Economic Action and Social Structure
社会学必读书籍推荐
社会学必读书籍推荐社会学是系统地研究社会行为与人类群体的学科，起源于19世纪三四十年代。
社会学是从社会哲学演化出来的现代学科。
下面是店铺精心为您整理的社会学必读书籍推荐，希望您喜欢!100本最经典的社会学著作书籍推荐1、Weber, Max：Economy and Society马克斯.韦伯：《经济与社会》2、Mills, Charles Wright：The Sociological Imagination查尔斯.赖特.米尔斯：《社会学的想象力》3、Merton, Robert K.：Social Theory and SocialStructure罗伯特.默顿：《社会理论与社会结构》4、Weber, M.：The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit ofCapitalism马克斯.韦伯：《新教伦理与资本主义精神》5、Berger, P.L. and Luckmann, T.：The Social Construction of Reality彼得.柏格，汤姆斯.卢克曼：《知识社会学：社会实体的建构》6、Bourdieu, Pierre：Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste皮埃尔.布迪厄：《区隔：趣味判断的社会学批判》7、Elias, Norbert：The Civilizing Process诺伯特.埃利亚斯：《文明的进程》8、Habermas, Jürgen：The Theory of Communicative Action尤尔根.哈贝马斯：《交往行动理论》9、Parsons, Talcott：The Structure of Social Action塔尔科特.帕森斯：《社会行动的结构》10、Goffman, Erving：The Presentation of Self inEveryday Life欧尔文.戈夫曼：《日常生活的自我呈现》11、Mead, George Herbert：Mind, Self and Society乔治.赫伯特.米德：《心灵、自我与社会》12、Parsons, Talcott：The Social System塔尔科特.帕森斯：《社会系统》13、Durkheim, Emile：The Elementary Forms ofReligious Life爱弥尔.涂尔干：《宗教生活的其本形式》14、Giddens, Anthony：The Constitution of Society安东尼.吉登斯：《社会的构成》15、Wallerstein, Immanuel：The Modern World-System伊曼纽尔.沃勒斯坦：《现代世界体系》16、Foucault, Michel：Discipline and Punish : the Birth ofthe Prison米歇尔.福柯：《规训与惩罚：监狱的诞生》17、Kuhn, Thomas S.：The Structure of ScientificRevolutions托马斯.库恩：《科学革命的结构》18、Simmel, Georg：Sociology格奥尔格.齐美尔：《社会学》19、Beck, Ulrich：Risk Society乌尔里希.贝克：《风险社会》20、Braverman, Harry：Labour and Monopoly Capital哈里.布雷弗曼：《劳动与垄断资本——二十世纪中劳动的退化》21、Adorno, Theodor W. and Horkheimer, Max：Dialecticof Enlightenment西奥多.阿多诺，麦克斯?霍克海默：《启蒙辩证法》22、Gramsci, Antonio：Prison Notebooks安东尼奥.葛兰西：《狱中札记》23、Coleman, James Samuel：Foundations of SocialTheory詹姆斯.萨缪尔.科尔曼：《社会理论的基础》24、Habermas, Jürgen：Knowledge and Human Interests尤尔根.哈贝马斯：《知识与人类利益》25、Moore, B.：The Social Origins of Dictatorship andDemocracy巴林顿.摩尔：《民主与专制的社会起源》26、Polanyi, Karl：The Great Transformation卡尔.波兰尼：《大转型》27、Blau, Peter Michael and Duncan, Otis Dudley：TheAmerican Occup彼得.布劳，奥迪斯.戴德里.邓肯：《美国职业结构》28、Gouldner, Alvin W.：The Coming Crisis of WesternSociology阿尔文.古德纳：《西方社会学即将到来的危机》29、Luhmann, Niklas：Social Systems尼克拉斯.卢曼：《社会系统》30、Mannheim, Karl：Ideology and Utopia卡尔.曼海姆：《意识形态与乌托邦》31、Becker, Howard S.：Outsiders: Studies in theSociology of Deviance霍华德.贝克尔：《局外人：越轨的社会学研究》32、Marx, Karl：Capital. A Critique of Political Economy卡尔.马克思：《资本论》33、Olson, Mancur：The Logic Collective Action曼库尔?奥尔森：《集体行动的逻辑》34、Durkheim, Emile：The Division of Labor in Society爱弥尔.涂尔干：《劳动分工论》35、Durkheim, Emile：The Rules of Sociological Method爱弥尔.涂尔干：《社会学方法的准则》36、Garfinkel, Harold：Studies in Ethnomethodology哈罗德.加芬克尔：《常人方法学研究》37、Goffman, Erving：Asylums欧尔文.戈夫曼：《避难所》38、Lipset, Seymour Martin：Political Man西摩.马丁.李普塞特：《政治人》39、Mills, Charles Wright：The Power Elite查尔斯.赖特.米尔斯：《权力精英》40、Bourdieu, Pierre：The Logic of Practice皮埃尔.布迪厄：《实践的逻辑》41、Cardoso, Fernando Henrique and, Faletto, Enzo：Dependency and Development in Latin America费南多.恩希齐.卡多索，恩佐.法雷图：《拉丁美洲的依附与发展》42、Dahrendorf, R.：Class and Class Conflict in anIndustrial Society拉夫.达伦多夫：《工业社会中的阶级与阶级冲突》43、Giddens, Anthony：The Consequences of Modernity安东尼.吉登斯：《现代性的后果》44、Goffman, Erving：Stigma欧尔文.戈夫曼：《污记》45、Kanter, R.M.：Men and Women of the Corporation罗莎贝丝.坎特：《公司里的男人和女人》46、Schütz, Alfred：The Phenomenology of the SocialWorld阿尔弗雷德.舒茨：《社会世界的现象学》47、Berger, Peter L.：Invitation to Sociology彼得.柏格：《社会学的邀请》48、Bourdieu, Pierre and Passeron, Jean-Claude：Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture皮埃尔.布迪厄，让-克劳得.帕松：《教育、社会和文化中的再生产》49、Etzioni, Amitai：The Active Society阿米泰.埃奇奥尼：《积极的社会》50、Glaser, Barney G. and Strauss, Anselm L.：The Discovery of Grounded Theory巴尼.格拉斯，安瑟伦.斯特劳斯：《扎根理论的发现》51、Habermas, J.：The Structural Transformation of thePublic Sphere尤尔根.哈贝马斯：《公共领域的结构转型》52、Sorokin, Pitirim A.：Social and Cultural Dynamics皮特林.索罗金：《社会和文化的动力》53、Touraine, A.：Production de la societe阿兰.图海纳：《社会的生产》54、Weber, Max：Sociology of Religion马克斯.韦伯：《宗教社会学》55、Weber, Max：The Methodology of the SocialSciences马克斯.韦伯：《社会科学方法论》56、Arendt, Hannah：The Origins of Totalitarianism汉娜.阿伦特：《极权主义的起源》57、Boudon, Raymond：The Logic of Social Action雷蒙.布东：《社会行动的逻辑》58、Braudel, Fernand：Civilization and Capitalism费尔南?布罗代尔：《文明和资本主义》59、Durkheim, Emile：The Suicide爱弥尔.涂尔干：《自杀论》60、Geertz, Clifford：The Interpretation of Cultures柯利弗德.格尔兹：《文化的阐释》61、Giddens, Anthony：Sociology安东尼.吉登斯：《社会学》62、Janowitz, Morris：The Professional Soldier莫里斯.加诺维：《职业士兵》63、Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix and Rosenberg, Morris：TheLanguage of Social Research保尔.拉扎斯菲尔德，莫里斯.罗森伯格：《社会研究的语言》64、Lukács, Georg：History and Class Consciousness格奥尔格.卢卡奇：《历史与阶级意识》65、Mies, Maria：Patriarchy and Accumulation on WorldScale玛丽亚.密斯：《父权制与世界范围内的资本积累》66、Nisbet, Robert A.：The Sociological Tradition罗伯特.尼斯贝特：《社会学传统》67、Palmer Thompson, Eric：The Making English LabourClass埃里克.汤普森：《英国工人阶级的形成》68、Riesman, David：The Lonely Crowd大卫.里斯曼：《孤独的人群》69、Schütz, Alfred：Collected Papers阿尔弗雷德.舒茨：《舒茨文选》70、Simmel, Georg：The Philosophy of Money格奥尔格.齐美尔：《货币哲学》71、Whyte, William Foote：Street Corner Society威廉.富特.怀特：《街角社会》72、Alexander, Jeffrey C.：Theoretical Logic in Sociology杰弗里.亚历山大：《社会学的理论逻辑》73、Althusser, L.：Reading Capital路易斯.阿尔都塞：《阅读<资本论>》74、Anderson, Benedict：Imagined Communities本尼迪克.安德森：《想像的共同》75、Arendt, Hannah：The Human Condition汉娜.阿伦特：《人的境况》76、Baumann, Zygmunt：Postmodern Ethics齐格蒙特.鲍曼：《后现代伦理学》77、Beauvoir, Simone de：The Second Sex西蒙.波伏娃：《第二性》78、Benedict, Ruth：Patterns of Culture鲁斯.本尼迪克特：《文化模式》79、Blumer, Herbert：Symbolic Interactionism.Perspective and Method赫伯特.布鲁默：《符号互动论：视角与方法》80、Boudon, Raymond：The Unintended Consequencesof Social Action雷蒙.布东：《社会行动的意外后果》81、Bourdieu, Pierre：Outline of a Theory Practice皮埃尔.布迪厄：《实践理论大纲》82、Castells, Manuel：The Urban Question曼纽尔.卡斯特尔：《都市问题》83、Crozier, Michel J.：The Bureaucratic Phenomenon米歇尔.克罗齐埃：《科层现象》84、Crozier, Michel J. and Friedberg, Erhard：Actors andSystems米歇尔.克罗齐埃，埃哈尔.费埃德伯格：《行动者与系统》85、Fanon, Frantz：The Wretched of the Earth弗朗茨.法农：《地球上的不幸者》86、Friedmann, G.：Problemes humains du machinismeindustriel乔治斯.弗里德曼：《工业社会》87、Gans, Herbert J.：The Urban Villagers赫伯特.甘斯：《城市村民》88、Gerth, H.H. and Mills, Ch.W.：From Max Weber:Essays in Sociology汉斯.格斯，赖特.米尔斯：《马克思?韦伯：社会学论文集》89、Giddens, Anthony：New Rules of the SociologicalMethod安东尼.吉登斯：《社会学方法的新规则》90、Giddens, Anthony：Modernity and Self-Identity安东尼.吉登斯：《现代性与自我认同》91、Goffman, Erving：Frame Analysis欧尔文.戈夫曼：《框架分析》92、Hughes, Everett Charrington：The Sociological Eye埃弗雷特.休斯：《社会学见解》93、Mann, Michael：The Sources of Social Power迈克尔.曼：《社会权力的来源》94、Marx, Karl：Economic and Philosophic Manuscriptsof 1卡尔.马克思：《1844年经济学和哲学手稿》95、Mauss, Marcel：The Gift马塞尔.莫斯：《论礼物》96、Popper, Karl R.：The Logic of Scientific Discovery卡尔.波普尔：《科学发现的逻辑》97、Poulantzas, Nicos：Political Power and Social Class尼科斯.普兰查斯：《政治权力与社会阶级》98、Sorokin, Pitirim A.：Social and Cultural Mobility皮特林.索罗金：《社会和文化动力》99、Thomas, William Isaac and Znaniecki, Florian：ThePolish Peasant in Europe and America威廉.伊萨克.托马斯，兹纳涅茨基：《身处欧美的波兰农民》100、Wittgenstein, Ludwig：Philosophical Investigations路德维希.维特根斯坦：《哲学研究》。
学术英语(社科)-Unit1含答案ppt
Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
What is the author trying to prove?
What is the author assuming I will agree with?
Do you agree with the author?
Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Critical reading and thinking
Activities
Example 2: water vs. diamond
Why is water so cheap, while diamonds are so
expensive?
water
Necessary for survival
diamond
Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Example 3: a seat belt law
American laws require seat belts as standard equipment on new cars.
Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Text A
Key terms
marginal cost: 边际成本 the additional cost from an increase in an activity
从连续商品的角度考虑李嘉图模型中的比较优势，贸易和支付问题
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICRELATIONS OF ROMANIACE CILIA E LENA VĂDUVA“CONSTANTIN BRÂNCUȘI” UNIVERSITY OF TÂR GU-JIU, ROMANIA30 EROILOR STREET, TARGU-JIU, GORJ, ROMANIA*************************Abstract:Politics is not something fixed but offer a long-term economic growth is based onincentives for investment by reducing tax rates. To make the investment required,and individuals now need to be convinced that tax rates will not only be scaled downbut will be kept low for some time to come.The pace of economic growth should not be increased indefinitely to know, isembracing the idea of convergence rates of economic growth. Developed countrieswant to stabilize the rate of growth, while developing countries and the same aim.Key words: international markets, economic development,restructuring of theindustriesJEL classification: A10, O10, R11The restructuring of the industry's vision of developed countries is to increase or decrease the size of a company, establishment of small and medium enterprises whose role is to ensure the operation of large businesses, increasing market competition and maintain a balance between different categories size enterprises. This process is usually the result of decisions taken at company level. State intervention varies from country to country depending on economic circumstances, the extension of the internationalization of trade, financial resources available for change and social costs due to technological constraints and socio-political environment in different countries. In recent years, the Romanian economy followed a path characterized by high distortion and convolution and the lack of viable economic strategy. The nonsustenability of the main industrial and economic structural imbalances led to increased chronic inefficiency of most industrial sectors.Romania's economy is undergoing a pronounced decline, coupled with a process of industrialization, developed a transient property. In these circumstances, it is to find and create the conditions needed to use the country's full potential and stimulate those structural changes that allow employment of our economy as a market economy. Restructuring can be viewed from multiple perspectives. Thus, restructuring may mean redirecting or changing business objectives, changes in production structure, organizational restructuring, technical or technological, human resources management and restructuring or change of ownership.The grouping of these elements show that the restructuring of the industry can be viewed from two perspectives, namely:• a quantitative aspect, which includes: company size, level of physical production or number of units, etc..• a qualitative aspect, such as technical performance and technology, quality products, the degree of pollution.Restructuring arrangements vary from one company to another, from one sector to another, the most common procedures are:operational restructuring, which involves improving and enhancing the efficiency of production technology, resource allocation, resizingprocessing capacity, economic organization computer. This type ofrestructuring is difficult to achieve by the state, which is why it isnecessary to be given to privatization, followed by restructuring itself;financial restructuring aimed at reducing arrears of enterprises and promote revenue growth.In selecting companies for restructuring are taken into consideration the following criteria and priorities- and links with business representative upstream and downstream industries - export production value - economic and social impact caused by restructuring at various levels- the ability of enterprises to economic and financial rehabilitation.In industrial restructuring goals are usually: a changing size of business and production capacity, having regard to market demand and the resources at its disposal (human, material and financial), a realization of divisions and fusions privatization, better utilization of production capacity, human resources and creating a competitive environment, an inefficient liquidation of firms that have prospects of rehabilitation An important role in the restructuring process we have divisions, mergers or the creation of joint enterprises. Divisions can be made, but only after a thorough analysis of opportunity as an autonomous company or breaking activities in several autonomous units may increase the risk of reducing bureaucracy and competitive strength. Expanding the technological merger integration, creation of joint ventures with foreign capital and empowerment in Romanian or associations holding minimize bureaucratic pressure recovery and efficiency and ensure that the members.Most restructuring programs to businesses facing arrears and losses and prospects of large capital inflows are reduced. Strategies to be considered are defensive strategies, restriction, aimed at eliminating the failures encountered.Depending on the business situation and strategy will differ from case to case:1) radical reintroduction strategies focused on changing the composition or classification of manufacturing by eliminating unprofitable products, the effect on costs and quality, either by an orientation Another portfolio of products (shifting), where technological possibilities allow or funds - including those assigned and raised - can ensure that the investment of upgrading and refurbishment, on the one hand, and on the other hand, if the market shows a high potential attractive for new products,2) survival strategies or partial dispossession of assets focused on scaling capacity, depending on the solvent demand and available resources and selling assets - amounts raised will be used to strengthen and modernize the remaining work;3) liquidation strategies applied unprofitable units, whose activity is not validated by the market, and this is one way to eliminate their funding from the budget and financial bottlenecks, as well as targeting of resources "absorbed" by those units in ways more profitable for national economic recovery.As part of restructuring strategies, along with economic issues need to be measured and analyzed the effects of the social plan, ensuring an optimal mix between the pace of change and its amplitude amplification to avoid social problems and, consequently, the costs of change. For countries in transition to market economy, it is important to identify both structural and operational details of the transformations that start and final state accepted as a market economy.During this period successive notes two trends:I.downward instability (recession), due to insufficient effective demand,corresponding general economic decline;II.upward instability (Reform, transformation), when there is actual demand is, however is subject to efficiency.Resolution would be in a first step, a macroeconomic policy to eliminate the imbalances and increase effective demand, virtually subdivided in the next stage in the property reform and structural adjustment.In these years of transition, we tried two overlapping phases, which led to conicizarea both types of imbalances. Upgrading industrial structure is a continuous process of transformation, whose directions, extent and intensity vary from one stage to another of development, and on different timelines at each stage.Currently, restructuring is often identified with structural adjustment in the short term companies, evidenced by the closure of production capacity. From the perspective of modernization, restructuring is a process of constructive change in industrial structures and long term, which occurs at the micro and macrostructure found favorable shift in the national economy and improvement of economic performance and social parameters.Changes needed for entry into the road to global competitiveness of the industry have a systemic character, aimed at all components and intra-and inter-industry relations.Ensuring institutional environment to stimulate the modernization process is to make simultaneous progress in two substantial ways:the legal basis for the action of market forces and their consistent application;accelerating privatization to stimulate competition and bring about systemic changes necessary for sustained economic growth.The first priority includes the following components: clarifying property rights, the imposition of contractual discipline, improving the procedures for liquidation of loss-making activities, labor market flexibility, so that entrepreneurs can be oriented towards objectives related to economic performance, imposition of financial discipline by banks, provided they themselves to exercise discipline by following specific functions of the banking system. In the acceleration of privatization in industry, it can occur in sub-branches unequal rates, the major obstacles being created by large enterprises, with production overcapacity.The positive effects of privatization did not occur automatically, but only if the tools work effectively manager and held focus groups in the decision of owners able to promote a development strategy. Investment volume will rise as GDP growth and the diversification of ways of financing investment in the industry.Modernization in this area involves increasing the operational efficiency of banks and capital market development. With a high probability, short and medium term mobilization of domestic capital will be achieved primarily through the banking system. This structure can orient towards sustainable industrial activity through credit performance. Attracting foreign capital, including through capital market, an essential component of modern incentive-based restructuring.The state's role in modernizing the industry is important and is reflected in the following major directions: - development of systems in which key features are: upgrading the physical infrastructure, creating an efficient network of information centers, consulting, training, technology transfer and know-how, facilitating technological R & D relationship - based on commercial industry, promoting the image of the industry and its opportunities for attracting foreign capital and involvement as an intermediary and guarantor - coordinating the restructuring of enterprises that can not be directly exposed to market forces provided that the process should be based on a rigorous selection and be limited in time, establishing a strong and credible deadlinesfor the cessation of preferential treatment. Industry development strategies have a role in guiding economicIndustry crisis is a systemic crisis, so that solutions to modernize its structure are all systemic in nature, with a dominant decentralized component. Neutrality does not mean passivity of the state, but his active involvement in stimulating the modernization of the base. For business strategy to become an instrument of business initiative and it must be known to result in the information consistent and clear policy options to limit the State intends to engage in achieving their financial and logistical support.Preparing to open the market means the specific mechanisms of market economy, and ensuring compatibility of infrastructure, technological structure, qualifications of staff and management.Structural adjustment is made on the fund will seek to accelerate privatization and productivity enhancing efficiency and quality of products and services, ensuring production structures compatible with European Union countries.Romania's industrial policy is geared towards increasing economic competitiveness, in preparation for European Union integration. The industry wants to remain one of the priority sectors of national economy and the prospect of EU integration, it must be subjected to preparatory actions to enable it to adapt to international market condition.REFERENCES1.Băbăiţă I., Silasi Gr., Duţă Al. Macroeconomia, Editura Orizonturi Universitare,Timişoara, 19992.Băbăiţă I., Duţă A., Imbrescu A. Microeconomie, Editura Mirton, Timişoara, 20003.Băbăiţă I.(coord.) Microeconomie. Aplicaţii, Editura Mirton Timişoara, 20004.Chesnais Fr. La competitivite technologique en tant que competitivite structurele,Economica, Paris, 19905.Leroux Fr. Microeconomie. Exercices et corriges, Ed. Economică, Paris, 19906.Silaşi Gr. Integrarea monetară europeană. Între teorie şi politică, Ed. OrizonturiUniversitare, Timişoara, 1998。
Sociology专业英语单词
Sociology专业英语AActionAdaptationAgencyAlienationAnomieAuthoritarianismAgeismAssessmentAnimismAccounting practices Affectivity affective neutrality Achieved statusActing crowdActual social identity Affectual actionAge normsAge structureAnticipatory socialization Ascription—achievement Autopoietic system Authority bureaucratic Authority charismatic Authority dual行动适应能动力异化失范权威主义歧视评估泛灵论项目过程的实践情感中立自治地位行动群体社会认同情感性活动年龄规范年龄结构预期社会化先赋成就自我再生系统个体权威魅力感召性权威双重性权威BBehaviorismBiculturalismBureaucracyBureaucratizationBourgeoisieBreaching experimentsBecause motivesBehavioral illnessBehavioral oganismBehavioral roleBilateral descentBehavioral geneticsBorn criminalsBaby boom行为主义双重文化主义官僚体系科层制资产阶级破坏性实验原因动机行为缺陷行为有机体行为角色双边继嗣行为遗传与生俱来的罪犯婴儿潮CCapitalist Capitalism Census CharismaCode Communism Consummation Conflict perspective Conformity Correlation CrowdCult Counterculture Case studyCaste system资本家资本主义人口普查魅力符号共产主义完成冲突论视角遵从相关集群宗派反文化个案研究种性制Class divisionsClinical—activist modelCommunity controlComparative analysisConspicuous consumptionCrude birth rateCrude death rateCultural diffusionCultural integrationCultural lagCultural pluralismConversation of gestureConstuctivist perspectiveCollective conscienceCultural capitalCulture of poverty阶级分化临床行为者模式社区控制比较分析炫耀性消费粗出生率粗死亡率文化传播文化整合文化堕距文化多元论姿势对话建构观点集体意识文化资本贫穷文化Civic privatismD Deinstitutionalization Democracy Demography Denomination Depersonalization DelianceDeviant DiscriminationDogmaDualismDyadDysfunction Discourses Developmental questions Dual—earner families Dramaturgical perspective Disaster behavior Deviant subculture Disciplinary society Derian career Descriptive studies Dependent variable Dependency theory Dependent chains Democratic socialism Demographic transition Definition of the situation公民个人主义去机制化民主政体人口统计学宗派去个人化越轨行为越轨歧视教义教条二元论对偶组二人群体反功能话语演讲依赖比率拟剧论双职工家庭灾后行为越轨亚文化训规社会越轨生涯描述性研究因变量依赖理论依赖链民主社会主义人口转型情境定义EEcologyEcosystemEmigrationEndogamyEthnocentrismEthnomethodologyExogainyExploitationExpulsionEcological segregationEconomic capitovlEconomic concentrationEgalitarion familyEmpirical methodEstate systemEthnic groupExchange relationshipExtended family生态学生态系统处境移民内婚制种族中心主义本土方法论外婚制剥削驱逐生态隔离经济资本经济集中平权家庭经验性方法等级制民族群体交换关系拓展家庭FFedFecundityFertilityFieldFieldwork FigurationFormsFolkwaysFordismFalse consciousness Family of orientation Family of procreation Feminist theory时尚繁衍能力生育率场域理论田野调查构形形式社会习俗福特主义虚假意识出身家庭生育家庭女性主义理论Formal organizationFormal structureFunctionalist perspectiveFront stageFunctional differentiation正式组织正式结构功能主义视角前台功能式分化F lexible—system production GGangGayGemeinschaftGenderGenocideGerontology Governmentalities Generalized other Generation gapGenetic structuralism Group consciousnessHHomogamyHypothesisHysteresisHomaphobiaHealth care system Hawthorne effect Hierarchical observation HLVHorizontal mobility Horizontal stratificationLLatencyLobbyingLabeling theoryLabor theory of value Latent functionsLatent interestsLegal-rational authority Legitimate powerLevels of functionalLife expectancyLife spanLooking-glass selfMMeMegalopolis 弹性生产制度帮派男同性恋公社性别灭绝老年学治理性一般他人代沟本源结构主义群体意识同类婚假设滞后同性恋恐婚症医疗保健系统霍桑效应阶层式监视人体免疫缺陷病毒水平/横向流动水平分化潜在功能院外活动标签理论劳动价值理论潜功能/隐功能隐形利益法理性权威合法权益功能分析层次预期寿命生命跨度镜中自我客我大都会带IIdeologyIncestImpulseIndustrializationIngroupsInstinctsIntegrationInternalizationInvasionIdeal typeIllegitimate powerImpression managementIncest tabooIndependent variableIn—order—to motiveIndividual cultureInfant mortality rateInformal structureInstitutional racismInteractionist perspectiveInterest groupJJuvenileJuvenile delinquencyJob enlargementKKinshipNNativeNegotiationNetworksNonfunctionsNormalizationNeonatal mortality rateNonmaterial culture意识形态乱伦冲动工业化内群体本能整合内化侵入理想类型非法动机印象管理乱伦禁忌自变量企图的动机个人文化婴儿死亡率非正式结构制度化种族主义理解/理解社会学利益群体青少年青少年犯罪扩展工作亲属关系本国的协商谈判网络非功能正常化标准化新生婴儿死亡率非物质遗产Migration移民核心家庭Nonverbal communicate非语言沟通Nuclear familyMethodologyMobMonogamyMoralize ModernizationMale dominance Manifest function Manifest interests Market socialism Marriage gradientMass behaviorMass ultureMaterical social facts Matriarchal family Matrilineal descent Matrilocal residence Mechanical solidarity Means-ends rational action Migration rateMinority groupMixed economy Multicariate analysisOObjective culture OligarchyOutgroup Overurbanization Opportunity costs Organic solidarityQQualitative methodsQ uantitative methodsRRacism Rationalization ReflxicityReliabilityReligiosity ResocializationRole expectationRiot方法论暴民一夫一妻制道德论现代化男性装扮显功能显现利益市场社会主义婚姻倾度大众行为物质文化物质性社会事实母家庭母亲祭祀从妻居机械团结目标手段理性行为年移民率少数名族群体混合经济多变量分析客观文化寡头政治外群体过度城市化机会成本有机团结定性方法定量方法种族主义理性化反身性信度宗教虔诚再社会化角色期待骚乱PParticipant observationPartitionPatriarchyPersonalityPoliticsPolyandryPolygynyPost-fordismPredictabilityPrejudicePrestigeProfaneProletariatPatriarchal familyPatrilineal descentPatrilocal residencePattern maintenancePeer groupPersonality systemPlanned economyPlay stagePolitical partyPopulation projectionsPoverty levelPostindustrial sociologyPostindustrial societyPrimary groupPrimary socializationPublic opinionPopulation forecastRumorRandom samplingRational-legalReference groupResource mobilizationRevolutionary movementRove conflictRole setRole performanceRole taking参与观察政治区化父权体系人格政体一夫一妻制一夫多妻制后福特主义可预测性偏见声望世俗无产阶级父权家庭父系祭祀从夫居模式维持/维护同辈群体人格体系计划经济扮演期政党人口投影法贫困线后现代社会学后工业社会初级群体初级社会化公众舆论人口预测谣言随机抽样法理性权威参照群体资源动员革命运动角色冲突角色集角色扮演角色置换R itualSSuccessionSelf-segregation StereotypeStandpoint Secularization Superstructure SegregationSelfSparatismSexismStigmaSectSubcultureSactionSelf-control theory Sex ratioSocial devianceSocial disorganization Social interactionSocial control theory Social mobilitySocial movementSocial networkSocial stratification Social structure Sociocultural evolution Socioeconomic status Sociological imagination Structural mobility Symbolic interactionism仪式演替自我隔离刻板印象立场世俗化制约上层建筑自我分离主义性别主义/歧视污名教派亚文化自我控制性别比社会越轨社会解组社会互动社会控制理论社会流动社会运动社会网络社会分层社会结构社会文化进化论社会经济地位社会学想象力结构性流动符号互动论TTheismTotalitarianismTotemTotemismTriadTechnocratic thinkingTheories of everyday lifeTraditional actionT raditional authorityUUrbanismUrbanizationUtilitiesUtopianismUrban ecologistVValidityValue-rational actionVariablesVerstehenVertical mobilityVertical stratificationVital statisticsVictimless crimeVoluntary associationWWorld associationWorking class有神话集权主义图腾图腾崇拜三人群体技术专家思维日常生活理论传统型行为传统型权威城市生活方式城市化效益乌托邦思想城市生态学家效度价值理性行动变量理解垂直流动垂直分层动态流计无受害人犯罪志愿者协会世界体系工人阶级。
彭玉生_洋八股
彭玉生：“洋八股”与社会科学规范提要：随着中国社会科学的快速发展，规范化和国际化的讨论被提上议事日程。
本文旨在分析讨论西方社会科学经验研究的方法论范式。
通过分析总结国际一流社会科学杂志之范文，本文勾勒出经验社会科学研究的八个组成部分：问题、理论（文献）、假设、数据、测量、方法、发现和结论。
这种范式反映后实证主义逻辑，我权称其为―洋八股‖结构。
文中重点分析问题、理论和假设三股，讨论提出好问题，做好文献分析的指导性原则；强调假设乃连接理论与经验之桥梁，并分析建构假设的几种常见策略和形式。
最后，讨论了―洋八股‖与本土化之关系。
关键词：社会科学范式―洋八股‖ 经验研究后实证主义方法论问题理论假设自从托马斯·库恩（Thomas Kuhn，1970）发表了《科学革命的结构》一书，我们认识到了范式及其变革对学科发展的重要性。
根据库恩的定义，范式指被学术共同体奉为标准的一系列普遍性规则、方法、概念、及理论。
社会科学的各学科，如社会学、经济学、政治学，都尚未形成统一的实质理论范式，但已经初步形成了经验研究，特别是定量研究的普遍性方法论范式。
所谓经验研究，广义指从经验资料总结理论并用经验资料验证理论的过程。
方法论范式指学术界通用的连接理论与经验的基本规则和方法，其存在为形形色色的经验研究和大大小小的理论讨论提供了平台。
纵观当前西方主流的社会科学刊物，如《美国社会学评论》（American Sociological Review）、《美国社会学杂志》（American Journal of Sociology）、《美国经济学评论》（American Economic Review）、《美国政治学评论》（American Political Science Review）等，都采用一种非常刻板、近乎迂腐的格式，不遵循这个格式，就难以发表。
林毅夫（1995）也曾指美国经济学文章格式单一八股，千篇一律。
笔者将这种结构戏称为―洋八股‖，并力图从主流刊物中提炼出―洋八股‖的一般结构，目的是为国内社会科学的年轻学者，特别是研究生，做规范化研究，写一流学术文章，提供一个范式参考。
经济社会学文献报告——格兰若维特的“嵌入性”
关键词
• 嵌入性 • 低度社会化与过度社会化 • 经济行动与社会关系网 • 市场和等级制
思想核心
大多数行为都紧密地嵌入于社会关系 的网络之中——嵌入性。
研究角度 关心的问题 要解决的问题
“低度社会化” • 生产、分配与消费行为完全不受社会关
系与社会结构的影响
“过度社会化” • 人被视为完全敏感于他人的意见，并完
谢谢
Hale Waihona Puke 低度社会化生产分配与消费行为完全不受社会关系与社会结构的影响过度社会化人被视为完全敏感于他人的意见并完全屈从于共有的价值与规范系统
小组读书报告之
《经济行动与社会结构：嵌入性问题》
Mark Granovetter.1985. "Economic Action and Social Structure:The Problem of Embeddedness."
威廉姆森：将复杂的经济活动归入从等 级制上整合起来的厂商，来解释经济生 活。
格兰诺维特：与那些关系的结构更有关 联，而远甚于与组织形式的关联。
嵌入性的观点给我们提供了一个研究 组织行为及经济生活的切入点，组织包 括个人的行为都离不开人际关系与互动 网络。
思考：在分析经济行动中，格兰诺维特
始终在强调经济与人际关系网络不可分离， 那政治、文化和制度等其他因素对经济行 动？ 嵌入性的明晰概念？
全屈从于共有的价值与规范系统
格兰诺维特从人们所处的社会关系角度来 解释人们的经济行动——行动者有目的性 的行动尝试是嵌入于具体的、持续运转的 社会关系体系中的。
经济生活中的信任与欺诈：
为什么在日常生活当中我们并没有观察到那 么多的不信任现象和欺诈行为呢？
“社会化的过程和制度的约束有效地解决 一定经济问题。”
母系社会为什么会转变成父系社会
母系社会为什么会转变成父系社会母系社会向父系社会的转变是一个复杂的社会变迁过程，涉及多种经济、文化、社会结构等因素。
这个转变通常不是瞬间发生的，而是经历了漫长的历史演变。
以下是一些可能导致母系社会转变为父系社会的关键因素：1. 经济因素-农业的出现：随着农业的发展，生产力的提升改变了人们的生活方式。
在母系社会中，女性往往负责农业生产和家务，但随着农业生产的集中化和规模化，土地成为重要的财富来源。
由于土地的继承和管理问题，父系社会开始逐渐兴起，父系社会有助于更清晰地界定土地和财富的继承权。
-财产的积累：在以物质财富为基础的社会中，财富的积累和管理变得越来越重要。
父系社会的家长对家庭财产有更强的控制欲望，而这种控制欲望推动了父系继承制度的发展。
2. 社会结构和家庭模式-家庭结构的变化：母系社会中的家庭通常以母亲为中心，亲属关系以母系血缘为主。
随着社会的发展，特别是农业社会的出现，大家族和扩展家庭变得更为普遍。
在这些家庭中，父亲作为家长的角色变得越来越重要，父系社会逐渐形成。
-父系继承制度：为了确保家庭财产和资源的稳定传承，父系继承制度成为一种普遍的安排。
这种制度使得父亲对子女的抚养和教育拥有更多控制权，同时也改变了家庭和社会的权力结构。
3. 军事和政治因素-战争与军事角色：战争和军事冲突在历史上扮演了重要角色。
男性通常承担了主要的军事任务，而男性的社会地位因战争而上升。
在这种背景下，父系社会的角色和权力结构逐渐加强。
-国家和政治结构的形成：随着国家和政治结构的形成，社会的组织方式也发生了变化。
父系社会在政治和行政管理中逐渐成为主流，男性主导的统治和管理方式影响了社会结构的转变。
4. 文化和宗教因素-文化观念的变化：随着文化观念的演变，父系社会的价值观逐渐被接受。
在许多文化中，父系社会的价值观和规范被认为是稳定社会秩序和家庭关系的方式，这导致了母系社会向父系社会的转变。
-宗教影响：许多宗教体系强调男性的主导地位，宗教教义和仪式也可能影响社会结构的转变。
关于唯物史观与历史唯物主义的概念辨析
关于唯物史观与历史唯物主义的概念辨析一、本文概述Overview of this article唯物史观与历史唯物主义是哲学领域中的两个重要概念，它们在理解和解释人类社会发展过程中起着至关重要的作用。
虽然这两个概念在字面上相似，但它们在实际的含义和应用上却存在一些微妙的差异。
本文旨在辨析唯物史观与历史唯物主义的概念，以更准确地理解和应用这两个理论工具。
Materialism and historical materialism are two important concepts in the field of philosophy, playing a crucial role in understanding and explaining the development process of human society. Although these two concepts are similar literally, there are some subtle differences in their actual meanings and applications. This article aims to distinguish the concepts of materialist historical view and historical materialism, in order to more accurately understand and apply these two theoretical tools.我们将对唯物史观进行详细的阐述，探讨其核心观点和方法论。
接着，我们将讨论历史唯物主义，并与唯物史观进行对比，揭示它们之间的异同。
在辨析过程中，我们将关注这两个概念在理论起源、核心思想、应用领域等方面的差异，并尝试澄清一些常见的误解。
We will provide a detailed exposition of the materialist view of history, exploring its core viewpoints and methodology. Next, we will discuss historical materialism and compare it with the materialist view of history to reveal their similarities and differences. In the process of differentiation, we will focus on the differences between these two concepts in terms of theoretical origin, core ideas, application fields, etc., and attempt to clarify some common misunderstandings.通过本文的辨析，我们希望能够更清晰地认识唯物史观与历史唯物主义，并在实际研究和应用中准确运用这两个概念。
我国经济发展英文作文
China's Economic Growth: Miracles andChallengesChina's economic development over the past few decades has been nothing short of remarkable. Rising from the ashes of the Cultural Revolution, the country has transformed itself into a global economic powerhouse, propelling its citizens into a new era of prosperity. The story of China's economic growth is a fascinating tale of determination, innovation, and sheer hard work.At the heart of China's economic miracle lies its transition from a centrally planned economy to a market-based system. This transition, which began in the late 1970s, marked a seismic shift in the country's economic policies. It entailed deregulating prices, privatizing state-owned enterprises, and opening up the economy to foreign investment and trade. The results have been staggering. China's GDP has grown at an average annual rate of over 9% for over three decades, lifting millions out of poverty and propelling the country to the forefront of global economic growth.One of the key drivers of China's economic growth has been its export-led strategy. By focusing on manufacturing and exporting goods to markets around the world, China has become the world's factory floor. Its vast industrial base, coupled with a skilled workforce and low labor costs, has made it a highly competitive exporter of goods ranging from toys and textiles to electronics and heavy machinery.However, China's economic growth has not come without its challenges. The rapid industrialization and urbanization process has led to environmental degradation and resource scarcity. Air pollution and water scarcity have become major concerns, and the government is scrambling to address these issues while maintaining economic growth.Moreover, China's aging population and shifting demographic landscape are posing new challenges to its economic model. As the working-age population declines and the elderly population grows, the country faces the prospect of a shrinking labor force and rising social spending on pensions and healthcare. This demographic shiftrequires China to rethink its economic strategies and find new sources of growth.Another challenge for China's economy is the rise of domestic consumption. As the country's middle class expands, consumers are demanding higher-quality goods and services. This shift towards a consumer-driven economy requires China to upgrade its industrial structure and move towards more value-added production.Despite these challenges, China's economic future remains bright. The government is actively pursuing reforms to address environmental degradation, demographic changes, and the shift towards a consumer-driven economy. With its vast resources, skilled workforce, and strong economic fundamentals, China is poised to continue its economic growth and emerge as a leading global economic powerhouse.**中国经济发展：奇迹与挑战**中国过去几十年的经济发展堪称奇迹。
产业集群常用英文文献
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武汉大学博士英语结课考试
大纲文章分析答案1Most mainstream scientists agree that the burning of fossil fuels(coal,natural gas,and petroleum that is known as oil or crude oil)and other industrial activities have led to a buildup of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.They also agree tha t the earth’s surface has warmed during the last century and that further warming of several degrees Celsius is likely in the next century.(background)This broad scientific consensus(广泛达成的共识)has played an important role in convincing many national governments that immediate action is necessary to limit global greenhouse gas emission.(thesis)2Developing countries,however,have portrayed themselves as victimized by the wealthier industrialized nations(topic sentence).On one hand,these countries believe they have the most to lose from continued global warming.1Because much of the developing world occupies warmer regions，where many species of crops and domesticated animals live at the upper limit of their natural temperature tolerance,higher could lead to widespread livestock declines and crop failures.Moreover,unlike the industrialized world,most developing nations lack the capital and infrastructure to develop new varieties of heat-tolerant crops and animals,build flood control systems,and deploy disaster relief when needed.3On the other hand,2global emission reduction targets also hurt developing countries because such reduction interfere with their plans for economic development through inexpensive,carbon-based energy sources.Indeed,many representatives of developing countries seeglobal warming advocates as part of a conspiracy to maintain the economic advantage of industrialized nations at the expense of poorer nations.3Thus,developing countries have argued that they be exempt from emission reduction until their economies approached the strength of those in developed nation.4Carbon-cycle calculations,however,suggest that allowing developing countries to delay by decades their participation in emission reduction agreements would commit the world to very large increases in levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.The carbon cycle refers to the natural process through which carbon dioxide injected into the atmosphere is slowly removed by photosynthesis in plants and absorption in the oceans.These processes take about a century to complete.V arious carbon-cycle models have shown that if fossil fuels are used to power industrial growth in developing countries,then their carbon dioxide emissions will soon outpace even those of the currently industrialized countries.These computer models strongly suggest that emission reductions must be achieved everywhere,presumably through a Kyoto or post-Kyoto negotiated protocol.5Global environmental collapse is not inevitable.But the developed world must work with the developing worl d to ensure that new industrialized economies do not add to the world’s environmental problems.Politicians must think of sustainable development rather than economic expansion.Conservation strategies have to become more widely accepted,and people must learn that energy use can be dramatically diminished without sacrificing comfort.In short, with the technology that currently exists,the years of global environmental mistreatment can begin to be reversed.Structure(linear pattern of thinking)Introduction:para1Argumentation；mainstream scientists’opinionThesis:scientific consensus(immediate action)Plan of development:limit gas emissionBody:para 2,3,4(response to the action)On one hand,developing countries fall victims to global warming and emission reduction targets On the other hand,the targets hinder its developmentScientific study shows both should participate inConclusion:last paraRestatement of thesis:concerted effort一致的努力Measures：politicians，government action and people’s awarenes s-sustainable development,conservation strategies and people’s knowledgeProspect:global environmental mistreatment can be reversedAspect(五个司机直身子子)from material to spiritual aspect从物质到精神from individual to social aspect从个体到社会from idea/mentality to behavior从思想到行为from technology to society=from technological to social aspect从技术到社会from direct to indirect aspect从直接到间接from physical to psychological aspect从身体到心理from nature to society=from physical environment to economic and social structure从自然到社会/从地理环境到社会经济结构Skillby statistics统计by example例证by statement阐述by quotation引用method（主时空对缘分亲吻过对手滴）topical ordertime order=chronological order时间顺序space order=spatial order空间顺序antithesis对偶、排比causeand effect=causal order原因和结果classification分类hierarchical structure（from least to most）由轻到重problem and solution问题和答案process and result 过程和结果comparison and contrast对比means and ends手段和目的progression递进logical relationship(from paragraph level)(what,why,how)logical relationship between topic sentence （what）and supporting sentences（why and how）in the form of what-why-how，what-how-why，what-why，what-how.cause and effect =why and howmeans and ends=process and result=how手段和目的，过程和结果topic idea and reason=what and whyproblem and solution=what and howexample=how美国心理学家马斯洛发表了《人类动机的理论》一书。
介绍人的全英文
culture and language, leading to high dropout rates and a lack of skills development
The Yanomamo people are an indigenous community who live in the Amazon rainforest of Venezuela and Brazil. They are one of the largest preColumbian cultures to be found in South America, with an estimated
4
Economic
Activity
Economic Activity
The Yanomamo economy is based on hunting,
gathering, and fishing. They use bows and arrows
for hunting and have a rich knowledge of plant life that they use for
food and medicine
Women are responsible for processing and storing the food they gather. In recent years, the introduction of cash crops has also become an important part of the Yanomamo economy
社会发展的英语作文
Social development is a multifaceted concept that encompasses various aspects of human progress,including economic growth,technological advancements,and improvements in the quality of life.Here are some key points to consider when writing an essay on social development:1.Definition of Social Development:Begin by defining what social development means, highlighting its focus on the wellbeing of individuals and communities,and its holistic approach to progress that goes beyond economic measures.2.Economic Growth:Discuss the role of economic growth in social development. Explain how increased GDP can lead to better infrastructure,more job opportunities,and higher standards of living.cation:Emphasize the importance of education in social development.A welleducated population is more likely to contribute to the economy,make informed decisions,and improve their quality of life.4.Healthcare:Describe the impact of healthcare on social development.Access to quality healthcare services can lead to a healthier population,which in turn can contribute to a more productive society.5.Technology:Explore how technological advancements have contributed to social development.Technology can improve communication,access to information,and the efficiency of various sectors,such as agriculture and manufacturing.6.Sustainable Development:Address the concept of sustainable development,which aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.This includes environmental protection,social justice,and economic stability.7.Inequality:Discuss the issue of inequality in the context of social development. Highlight how economic disparities can hinder social progress and suggest ways to reduce inequality,such as through progressive taxation,social welfare programs,and equal access to education and healthcare.8.Cultural Aspects:Include the role of culture in social development.Cultural diversity can enrich a society,but it also requires efforts to promote tolerance and understanding among different groups.ernment Policies:Examine the role of government policies in promoting socialdevelopment.Effective policies can create an environment conducive to growth and wellbeing,such as through investment in public services,regulation of the market,and protection of human rights.10.Globalization:Reflect on the impact of globalization on social development.While it can lead to increased trade and cultural exchange,it can also result in the exploitation of resources and labor,as well as cultural homogenization.11.Challenges and Opportunities:Identify the challenges faced in achieving social development,such as poverty,unemployment,and environmental degradation,and discuss the opportunities for overcoming these challenges through innovation, international cooperation,and community engagement.12.Conclusion:Conclude by summarizing the importance of social development and the need for a balanced approach that considers economic,social,and environmental factors. Stress the role of individuals,communities,and governments in working towards a more equitable and prosperous society.Remember to use relevant examples and data to support your arguments,and to structure your essay with a clear introduction,body paragraphs for each point,and a concise conclusion.。
The-Sad-Young-Men-习题答案
The-Sad-Young-Men-习题答案The Sad Young Men 习题答案/answerⅡ.1.The younger generation of the 1920s were thought to be wild because 1hey visited speakeasies, denouced Puritan morality, etc. (See para. 1).2. "Yes" and "no Yes" because the business of growing up is always accompanied by a Younger Generation Problem, "no" because all their actions can now be seen in perspective as being something considerably less sensational than the degeneration of jazz mad youth.3. Yes. Youth was faced with the challenge of changing the standards of social behavior, of rejecting Victorian gentility. But in America the young people tried to escape their responsibilities and retreat behind and air of naughty alco-holic sophistication and a pose of Bohemian immorality.4. The revolt was logical and inevitable because of the conditions in the age. First of all, the rebellion affected the entire Western world. Second, people in the United States realized their country was no longer isolated in either politics or tradition and that they could no longer take refuge in isolationism.5. All the activities mentioned above were means to help the young people to escape their more serious responsibilities of changing society and most young people went in for these activities. It became a general pattern of behavior.6. The war whipped up their energies but destroyed their naivette. It made them cynical. They could not fit themselves into postwar society so they rebelled and tried to overthrow completely the gentel standards of behavior.7. Intellectuals and non-intellectuals began to imitate the pattern of life set by those living in Greenwich Village. These people lived a Bohemian and eccentric life. They defied the law and flouted all social conventions. They attacked the war, Babbittry, and "Puritanical" gentility.8. These young intellectuals wanted America to become more sensitive to art and culture, less avid for material gain, and less susceptible to standardization.9. They emigrated to Europe because there "they do things better" than in the United States where people only care for money and wealth. Only in Europe will they be able to find remedy for their sensitive minds.10. They were called the "lost generation" by Gertrude Stein because they were troubled and worried and had emigrated to Europe. But they were never really lost for they finally returned to America and produced the liveliest, freshest, most stimulating works in America's literay experience.Ⅲ.1. The structural organization of this essay is clear and simple. The essay divides logically into paragraphs with particular functions: to introduce the subject (introduction) in paragraph 1, to support and develop the thesis (the body or the middle) in paragraphs 2 through 9, to bring the discussion to an end (conclusion)in paragraphs 10 and 11.2. Horton and Edwards state their thesis in the last paragraph of the essay:"The intellectuals of the Twenties, the "sad young men", as F. Scott Fitzgerald called them, cursed their luck but didn't die; escaped but voluntarily returned; flayed the Babbits but loved their country, and in so doing gave the nation the liveliest, freshest, most stimulating writing in its literary experience. "3. They support their thesis by providing historical material concerning the revolt of the younger generation of the twenties in a series of paragraphs and paragraph units between the introduction and conclusion.4. Yes. Each paragraph or paragaph unit develops a new but related aspect of the thought stated in the thesis. Frequently the first sentence of these middle paragraphs states clearly the main idea of the material that follows and indi- cates a new but related stage of the developing thought. For example : The rejection of Victorian gentility was, in any case, inevitable. (paragraph 3). The rebellion started with World War I . (paragraph 5) Greenwich Village set the pattern. (paragraph 7) Meanwhile the true intellectuals were far from flattered. (parageraph 9).5. The two paragraphs form a single unit. The writers begin .with a clearly stated main idea -- Greenwich Village set the pattern and use paragraph 1 to explain Green- wich Village to the reader, following in paragraph2 with sup-porting material showing how the rest of the country imitated life in the "Village".6.Student' s choice.7.Student's choice.Ⅳ.1.At the very mention of this post-war period, middle-aged people begin to think about it longingly.2.In any case, an American could not avoid casting aside its middle-class respectability and affected refinement.3.The war only helped to speed up the breakdown of the Victorian social structure.4.In America at least, the young people were strongly inclined to shirk their responsibilities. They pretended to be worldly-wise, drinking and behaving naughtily.5.The young people found greater pleasure in their drinking because Prohibition, by making drinking unlawful added a sense of adventure.6.Our young men joined the armies of foreign countries to fight in the war.7.The young people wanted to take part in the glorious ad-venture before the whole war ended.8.These young people could no longer adapt themselves to lives in their home towns or their families.9. The returning veteran also had to face Prohibition which the lawmakers hypocritically assumed would do good to the people. 10. (Under all this force and pressure) something in the youth of America, who were already very tense, had to break down.11. It was only natural that hopeful young Writers whose minds and writings were filled with violent anger against war, Babbitry, and "Puritanical" gentility, should come in great numbers to live in Greenwich Village, the traditional artistic centre.12. Each town was proud that it had a group of wild, reckless people, who lived unconventional lives.Ⅴ. See the translation of the text.Ⅵ.1. flapper: (Americanism) (in the 1920s) a young woman considered bold and unconventional in action and dress2. provincial: narrow, limited like that of rural provinces3. code: any set of principles or rules of conduct; a moral code4. Prohibition: the forbidding by law of the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic liquors for beverage purposes~ specifically in the U. S., the period (1920-1933) of prohibition by Federal law5. agent : an active force or substance producing an effect , e.g. , a chemical agent6. orgy: any wild, riotous, licentious merrymaking; debauchery7. Greenwich Village : section of New York City, on the lower west side of Manhattan: noted as a center for artists, writers, etc.8. draft : the choosing or taking of an individual or individuals from a group for some special purpose, especially for compulsory military service9. distinction: the quality that makes one seem superior or worthy of special recognition10. action: military combat in general11. whip up: rouse; excite12. give: bend, sink, move, break down, yield, etc. from force or pressure13．burden：repeated，central idea；theme14．keep up with the Joneses：strive to get all the mat erial things one’s neighbors or associates have15．write off：drop from considerationⅦ．1．speakeasy：a place where alcoholic drinks are sold illegally，esp．such a place in the U．S．during Prohibition2．sheik：a masterful man to Whom women are supposed to be irresistably attracted3．drugstore cowboy：A western movie extra who loafs infront of drugstores between pictures4．soap opera：a daytime radio or television serial drama of a highly melodramatic，sentimental nature．It has been so called since many original sponsors were soap companies．5．Babbittry：(after George Babbit，title character of a satirical novel(1 922)by Sinclair I．ewis)a smugly conventional person interested chiefly in business and social success and indifferent to cultural values：Philistine6．fast：(adjectl‘ve)living in a reckless，wild，dissipated way7．boobery：same as Babbittry，smug，self—satisfied，conformist in cultural mattersⅧ．1.flourish意为向很理想的状况发展或正处于该状况，即发展的鼎盛时期。
过去和现在的对比英语作文
过去和现在的对比英语作文Title: A Comparative Analysis: Past and Present。
Introduction:The comparison between the past and the present is an intriguing exploration into the evolution of society, technology, culture, and various other aspects of humanlife. Through this essay, we'll delve into the striking disparities and subtle similarities between these twodistinct periods.1. Technological Advancements:In the past, technological advancements were limited, primarily relying on manual labor and rudimentary tools. Communication was slow, often through handwritten lettersor telegrams. However, in the present, technological progress has skyrocketed, with the advent of the internet, smartphones, and artificial intelligence. Communication isinstantaneous, and tasks that once took days or weeks can now be completed within seconds.2. Social Structure:In the past, social structure was often hierarchical, with clear distinctions between different classes andlimited social mobility. Gender roles were rigidly defined, and opportunities for minorities were scarce. Contrastingly, the present exhibits a more fluid social structure, with greater emphasis on equality and diversity. Gender rolesare evolving, and movements advocating for the rights of marginalized communities have gained momentum.3. Economic Landscape:The past was characterized by agrarian economies, where the majority of the population was engaged in farming and manual labor. Industrialization brought aboutsignificant changes, leading to urbanization and the riseof manufacturing industries. Today, we witness a shift towards a knowledge-based economy, driven by innovation andtechnology. The gig economy and remote work opportunities have reshaped the way people engage in economic activities.4. Environmental Awareness:Historically, environmental conservation was not a top priority, leading to widespread pollution and resource depletion. However, in recent times, there has been a growing awareness of environmental issues, promptingefforts towards sustainability and conservation. Renewable energy sources are increasingly being adopted, and initiatives for recycling and waste reduction are becoming more prevalent.5. Cultural Values:Cultural values have undergone transformation over time. Traditions and customs that were once deeply entrenched have either evolved or faded away. Globalization has facilitated the exchange of ideas and cultural practices, leading to a more interconnected world. However, there is also a resurgence of interest in preservingcultural heritage, as communities strive to maintain their identity in the face of globalization.Conclusion:In conclusion, the comparison between the past and the present reveals the dynamic nature of human civilization. While significant progress has been made in various fields, challenges persist, and new issues continue to emerge. By reflecting on the past and embracing the opportunities of the present, we can chart a course towards a more prosperous and sustainable future.。
economic reform 英文解释
economic reform 英文解释Economic reform is a crucial process that involves changes in the economic policies, institutions, and structures of a country, aimed at improving its economic performance and well-being. It encompasses a wide range of measures, from deregulation and privatization to market liberalization and social spending, all designed to foster growth, innovation, and competitiveness.The need for economic reform often arises due to various challenges, such as high levels of bureaucracy and government intervention, rigid labor markets, and inadequate infrastructure. These challenges can hinder economic growth and development, leading to stagnation, income inequality, and social unrest. Economic reform, therefore, becomes necessary to address these issues and create a more dynamic and inclusive economy.One of the key objectives of economic reform is to enhance the role of markets in resource allocation. This involves reducing government intervention and allowing market forces to determine prices and production levels. Deregulation and privatization are two common tools used toachieve this objective. Deregulation refers to the removal of unnecessary laws and regulations that restrict business activity, while privatization involves the transfer of ownership and control of state-owned enterprises to private sector players. These measures can help to improve efficiency, innovation, and competition, thereby boosting economic growth.Another important aspect of economic reform is the promotion of trade and investment. This involves reducing tariffs and other trade barriers, improving the ease of doing business, and attracting foreign capital. By opening up markets to international trade and investment, countries can expand their economic horizons, access new sources of technology and know-how, and create jobs and wealth. Market liberalization, therefore, becomes a crucial component of economic reform, enabling countries to integrate more deeply into the global economy.However, economic reform is not solely focused on growth and competitiveness. It also aims to ensure social well-being and inclusivity. This involves investing in human capital, providing access to basic services such aseducation and healthcare, and ensuring that the benefits of economic growth are shared across society. Social spending, therefore, becomes an integral part of economic reform, helping to create a more equitable and sustainable society. In summary, economic reform is a comprehensive process that aims to improve a country's economic performance and well-being. It involves changes in policies, institutions, and structures, designed to foster growth, innovation, and competitiveness. By enhancing the role of markets, promoting trade and investment, and investing in social well-being, economic reform can help countries to achieve sustainable and inclusive growth.**经济改革：通往可持续增长的道路**经济改革是一个至关重要的过程，涉及到一个国家经济政策、制度和结构的变革，旨在改善其经济表现和福祉。
美国与中国的不同英语作文
美国与中国的不同英语作文Differences between the United States and ChinaThe United States and China are two major nations with distinct histories, cultures, and ideologies. These differences manifest in various aspects, including politics, education, social norms, and economic systems. Understanding these disparities is crucial in developing a comprehensive perspective on these two nations. This essay aims to explore the differences between the United States and China across different domains.1. Political Systems:The United States operates under a democratic system, with a president as the head of state and government. The country follows a federalist structure, with power divided between the federal and state governments. In contrast, China adheres to a socialist system with the Communist Party ofChina (CPC) being the ruling party. The country functions under a centralized political structure, with decisionsflowing from the top to the bottom.2. Education:Education systems in the United States and China alsohave noticeable differences. In the U.S., education emphasizes practical skills, critical thinking, andcreativity. There is a strong emphasis on extracurricular activities and personal development. On the other hand,China's education system focuses more on rote learning and standardized testing. The Chinese system places immense pressure on students to achieve high academic scores.3. Cultural Norms:Cultural norms vary significantly between the UnitedStates and China. In the U.S., individualism is highly valued, and personal achievements are celebrated. Americans tend tobe more vocal, direct, and assertive in their communicationstyle. In contrast, Chinese culture emphasizes collectivism, placing value on family, community, and social harmony. Chinese communication often relies on indirectness and subtlety to maintain positive relationships.4. Economic Systems:The United States embraces a capitalist economic system. It encourages free market competition, private ownership, and entrepreneurship. The American economy relies on innovation and individual initiative. In contrast, China practices a mixed economic system that combines elements of socialism and capitalism. The government maintains significant control over key industries and promotes state-owned enterprises.5. Social Structure:Social structures in the United States and China also differ. The U.S. has a relatively loose social hierarchy, where individuals have the freedom to choose their career paths and social mobility is encouraged. In China, the socialstructure places importance on seniority, respect for elders, and hierarchical relationships. Social mobility may be influenced by family background and connections.6. Religious Beliefs:Religious beliefs vary between the United States and China. The U.S. is known for its religious diversity, with a significant population practicing Christianity, along with various other faiths. Religious freedom is protected by law. In China, however, the Chinese government exercises strict control over religious activities. Traditional Chinese religions, including Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, have deep cultural roots, but atheism is also prevalent.These are just a few key points highlighting the differences between the United States and China. It is important to remember that these descriptions are generalizations and do not represent every individual or circumstance within each country. By recognizing andappreciating these differences, we can foster better cross-cultural understanding and cooperation between these two influential nations.。
经济类英语词汇
经济类英语词汇分类：日积月累Eliminate poverty 消除贫困 eliminate poverty/ illiteracy Common prosperity 共同富裕ECONOMY AND MARKET ECONOMY 经济和市场经济Socialist market economy 社会主义市场经济Socialist sector of economy 社会主义经济成分State-owned economy 国有经济Non-state economy 非国有经济Collective economy 集体经济Individual economy 个体经济Household contract system家庭承包制People’s republic of chinaCoexistence of various economic composition 多种经济成分共存Sustained, rapid and sound economic development 持续，快速和健康的经济发展National economic budget 国民经济预算Comprehensive development of economy 经济综合发展Strategy for economic development 经济发展战略Theory of macroeconomic policy 宏观经济政策理论Macroeconomic decision 宏观经济决策Microeconomic phenomenon 微观经济现象Traditional planned economy 传统的计划经济Stimulate economic development 刺激经济发展Commodity economy 商品经济Market economy 市场经济Free market economy 自由市场经济Developed market economy 发达的市场经济Developing market economy 发展中的市场经济Emerging market economy 新兴市场经济Mature market economy 成熟市场经济Market economy country 市场经济国家Extensive economy 粗放型经济Intensive economy 集约型经济Transform the extensive economic 粗放型经济转变为mode into intensive one 集约型经济Mixed economy 混合经济Regional economy 地区经济Internal-oriented economy 内向型经济Closed economy 闭关自守经济Economic growth point 经济增长点Economic growth mode 经济增长方式Economic growth rate 经济增长率Economy measure 经济手段Diversified economy 多种经济，多样化经济Economic situation 经济形势Economic cycle 经济周期Economic fluctuation 经济波动Economic miracle 经济奇迹Economic take-off 经济起飞Economic recovery 经济复苏Economic potential 经济潜力Economic sanction 经济制裁Global economy 全球经济Economic globalization 经济全球化Integration of world economy 世界经济一体化International economic integration 国际经济一体化New international economic order 国际新经济秩序Multi-polarization of world economy 世界经济多极化Economic community 经济共同体MACRO-CONTROL 宏观调控Strengthen macro-control 加强宏观调控Soft landing 软着路Macro-economic situation 宏观经济形势Macro control and micro invigoration 宏观控制与微观搞活Control of overall volume and economic restructuring 总量控制与经济结构调整Tight control on investment in fixed assets 紧缩固定资产投资控制Tight financial and monetary policy 从紧的金融货币政策Moderately tight monetary policy 适度从紧的货币政策Moderately tight credit policy 适度从紧的信贷政策Loosening tight monetary policy 放松紧缩的货币政策Adequate amount of the money supply 适度货币供应量Excessive amount of currency issue 过度货币发行量Maintain monetary stability 保持货币稳定Cheap money policy 低息货币政策Adjustment of interest rate 利率调整Cut interest rate 降低利率Control of interest rate 利率控制Deflation policy 紧缩政策Market intervention 市场干预State intervention 国家干预Administrative interference 行政干预Administrative intervention 行政干预Administrative measure 行政措施Economy measure 经济手段Risk-control mechanism 风险控制机制Overheated economy 过热的经济Consumer price index 消费品价格指数Commodity price index 商品物价指数Retail price index 零售物价指数Average price index 平均物价指数Cost-of-living index 生活费用指数Control of inflation 通货膨胀控制Demand-pull inflation 需求拉动的通货膨胀Double digit inflation 两位数字通货膨胀Excessive inflation 过度的通货膨胀Galloping inflation 恶性通货膨胀Hyperinflation 极度通货膨胀Hidden inflation 隐性通货膨胀Structural inflation 结构性通货膨胀Stagflation 经济停滞型的通货膨胀Inflation factor 通货膨胀因素Inflation of credit 信用膨胀Inflation rate 通货膨胀率Inflationary pressure 通货膨胀压力Curb inflation 抑制通货膨胀Curb the real estate craze 抑制房地产热Development zone craze 开发区热Overall demand and supply 总需求和总供给Balance between supply and demand 供需平衡Supply and demand relation 供求关系Supply over demand 供过于求Supply exceeds demand 供过于求Economic crisis 经济危机Economic depression 经济萧条MANAGEMENT OF STATE-OWNED PROPERTY 国有资产管理Establish a system for the management, supervision and operation of State assets建立国有资产管理，监督和营运体系Reform of management of state-owned property 国有资产管理体制改革Clearly defining property rights, specifying rights and responsibilities, separating ownership from daily产权清晰，责权明确，政企分开，管理科学management and adopting scientific management Regulation on the supervision and management 国有企业监督管理条例of the state-owned enterprises Laws and regulations on the administration of 国有资产管理法律法规state-owned propertyOperate independently, assume sole responsibility 自主经营，自负盈亏，自我发展，for its profits and losses, seek self-development and self-reliance自我约束Uphold the principle of separating the functions of 坚持政企分开的原则，转变政府government from those of enterprises and alter the government’s role in economic management经济管理职能Safeguard state property 保卫国有资产Preserve and increase value and prevent losses 保值增值防止流失Prevent the drain of State-owned property 防止国有资产流失Reform of property rights system 产权制度改革Definition of property rights 产权界定Clarification of property rights 明晰产权Registration of property rights 产权登记Annual checks of the registration of property rights 产权登记年检Certificate of title 产权证书Change of registration 变更登记Change of title 产权变更Transfer of property rights 产权转让Transaction of property rights 产权交易Property rights transfer agency 产权交易机构Inspection of assets 资产清查Re-evaluation of fixed assets 固定资产重估Asset appraisal 资产评估Productive assets 经营性资产Non-productive assets 非经营性资产Return on assets 资产收益Balance sheet 资产负债表Consolidated balance sheet 合并资产负债表Reform of State-Owned Enterprises国有企业改革Step up efforts to reform State-owned enterprises 加大国有企业改革力度Readjust and reorganize State-owned enterprises to 调整改组国有企业促进资产重组promote re-arrangement of assets and raise the 提高国有经济的总体素质overall quality of the State sector of the economy Concentrate on rejuvenating State-owned large 集中力量抓好国有大型企业和enterprises and enterprises groups 企业集团Develop trans-regional and inter-trade enterprise 发展跨地区跨行业的企业集团groupsReform, reorganization and upgrading 改革，改组和改造Re-organization, association, merger, joint 改组，联合，兼并，股份合作制partnership, leasing, contract operation 租赁，承包经营和出售and sell-offManage well large enterprises and adopt a flexible 抓好大的，放活小的policy towards small onesGive small State-owned enterprises greater freedom 放活国有小企业Standardize bankruptcy procedures, encourage 规范破产程序，鼓励企业兼并，merging of enterprises and promote re-employment 促进再就业Allow money-losing enterprise to merger 允许亏损企业兼并或破产or go bankruptDispersion of redundant employees 分流富余人员Re-employment funds 再就业基金Conscientiously strengthen the operation and 切实加强企业经营管理management of enterprisesStrengthen financial management of enterprises 强化企业财务管理Tighten control over extrabudgetary funds 加强预算外资金管理Increase capital and reduce debts through various 多渠道增资减债channelsStrive to help enterprises eliminate losses and 抓好企业扭亏增盈increase profitsDevelop various modes of operation and marketing 发展多种营销方式Alleviate enterprises’ social burdens 减轻企业的社会负担By tapping the potential and upgrading the 通过挖潜改造technologyMechanism for selecting the superior and eliminating 优胜劣汰机制the inferiorEnjoy more decision-making power 享有更多的决策权Allow employees to hold some shares 允许职工持股Give more productive enterprises the power to engage 给更多的生产企业自营出口权in export independentlyProtect the interests of the working class 保护工人阶级利益Technological upgrading 技术改造Reform of state-owned enterprises 国有企业改革Deepening of the reform of State-owned enterprises 深化国有企业改革Modern enterprise system 现代企业制度Reorganization of state-owned enterprises 国有企业重组of State-owned enterprises 转换国有企业经营机制Adjustment of industrial structure 行业结构调整Industrial policy 产业政策Support and develop large enterprises and release small enterprises 支持发展大企业放开小企业Large and medium-sized State-owned enterprises can be turned into corporate enterprises 大中型企业可转变为股份公司Smaller enterprises can become shareholding co-operatives 小企业可转变为股份合作制Readjust the asset-liability ratio of state-owned enterprises 调整国有企业资产负债比State-owned independent accounting industrial enterprises 国有独立核算企业Pioneer enterprise 试点企业Enlarge the right of self-management 扩大自主权Optimize capital structure 优化资本结构Optimize resource allocation 优化资源配置Optimize investment structure 优化投资结构Recapitalization 调整资本结构Capital reorganization 资本重组Promote rational flow of property right 促进产权合理流动Reduce staff to improve efficiency 减员增效Investment risk mechanism 投资风险机制Project capital system 项目资本金制度Legal person responsibility system 法人责任制Responsibility for one’s own profit and loss 自负盈亏Enterprise contract management responsibility system 企业承包责任制Unreasonable economic structure 不合理的经济结构Unreasonable product structure 不合理的产品结构Repeated construction 重复建设Repeated introduction of foreign equipment and technology 外国设备和技术的重复引进Regional and departmental protectionism 地区和部门保持主义Government supervision 政府监督Operating strategy 经营战略Out-dated management styles 落后的管理方式Backward in management 管理落后Relying on government subsidy 依赖政府补贴Heavy social subsidy 沉重的社会补贴Heavy social burdens 沉重的社会负担Excessive production capacity 过剩的生产能力Merger and acquisition 兼并与收购Encourage merger 鼓励兼并Preferential policy for bankruptcy and merger 对破产和兼并企业的优惠政策Standardize bankruptcy procedure 规范破产程序Prevent false bankruptcy 防止假破产Construction of a multi-layer social security system 建立多层次的社会保障制度Re-employment projects 再就业工程Re-employment of redundant workers 富余职工再就业Laid-off workers 下岗职工关贸总协定，世界贸易组织的前身 GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)世界贸易组织 WTO (World Trade Organization)乌拉圭回合 Uruguay Round最惠国待遇（现通常称"正常贸易关系"）MFN （most-favored-nation) treatment争端解决机构 dispute settlement body《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》 DSU (Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governi ng the Settlement of Disputes)《北美自由贸易协定》 NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)东盟自由贸易区 ASEAN Free Trade Area东部和南部非洲共同市场 COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Afric a)反倾销措施 anti-dumping measures against…非配额产品 quota-free products非生产性投资 investment in non-productive projects风险管理/评估 risk management/ assessment国际收支 balance of international payments/ balance of paymen t实行国民待遇 grant the national treatment to瓶颈制约 "bottleneck" restrictions非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家集团（洛美协定） ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific Group)（补贴协议）可诉补贴 actionable subsidy上诉机构 appeal body基础税率 base tariff level国际收支条款 BOP(Balance-of-payments) Provisions既定日程 built-in agenda约束水平 bound level(欧盟）共同农业政策 Common Agriculture Policy规避 circumvention反补贴税 countervailing duty交叉报复 cross retaliation海关完税价值 customs values环保型技术 EST(Environmentally-sound technology)出口实绩 export performance出口补贴 export subsidy粮食安全 food security免费搭车者(享受其他国家最惠国待遇而不进行相应减让的国家) free-rider政府采购government procurement灰色区域措施 grey area measuresWTO最不发达国家高级别会议 HLM (WTO High-level Meeting for LDCs)协调制度（商品名称及编码协调制度） HS (Harmonized Commodity and Coding System)进口许可 import licensing进口渗透 import penetration最初谈判权(初谈权) INRs (Initial Negotiating Rights) 知识产权 IPRs (Intellectual property rights)最不发达国家 LDCs (Least-developed countries)当地含量 local content市场准入 market access专门的营销机构 market boards(服务贸易)自然人 national person国民待遇 national treatment(利益的)丧失和减损 nullification and impairment(争端解决)专家组 panel(《农业协议》中关于反补贴的)和平条款 peace clause诸边协议 plurilateral agreement(服务贸易)自然人流动 presence of natural person生产补贴 production subsidy消费膨胀 inflated consumption慢性萧条 chronic depression进口环节税 import linkage tax北美自由贸易区 NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area) 全球配额 global quota祖父条款 grandfather clause贸易和投资自由化和便利化 TILF (Trade and Investment Liberalization and Facili tation)国际清算 international settlement横向兼并 horizontal merger垂直兼并 vertical merger垃圾融资 junk financing申报制度 reporting system; income declaration system 市场准人的行政管理措施 AAMA (Administrative Aspects of Market Access)MMachine 机械，机器Machinery 机械，机器Macro 宏观，巨大的macro approach 宏观方法macro analysis 宏观分析macro forecast 宏观预测Macroeconomic 宏观经济的macroeconomic analysis 宏观经济分析macroeconomic decision 宏观经济决策macroeconomic model 宏观经济模型macroecnomic phenomenon 宏观经济现象macroeconomic policy 宏观经济政策Maintain 保持maintain a balance between receipts and payments 保持收支平衡maintain monetary stability 保持货币稳定Maintenance 维修，保养maintenance and repair 维护和修理maintenance cost 维修成本maintenance funds 维修基金maintenance of value 保值Major 重点的，主要的major industries 主要行业major project 重点工程major repair depreciation expenses 大修折旧费major repair fund 大修基金Majority 大多数majority required 规定多数majority shareholding 占有多数股权majority statutory 法定多数majority of votes 表决多数，投票过半数Make 制造，定价，使成为make a deal 成交make money 赚钱make profit 获利Man 人man day 人天man hour 人时man month 人月man year 人年Manage 管理，经营Managrd 管理的，经营的Management 管理central management 集中管理enterprise’s management 企业管理management accounting 管理会计management by objectives (MBO) 目标管理management decision 管理决策management function 管理职能management qualitymanagement information system 管理信息系统personnel management 人事管理Manager 经理，管理人员，经营者accounting manager 会计主管assistant general manager 助理，副总经理general manager 总经理Managerial 管理的managerial decision-making process 管理决策程序managerial economics 管理经济学managerial know-how 管理专门知识Manpower 劳动力manpower market 劳动力市场manpower resource 人力资源Manufacture 制造，制品Manufactured 已加工好的，已制成的manufactured inventory 产成品库存Manufacturing 生产的，制造的manufacturing cost 生产成本manufacturing expenses 制造费用manufacturing industry 制造业manufacturing right 生产权Margin 毛利，边际，定金margin account 保证金帐户margin of profit 边际利润margins desired 期望的毛利Marginal 边际的marginal revenue 边际收益marginal utility 边际效用Market 市场bear market 股票市场的熊市bond market 证券市场bull market 股票市场的牛市capital market 资本市场emerging market economic 新兴市场经济majority market economic 成熟市场经济market abroad 海外市场market analysis 市场分析market approach to fair market value 求得公平市场价值的市场法market competition 市场竟争market demand price 市场需求价格market development 市场开发market economy country 市场经济国家market factor 市场因素market forecast 市场预测market index 市场指数market information 市场信息market investigation 市场调查market potential 市场潜力market quotation 市场行情market replacement cost 市场重置成本market research 市场调查，市场研究market risk 市场风险market share 市场份额，市场占有率market value method 市价法market-oriented 面向市场的market-to-cost method 市价成本法property right market 产权市场seller’s market 卖方市场social market economy 社会主义市场经济stock market 股票市场Marketing 营销，市场销售marketing channel 销售渠道，市场渠道marketing cost 销售成本marketing manager 市场销售经理markrting strategy 市场经营战略marketing system 市场体系relationship marketing 关系营销Mass production 大规模生产Matching 配比Material 原材料material account 材料帐户material cost 材料成本material stock 材料库存Matrix 矩阵matrix analysis 矩阵分析matrix equation 矩阵方程matrix organization 矩阵组织结构Mature 到期的，成熟的mature market economy 成熟的市场经济Matured 到期的，成熟的matured bill 到期票据matured bonds 到期债券matured liability unpaid 到期未付债务Maturity 到期maturity structure of debt 债务到期期限结构maturity value 到期值Mean 平均数，方法，手段mean price 平均价mean-square value 均方值Measure 测量，计量，措施administrative measure 行政措施economy measure 经济手段Mediation 调解Mediator 中间人，调解人，经济人Medium 中等的，媒介medium term funds 中期债券medium term capital 中期资本medium term debt 中期债务medium term loan 中期贷款medium-sized enterprise 中型企业Memo 备忘录，便笺Memorandum 备忘录，记要Merchandise 商品，货物merchandise export 商品出口merchandise inventory 商品库存Merger 兼并，合并merger and acquisition 兼并与收购Message 信息massage exchange 信息交换Method 方法method of calculating depreciation 折旧计算法method of comparative analysis 对比分析法method of first-in, first-out 先进先出法method of last-in, first-out 后进先出法method of least square 最小平方法method of weighting 加权方法Microeconomic 微观经济的microeconomic analysis 微观经济分析microeconomic model 微观经济模型microeconomic phenomenon 微观经济现象Mill 工厂Mine 矿山，矿Mining 采矿Ministry 政府的部Minority 少数minority equity 少数股东权益minority share 少数股份Moderately 适度的moderately tight monetary policy 适度从紧的货币政策moderately tight credit policy 适度从紧的信贷政策Modern 现代的modern economic management 现代经济管理modern enterprise system 现代企业制度Modernization 现代化Monetary 货币，金融monetary capital 金融资本monetary crisis 金融危机monetary institution 金融机构monetary market 金融市场monetary policy tools 货币政策工具monetary reform 币制改革monetary system 货币制度Money 货币money supply 货币供应Monopolistic competition 垄断性竟争Monopoly 垄断，专利monopoly capital 垄断资本monopoly capitalism 垄断资本主义monopoly enterprise 垄断企业monopoly position 垄断地位monopoly price 垄断价格monopoly right 专利权，专卖权natural monopoly 自然垄断international monopoly 国际垄断pure monopoly 纯垄断Monthly 月monthly plan 月计划monthly pay 月工资monthly report 月报monthly salary 月薪monthly statement 月结Moody’s Industrial M anualMortgage 抵押mortgage bank 抵押银行mortgage bond 抵押债券mortgage credit 抵押信贷mortgage debt 抵押负债mortgage debtor 抵押债务人mortgage interest 抵押利息mortgage liability 抵押负债mortgage loan 抵押贷款Most-favored nation treatment 最惠国待遇Mrrrill Lynch 美林公司（美国）Multicurrency loan 多种货币贷款Multi-polarization of world economy 世界经济多极化Multilateral 多边的multilateral aid 多边援助multilateral agreement 多边协议multilateral loans 多边贷款multilateral tariff negotiation 多边关税谈判multilateral trade 多边贸易Multinational 跨国的，多国的multinational corporation 跨国公司multinational market group 跨国市场集团Multiple 多样的，多种的multiple budget 复式预算multiple of book value per share 每股帐面资产比multiple of cash flow per share 每股现金流比multiple of sales per share 每股销售比(asset value per share) 每股资产值multiple operation 多种经营multiple regression analysis 多重回归分析multiple tariff 多重关税Municipal 市的municipal bonds 市政债券municipal budget 市政预算municipal enterprises 市属企业municipal government 市政府municipal loan 市政公债municipal monopoly 地方垄断municipal tax 市政税，地方税Mutual 相互的mutual advantage 互利，互惠mutual fund 共同基金，互助基金mutual investment company 共同投资公司mutual obligation 相互债务责任mutual savings bank 互助储蓄银行mutual stock holding 相互控股NNational 国家的，国民的national accounting firm 全国性会计公司national assets 国家资产national balance sheet 国家资产负债表national bank 国家银行national bond 国家债券national brand 国家名牌national capital 国家资本national debt management 国债管理national economic budget 国民经济预算national economic plan 国民经济计划national finance 国家财政national income 国民收入national insurance 国家保险national monopoly 国家垄断national policy 国家政策national treatment 国民待遇Nationalization 国有化nationalization of enterprise 企业国有化nationalization of communication 通信国有化nationalization of railroad 铁路国有化Nationalize 收归国有Nationalized 国有化的nationalized bank 国有银行nationalized monopoly 国有化垄断Natural 自然的，天然的natural calamities 自然灾害natural capital 自然资本natural economy 自然经济natural resources 自然资源Negative 负的，相反的negative assets 负资产negative capital 负资本negative credit 负信用negative factor 负因素negative growth rate 负增长率negative vote 反对票Negotiate 商谈，谈判negotiated 商谈的Negotiating 买卖谈判negotiating terms 买卖谈判小组Negotiation 谈判Net 净的net amount of operating loss 营业损失净额net assets 净资产net assets value per share 每股资产净值net balance 净差额net book value of fixed assets 固定资产帐面净值net capital gain 资本净收益net capital to debt ratio 净资产与债务比率net cash flow 净现金流量net current assets 净流动资产net earning 净收益net income after tax 税后净收入net income before tax 税前净收入net income from operation 营业净收入net liability 净负债net loss 净损失net margin 净利net national debt 国债净额Net Natinal Product(NNP) 国民生产净值net present value 净现值net profit after tax 税后净利润net profit or loss 净损益Network 网络information network 信息网络Ninth Five-Year Plan 九五计划Nominal 名义上的nominal assets 名义资产nominal capital 名义资本Non 非..., 不...non-accepted bill 不认付票据non-bank financial institution 非银行金融机构non-business property 非营业资产non-cash assets 非现金资产non-cash settlement 非现金结算non-financial business 非金融企业non-governmental entity 非政府机构non-ledger assets 帐外资产non-linear relation 非线性关系non-market factor 非市场因素non-nationalization 非国有化non-operating profit 非营业利润non-profit firm 非营利公司non-registered bond 不记名债券non-registered stock 不记名股票non-state economic sectors 非国有经济部门Noncurrent 非流动的noncurrent asset(NCA) 非流动资产noncurrent liability(NCL) 非流动负债Normal 正常的normal distribution curve 正态分布曲线normal year 正常年度Normed 定额的normed current fund 定额流动资金normed deposit account 限额存款帐户Note 票据，纸币note issuance 货币发行note receivable 应收票据Notice 布告，通知bankruptcy notice 破产公告notice of claim 索赔通知notice of invitation for bids 招标公告OObject 目标，对象，物体object cost 目标成本Objective 目标的，客观的objective factor 客观因素objective laws 客观规律objective value 客观价值Objectivity rule 客观原则Obligation 责任，义务obligation of contract 契约义务Obsolete 过时的，陈旧的，不使用的obsolete equipment 陈旧设备Occupation 占有，职业Occupied 占有的，有职业的occupied rate of current capital 流动资金占有率Occupy 占有Offer 提供，报价，发盘blind offer 盲目要价offer price 要价Office 办公室，办事处，事务所Official 官方的，正式的，官员official approval 官方批准official capital 官方资本official exchange rate 官方汇率，法定汇率official holiday 法定假日official list 官方牌价official seal 官方印章officials at various government levels 各级政府官员On job training 在职训练Open 打开，开放open an account 开设帐户open bid 公开招标open coastal cities 沿海开放城市open competition 公开竟争open door policy 开放政策open domestic market 开放国内市场open economy 开放的经济open-door to the outside world 对外开放Opening up 扩大开放reform and opening up policy 改革开放政策Operating 营业，经营operating capital 经营资本，流动资本operating cost 经营成本operating deficit 营业亏损operating income 营业收入operating license 营业执照operating performance 经营效绩operating profit 营业利润operating strategy 经营战略Operation 经营，营业，操作operation and management 经营和管理operation of capital 资金的运用Operational 经营的operational losses 经营性亏损operational mechanism 经营机制operational research 运筹学Opinion 意见，看法opinion polls 民意测验Opportunity 机会Optimize 优化optimize capital structure 优化资本结构Optimum 最佳的optimum portfolio 最佳投资组合Option 期权，选择权Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model Black-Scholes 期权定价模型call option 买方期权put options 卖方期权( in the money ) 沽盈价( out of the money ) 沽亏价Order 定货，定单，秩序new international economic order 国际经济新秩序Ordinary 普通的，平常的ordinary share 普通股Organization 机构，组织Organizational 组织的，编制中的organizational chats 组织结构图organizational goals 组织目标organizational structures 组织结构Organized 有组织的Organizer 组织者Organizing 组织organizing ability 组织能力Original 初始的，原本的，正本original capital 原始资本original cost 原始成本original evidences 原始凭证original investment 原始投资original invoice 原帐单，原发票Other 其它的other assets 其它资产other income 其它收入other liability 其它负债Out 在...之外out of balance 不平衡out of control 失去控制out of order 失灵，失效out of service 报废out of work 失业Out-dated 落后的，过时out-dated management styles 落后的管理方式Output 输出，产出output method of depreciation 产量折旧法Outside 外面outside capital 外部资本outside dealing 场外交易Outstanding 未兑现的，未偿清的，未完成的，杰出的outstanding account 未清帐目outstanding debt 未清债务outstanding loan 未偿还贷款outstanding obligation 未偿还债务Over 超过，在...之上over capitalization 资本过剩over production 生产过剩Over-the-counter (OTC) 场外交易，柜台交易over-the-counter dealings 场外交易over-the-counter market 场外交易市场Overall 全面的，总的，综合的overall average 总平均overall balance 总余额overall economic situation 总的经济形势overall demand and supply 总需求和总供给Overbid 过高出价Overcharge 要价过高Overdraft 透支overdraft interest 透支利息overdraft on bank 向银行透支Overdue 过期的overdue bill 过期票据Overhead 间接费用overhead account 间接费用帐户overhead cost 间接成本overhead expenses 间接费用，经常费用Overheated economy 过热的经济Overseas 海外的overseas branch 海外分支机构overseas assets 海外资产overseas company 海外公司overseas investment 海外投资overseas market 海外市场Overtime 加班时间，额外时间overtime and night differential 加班费和夜班补助Owe 欠（债）taxes owed 应交所得税wages owed to employees 应付职工工资Own 自有，拥有Owner 所有人，物主owner equity 业主权益owner of patent 专利所有人owner’s capital 自有资本Ownership 所有制，所有权collective ownership 集体所有制ownership by the entire people 全民所有制ownership certificate 所有权证书ownership of trade mark 商标所有权ownership system 所有制PPackage 一揽子，包，包装package agreement 一揽子按排，一揽子方案package deal 一揽子交易package mortgage 一揽子抵押贷款package program 一揽子计划Packaged 体揽子的，包装好的package investment 一揽子投资packaged transfer 成套转让Paid 付清的paid cash book 现金支出帐paid check 已付支票paid debt 已还清的债务paid off 付清Paid-in 已缴的，已收到的paid-in capital 实收资本paid-in surplus 缴入公积Paid-up 已缴纳的，已付清的paid-up capital 已缴清的资本paid-up loan 已还清的贷款Paper 纸，纸币，票据，论文paper gold 特别提款权，纸黄金paper money 纸币，票据paper profit 帐面利润paper title 所有权证书Par 与票面价值相等的par issue 平价发行par rate of exchange 平价汇率par value 票面价值，平价Parallel departmentation 平行式的部门划分Parameter 参数Parent 母体，父母parent company 母公司，总公司parent firm 母公司，总公司parent-subsidiary 母公司---子公司Parity 等价，平价，比价parity price 平价parity rate of commodity 商品比价Participating preferred stock 参加分红的优先股Participative management 参与管理Partner 合伙人partner’s equity 合伙人权益Partnership 合伙关系，合伙制general partnership 一般合伙limited partnership 有限责任合伙partnership agreement 合伙契约，合伙协议partnership assets 合伙资产partnership capital 合伙资本partnership enterprise 合伙企业partnership property 合伙财产Patent 专利，专利权patent agent 专利代理人patent application 专利申请patent fee 专利费patent licensing 专利许可patent rights 专利权Patentee 专利权所有人Pay 付钱，付款，偿还，工资pay back period 还本期pay bill 工资单pay check 付工资的支票pay cut 工资削减pay duty 纳税pay freeze 工资冻结pay in 缴款pay in cash 现金支付pay off 清偿pay out 支出pay up 付清Payable 应付的payable account 应付帐目，应付帐款Payback period of investment 投资回收期Payment 付款，支付payment abroad 境外付款payment after delivery 货到付款payment in advance 预付payment in cash 现金支付payment in stock 用股票支付Payroll 工资单P/E ratio 市盈率Penalty 罚款administrative penalty 行政罚款Penny stock 低价股票Pension 退休金，养老金pension fund 养老基金，退休基金Per capita 人均per capita annual income in cities and towns 城镇人均年收入per capita annual net income in rural areas 农村人均年收入per capita assets 人均资产per capita gross domestic product 人均国内生产总值per capita growth 人均增长per capita income of rural residents 农村人均收入per capita income of urban residents 城镇人均收入Per share 每股asset value per share 每股资产值multiple of book value per share 每股帐面资产比multiple of cash flow per share 每股现金流比multiple of sales per share 每股销售比Percentage 百分比percentage depletion method 百分比折耗法percentage of utilization of fixed asset 固定资产利用率Perfect 完全，完美perfect competition market 完全竟争市场perfect monoply 完全垄断Perform 履行perform a contract 履行会同Performance 执行，履行，完成，性能，业绩performance appraisal 效绩评价performance audit 业绩审计performance evaluation 业绩评价performance rating 业绩评级performance report 业绩报告performance record 业绩记录Period 周期period cost 期间成本period of depreciation 折旧期数period of production 生产周期Periodical 周期的，定期的periodical deposit 定期存款periodical inspection 定期检查Permanent 永久的permanent assts 永久性资产permanent income 长期收入Personal 个人的personal account 个人帐户personal capital 个人资本personal holding company 私有股份公司personal income tax 个人所得税personal investment 各人投资personal liability 个人责任personal property 个人财产Personnel 人员，全体雇员personnel administration 人事管理personnel department 人事部门personnel management 人事管理personnel system 人事制度Petty cash 零用现金petty cash account 零用现金帐户petty cash fund 零用备用金Phase 阶段Physical 物理的，实际的physical assets appraisal 实物资产评估physical capital 有形资本physical depreciation 实物折旧，有形损耗physical holding of stock 实际库存physical inventory 实物盘存Piece 件，片，块piece work system 计件工资制piece worker 计件工人Pilot 领航员，带路人，新产品试制pilot project 试点项目pilot program 试点计划Planned 按计划的planned budget 计划预算planned economy 计划经济。
经济社会学理论传统嵌入性等当代理论
Selected Publications
1973. "The Strength of Weak Ties." American Journal of Sociology, 78 (May): 1360-1380.
1978. "Threshold Models of Collective Behavior." American Journal of Sociology, 83 (May): 1420-1443.
格拉诺维特当前的经济社会学研究
经济制度的社会建构
Professor Mark Granovetter is currently concentrating on three main projects. The first is a general treatment of economic sociology with the preliminary title Society and Economy: The Social Construction of Economic Institutions, to be published by Harvard University Press. The theoretical scheme that will inform the book is laid out in his 1985 American Journal of Sociology paper, "Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness".
☆功利主义传统：理性较少受到社会关系影响 ［例］霍布斯：自然状态（state of nature） 罗尔斯：原初位置（original position）