power, their resistance to conquest. In Patrick Meyers’s play K2, a marooned climber on the Himalaya peak that gives the play its name delivers this li ne: “Mountains are metaphors.” And so they are. Climbers search not just for summits but also for themselves. They reach up to reach in.That helps explain why Everest has been enveloped by “Mountain Madness，”the name of a Seattle company that offers guided tours of the peak for about $65,000 (plus airfare to Nepal). New technology and equipment have also helped: lighter gear, warmer clothing, better radios and telephones. And the adventure can be shared, practically in real time, with Internet browsers around the world.But the community of high-mountain explorers now is gripped by soul-searching and second-guessing. Everest, after all, is not a theme peak. Some of the dead were experienced guides who lost their lives trying to save less agile amateurs. Said Mark Bryant, editor of Outside Magazines:“Some of us have been asking: Is it right that an average climber can order an ascent of Everest out of a catalog?” An Australian mountaineer, Tim McCartney-Snape, told the Associated Press: “Some things should remain sacred, and Everest is one of them. Even the strongest and toughest have found it can be extremely difficult just existing at that altitude, without other people depending on you.On Everest, dependency can lead to heroism and to tragedy. One frostbitten amateur, Seaborne Weathers of Dallas, was plucked from a rocky ledge at 22,000 feet by a Nepalese army helicopter — an act of incredible bravery. And Rob Hall, a guide who had climbed Everest several times, stayed on its slope with a dying customer. After learning they were hopelessly trapped, Hall managed to place a satellite telephone call to his pregnant wife, Jan, in New Zealand. “Hey, look,” he told her, “don’t worry about me.” At that moment, Hall remembered Harold, the character in K2 who muses: “Understanding has no meaning. Holding on, just holding on, that has meaning. Like Harold, he knew the mountain was still a mountain. Still a goal. Still a dream. And he couldn’t hold on. Rob Hall died before rescuers could reach him.6. Which of the following statements best describes the author’s point of view?[A] Amateurs should not be encouraged to climb Mount Everest.[B] Guided tours of Mount Everest have become a source of enormous profits.[C] In the past, Mount Everest has made heroes out of ordinary men and women.[D] Mount Everest should remain a metaphor to be talked about.7. The sentence “They reach up to reach in”may be best paraphrased by “”[A] To know the inherent meaning of a mountain, one needs to climb up to the top[B] In conquering the mountain, one finds a proof of oneself[C] Mountaineers must climb upward in order to climb inside it[D] One needs to climb up to the top to see why a mountain is metaphorical8. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT .[A] Mountain climbing can have a live report simultaneously[B] Mountaineers can be located instantly during their climbing[C] New technology significantly reduces risks and dangers in mountain climbing {D} It is more dangerous to have someone depending on you during mountain climbing9. In the last paragraph, Harold’s saying “Understanding has no meaning” means.[A] determination is more vital than thinking[B] persistence and action require reasoning[C] one should avoid misunderstanding the situation[D] it is meaningless to think in mountaineering10. Most likely, the author of this passage is .. [A] a historian [B] a mountaineer[C] a tourist guide [D] a reporterPassage 3The Hertz Corporation, the U.S. Air Force, Hyatt Hotels Corporation, the City of Dallas, and the Neiman-Marcus Group, Inc., have one thing in common----all have purchased the services of Feedback Plus. Feedback Plus is an agency that dispatches professiona l shoppers who pose as customers. These “mystery” shoppers visit the client’s business, purchase products or services and report back to the client on the quality of service they receive. The City of Dallas hired Feedback Plus to see how car-pound employees treat citizens picking up their cars. The Air Force is using professional shoppers to assess customer service at their on-base supply stores. Banks, hospitals, and public utilities are also hiring mystery shoppers. Vickie Henry, chief executive of Feedba ck Plus, notes that many similar firms compete for client’s business, and service really differentiates one firm from another. Although Henry has a database of 8,800 people who serve as professional shoppers, she sometimes assumes the role of mystery shopper herself. During a recent visit to an upscale women's apparel store, she observed the type of customer service most companies attempt to avoid. None of the many salespeople on the sales floor said hello when she entered the store. When she removed a skirt from a clothing rack, none of the salespeople approached her. Finally, several minutes after entering the store, Henry approached a salesperson and asked to use the dressing room. Needless to say, service at this firm did not receive high marks from Feedback Plus.As organizations experience increased competition for clients, patients, and customers, awareness of the importance of public contact increases. They are giving new attention to the old adage “First impressions are lasting impressions.” Research indicates that initial impressions do indeed tend to linger. Therefore, a positive first impression can set the stage for a long-term relationship.We are indebted to Susan Bixler, president of Professional Image, Inc., and author of Professional Presence, for giving us a better understanding of what it means to possess professional presence. Professional presence is a dynamic blend of poise, self-confidence, control and style that empowers us to be able to command respect in any situation. Once acquired, it permits us to be perceived as self-assured and thoroughly competent. We project a confidence that others can quickly perceive the first time they meet us.Bixler points out that, in most cases, the credentials we present during a job interview or when we are being considered for a promotion are not very different from those of other persons being considered, [t is oar professional presence that permits us to rise above the crowd. Debra Benton, a career consultant, says, “Any boss with a choice of two people with equal qualifications will choose the one with style as well as substance.” Learning to create a professional presence is one of the most valuable skills we can acquire.The development of professional presence begins with a full appreciation of the power of first impressions. The tendency to form impressions quickly at the time of an initial meeting illustrates what social psychologists call a primacy effect in the way people perceive one another. The general principle is that first impressions establish the mental framework within which a person is viewed, and later evidence is either ignored or reinterpreted to coincide with this framework.11. For all of the following walks of life EXCEPT the the professional presence has beendiscussed in this passage.[A] economic [B] military[C] academic [D] medical12. The underlined word “apparel” in the first paragraph means ““[A] apparatus [B] cosmetics[C] clothing [D] specialty13. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?[A] No first impressions would ever change in the later contacts.[B] How one composes oneself determines how one is evaluated by others.[C] Social psychology is a science that stipulates the principles for social behaviors.[D] Opportunities in jobs or promotions are for those who differ from their competitors.14. The underlined word : “poise” in the third paragraph means:[A] proper comportment [B]desirable position[C] careful pause [D] positive assurance15. Which of the following is likely to be the title of this article?[A] The Power of First Impression[B] The Primacy Effect in Marketing[C] Social Psychology in Business[D] The Importance of FeedbackPassage FourYou can’t drive if you’re blind, or blind drunk, but an alarming number of Americans find themselves, at least occasionally, driving in a blind rage. “It’s a major social issue，”says Dr. Ricardo Martinez, administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safe ty Administration. “A 3,000-pound car in the hands of rude, hostile person is a lethal weapon.”A report on “road rage” to be released this week by the American Automobiles Association concluded that “motorists ... are increasingly being shot, stabbed, beaten, and run over for i nane reasons.” And inanity is not confined to young louts in “Baywatch” T-shirt: young men are by far the most common perpetrators, but middle-aged men and women can be equally big jerks. The most common manifestation of road rage was aggressive tailgating, followed by headlight flashing, “obscene gestures”, blocking other vehi cles, and verbal abuse. Drivers have been assaulted with weapons ranging from partially eaten burritos to canes (“a favorite with the elderly and disabled”）to golf clubs ---- and other vehicles, including buses,bulldozers, forklifts, and military tanks. “In terms of fatal crashes, drunks are a much bigger menace,”says David Willis, president of the AAA Foundation of Traffic Safety. “But the average motorist doesn’t encounter a drunk very often, while in a place like Washington, D.C., at least once a week yo u’ll have an encounter with some crazy guy on the road.”Naturally, the phenomenon has given rise to its own therapeutic movement, whose leading practitioner is a Whittier, California, psychologist named Arnold Nerenburg. Nerenburg, who calls himself “America’s Road Rage Therapist”, has identified four stimuli that provoked road rage. The most common is feeling endange red by someone else’s driving --- for example, when another driver cuts you off or follows too closely. Others are resentment at being forced to slow down, righteous indignation at someone who breaks traffic rules or steals your parking space and ----perhaps the most dangerous, because it opens the door to an escalating exchange of hostilities ----anger at another driver who takes his own road rage out on you.The fact that most drivers are mutual strangers contributes to the volatility of highway confrontations. “There’s a deep psychological urge to release aggressio n a gainst an anonymous other,” Nerenburg says.Road-rage therapy tends toward the common-sensical---- “Take a deep breath and just let it go,” Nerenburg recommends. But it might help to consider that you might not be all that anonymous to the other driver. One of his patients realized the depth of his problem after he yelled an obscenity at the woman in the next car ----who turned out to be his boss s wife.16 .Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?[A] More and more Americans are using their cars to express their anger.[B] Old people and women are milder in temperament during driving.[C] Common sense might be the basis for overcoming road rage.[D] If people know each other, road rage would not happen.17. According to American Automobile Association, the people are more likely than all the others to be road-angered.[A] young [B] middle-aged[C]old [D] handicapped18. Which of the following is a justifiable cause for road rage, according to Dr. Nerenburg?[A] Another driver fails to observe a traffic law.[B] The parking space is occupied by another car.[C] The lane is taken by a slowly-moving car.[D] Another driver flashes the head-light.19. The underlined word “lethal” in the first paragraph means:[A] powerful [B] illegal[C] dangerous [D] deadly20. What might be the deep problem that one of Nerenburg’s patients had realized?[A] He faces a lawsuit of sex harassment.[B] He is in danger of being fired.[C] He will be fined by traffic police.[D] He falls ill and has to see a doctor.Passage FiveMost people, asked if they can think without -speech, would probably answer, “Yes, but it is not easy for me to do so. Still I know it can be done.” Language is but a garment! But what if language is not so much a garment as a prepared road or groove? It is, indeed, in the highest degree likely that language is an instrument originally put to uses lower than the conceptual plane and that thought arises as a refined interpretation of its content. The product grows, in other words, with the instrument and the thought may be no more conceivable, in its genesis and daily practice, without speech than is mathematical reasoning practicable without the lever of an appropriate mathematically symbolism. No one believes that even the most difficult mathematical proposition is inherently dependent on an arbitrary set of symbols, but it is impossible to suppose that the human mind is capable of arriving at or holding such a proposition without the symbolism.The writer, for one, is strongly of the opinion that the feeling entertained by so many that they can think, or even reason, without language is an illusion. The illusion seems to be due to a number of factors. The simplest of these is the failure to distinguish between imagery and thought. As a matter of fact, no sooner do we try to put an image into conscious relation with another than we find ourselves slipping into a silent flow of words. Thought may be a natural domain apart from the artificial one of speech, but speech would seem to the only road we know of that leads to it.21. In the first line, the underlined phrase can best be replaced by[A] most of the people [B] more people[C] more than one people [D] many people22. In line 3, the word ‘groove” is probably closest in meaning to[A] later growth [B] designated slot[C] particular path [D] ready-made viaduct23. Which of the following statements would the author of the passage agree?[A] Thought came into being earlier than language[B] It is language that makes conceptual thought possible[C] Thought is no different from mathematics because it depends on symbolism[D] Both thought and language are the interpretation of propositions.24. Which of the following statements is true according to the author?[A] The imagery is the precondition of thought[B] Thought has to be bore in words.[C] Imagery is an explanation of words.[D] Once we use words, we make mistakes.25. The idea of this passage is held by[A]some people including the writer.[B] the writer himself alone[C] most people but the writer[D] one of the people other than the writerPassage SixStrikes and strikebreaking, lockouts and boycotts, all pit one side against the other in labor disputes. Ultimately, the negative effects of such actions ---- including resentment, fear, and distrust ---- linger for months or years after a dispute has been resolved.Increasingly, more productive techniques such as mediation and arbitration are being used to settle disagreements between labor and management. Either one may come into play before a labor contract expires or after some other strategy, such as a strike, has proven ineffective.Mediation is the use of a neutral third party to assist management and the union during their negotiations. This third party (the mediator) listens to both sides, trying to find common ground for agreement. The mediator also tries to encourage communication between the two sides to promote compromise, and generally keep the negotiation moving. Initially, the mediator may meet privately with each side. Eventually, however, the goal is to get the two sides to settle their differences at the bargaining table.Unlike mediation, the arbitration step involves a formal hearing. Just as it may be the final step in a grievance procedure, it may also be used in contract negotiations when the two sides cannot agree on one or more issues. At this point, the arbitrator hears the formal positions of both parties on outstanding, unresolved issues. The arbitrator then analyzes these positions and makes a decision on the possible resolution of the issues. If both sides have agreed in advance that the arbitration will be binding, that means they must accept the arbitrator’s decisio n.If mediation and arbitration are unsuccessful, then according to the Taft-Hartley Act, the president of the United States can obtain a temporary injunction to prevent or to stop a strike if it would endanger national health or security.26. According to the author, with the solution of a labor crisis[A] the tension between labor and management can continue[B] labor and management do not trust each other any more[C] the negative effect of actions like strike would be resolved[D] a long time is needed to bring the dispute to an end27. To resolve a labor dispute, one should[A] resort to mediation or arbitration from the start[B] make sure that the labor contract expires[C] take other steps before going to mediation or arbitration[D] strike first and then accept mediation or arbitration28. Which of the following is true of mediation?[A] The mediator makes final decisions after meeting with both sides.[B] To avoid bias, the mediator cannot meet either side in advance.[C] The primary task is to help both sides bargain with each other.[D] The mediator can be a representative from either the labor or the management.29. The pre-condition for an arbitration to be authoritative is that[A] both sides agree in advance to abide by the decision made[B] a formal hearing must be conducted just like in a court trial[C] the decision is focused on the most outstanding and unresolved issues[D] there is no bargaining allowed by arbitration，unlike mediation30. In the last sen tence, the underlined word “injunction” most likely refers to[A] a formal declaration [B] a subpoena [C] a lawsuit protocol [D] an official orderVI Vocabulary (10%; 0-5 mark each)31. Dr. Norman Bethune came from Canada to help the Chinese people in their war against Japanese aggression.[A] in the way [B] all the way [C] along the way [D] by the way32. Throughout history, he who knows the art of war uses force only as the last[A] resort [B] rescue [C] refrain [D] recant33. After a careful investigation and evaluation，the city hall decided to the old house.[A] dismantle [B] destroy [C] demolish [D] delineate34. The monument was so small that it appears to be more for than for memorial.[A] significance [B] indifference [C] oblivion [D] memory35. Millions of years ago the Vesuvian volcano destroyed Pompeii, but today it is[A] dormant [B] Pacifying [C] ignited [D] pictured36. Because humans have to talk about the limitless world by means of limited language sounds, there is a great between the world and language.[A] apathy [B]anomaly [C] asymmetry [D] agnosticism37. If an organism is quite successful in getting used with the environment that is new to it, we say that the organism is very[A] agile [B] adjustable [C] adoptive [D] adaptive38. When we do Planning, we Should take a11 relevant factors into consideration in order to as much as possible the difficult cases or even failures.[A] forestall [B] forerun [C] foretell [D] forecast39. is the practice of putting yourself in a position of another person in order to understand his/her feelings.[A] affectionate [B]empathy[C] pathology [D] affiliation40. In schools and universities, some courses are compulsory, which one has to take, while the others are( ) , either freely of as required.[A] optimal [B] opaque [C] optical [D] optional41. When one applies for a job position, one needs to ( ) one's resume, describing one's educational as well as working experiences.[A] submit [B] subject [C] submerge [D] subside42. As industry grew，so ( ) did the need for more and more skilled industrial workers.[A] much [B] as to [C] too [D] as for43. The rescue team worked hard to search for the missing mountaineers,( ) the heavy and icy snowstorm.[A] in spite [B] despite [C] although [D] disregard44. “Breaking Bad” is the most thrilling TV drama series ( ) I have watched in several years.[A] as [B] what [C] which [D] that45. The revised feasibility report handed in by the draft team is good enough, ( )a few spelling errors on some pages.[A] except for [B] except that [C] excepting [D] except46. It is mandatory that the engineering project ( ) accomplished by the end ofthis year.[A] is [B] has been [C] be [D] will be47. ( ) the advice from the councilor, we would not have finished the task so smoothly.[A] out of [B] what with [C] but for [D] instead of48. The traffic accident has claimed 5 lives, the cause of which is still ( ) investigation.[A] under [B] beyond [C] for [D] beneath49. Even though the bell for dismissing class has rung，the teacher is still talking ( )[A] over [B] forward [C] off [D] away50. Since the negotiation with the management has come to a deadlock, the worker's union decide to take ( ) the street.[A] to [B] over [C] down [D] away withIII Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)In the last decade, giving birth at home has become an increasingly popular option for some couples. Assisted by a physician or a nurse-midwife，many women have successfully given birth at home (51) A to healthy babies. In fact, some studies indicate that ―一for (52)<C>uncomplicated pregnancies --- home delivery is as safe as hospital delivery. (53) [B] Advocates of home birth argue that the atmosphere in a hospital --- with all its forbidding machines，rules, regulations, and general lack of “homeyness”---- is stressful. (54) [B] Therefore ，giving birth in a hospital detracts from what should be a joyous, natural human experience. Supporters of home birth further argue that hospitals are (55) [C] meant to deal with illness and that the delivery of a baby should not be viewed as an illness.On the other side of the argument, critics of home birth argue that if emergency medical (56) [A] procedures are necessary, giving birth at home may be (57) [B] downright dangerous. Furthermore, hospital practices in labor and delivery have changed (58) [D] radically in the last decade, particularly with the increased popularity of the Lamaze method. Thus hospitals are not the strange, forbidding environments they once were. (59) [A] Most hospitals, for example, allow fathers to be present (60) [A] at the entire labor and delivery, and many allow the。
四川大学华西医学院考博试题
考博详解与指导局部解剖学：一、名词解释：颈动脉窦，肺根，面部危险三角区，膀胱直肠陷凹，胆囊三角，(还有一个想不起了)二、问答题：(9选7)1.临床作气管切开的位置，经过的层次，切开过深可损伤的器官，过低可造成什么后果2.盆腹部消化管道的动脉血供及来源3.上、下腔静脉系的吻合支4.腹部器官、结构的体表投影(至少10个)5.子宫的位置，及影响其位置的因素6.股三角的内容、排列及交通7.腮腺肿大可压迫那些结构8.颈根部的结构9.左右纵隔之间的血管、神经名称及位置病理真题1，名词解释：肉芽组织，老化，autopsy,瘘管，转移钙化，紫癜，类白血病反应，肺褐色硬化，纤维素样坏死2，选择题：老样子很简单3，简答体：肿瘤增生和非肿瘤增生的区别。
病案讨论：冠心病及其合并症有关的。
为什么说淤血总是病理性的?说出3种胃肠道的肉芽肿性炎。
说出3种病理诊断方法及其特点。
肿瘤的TNM分期，举例1个第一部分、传统面试问题（Sample Traditional Interview Questions）1、What can you tell me about yourself?（关于你自己，你能告诉我些什么？）这一问题如果面试没有安排自我介绍的时间的话。
这是一个必问的问题。
考官并不希望你大谈你的个人历史，他是在寻找有关你性格、资历、志向和生活动力的线索，来判断你是否适合读研或者MBA。
下面是一个积极正面回答的好例子：“在高中我参加各种竞争性体育活动，并一直努力提高各项运动的成绩。
大学期间，我曾在一家服装店打工，我发现我能轻而易举地将东西推销出去。
销售固然重要，但对我来说，更重要的是要确信顾客能够满意。
不久便有顾客返回那家服装店点名让我为他们服务。
我很有竞争意识，力求完美对我很重要。
”In high school I was involved in competitive sports and I always tried to improve in each sport I participated in.As a college student,I worked in a clothing store part-time and found that I could sell things easily.The sale was important,but for me,it was even more important to make sure that the customer was satisfied.It was not long before customers came back to the store and specifically asked for me to help them.I’m very competitive and it means a lot to me to be the best.2、What would you like to be doing five years after graduation?（在毕业以后5年内你想做些什么？）你要清楚你实际上能胜任什么。
四川大学华西医学院口腔组织病理学2004--2014,2016--2019年考博真题
限制板，
sharpey fiber，
retinioc acid sydrom，
肿瘤分化
问答：二、简答题
1、牙槽骨的结构及生物学特点，临床意义
2、囊性成釉细胞瘤的类型，病理表现及鉴别诊断
3、列举你所知道的口腔黏膜病损。具有基底细胞液化变性的病的病理
4、低度恶性的上皮的涎腺肿瘤列举3种并鉴别，组化和免疫组化在鉴别诊断中的应用
四川大学华西医院
2009年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：口腔组织病理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
四川大学华西医院
2010年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：口腔组织病理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
一、名词解释30分
transparent dentine，chronic hyperplastic pulpties，myoepithelial cell
二、问答题70分
1.上皮源性良性牙源性肿瘤有哪几种？
2.请举例说明其中一个有局部侵袭性的肿瘤临床病理表现
3.慢性牙周炎宿主防御机制的双重作用
4.描述口腔粘膜原位癌临床病理表现及应用免疫组织化学染色进行诊断和鉴别诊断
oralpharyngeal membrane (6分)
branchial cleft cyst (8分)
二、简答题
1、简述牙乳头在牙发育中的重要作用（18分）
2、描述活动期牙周炎光镜下病理表现（18分）
3、基底膜区的构成和结构？良性黏膜类天疱疮的发病机理？（22分）
4、从临床表现、病理特征、生物学行为等方面对成釉细胞瘤和牙源性腺样瘤进行比较？（22分）
四川大学华西医学院_重症医学2014--2017年考博真题试卷
四川大学华西医院
2015 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：重症医学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
PCT 结果的影响因素 严重高钠血症 CRRT 时的置换液配方调整 近年来 SAP 治疗进展方面的
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四川大学华西医院
2016 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：重症医学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 肺顺应性 ECOM 重症超声 创伤死亡三角 SEPSIS3.0 二、简答题 1.限制性液体治疗。 2.感染性休克患者中激素的治疗原则。 三、论述题 1.重症患者的救治原则及流程 2.VAP 3.前负荷
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四川大学华西医院
2017 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：重不给分。 一、名词解释 1、 糖异常 2、 跨肺压 3、 EGDI 4、 容量反应性 5、 肺顺应性 6、 莱尔米特征 7、 路易体痴呆 二、简答题 1、重症患者识别。 2、感染性休克血管活性药物使用。 3、癫痫的用药原则。 4、黄斑回避及其机制。 三、问答题 重症患者镇静阵痛原则及流程，休克，肺保护性通气策略。
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pct结果的影响因素症严重高钠血症crrt时的置换液配方调整来近年来sap治疗进展方面的第1页共1页四川大学华西医院2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目
四川大学华西医院
2014 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：重症医学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
病理生理学考博试题及答案
病理生理学考博试题及答案病理生理学是研究生物体在疾病状态下的生理变化及其机制的科学。
本试题旨在考察考生对病理生理学基本概念、原理和机制的理解与应用能力。
一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 病理生理学主要研究的是：A. 疾病的预防B. 疾病的治疗C. 疾病的病因D. 疾病状态下的生理变化2. 细胞凋亡是：A. 一种病理性死亡B. 一种生理性死亡C. 细胞分裂D. 细胞生长3. 炎症反应的目的是：A. 清除损伤因子B. 促进细胞增殖C. 抑制细胞凋亡D. 促进组织修复4. 以下哪项不是细胞应激反应的类型？A. 热休克反应B. 氧化应激反应C. 免疫应激反应D. 营养应激反应5. 细胞程序性死亡的调控机制不包括：A. 基因调控B. 信号传导C. 细胞代谢D. 细胞外基质答案：1. D2. B3. A4. C5. C二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）6. 简述病理性钙化的特点及其对机体的影响。
7. 描述缺氧对细胞代谢的影响。
8. 解释什么是细胞信号转导异常，以及它在疾病中的作用。
答案：6. 病理性钙化是指在非骨骼组织中异常沉积的钙盐，其特点包括钙化部位的非特异性、钙化过程的病理性以及可能伴随的组织损伤。
对机体的影响包括影响组织功能、引起疼痛和功能障碍等。
7. 缺氧时，细胞内ATP生成减少，导致细胞代谢活动受限。
细胞可能通过糖酵解途径产生能量，但效率较低。
长期缺氧可导致细胞损伤甚至死亡。
8. 细胞信号转导异常是指细胞内信号传递过程中的某个环节出现问题，导致细胞功能失调。
这可能涉及到信号分子的异常表达、受体功能的改变或信号传导途径的障碍等。
在疾病中，信号转导异常可能导致细胞增殖失控、细胞凋亡受阻等病理变化。
三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）9. 论述细胞凋亡与坏死的区别及其在疾病中的意义。
10. 阐述肿瘤微环境对肿瘤发展的影响。
答案：9. 细胞凋亡是一种有序的、程序化的细胞死亡过程，通常不引起炎症反应，而坏死是一种非程序化的、由外界因素引起的细胞死亡，常伴随炎症反应。
华西01-06年考博之专业基础局解试题
2006年解剖..........名词解释1.Calot triangle, 2.prevertebral space, 3.costodiaphragmatic recess, 4.renal sinus, 5.pterion, 6.the sinus of vena cava, 7.喙肩弓, 8.股鞘, 9.尿生殖膈, 10.卵巢悬韧带简答(十选七)1.手的神经分布, 2.食管胸部的走行和吡邻, 3.股管的解剖结构和临床意义, 4.胸骨角平面的器官组织结构和走行, 5.男女直肠前壁的吡邻以及直肠指检可触及的结构, 6.子宫的位置和韧带, 7.腹股沟管的保护机制, 8.头皮的结构和神经血管分布, 9.结肠上间隙及小网膜囊的结构和吡邻, 10.颈部迷走神经,膈神经,及颈交感干的鉴别.华西01-04年外科考博之专业基础解剖试题01年考博局部解剖学试题一名词解释必答题（每题5分，共40分）纵隔翼点胸导管鼻旁窦胃床膀胱三角齿状线肩袖二问答题（从以下10题中选作五题，每题12分）1大脑动脉环的位置、组成、分支、及其意义2脊柱的骨性构成，连接方式，正常弯曲及其功能3胸膜的位置，分布，隐窝及其生理临床意义4子宫的位置，形态，分部，动、静脉来源、淋巴回流5咽的形态、位置，分部和各部通连6心的传导系统组成，各部的位置及机能意义7阐述腹股沟管8描述肝门，肾门和肺门9阐述甲状腺位置，毗邻及其血供10髋关节组成，结构特点02年考博局部解剖学试题一名词解释（每个3分，10题，共30分）鼻副窦腹直肌鞘主动脉裂孔肺段阴道穹输尿管间襞纵隔肝胰壶腹括约肌隔缘肉柱颈动脉鞘二问答题（共70分）1简述结肠上区器官配布特点（１０分）2肾结石随尿外排，常在哪些部位滞留（5分）3试述肝门、肾门、肺门内各器官的心局部关系（10分）4试述子宫的形态、位置、姿势和固定装置。
（10分）5试述髋关节的组成和结构特点（10分）6乳腺脓肿需进行切开排脓手术请问（10分）女性乳房结构上有哪些特点应如何选择手术切口、为什么7阑尾炎需作阑尾切除术，请问（15分）若是经麦氏点切口，经哪些层次到腹腔阑尾位于何处，常见位置有哪几种打开腹膜腔后，如何区分大，小肠如何才能迅速准确地找到阑尾阑尾动脉耒自何动脉，如何寻找辨认阑尾动脉2003年博士入学局部解剖学考试题一名词解释（共10个，每个3分，共计30分）骨髓椎间孔盆膈肺段纵隔肾蒂十二指肠悬韧带股管齿状线乳房悬韧带二问答题（共10题，从中选作7题，每题10分，共计70分）1男、女直肠前面各有何重要结构，肛门指诊男、女各能触及哪些结构？2试述膝关节的组成、结构特点和运动。
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ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
四川大学华西医学院
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四川大学华西医院
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考试科目：病理生理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、填空题 1.局部水肿的机制
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2.发热与过热的根本区别 3.DIC的病生基础 4.休克的病生基础 5.pH在正常范围的可能 二、名词解释 超极化阻滞 静脉血掺杂 高动力循环状态 阴离子间隙 亚健康 热休克蛋白 黄疸 肾性骨病 内生性致热源 微血管病性溶血性贫血 三、问答题 1.根据肝性脑病发病机制制定肝性脑病防治原则。 2.什么是钙超载？钙超载在缺血再灌注损伤中的机制。 3.怎样理解休克晚期难治性？ 4.ARDS的机制。 5.应激时交感肾上腺髓质兴奋表现及生理意义。