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大学词汇学第一章

大学词汇学第一章

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考Hale Waihona Puke 形式1. 平时成绩50%（出勤、作业）。 2. 提交论文50%（3000—8000字）。
Introduction




1476年，Sir William Caxton发明印刷机。 早期现代英语（Early Modern English）逐渐形成。 文艺复兴（The Renaissance, 14-17世纪） 代表人物：达.芬奇，米开朗基罗等 英国剧作家莎士比亚（William Shakespeare,15641616）
Danish Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Swedish
Gothic*
German Dutch Flemish Frisian Afrikaans Yiddish
Old English(Anglo-Saxon):(AD400-1100) ---449 First landing of the Germanic warriors in Britain ---1066 Norman Conquest in Britain Middle English:(1100-1500) ---1476 Introduction of the Printing Press by Sir Willian Caxton ---1492 Discovery of the New World Early Modern English:(1500-1800) --- 1755 Dictionary of the English language by Samuel Johnson ---1776 American Revolution Modern English:(1800-present) ----20th C World wars, scientific breakthrough Contemporary English:(present and onwards)

英语词汇学(1)

英语词汇学(1)

英语词汇学
英语词汇学发展历史与现状： 20世纪80年代中期以后，西方语言学家开始 承认词汇学在现代语言学中的合法地位。我国于 20世纪80年代中期开始出现英语词汇学专著。20 世纪末至21世纪初，英语词汇学作为一门独立学 科、实用学科和交叉学科的地位得以巩固。
英语词汇学
Nature and domain of English lexicology:
英语词汇学
They are small in number but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language. Therefore, native words have the same characteristics as those of the basic word stock. Apart from these, in contrast to borrowed words ,native words have two other features.
英语词汇学
专家： 1、陆国强：1934年生，复旦大学首席教授、外 文系英语语言文学博士生导师。出版专著：《现代 英语构词》、《现代英语联想与搭配》、《现代英 语词汇学》（新版）、《英汉和汉英语义结构对比 》。 2、汪榕培：1942年出生，1985年6月到2001年9 月担任大连外国语学院院长。现任大连大学特聘教 授，兼任苏州大学、大连理工大学等校博士生导师 。 1983年出版的《实用英语词汇学》是我国在这 一学术领域中的第一部专著，后来出版的《英语词
英语词汇学
Methods of study ： 1.synchronic approach From a synchronic point of view，words can be studied at point in time，disregarding whatever changes might be taking place. 2.diachronic approach From a diachronic perspective，words can be considered historically and be looked into: the origins and changes in form and meaning.

词汇学第一、二章课后习题及答案

词汇学第一、二章课后习题及答案

2012级（1）班Chaper1 The Basic Concepts Of Words and VocabularyI.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. ______is the most important of all characteristics of the basic word stock.A.Productivity Stability C.Collocability D.All national character2. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except_______ .A.slangB.Anglo-Saxon wordsC.argotsD.neologisms3. According to the origins of the words, English words can be classified into _______ .A.content words and functional wordsB.native words and borrowed wordsC.basic words and dialectal wordsD.loan words and dialectal words4. Borrowings can be divided into________.A.liens, semantic loans, translationloans, denizensB.empty words, notional words, form words, content wordsC.blends, portmanteau words, acronyms, initializesD.derivatives, compounds, converted words and clipped words5. Apart from the characteristics of basic vocabulary, native words have two other features, namely_________.A.Productivity and stabilityB.neutrality in style and high frequency in useC.collectability and polysemyD.formality and arbitrariness6．The word beaver(meaning“girl”)is_______ .A.a dialectal wordB.argotC.an archaismD.slang7. AIDS as a nonbasic word is_______ .A.jargonB.an archaismC.aneologismD.slang8.Form words include the following word classes except_______ .A.conjunctionsB.auxiliariesC.prepositionsD.adjectives9. Vocabulary can refer to the following except_______ .A.the total number of the words in alanguageB.all the words used in a particular historical periodC.all the words of a given dialectD.most words a person knows10.Kimono is a loan word from_______ .A.GermanB.FrenchC.SpanishD.Japanese11. _______ form the mainstream of the basic word stock.A.Anglo-Saxon wordsB. FrenchwordsC.Danish wordstin words12.Black humor is_______ .A.a translation loanB.a semantic loanC.a denizenD.an alien13.Pronouns and numerals are semantically_______ and have limited_______ .A.polysemous;use and stabilityB.monosemous;collocability and stabilityC.polysemous;use and productivityD.monosemous;productivity andcollectability14.Indigestion is_______ .A.jargonB.slangC.terminologyD.an archaism15.By_______ ,words fall into functional words and content words.e frequencyB.notionC.originD.word formation16. The symbolic connection between sound and meaning is almost always_______ .A.motivatedB.arbitraryC.logicalD.unconventional17. _______ are loan words that have become assimilated in English.A.DenizensB.Semantic loansC.Translation loansD.Aliens18.Smoky, which means “police”,is a(n) _______ word.A.slangB.argotC.loanD.jargon19. Wherein which means “in what”is a(n)word. _______A.slangB.archaicC.functionalD.dialectal20.The difference between sound and form due to all the following except _______.A.more phonemes than lettersB. stabilization of spelling by printingC.change of spelling by early scribesD.development of pronunciationplete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book1. Lexicology is a branch of linguisticsstudying the origins and_______ of words .2. A word is a minimal free form of language that has a given sound, meaning and_______ function.3. In spite of the differences between sound and form,at least_______ percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns4.All the words in language make up its_______ .5.The_______ word stock is the foundations of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and form the common core of the language.6.By_______ ,begin is a native word.7. _______ vocabulary include cant,jargon and argot.8. There is no_______ relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself.9. _______ are the basic units of sentences.10. Early borrowings are mostly_______ whereas later loan words remain foreign in sound and spelling.III.Decide whether the following statements are true or false( )1.A word can be defined in different ways from different points of view. ( )2.Under no circumstances can sound and meaning be intrinsically related. ( )3.The introduction of printing press resulted in a lot more differences between sound and form.( )4.The words a person can use in speaking and writing form his active vocabulary.( )5.The principles by which to classify words are usage, notion and origin. ( )6.Native words are more popular than foreign words.( )7.Native words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more. ( )8.audl(meaning “old”)is an instance of archaism.( )9.Kowtow is a loan word known as an alien.( )10.Long time no see is a case of translation loan.IV.Give a term for each of the following definitions.1.Sub-standard words often used on informal occasions.( )2.Specialized vocabulary common in certain professions.( )3.Words used by sub-culturegroups, particularly by understood society.( )4.Words that have clear notions.( )5.Words of Anglo-Saxon origin.( )6.Words borrowed by way of translation. ( )7.Old words with new meanings.( )8.Words which have become assimilated.( )9.Native forms whose meanings are borrowed.( )10.Words essential to native speakers’ daily communication.( )V.Answer the following questions .Your answers should be clear and short.1.What is the relationship between sound and meaning?2.Why are there so many differences between sound and form?3.What are the criteria for classification of words?4.What are the characteristics of the basic word and word stock?[Answers]I.1.D 2.B 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.D 9.D 10.D 11.A 12.A 13.D 14.C15.B 16.B 17.A 18.A 19.B 20.DII.1.meanings 2.syntaitic 3.80(eighty) 4.vocabulary 5.basic 6.origin 7.Nonbaic 8.logical 9.Words 10assimilatedII I.1.T 2. F 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.TIV.1.slang 2.jargon3.argot 4.content words 5.native words 6.translation loans 7.neologisms 8.denizens 9.semantic loan 10.basic word stockV.1.The relationship is almost always arbitrary and conventional ana there is nological connection between sound and meaning.2.There are four major reasons.(1)The internal reason:the English alphabet wasadopted from the Romans,which have more phonemes than letters,so there is nota separate letter to represent each sound.(2)Pronunciation has changed morerapidly than spelling.(3)The spelling forms were changed by the early scribes to make theeir writing more recognizable.(4)Borrowing.3.There are mainly there criteria for classification.Words may fall into:the basicword stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency;content words and functional words by notion;native words and borrowed words by prigin.4.The basic word stock has five charecteristic:(1)all nationalcharacter,(2)stability,(3)productivi-ty,(4)polysemy,(5)productivity.Chapter2 The Development Of the English VocabularyI.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.It is assumed that the world has 3000 languages, which can be grouped intoroughly_______ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A.200B.300C.400D.5002. The following languages all belong to the Eastern set except_______ .A.Balto-SlavicB.Indo-IranianC.ArmenianD.Italic3. In the Eastern set,Armenian and_______ are the sole modern languages in the two respective families.A.AlbanianB.RussianC.SloveniaD.Lithuanian4.Which language does not belong to the Italic?A.Portuguese.B.SpanishC.WelshD.French5.The early inhabitants of the British Isles spoke_______ .A.EnglishB.CelticC.ScandinavianD.Hellenic6.The Germanic speakers took permanent control of the land that was later called_______ (the land of Angles).A.GermanB.GreeceC.EnglandD.American7.Old English has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000 words,which is entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from_______ and Scandinavian.tinB.GreekC.CelticD.French8.The influx of French words into English did not occur until after_______ .A.1200B.1300C.1400D.15009.In the Middle English period,the three main dialects of the land were Northern, _______ and Midland.A.EasternB.WesternC.SouthernD.Oriental10. _______ is the chief ancestor of Modern English,not Southern.A.EasternB.WesternC.SouthernD.Oriental11.The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of_______ words into English.tinB.GreekC.DanishD.French12.Middle is an_______ dialect,as its name implies, and intelligible to Northerner and Southerners alike.A.middleB.intermediateC.interchangeableD.internal13.The number of_______ words that poured into English was unbelievably great and covered every realm of culture and society in the Middle English period.A.FrenchB.GermantinD.Russian14.Before English regained social status in Middle English period,those imposer spoke French;those who were literate read and wrote _______ ;those who could educate their children taught them in _______ ;and any young man who sought to earn his living as a scribe learned_______ or_______ .tin;French;Latin;FrenchB.French;French;French;EnglishC.French;French;Latin;FrenchD.Greek;French;Greek;French15.In the early period of modern English,Europe saw a new upsurge in learning ancient Greek and Roman classic,which is known in history as the_______ .A.RenewalB.RevivalC.ReboundD.Renaissance16.Since the beginning of the 20th century, particularly after World War II,although borrowing remains channel of English vocabulary expansion,more words are createdby_______ .A.analogyB.word-formationC.transferD.conversion17.The Anglo-Saxon in the Old English period was almost a “_______ ”language,which created new words from its own compound elements with few foreign words.A.uniqueB.fashionC.pureD.old18.As one scholar notes,old English w as characterized by “_______ endings”,Middle English by “leveled endings”,and Modern English by “_______ endings”.A.full ;lostB.lost;fullC.full;pureD.pure;lost19.Old English which was a_______ language has evolved to the present_______ language.A.analytic;syntheticB.synthetic;analyticC.agglutinative;analyticD.isolating;synthetic20.Of all the foreign languages from which we have borrowed words,Latin ,Greek,French,and_______ stand out as the major contributors.A.ItalianB.GermanC.DutchD.Scandinavian21.In the Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,the words borrowed naturally from reflected the new experience in_______ and _______ .A.war;economyB.economy;agricultureC.war;shrineD.agriculture22.In the Old English period,borrowings from Latin came in because of the introduction of Christianity,such as, _______ and _______ .A.cook;candleB.shrine;sackC.candle;shrineD.mass;circle23.The_______ centuries were especially prolific in Latin borrowingsunder the influence of Renaissance.A.12th and 13thB.13th and 14thC.14th and15thD.15th and 16th24.Some late borrowings from Latin still retain their Latin forms.which of the following was borrowed in the Modern English period?A.Frustrate B . Focus C.Logic D.Trade25.Which of the following does not come from Greek?A.PianoB.SynonymC.PhilosophyD.Lexicology26.Typhoon is from_______ and tatami is from_______ .A.Chinese;AfricanB.Chinese;JapaneseC.Arabic;TurkishD.Malay;Japanese27.Modern English vocabulary develops through_______ .A.terminology,analogyand borrowingB.creation,semantic and borrowingC.creation,archaisms,and semantic changeD.semantic change,denizens and argot28.Which of the following contemporary English vocabulary is from the rapid growth of science and technology?A.FalloutB.Pant suitC.Black beltD.Mao jackets29.The Scandinavian languages:Norwegian,Swedish,Danish,and Icelandic,constitute the_______ branch of the Germanic group.A.easternB.westernC.northernD.southern30.Reviving archaic or_______ words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though insignificant.A.obsoleteB.oldedD.ancientII．Decide whether the following statements are true or false.( )1.English is more closed related to German than French.( )2.Scandinavian languages refer to Icelandic,Norwegian,Danish,and Swedish ( )3.Old English was a highly infected language.( )4.In early Middle English period,English,Latin,and Celtic existed side by side.( )5.The introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of Modern English period.( )6.Modern English is considered to be an analytic language.( )7.The four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin,French,Scandinavian and Italian.( )8.In modern times,borrowing brings less than percent of modern English vocabulary.( )9.The three major factors that promote the growth of modern English vocabulary are advances in science and technology,influence of foreign cultures and languages. ( )10.The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is creation of new words by means of word-formation.( )11.Old English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.( )12.Middle English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings.III.Define the following terms.1.the Indo-European Language Family2.Old English3.foreign elements4.creation5.semantic changeIV.Answer following questions.Your answers should be clear and short1.Why did Middle become the chief ancestor of Modern English?2.What are the characteristics of Modern English?3.What are the reasons for the growth of contemporary English vocabulary?4.What are the general characteristics of the world-wide appeal of English?V.Analyze and comment on the following.1.Soft drinks and minerals sold here.Tell what“soft drink” and “mineral” mean respectively and explain why they take on those meanings in modern American English.2.“Moon”was originally written as “moan”and the pronuncia tions of the twowords are different,too .Explain the reasons for the change in spelling and pronunciation.AnswersI.1.B2.D3.A4.C5.B6.C7.A8.B9.C 10.D 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.D 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.D 21.D 22.C 23.C 24.B25.A26.B 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.AII.1.T2.T3.T4.T5.T6.T7.F8.T9.F 10.T 11.T 12.FIII.1.The Indo-European Language Family is made up of most languages of Europe,theNear East,and India.According to the geographical distribution,these languages fall into ten principal groups,belonging to two sets,namely an Eastern set anda Western set.The Eastern set consistsof:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,AmericanandAlbanian; the Western set comprises:Celtic,Italic, Hellenic, Germanic, Hittite and Tocharian.2.Old English grew out of the Anglo-Saxon,which has a vocabulary of about 50000to 60000 words.The vocabulary is almost monogamous and entirely Geomantic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.3.English vocabulary owes most of its words to foreign languages.The words borrowedfrom other languages are known as foreign elements in the English vocabulary.4.Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existingmaterials,namely roots,affixes and other elements.In modern times,this is the most important way of vocabularyexpansion.5.Semantic change refers to an old form whichtakes on a new meaning to meet thenew need.This does not increase the number of word forms but create many new usage of the existing words.IV.1. There are several reasons:(1)The midland included London,which was then the capital of England,naturally the political,economical and cultural center.(2)Two great writers Wycliffe and Chaucer employed the Midland dialect in their writings.(3)Midland is an intermediate dialect,as its name implies,and intelligible to Northerners and Southerners alike,whereas these speakers could not often understand each other using their own dialects respectively.(4)When Caxton introduced the printing press in 1477, the printerspatronized the Midland dialect, and any English man who wanted to be published had to write in that dialect.2. Modern English has a huge vocabulary of different elements. Most of the words have actually been borrowed from other languages. Word endings are mostly lost with just a few exceptions.3. Generally there are three main sources of new words:the rapid development of modern science and technology;social,economic and political changes;the influenceof other cultures and languages.4. The more obvious and striking features are summed up as follows:(1)receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity;(2)simplicity of inflection(3)relatively fixed word-order.V.1.(1) “soft drink” means “carbonated drinks”and “mineral” means “mineralwater” in present American English.(2)“soft drink” means “non-alcoholic beverage” and “mineral” means “ore”in British English, but these words no longer have such meanings in present British English.(3) American English ha s revived the old meaning of “soft drink” and that of“mineral”. This is because it is easy to understand and remember.2. (1) “Mona” is an early borrowed word but the original form did not conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.(2) In later development, the word became well assimilated into English languages.(3) At present “mona”is written as “moon”, conforming to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.。

现代汉语词汇符淮青答案

现代汉语词汇符淮青答案
学的研究对象和任务
（一）研究对象
普通话词汇为研究对象。
（二）词汇学的主要内容
1.词汇的性质、词汇单位、词汇的构成、词汇的发展和词汇的规
范化；词汇的构造及造词的理据；词义的基本性质和基本类型；义位、义素的性质及分析；语义场的性质和类型。
2.准确描写现代汉语词汇的构成单位在意义、形式上的基本特征；
3.多侧面、多角度地描写现代汉语中的各种词汇类聚体；
4.建构现代汉语词义系统和词汇系统；
5.探索现代汉语词语组合、搭配的方法和规律。
四．参考文献
张永言《词汇学简论》
符淮青《现代汉语词汇》
刘叔新《汉语描写词汇学》
葛本仪《现代汉语词汇学》
刘叔新《汉语描写词汇》
利奇《语义学》
贾彦德《汉语语义学》
詹人凤《现代汉语语义学》
二．现代汉语词汇的分类
（一）目前最流行的分类
在现代汉语词汇的分类中，在国内学术界最为流行的并被作为比较成熟的词汇学研究成果编入现行各种现代汉语教科书的是关于“基本词汇”和“一般词汇”的分类。
1．“基本词汇”理论及其争鸣
“基本词汇”这个术语并不是斯大林最早提出来的，8但却是随着斯大林的《马克思主义和语言学问题》一文（书）的问世而在国内的汉语学界不胫而走，该文中的下面这段话词汇学届的许多人都耳熟能详：“语言中所有的词构成为所谓语言的词汇，语言的词汇中的主要东西就是基本词汇。其中包括所有的根词，成为基本词汇的核心。基本词汇是比语言的词汇窄小得多的，可是它的生命却长久得多，它在千百年的长时期中生存着并给语言构成新词的基础。”9
现代汉语词汇符淮青答案
【篇一：现代汉语词汇学1】
一、词汇学：
词汇学是以词汇和各种词汇成分的性质、构成、发展以及词语解释和运用的种种规律为主要研究对象的科学。

词汇学第一、二章课后习题及答案

词汇学第一、二章课后习题及答案

…2012级（1）班Chaper1 The Basic Concepts Of Words and Vocabularyof the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. ______is the most important of all characteristics of the basic word stock. Stability national character2. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except_______ .words3. According to the origins of the words, English words can be classified into…_______ .words and functional words words and borrowed wordswords and dialectal words words and dialectal words4. Borrowings can be divided into________., semantic loans, translationloans, denizenswords, notional words, form words, content words, portmanteau words, acronyms, initializes, compounds, converted words and clipped words-5. Apart from the characteristics of basic vocabulary, native words have two other features, namely_________.and stability in style and high frequency in useand polysemy and arbitrariness6．The word beaver(meaning“girl”)is_______ .dialectal word archaism7. AIDS as a nonbasic word is_______ .archaismwords include the following word classes except_______ .^9. Vocabulary can refer to the following except_______ .total number of the words in alanguagethe words used in a particular historical periodthe words of a given dialectwords a person knowsis a loan word from_______ .【11. _______ form the mainstream of the basic word stock.words B. Frenchwords words wordshumor is_______ .translation loan semantic loan denizen alienand numerals are semantically_______ and have limited_______ .;use and stability ;collocability and stability;use and productivity ;productivity andcollectabilityis_______ .(archaism,words fall into functional words and content words.frequency formation16. The symbolic connection between sound and meaning is almost always_______ .17. _______ are loan words that have become assimilated in English.A.Denizens loans loans, which means “police”,is a(n) _______ word.[19. Wherein which means “in what”is a(n)word. _______difference between sound and form due to all the following except _______. phonemes than lettersB. stabilization of spelling by printingof spelling by early scribesof pronunciationthe following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book\1. Lexicology is a branch of linguisticsstudying the origins and_______ of words .2. A word is a minimal free form of language that has a given sound, meaning and_______ function.3. In spite of the differences between sound and form,at least_______ percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patternsthe words in language make up its_______ .word stock is the foundations of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and form the common core of the language.,begin is a native word.7. _______ vocabulary include cant,jargon and argot.8. There is no_______ relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself.{9. _______ are the basic units of sentences.10. Early borrowings are mostly_______ whereas later loan words remain foreign in sound and spelling.whether the following statements are true or false( ) word can be defined in different ways from different points of view.( ) no circumstances can sound and meaning be intrinsically related.( ) introduction of printing press resulted in a lot more differences betweensound and form.( ) words a person can use in speaking and writing form his active vocabulary. ( ) principles by which to classify words are usage, notion and origin.(( ) words are more popular than foreign words.( ) words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more.( )(meaning “old”)is an instance of archaism.( ) a loan word known as an alien.( ) time no see is a case of translation loan.a term for each of the following definitions.1.Sub-standard words often used on informal occasions.( )2.Specialized vocabulary common in certain professions.( )3.>4.Words used by sub-culturegroups, particularly by understood society.( )5.Words that have clear notions.( )6.Words of Anglo-Saxon origin.( )7.Words borrowed by way of translation. ( )8.Old words with new meanings.( )9.Words which have become assimilated.( )10.Native forms whose meanings are borrowed.( )11.Words essential to native speakers’ daily communication.( )：the following questions .Your answers should be clear and short.1.What is the relationship between sound and meaning2.Why are there so many differences between sound and form3.What are the criteria for classification of words4.What are the characteristics of the basic word and word stock[Answers](eighty) 10assimilated!2. Fwords words loans loan word stockV.1.The relationship is almost always arbitrary and conventional ana there is nological connection between sound and meaning.2.There are four major reasons.(1)The internal reason:the English alphabet wasadopted from the Romans,which have more phonemes than letters,so there is nota separate letter to represent each sound.(2)Pronunciation has changed morerapidly than spelling.(3)The spelling forms were changed by the early scribes to make theeir writing more recognizable.(4)Borrowing.3.There are mainly there criteria for may fall into:the basic word stock andnonbasic vocabulary by use frequency;content words and functional words by notion;native words and borrowed words by prigin.4.The basic word stock has five charecteristic:(1)all nationalcharacter,(2)stability,(3)productivi-ty,(4)polysemy,(5)productivity.）Chapter2 The Development Of the English Vocabularyof the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.It is assumed that the world has 3000 languages, which can be grouped intoroughly_______ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.2. The following languages all belong to the Eastern set except_______ .3. In the Eastern set,Armenian and_______ are the sole modern languages in the two respective families.（language does not belong to the Italic.early inhabitants of the British Isles spoke_______ .Germanic speakers took permanent control of the land that was later called_______ (the land of Angles).English has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000 words,which is entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from_______ and Scandinavian.·influx of French words into English did not occur until after_______ .the Middle English period,the three main dialects of the land were Northern, _______ and Midland.10. _______ is the chief ancestor of Modern English,not Southern.Norman Conquest started a continual flow of_______ words into English.*is an_______ dialect,as its name implies, and intelligible to Northerner and Southerners alike.number of_______ words that poured into English was unbelievably great and covered every realm of culture and society in the Middle English period.English regained social status in Middle English period,those imposer spoke French;those who were literate read and wrote _______ ;those who could educate their children taught them in _______ ;and any young man who sought to earn his living as a scribe learned_______ or_______ .;French;Latin;French ;French;French;English;French;Latin;French ;French;Greek;French…the early period of modern English,Europe saw a new upsurge in learning ancient Greek and Roman classic,which is known in history as the_______ .the beginning of the 20th century, particularly after World War II,although borrowing remains channel of English vocabulary expansion,more words are created by_______ .Anglo-Saxon in the Old English period was almost a “_______ ”language,which created new words from its own compound elements with few foreign words.one scholar notes,old English was characterized by “_______ endings”,Middle English by “leveled endings”,and Modern English by “_______ endings”.;lost ;full ;pure ;lost—English which was a_______ language has evolved to the present_______ language.;synthetic ;analytic;analytic ;syntheticall the foreign languages from which we have borrowed words,Latin ,Greek,French,and_______ stand out as the major contributors.the Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,the words borrowed naturally from reflected the new experience in_______ and _______ .;economy ;agriculture ;shrinethe Old English period,borrowings from Latin came in because of the introduction of Christianity,such as, _______ and _______ .…;candle ;sack ;shrine ;circlecenturies were especially prolific in Latin borrowingsunder the influence of Renaissance.and 13th and 14th and15th and 16thlate borrowings from Latin still retain their Latin of the following was borrowed in the Modern English periodB . Focusof the following does not come from Greekis from_______ and tatami is from_______ .:;African ;Japanese ;Turkish ;JapaneseEnglish vocabulary develops through_______ .,analogyand ,semantic and borrowing,archaisms,and semantic change,denizens and argotof the following contemporary English vocabulary is from the rapid growth of science and technologysuit belt jacketsScandinavian languages:Norwegian,Swedish,Danish,and Icelandic,constitute the_______ branch of the Germanic group.^archaic or_______ words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though insignificant.II．Decide whether the following statements are true or false.( ) is more closed related to German than French.( ) languages refer to Icelandic,Norwegian,Danish,and Swedish( ) English was a highly infected language.( ) early Middle English period,English,Latin,and Celtic existed side by side. ( ) introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of Modern English period."( ) English is considered to be an analytic language.( ) four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin,French,Scandinavian and Italian.( ) modern times,borrowing brings less than percent of modern English vocabulary. ( ) three major factors that promote the growth of modern English vocabulary are advances in science and technology,influence of foreign cultures and languages. ( ) most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is creation of new words by means of word-formation.( ) English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.( ) English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings.the following terms.1.,2.the Indo-European Language Family3.Old English4.foreign elements5.creation6.semantic changefollowing answers should be clear and short1.Why did Middle become the chief ancestor of Modern English2.What are the characteristics of Modern English3.、4.What are the reasons for the growth of contemporary English vocabulary5.What are the general characteristics of the world-wide appeal of Englishand comment on the following.1.Soft drinks and minerals sold here.Tell what“soft drink” and “mineral” mean respectively and explain why they take on those meanings in modern American English.2.“Moon”was originally written as “moan”and the pronuncia tions of the twowords are different,too .Explain the reasons for the change in spelling and pronunciation.AnswersI./II.III.1.The Indo-European Language Family is made up of most languages of Europe,theNear East,and to the geographical distribution,these languages fall into ten principal groups,belonging to two sets,namely an Eastern set and a Western Eastern set consists of:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,AmericanandAlbanian; the Western set comprises:Celtic,Italic, Hellenic, Germanic, Hittite and Tocharian.2.Old English grew out of the Anglo-Saxon,which has a vocabulary of about 50000to 60000 vocabulary is almost monogamous and entirely Geomantic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.3.English vocabulary owes most of its words to foreign words borrowed from otherlanguages are known as foreign elements in the English vocabulary.4.Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existingmaterials,namely roots,affixes and other modern times,this is the most important way of vocabularyexpansion.5.Semantic change refers to an old form whichtakes on a new meaning to meet thenew does not increase the number of word forms but create many new usage of the existing words.IV.1. There are several reasons:(1)The midland included London,which was then the capital of England,naturally the political,economical and cultural center.(2)Two great writers Wycliffe and Chaucer employed the Midland dialect in their writings.(3)Midland is an intermediate dialect,as its name implies,and intelligible to Northerners and Southerners alike,whereas these speakers could not often understand each other using their own dialects respectively.(4)When Caxton introduced the printing press in 1477, the printerspatronized theMidland dialect, and any English man who wanted to be published had to write in that dialect.2. Modern English has a huge vocabulary of different elements. Most of the words have actually been borrowed from other languages. Word endings are mostly lost with just a few exceptions.3. Generally there are three main sources of new words:the rapid development of modern science and technology;social,economic and political changes;the influenceof other cultures and languages.4. The more obvious and striking features are summed up as follows:(1)receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity;(2)simplicity of inflection(3)relatively fixed word-order.V.1.(1) “soft drink” means “carbonated drinks” and “mineral” means “mineralwater” in present American English.(2)“soft drink” means “non-alcoholic beverage” and “mineral” means “ore”in British English, but these words no longer have such meanings in present British English.(3) American English has revived the old meaning of “soft drink” and that of“mineral”. This is because it is easy to understand and remember.2. (1) “Mona” is an early borrowed word but the original form did not conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.(2) In later development, the word became well assimilated into English languages.(3) At present “mona”is written as “moon”, conforming to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.。

大学英语词汇学Unit1答案

大学英语词汇学Unit1答案

Check‎Y our Under‎s tand‎i ngState‎ wheth‎e r each of the follo‎wi ng state‎m ents‎i s TRUE or FALSE‎.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. TIn-Class‎Activ‎i ties‎1. The word “wor d” is diver‎s e in terms‎of its meani‎n g. Consi‎d e r its usage‎s in the follo‎wi ng conte‎xts:a. May I say a word about‎that?b. Actio‎n s speak‎loude‎r than words‎.c. She has kept her word.d. Final‎l y the gener‎a l gave the word to retre‎a t.e. Let me know if you get word of my wife.f. Word has it they’re divor‎c ing.ASK:(1) What does “word” mean in each of the conte‎x t s?a. Somet‎h ing he would‎talk about‎b. thing‎s that are said, contr‎a sted‎with thing‎s that are donec. the promi‎s e one has maded. spoke‎n comma‎n d or signa‎le. infor‎m atio‎nf. piece‎of news; messa‎g e(2) Do you know of any other‎ usage‎s the word “word” has?2.ASK:(1) Can you summa‎ri ze the five crite‎ri a intro‎d uced‎by David‎Cryst‎a l here?Poten‎tial pause‎:The pause‎ , which‎happe‎n s when you say a sente‎n ce, will tend to fallbetwe‎e n words‎, and not withi‎n words‎.Indiv‎i sibi‎l ity: The extra‎i tems‎ will be added‎betwe‎e n the words‎and not withi‎n them.Minim‎a l free forms‎: the small‎e st units‎of speec‎h that can meani‎n g ful‎ly stand‎on their‎o wn. Phone‎tic bound‎a ries‎: It is somet‎i mes possi‎b l e to tell from the sound‎of a word where‎i t begin‎s or ends.Seman‎tic units‎: each word in a sente‎n ce has a clear‎meani‎n g.(2) Do you think‎these‎ crite‎ri a are quest‎i onab‎l e in any way? Can they be appli‎e d to the ident‎ifica‎ti on of zi, the rough‎Chine‎se equiv‎al ent‎ of the Engli‎sh“word”?No, as the above‎analy‎si s expla‎i ned. No , they canno‎t. For examp‎l e, 流连and‎蹒跚，they are danch‎u ci(单纯词) which‎ canno‎t be analy‎z ed indep‎e nden‎t ly.3.(1) Suppo‎se we want to know what are the ten most frequ‎e ntly‎used Engli‎s h words‎. What are they, as far as you can tell? How about‎Chine‎se?The, of ,to, and, a, in, is, it, you, that的、一、是、在、了、不、和、有、大、着(2) Are there‎any simil‎a ri ti‎e s and diffe‎rence‎s betwe‎e n the ten most frequ‎e ntly‎used words‎i nEngli‎sh and those‎i n Chine‎se?They are basic‎a lly funct‎i onal‎words‎. Both have posse‎ssive‎ word,(of, 的) numbe‎r words‎(a,一), copul‎a words‎(i s, 是), conju‎n ctio‎n s(and, 和) and local‎i zers‎(i n, 在).; Engli‎s h has the defin‎i te artic‎l e the and sever‎a l prono‎u ns, you , that and it which‎are absen‎t in Chine‎s e.4. Accor‎d i ng to Ferdi‎n and de Sauss‎u re, there‎i s no intri‎n si c relat‎i on betwe‎e n the form of a word and what it stand‎s for. In other‎words‎, words‎are arbit‎rary (i.e. not motiv‎a ted) in terms‎of meani‎n g desig‎n atio‎n. Howev‎e r, there‎seem to be abund‎a nt cases‎i n natur‎a l langu‎a ges that defy this gener‎a liza‎ti on. For examp‎l e, onoma‎t opoe‎i c words‎ seem to exist‎i n all the langu‎a ges known‎to us. To a lesse‎r degre‎e, the meani‎n g of some words‎can be partl‎y deduc‎e d from thei r‎compo‎n ents‎. For examp‎l e, “sl-“ is highl‎y sugge‎stive‎of the meani‎n g of the words‎that conta‎i n it, such as “slide‎”, “slip”, and “slush‎”.ASK:(1)Babbl‎e, bang, grunt‎,s plas‎h; 噼啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱No, these‎words‎are only a small‎ part of Engli‎s h or Chine‎s e vocab‎u lary‎(2)Footb‎a ll and handb‎all conce‎rn the body part which‎take the ball from one place‎to anoth‎e r, and baske‎t ball‎i s named‎after‎ a baske‎t into which‎the ball is put in the beggi‎n g stage‎of the game. (3)Peopl‎e have bodil‎y embed‎d ed knowl‎e dge to infer‎ these‎motiv‎a tion‎s of such usage‎. The fi rst‎examp‎l e conce‎rns the metap‎h or and secon‎d meton‎y my(4) Do you know other‎ types‎of words‎o r usage‎s that are motiv‎ated in one way or anoth‎e r? Some figur‎a tive‎u sage‎s are also highl‎y motiv‎a ted. For examp‎l e:Neces‎s ity is the mothe‎r of inven‎t ion.5. Briti‎s h Engli‎s h (BE for short‎) and Ameri‎c an Engli‎s h (AE for short‎) are two major‎varie‎ties of the Engli‎s h langu‎a ge.Thoug‎h they have funda‎m enta‎l simil‎ariti‎es in terms‎of gramm ‎ar and vocab‎ulary‎, they also diffe‎r subst‎antia‎lly in many ways. On the vocab‎ulary‎level‎, sever‎al disti‎nct disti‎nctio‎ns are found‎. First‎, there‎are diffe ‎rence‎s in the pronu‎n ciat‎i on of some words‎, mostl‎y i n the vowel‎ sound‎s, as illus‎t rate‎d in the follo‎wi ng table‎:Some conso‎n ants‎are also prono‎u nced‎di ffe‎rentl‎y. Parti‎c ular‎l y, in BE，the lette‎r r befor‎e a conso‎n ant is not prono‎u nced‎, but that at the end of a word is prono‎u nced‎if the next word begi n‎s with a vowel‎, e.g., cart /k: t/, door /d :/, but a membe‎r of /☜ memb☜☜f /; in AE, the lette‎r r is prono‎u nced‎i n all posit‎i ons.Secon‎dl y, BE and AE diffe‎r in the spell‎i ng of some words‎. Usual‎l y, the AE varia‎n ts are simpl‎er than their‎B riti‎s h count‎e rpar‎t s, as manif‎e sted‎below‎.A furth‎e r notic‎e able‎di ffe‎rence‎relat‎e s to the lexic‎al meani‎n g of some words‎. For insta‎n ce, “bill” means‎“bank note” in AE but “a deman‎d for payme‎n t of a debt” in BE.ASK:(1) Can you suppl‎y more words‎that are prono‎u nced‎diffe‎rentl‎y i n Briti‎s h Engli‎s h and Ameri‎c anEngli‎shhalf, advan‎c e, advan‎t age, after‎, answe‎r, ask, glanc‎e, glass‎, grasp‎(2) Do you know of any gramm‎a ti ca‎l diffe‎rence‎s betwe‎e n Briti‎s h Engli‎s h and Ameri‎c an Engli‎sh? In Ameri‎c an Engli‎s h we say “gradu‎a te from schoo‎l”; while‎i n Briti‎s h Engli‎s h, we say “leave‎schoo‎l”. In Ameri‎c an Engli‎s h, it has “put up price‎”, while‎i n Briti‎s h Engli‎s h, it is “raise‎pri ce‎”(3) Are there‎speci‎a l words‎for which‎AE and BE have very disti‎n ctiv‎e spell‎i ngs?For Chine‎s e chara‎c ters‎“博览会”, Briti‎s h Engli‎s h has “fair” while‎ Ameri‎c an Engli‎s h usees‎ trade‎show. “ Life and eleva‎t or” , and “autum‎n and fall” are more examp‎l es.(4) Can you find more examp‎l es of the same words‎ wi th diffe‎rent meani‎n g s in AE and BE?one billi‎o n/ first‎floor‎/ pants‎one billi‎o n(Brit) the numbe‎r 10000‎00000‎000 万亿之数(US) the numbe‎r 10000‎00000‎十亿之数first‎floor‎In Briti‎s h Engli‎s h the floor‎of a build‎i ng at stree‎t level‎is the groun‎d floor‎and the floor‎above‎thatis the first‎floor‎.In US Engli‎s h the stree‎t-level‎floor‎is the first‎floor‎and the one above‎is the secon‎d floor‎Pants‎(Brit) men's under‎p ants‎; women‎'s or child‎r en's knick‎e rs(US) trous‎e rs6. The follo‎wi ng excer‎p t comes‎ from Barac‎k Obama‎’s speec‎h on Fathe‎r’s Day, June 15, 2008. Read it caref‎u l ly, and pay speci‎a l atten‎t i on to his choic‎e of words‎.ASK:(1) How does Obama‎disti‎n guis‎h“empat‎h y” from “sympa‎t hy”?Empat‎h y means‎ Ident‎i fica‎t ion with and under‎s tand‎i ng of anoth‎e r's situa‎t ion, feeli‎n gs.The abili‎t y to stand‎in someb‎o dy‎else’s‎shoes‎Sympa‎t hy is defin‎e d as feeli‎n g of pity and sorro‎w (for sb.)(2) Why does Obama‎bothe‎r to defin‎e“hope”– a famil‎i ar word to all?Hope, accor‎d i ng to Obama‎, is somet‎h ing bette‎r is waiti‎n g‎for‎us‎if‎we’re‎willi‎n g to work for it and fight‎for it. If we are willi‎n g to belie‎v e. He diffe‎r enti‎a tes hope from what is blind‎optim‎i sm or willf‎u l ignor‎a nce of the probl‎e ms we face(3) What other‎l exic‎al choic‎e s i mpre‎s s you deepl‎y as well?“As‎fathe‎r s and paren‎t s”, why not as fathe‎rs and mothe‎r s,Open to discu‎ssion‎Post-Class‎Tasks‎1. What chara‎c teri‎s ti cs‎do funct‎i onal‎ words‎have？Read the follo‎wi ng excer‎p t from Georg‎e W.2. How do you under‎s tand‎recep‎ti ve and produ‎ctive‎l exic‎al knowl‎e dge? Use your own examp‎l es to illus‎t rate‎their‎di ffe‎rence‎s. Which‎type of vocab‎ulary‎i s proba‎b l y the large‎st for a langu‎a ge user, readi‎n g vocab‎ul ary‎, writi‎n g vocab‎ul ary‎, liste‎ni ng vocab‎ul ary‎, or speak‎i ng vocab‎ul ary‎? Give one reaso‎n that convi‎n ces you most.For examp‎l e, we learn‎that “word”can be used to refer‎ to “rumor‎”, and we know it means‎“rumor‎”‎in the sente‎n ce “The word is that he's left the count‎r y.(据说他已经‎离开这个国‎家了).”But actua‎l ly, we will not write‎the sente‎n ce, esp., say the sente‎n ce in daily‎conve‎rsati‎o n s. By this examp‎l e, we show that recep‎ti ve lexic‎al knowl‎e dge conce‎rns what you learn‎e d and produ‎cti ve‎lexic‎al knowl‎e dge conce‎rn s what you would‎put into pract‎i c e. Readi‎n g vocab‎ul ary‎may be the large‎st type of vocab‎ulary‎, becau‎s e you may recog‎n ize the meani‎n g of a word witho‎u t using‎i t in daily‎ excha‎n ges or in acade‎m i c writi‎n g.3. Is lexic‎al compe‎t ence‎the same thing‎as produ‎ctive‎l exic‎al knowl‎e dge? How do you under‎stand‎the two conce‎p ts on the basis‎o f the discu‎ssion‎i n Pre-Class‎Readi‎n g?No, lexic‎a l compe‎t ence‎ cover‎s a large‎r scope‎that that of produ‎ctive‎l exic‎al knowl‎e dge.4. Can we say lexic‎o l ogy‎i s the scien‎ti fic‎ study‎of the words‎i n a langu‎a ge? How impor‎t ant is the notio‎n of word equiv‎al ent‎?Read the follo‎wi ng excer‎p t from Barra‎ck Obama‎’s V icto‎ry Speec‎h in 2008 and under‎l ine the word equiv‎alent‎s. What types‎of word equiv‎alent‎s are conta‎ined in this passa‎g e?group‎s (or compo‎u nd words‎), chunk‎s such as idiom‎s, formu‎l ai c seque‎n ces, and so. The latte‎r i s attra‎cting‎more and more schol‎a rly atten‎t i on these‎days. Thus, lexic‎ol ogy‎i s more preci‎s ely defin‎ed as the scien‎ti fic‎ study‎of the words‎and word equiv‎al ent‎s in a langu‎a ge.5. Ident‎i c al syste‎m s of stres‎s and rhyth‎m are used by BE and AE. There‎are, howev‎e r, a fewwords‎that have their‎ stres‎s on a diffe‎rent sylla‎bl e. Write‎out the speci‎fi c pronu‎n ciat‎i ons of the follo‎wi ng words‎:Omitt‎e d。

古代汉语词汇学

古代汉语词汇学

• 2．词义的扩大： • 词义的缩小的特点是古义的范围小于今义，古义一般包
括在今义之中。例如： • “色”表示脸色，现在是表示颜色、色彩。 • “河”表示黄河，现在是表示河流。 • “江”表示长江，现在是表示河流。 • “响”表示回声，现在是表示响声、声音。 • “裁”表示裁衣，现在是表示裁断、裁削。 • 3．词义的转移： • “走”表示跑，现在是表示行走。 • “脚”表示小腿，现在是表示足掌。 • “狱”表示案件、官司，现在是表示监狱。
• 例如 • 1）甲事物对乙事物具有标志作用，使甲代替乙，例如"齿"、"年"、"
兵"等。 • 2）借动作行为指代动作行为的主体或者客体。例如"将"、"薪"等。 • 3）借形状特点指代事物或者人，例如"刚"、"的"、"姝"等。 • 4）借方位处所指代事物或者人。例如"陵"、"室"、"宗"等。 • （3）相因：引申义和本义之间具有因果、条件等逻辑关系，通过推
• （2）辐射式引申：指由本义直接派生出来引申 义，它是以本义作为起点，向着不同的方向派 生出来几个直接引申义的词义引申脉络。
• 3、引申义的读音和书写形式：
• 词的本义和引申义，常常是用同一个字来表示的，读 音也绝大多数是一样的。但是有一些词，在词义引申 之后改变了读音，有的还另外造了字。例如：
• 二、古代汉语词汇复音化 • 1、同义词连用 • 2、经常连用的两个意义不同的单音词逐渐凝固 • 3、双音节单纯词的连用 • （1）叠音词 • （2）联绵词 • 1）双声 • 2）叠韵 • 3）非双声、叠韵 • 4、偏义复词的运用

英语词汇学chapter1 vocabulary

英语词汇学chapter1 vocabulary
Chapter One
A GENERAL SURVEY OF ENGLISH VOCABULARY
1
Outline
1.1 An overview of English vocabulary 1.2 Development of English vocabulary 1.3 Classification of English vocabulary Summary
– Chinese is a member in the Sino-Tibetan Family, while English is a member in the Indo-European Family.
• the criteria to divide language families ?
– 1. the basis of similarities in their basic word stock – 2. grammar
12
• Modern English (1500-Now)
– Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England by William Caxton.
– Early Modern English (1500 – 1700, the period of the Renaissance, which began in Italy, spread in Europe and reached English in 16th century). In this period the influence of Latin and Greek on English was great. Scholars translated literature from Latin and Greek into English.

词汇学-1

词汇学-1

Collocative meaning (cont’d)
• Collocative meaning overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings, because in a sense, both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations.
Chapter 1
词的概述
Word
• Form: pronunciation and spelling (surface structure) • Meaning: what the form stands for (deep structure)
Word meaning
The meanings of “meaning” in the languages
Lexical meaning (cont’d)
• Functional words have little lexical meaning, but process grammatical meaning. • Content words have both meanings, lexical meaning in particular. These two make up the word meaning.
Conceptual meaning
• Also called denotative meaning, the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning.
• The basis for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all speakers of the same language.

英语词汇学1

英语词汇学1
passive vocabulary: 10000-?
1.5 Classification of Words

Criteria for classification: 1. use frequency: basic word stock & non-basic V. 2. notion: content words & functional words 3. origin: native words & borrowed words
1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary


BUT Not all the words of the basic word stock have these characteristics. Pronouns, numerals: monosemous non-productive ―All national character‖ is the most important of all characteristics.
1.3 Sound and Form

3. Spelling affected by scribes
difficult to recognize and the scribes changed spelling forms. sum cum wuman wunder munk some come woman wonder monk
1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary

3. Productivity dog: doglike, doghood, dogcart, dogcheap, dog-ear, dog-fall, dog-fight, doghole, dog paddle, dogsleep

Unit_1（1）词汇学

Unit_1（1）词汇学

Unit_1（1）词汇学Objectives :1. Learn the scientific definition of the word;2. Understand the arbitrary and conventional relationship between sound andmeaning;3. Remember the four factors that cause the differences between sound and form;4. Understand the relationship between words and vocabulary.Main points:WordSound and MeaningSound and FormV ocabularyUnit 11.1 What is a word?What is a word? This question has occupied the attention of linguists for ages. Although numerous definitions have been suggested, none of them seem to be perfect. Scholars still do not agree on the definition of the word.When we talk about a word, we tend to think in visual terms. In this line a word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper. As defined in terms of spoken language, a word is viewed as a sound or combination of sounds which are made voluntarily with human vocal equipment. According to semanticists , a word is a unit of meaning. Grammarians , however, insist that a word be a free form that can function in a sentence, etc. To sum up, the definition of a word comprises the following points:(1) a minimal free form of a language;(2) a sound unity;(3) a unit of meaning;(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.Therefore, we can say that 'a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.'Words can be simple and complex, yet all must comply with these criteria. Man and fine are simple, but they each have sound, meaning and syntactic function, and each can be used alone in a sentence. Naturally they are words. There are words which are complex such as mis.for.tune and man.age.ment. Both are polysyllabic words and can function as 'subject', 'object' and 'predictive' in a sentence. Though misfortune can be further divided as mis- and fortune, the former cannot stand aloneas a word. Similarly, management can be broken down as manage and -ment, the latter cannot be used freely, either. Blackmail can be separated into black and mail, and both can work as independent units in a sentence, the meaning of each, however, is by no means the combination of the two. Black is a colour, opposite to 'white', and mail denotes 'something sent by post', yet when they are put together, the combined form means 'compel, compulsion, to make payment or action for concealment of discreditable secrets etc.' Hence blackmail is a different word.1.2 Sound and MeaningA word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world. Each of the world's cultures has come to agree that certain sounds will represent certain persons, things, places, properties, processes and activities outside the language system. This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is 'no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself'. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters thatmake up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. It is only symbolic. The relationship between them is conventional because people of the same speech community have agreed to refer to the animal with this cluster of sounds. In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds. Woman, for example, becomes Frau in German, femme in French and fùn? in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound [mi:t] is used to mean meet, meat, mete. Knight and night, though denoting entirely different things, yet have the same sound.1.3 Sound and FormIt is generally agreed that the written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form. In other words, the sound should be similar to the form. This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English. The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. With the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two. The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart. During the last five hundred years, though the sounds of speech have changed considerably, there have been no corresponding changes of spelling.A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes. In the early days the spelling differences did not matter very much as people were not so used to seeing words in print, and the spelling was not fixed as it is today. As a result, no one was quite sure how some English words should be spelled. Sometimes, people deliberately changed spelling of words either to make a line even or for easier recognition. Before the printing press was brought to England, everything was written by hand. Those scribes, who made a living by writing for other people often workedin haste to meet the needs of the King, Church, and merchants. One problem was that several letters written with short vertical strokes such as i, u, v, m, w and n looked all alike. Consequently, their handwriting caused misunderstanding. To solve the problem in part, they changed the letter u to o when it came before m, n, or v. This is how sum, cum, wuman, wunder, munk came to be written as some, come, woman, wonder, monk. At some point, too, the scribes seem to have decided that no English word should end in u or v. Thus, in time, an e was added to such words as live, have, due, and true but not pronounced.In the late 1500, printing became well established. It helped to freeze the spelling of words. The standardization makes spelling sacred. Dictionaries did their share in stopping spelling changes. Meanwhile, sounds continued to change as usual, thus bringing more differences.Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary. When English borrowed words from other languages, it borrowed spelling as well. The early borrowings were assimilated and the later ones, however, do not conform to the rules of English pronunciation and spelling, e.g. stimulus (L), dénouement (F), fiesta (Sp), eureka(Gr), and kimono(Jap).The written form of English is, therefore, an imperfect representation of the spoken form. From time to time in history, some British and American scholars have made efforts to reform the English spelling, but with little success. In spite of the differences, at least eighty percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns. And even those spellings that appear to be irregular may have more regularity and usefulness than we realize. In such words as hymn, condemn, bomb, for example, the last letter of each is silent. But when these words are extended into longer ones, the silent letters become audible: hymnal, condemnation and bombard. This is a general rule.1.4 V ocabularyAll the words in a language make up its vocabulary. The term 'vocabulary' is used in different senses. Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period, e.g. Old English vocabulary, Middle English vocabulary and Modern English vocabulary. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. English is one of the world's highly developed languages. Naturally the vocabulary is one of the largest and richest. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over one million words.Exercise:Which of the following is NOT true?A. A word is the smallest form of a language.B. A word is a sound unity.C. A word has a given meaning.D. A word can be used freely in a sentence.Answer ADecide whether the following are true or false.1. A word can be defined in different ways from different points of view.2. Under no circumstances can sound and meaning be logically related.3. The introduction of printing press resulted in a lot more differences between sound and form.4. The words a person can use in speaking and writing form his active vocabulary. Answer 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. TWhat is vocabulary?Answer V ocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.Explain the relationship between sound and meaning with examples.Answer Sound is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to. Sound and meaning are not intrinsically related and their connection is arbitrary and conventional. For example, tree /tri:/ to 树in Englisn because the English-speaking people have agreed to do so just as Chinese people use /sh?/ to refer to the same thing. This explains why people of different languages use different sound to express the same concept. Even I the same language, the same sound can have different meanings e.g. /rait/ can mean right, rite and write.。

英语词汇学 英语词汇学习题1及答案

英语词汇学 英语词汇学习题1及答案

试题一第一部分选择题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket。

(30％）1。

In Old English there was _______ agreement between sound form.A。

moreB. littleC。

lessD。

gradual2.Both LDCE and CCELD are _______。

A。

general dictionariesB. monolingual dictionariesC. both A and BD。

neither A and B3。

The word ”MINISKIRT" is _______。

A。

morphologically motivatedB. etymologically motivatedC. semantically motivatedD. none of the above4。

The most important way of vocabulary development in present—day English is _______。

A。

borrowingB。

semantic changeC。

creation of new wordsD. all the above5。

Generalization is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become ________.A。

generalizedB。

expandedC. elevatedD。

(完整版)词汇学Unit1-2答案

(完整版)词汇学Unit1-2答案

Check Your UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. TIn-Class Activities1. The word “wor d”is diverse in terms of its meaning. Consider its usages in the following contexts:a. May I say a word about that?b. Actions speak louder than words.c. She has kept her word.d. Finally the general gave the word to retreat.e. Let me know if you get word of my wife.f. Word has it they’re divorcing.ASK:(1) What does “word” mean in each of the contexts?a. Something he would talk aboutb. things that are said, contrasted with things that are donec. the promise one has maded. spoken command or signale. informationf. piece of news; message(2) Do you know of any other usages the word “word” has?2.ASK:(1) Can you summarize the five criteria introduced by David Crystal here?Potential pause :The pause , which happens when you say a sentence, will tend to fallbetween words, and not within words.Indivisibility: The extra items will be added between the words and not within them.Minimal free forms: the smallest units of speech that can meaningfully stand on their own. Phonetic boundaries: It is sometimes possible to tell from the sound of a word where it begins or ends.Semantic units: each word in a sentence has a clear meaning.(2) Do you think these criteria are questionable in any way? Can they be applied to theidentification of zi, the rough Chinese equivalent of the English “word”?No, as the above analysis explained. No , they cannot. For example, 流连and 蹒跚，they are danchuci(单纯词) which cannot be analyzed independently.3.(1) Suppose we want to know what are the ten most frequently used English words. What are they, as far as you can tell? How about Chinese?The, of ,to, and, a, in, is, it, you, that的、一、是、在、了、不、和、有、大、着(2) Are there any similarities and differences between the ten most frequently used words inEnglish and those in Chinese?They are basically functional words. Both have possessive word,(of, 的) number words(a,一), copula words(is, 是), conjunctions(and, 和) and localizers(in, 在).; English has the definite article the and several pronouns, you , that and it which are absent in Chinese.4. According to Ferdinand de Saussure, there is no intrinsic relation between the form of a word and what it stands for. In other words, words are arbitrary (i.e. not motivated) in terms of meaning designation. However, there seem to be abundant cases in natural languages that defy this generalization. For example, onomatopoeic words seem to exist in all the languages known to us. To a lesser degree, the meaning of some words can be partly deduced from their components. For example, “sl-“ is highly suggestive of the meaning of the words that contain it, such as “slide”, “slip”, and “slush”.ASK:(1)Babble, bang, grunt, splash; 噼啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱No, these words are only a small part of English or Chinese vocabulary(2)Football and handball concern the body part which take the ball from one place to another, and basketball is named after a basket into which the ball is put in the begging stage of the game. (3)People have bodily embedded knowledge to infer these motivations of such usage. The first example concerns the metaphor and second metonymy(4) Do you know other types of words or usages that are motivated in one way or another?Some figurative usages are also highly motivated. For example: Necessity is the mother of invention.5. British English (BE for short) and American English (AE for short) are two major varieties of the English language.Though they have fundamental similarities in terms of grammar and vocabulary, they also differ substantially in many ways. On the vocabulary level, several distinct distinctions are found. First, there are differences in the pronunciation of some words, mostly in the vowel sounds, as illustrated in the following table:Some consonants are also pronounced differently. Particularly, in BE，the letter r before a consonant is not pronounced, but that at the end of a word is pronounced if the next word begins with a vowel, e.g., cart /k: t/, door /d :/, but a member of /☜ memb☜☜f /; in AE, the letter r is pronounced in all positions.Secondly, BE and AE differ in the spelling of some words. Usually, the AE variants are simpler than their British counterparts, as manifested below.A further noticeable difference relates to the lexical meaning of some words. For instance, “bill” means “bank note” in AE but “a demand for payment of a debt” in BE.ASK:(1) Can you supply more words that are pronounced differently in British English and AmericanEnglishhalf, advance, advantage, after, answer, ask, glance, glass, grasp(2) Do you know of any grammatical differences between British English and American English? In American English we say “graduate from school”; while in British English, we say “leave school”. In American English, it has “put up price”, while in British English, it is “raise price”(3) Are there special words for which AE and BE have very distinctive spellings?For Chinese characters“博览会”, British English has “fair” while American English usees trade show. “ Life and elevator” , and “autumn and fall” are more examples.(4) Can you find more examples of the same words with different meanings in AE and BE?one billion/ first floor/ pantsone billion(Brit) the number 1000000000000 万亿之数(US) the number 1000000000十亿之数first floorIn British English the floor of a building at street level is the ground floor and the floor above thatis the first floor.In US English the street-level floor is the first floor and the one above is the second floorPants(Brit) men's underpants; women's or children's knickers(US) trousers6. The following excerpt comes from Barack Obama’s speech on Father’s Day, June 15, 2008. Read it carefully, and pay special attention to his choice of words.ASK:(1) How does Obama distinguish “empathy” from “sympathy”?Empathy means Identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings.The ability to stand in somebody else’s shoesSympathy is defined as feeling of pity and sorrow (for sb.)(2) Why does Obama bother to define “hope”– a familiar word to all?Hope, according to Obama, is something b etter is waiting for us if we’re willing to work for it and fight for it. If we are willing to believe. He differentiates hope from what is blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face(3) What other lexical choices impress you deeply as well?“As fathers and parents”, why not as fathers and mothers,Open to discussionPost-Class Tasks1. What characteristics do functional words have？Read the following excerpt from George W.2. How do you understand receptive and productive lexical knowledge? Use your own examples to illustrate their differences. Which type of vocabulary is probably the largest for a language user, reading vocabulary, writing vocabulary, listening vocabulary, or speaking vocabulary? Give one reason that convinces you most.For example, we learn that “word”can be used to refer to “rumor”, and we know it means “rumor” in the sentence “The word is that he's left the country.(据说他已经离开这个国家了).”But actually, we will not write the sentence, esp., say the sentence in daily conversations. By this example, we show that receptive lexical knowledge concerns what you learned and productive lexical knowledge concerns what you would put into practice. Reading vocabulary may be the largest type of vocabulary, because you may recognize the meaning of a word without using it in daily exchanges or in academic writing.3. Is lexical competence the same thing as productive lexical knowledge? How do you understand the two concepts on the basis of the discussion in Pre-Class Reading?No, lexical competence covers a larger scope that that of productive lexical knowledge.4. Can we say lexicology is the scientific study of the words in a language? How important is the notion of word equivalent? Read the following excerpt from Barrack Obama’s Victory Speech in 2008 and underline the word equivalents. What types of word equivalents are contained in this passage?Language is composed of not just individual words, but also word equivalents, such as word groups (or compound words), chunks such as idioms, formulaic sequences, and so. The latter is attracting more and more scholarly attention these days. Thus, lexicology is more precisely defined as the scientific study of the words and word equivalents in a language.5. Identical systems of stress and rhythm are used by BE and AE. There are, however, a few wordsthat have their stress on a different syllable. Write out the specific pronunciations of the following words:OmittedUnit 2Check Your UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. FIn-Class Activities1.(1) How are the three allomorphs conditioned by their adjoining sounds?S is pronounced as [s] [z and [iz]] when it is respectively attached to a voiceless consonant, a voiced consonant or a vowel, and any words ending with s, z or pronouncing as [s] or [z].(2) Does the plurality morpheme have other allomorphs apart from those mentioned above? Yes, for example,the plural form of sheep remains unchanged, and man has its plural form realized as “men”.(3) What about the allomorphs of the morpheme for the past tense in English?The usual allomorphs of the morpheme of the past tense may be realized as [t], [d] and [id]2. In English, there are quite a few prefixes that connote negation. They include a-, un-, in- (ir-, il-), dis-, mis-, non-, de-, and the like.symmetry→asymmetrytypical→atypicalforgettable →unforgettabletie→untiearticulate →inarticulate,discreet →indiscreetmature →immature,partial →impartiallegal →illegallegible →illegiblerelevant →irrelevantreverent →irreverentlike→dislikeable→disableuse →misuselead →misleadsense →nonsensecommercial→noncommercialform→deformconstruction→deconstruction(2) How would you distinguish between un- and non- in terms of their meaning and use? Can weprefix un- to adjectives like “tall”, “ill”, and “black”? Why or why not?Un- is usually prefixed before transitive verbs, such as tie →untie, nouns, such as and adjectives, such as employment→unemployment. Non- is often put before adjectives, such as essential→non-essential, and nouns, such as existence→non-existence. Both of the usage are possible because the word followed the above two prefixes has no ready-made acronyms in English lexical system.3.ASK:(1) Could we cut “unwomanly” into “unwoman” and “-ly”?No. unwoman is not a word in English. Un- is usually put before an abstract uncountable noun. (2) Can you analyze the morphological structure of the word “inaccessibility”?inaccessibilityinaccessible -ityin- accessibleaccess -ible(3) According to some feminists, words like “history” and “human” encode sex inequality. Do youagree?These words may connate sex inequality at first sight. But, In fact, we go too far if we hold this notion in mind. Both words have been part of our culture.4.ASK:(1) What are the words in the pictures that stem from conversion?Stop, bin, wear, suit(2) Are they instances of partial conversion or complete conversion?complete conversions5.ASK:(1) What words undergo shortening here? What is the full form of PM (or sometimes p.m.)?Tue Tuesday, Sun Sunday, post meridiem.(2) Do you know how the month names are shortened in English?1月January Jan 2月February Feb 3月March Mar. 4月April Apr. 5月May May 6月June Jun. 7月July Jul. 8月August Aug. 9月September Sept. 10月October Oct. 11月November Nov. 12月December Dec.6.ASK:(1) Can you provide more examples instantiating analogy?Marathon--telethon/talkathon, hamburger--shrimpburger-(2) Is this process of word formation also found in Chinese? Support your answer with evidence.无微不至－无胃不治；其乐无穷－棋乐无穷7.(1) What semantic relation holds the two lexemes together in each case?a. flu virus: A caused Bb. safety line :B ensures Ac. night bird: A is the usual time when B is actived. spoon-feeding: A is one of the ways to realize B.e. potato pancake: A is the ingredient of Bf. man-made: B is realize by Ag toilet seat: B is part A.(2) Does “safety line” mean the same as “safe line”? Can you come up with similar compounds? NO, the former means that line can keep one safe, whereas the latter means the line is safe.(You can touch it)Security guard and secure guardPost-Class Tasks1. Supply the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D.a.D;b.B;c. D;d. C;e. A;f. D2. Learners need to be able to recognize word parts in words. Read the example and break up the following words into meaningful parts. (e.g. unhappiness -- un/happi/ness)a. intangibilityb. unevenlyin/tangible/ity un/even/lyc. friendlinessd. notwithstandingfriend/ly/ness not/with/stand/inge. overseasf. minimalistover/sea/s minim/al/istg. immigration h. Psychologistimmi/grate/ion psych/ology/isti. occurrences j. assumptionoc/cur/rence as/sumpt/ion3. Study the following Security Tips collected from an American Holliday Inn and exemplify the various processes of word formation with words from the passage.Safe: conversionCheck-out: CompositionDead: conversionValuable: conversion4. What kinds of adjectives undergo partial conversion? What kinds of verbs often undergo complete conversion?Adjectives like “poor”, “rich”, “fat”, “sick”, “wounded”, “deaf”, “mute”, “Chinese”, “Danish”, “best”, “most”, “least”, “latest”, “accused”, “condemned”, (for) “good”, “thick”(and) “thin”, etc. undergo partial conversion; stop, pause, halt, look, rest, check, try, taste, smell, etc, often undergo complete conversion.5. Some affixes have not only lexical meanings but affective meanings as well. Some personal nouns formed by the suffix –ling, for example, have derogatory meanings,as in hireling, weakling; some personal nouns taking the suffix –ish are also derogatory, as in mannish, womanish and bookish. Can you provide more examples suffixed with –ling and –ish that are negative in attitude?Prince/princelingUnder/underlingWorld/worldingChild/childishSelf/selfishFool/foolish6. Read the following piece of news. What are the acronyms or initialisms used in this passage? What are their full forms?Obama brings hope for warmer relations to TurkeyANKARA, Turkey – U.S. President Barack Obama is reaching out to Turkey to helpInitialisms: EU, ABC, U.S.。

词汇学第一、二章课后习题及答案

词汇学第一、二章课后习题及答案

2012级（1）班Chaper1 The Basic Concepts Of Words and Vocabularyof the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. ______is the most important of all characteristics of the basic word stock. Stability national character2. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except_______ .words3. According to the origins of the words, English words can be classified into _______ .words and functional words words and borrowed wordswords and dialectal words words and dialectal words4. Borrowings can be divided into________., semantic loans, translationloans, denizenswords, notional words, form words, content words, portmanteau words, acronyms, initializes, compounds, converted words and clipped words5. Apart from the characteristics of basic vocabulary, native words have two other features, namely_________.and stability in style and high frequency in useand polysemy and arbitrariness6．The word beaver(meaning“girl”)is_______ .dialectal word archaism7. AIDS as a nonbasic word is_______ .archaismwords include the following word classes except_______ .9. Vocabulary can refer to the following except_______ .total number of the words in alanguagethe words used in a particular historical periodthe words of a given dialectwords a person knowsis a loan word from_______ .11. _______ form the mainstream of the basic word stock.words B. Frenchwords words wordshumor is_______ .translation loan semantic loan denizen alienand numerals are semantically_______ and have limited_______ .;use and stability ;collocability and stability;use and productivity ;productivity andcollectabilityis_______ .archaism,words fall into functional words and content words.frequency formation16. The symbolic connection between sound and meaning is almost always_______ .17. _______ are loan words that have become assimilated in English.A.Denizens loans loans, which means “police”,is a(n) _______ word.19. Wherein which means “in what”is a(n)word. _______difference between sound and form due to all the following except _______. phonemes than lettersB. stabilization of spelling by printingof spelling by early scribesof pronunciationthe following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book1. Lexicology is a branch of linguisticsstudying the origins and_______ of words .2. A word is a minimal free form of language that has a given sound, meaning and_______ function.3. In spite of the differences between sound and form,at least_______ percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patternsthe words in language make up its_______ .word stock is the foundations of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and form the common core of the language.,begin is a native word.7. _______ vocabulary include cant,jargon and argot.8. There is no_______ relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself.9. _______ are the basic units of sentences.10. Early borrowings are mostly_______ whereas later loan words remain foreign in sound and spelling.whether the following statements are true or false( ) word can be defined in different ways from different points of view.( ) no circumstances can sound and meaning be intrinsically related.( ) introduction of printing press resulted in a lot more differences between sound and form.( ) words a person can use in speaking and writing form his active vocabulary. ( ) principles by which to classify words are usage, notion and origin.( ) words are more popular than foreign words.( ) words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more.( )(meaning “old”)is an instance of archaism.( ) a loan word known as an alien.( ) time no see is a case of translation loan.a term for each of the following definitions.1.Sub-standard words often used on informal occasions.( )2.Specialized vocabulary common in certain professions.( )3.Words used by sub-culturegroups, particularly by understood society.( )4.Words that have clear notions.( )5.Words of Anglo-Saxon origin.( )6.Words borrowed by way of translation. ( )7.Old words with new meanings.( )8.Words which have become assimilated.( )9.Native forms whose meanings are borrowed.( )10.Words essential to native speakers’ daily communication.( )the following questions .Your answers should be clear and short.1.What is the relationship between sound and meaning2.Why are there so many differences between sound and form3.What are the criteria for classification of words4.What are the characteristics of the basic word and word stock[Answers](eighty) 10assimilated2. Fwords words loans loan word stockV.1.The relationship is almost always arbitrary and conventional ana there is nological connection between sound and meaning.2.There are four major reasons.(1)The internal reason:the English alphabet wasadopted from the Romans,which have more phonemes than letters,so there is nota separate letter to represent each sound.(2)Pronunciation has changed morerapidly than spelling.(3)The spelling forms were changed by the early scribes to make theeir writing more recognizable.(4)Borrowing.3.There are mainly there criteria for may fall into:the basic word stock andnonbasic vocabulary by use frequency;content words and functional words by notion;native words and borrowed words by prigin.4.The basic word stock has five charecteristic:(1)all nationalcharacter,(2)stability,(3)productivi-ty,(4)polysemy,(5)productivity.Chapter2 The Development Of the English Vocabularyof the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.It is assumed that the world has 3000 languages, which can be grouped intoroughly_______ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.2. The following languages all belong to the Eastern set except_______ .3. In the Eastern set,Armenian and_______ are the sole modern languages in the two respective families.language does not belong to the Italic.early inhabitants of the British Isles spoke_______ .Germanic speakers took permanent control of the land that was later called_______ (the land of Angles).English has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000 words,which is entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from_______ and Scandinavian.influx of French words into English did not occur until after_______ .the Middle English period,the three main dialects of the land were Northern, _______ and Midland.10. _______ is the chief ancestor of Modern English,not Southern.Norman Conquest started a continual flow of_______ words into English.is an_______ dialect,as its name implies, and intelligible to Northerner and Southerners alike.number of_______ words that poured into English was unbelievably great and covered every realm of culture and society in the Middle English period.English regained social status in Middle English period,those imposer spoke French;those who were literate read and wrote _______ ;those who could educate their children taught them in _______ ;and any young man who sought to earn his living as a scribe learned_______ or_______ .;French;Latin;French ;French;French;English;French;Latin;French ;French;Greek;Frenchthe early period of modern English,Europe saw a new upsurge in learning ancient Greek and Roman classic,which is known in history as the_______ .the beginning of the 20th century, particularly after World War II,although borrowing remains channel of English vocabulary expansion,more words are created by_______ .Anglo-Saxon in the Old English period was almost a “_______ ”language,which created new words from its own compound elements with few foreign words.one scholar notes,old English was characterized by “_______ endings”,MiddleEnglish by “leveled endings”,and Modern English by “_______ endings”.;lost ;full ;pure ;lostEnglish which was a_______ language has evolved to the present_______ language.;synthetic ;analytic;analytic ;syntheticall the foreign languages from which we have borrowed words,Latin ,Greek,French,and_______ stand out as the major contributors.the Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,the words borrowed naturally from reflected the new experience in_______ and _______ .;economy ;agriculture ;shrinethe Old English period,borrowings from Latin came in because of the introduction of Christianity,such as, _______ and _______ .;candle ;sack ;shrine ;circlecenturies were especially prolific in Latin borrowingsunder the influence of Renaissance.and 13th and 14th and15th and 16thlate borrowings from Latin still retain their Latin of the following was borrowed in the Modern English periodB . Focusof the following does not come from Greekis from_______ and tatami is from_______ .;African ;Japanese ;Turkish ;JapaneseEnglish vocabulary develops through_______ .,analogyand ,semantic and borrowing,archaisms,and semantic change,denizens and argotof the following contemporary English vocabulary is from the rapid growth of science and technologysuit belt jacketsScandinavian languages:Norwegian,Swedish,Danish,and Icelandic,constitute the_______ branch of the Germanic group.archaic or_______ words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though insignificant.II．Decide whether the following statements are true or false.( ) is more closed related to German than French.( ) languages refer to Icelandic,Norwegian,Danish,and Swedish( ) English was a highly infected language.( ) early Middle English period,English,Latin,and Celtic existed side by side. ( ) introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of Modern English period.( ) English is considered to be an analytic language.( ) four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin,French,Scandinavian and Italian.( ) modern times,borrowing brings less than percent of modern English vocabulary. ( ) three major factors that promote the growth of modern English vocabulary are advances in science and technology,influence of foreign cultures and languages. ( ) most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is creation of new words by means of word-formation.( ) English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.( ) English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings.the following terms.1.the Indo-European Language Family2.Old English3.foreign elements4.creation5.semantic changefollowing answers should be clear and short1.Why did Middle become the chief ancestor of Modern English2.What are the characteristics of Modern English3.What are the reasons for the growth of contemporary English vocabulary4.What are the general characteristics of the world-wide appeal of Englishand comment on the following.1.Soft drinks and minerals sold here.Tell what“soft drink” and “mineral” mean respectively and explain why they take on those meanings in modern American English.2.“Moon”was originally written as “moan”and the pronuncia tions of the twowords are different,too .Explain the reasons for the change in spelling and pronunciation.AnswersI.II.III.1.The Indo-European Language Family is made up of most languages of Europe,theNear East,and to the geographical distribution,these languages fall into ten principal groups,belonging to two sets,namely an Eastern set and a Western Eastern set consists of:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,AmericanandAlbanian; the Western set comprises:Celtic,Italic, Hellenic, Germanic, Hittite and Tocharian.2.Old English grew out of the Anglo-Saxon,which has a vocabulary of about 50000to 60000 vocabulary is almost monogamous and entirely Geomantic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.3.English vocabulary owes most of its words to foreign words borrowed from otherlanguages are known as foreign elements in the English vocabulary.4.Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existingmaterials,namely roots,affixes and other modern times,this is the most important way of vocabularyexpansion.5.Semantic change refers to an old form whichtakes on a new meaning to meet thenew does not increase the number of word forms but create many new usage of the existing words.IV.1. There are several reasons:(1)The midland included London,which was then the capital of England,naturally the political,economical and cultural center.(2)Two great writers Wycliffe and Chaucer employed the Midland dialect in their writings.(3)Midland is an intermediate dialect,as its name implies,and intelligible to Northerners and Southerners alike,whereas these speakers could not often understand each other using their own dialects respectively.(4)When Caxton introduced the printing press in 1477, the printerspatronized the Midland dialect, and any English man who wanted to be published had to write in that dialect.2. Modern English has a huge vocabulary of different elements. Most of the words have actually been borrowed from other languages. Word endings are mostly lost with just a few exceptions.3. Generally there are three main sources of new words:the rapid development of modern science and technology;social,economic and political changes;the influenceof other cultures and languages.4. The more obvious and striking features are summed up as follows:(1)receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity;(2)simplicity of inflection(3)relatively fixed word-order.V.1.(1) “soft drink” means “carbonated drinks” and “mineral” means “mineralwater” in present American English.(2)“soft drink” means “non-alcoholic beverage” and “mineral” means “ore”in British English, but these words no longer have such meanings in present British English.(3) American English has revived the old meaning of “soft drink” and that of“mineral”. This is because it is easy to understand and remember.2. (1) “Mona” is an early borrowed word but the original form did not conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.(2) In later development, the word became well assimilated into English languages.(3) At present “mona”is written as “moon”, conforming to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.。

(完整版)现代汉语词汇学

(完整版)现代汉语词汇学

葛本仪的《现代汉语词汇学》第一章对词汇的再认识第一节词汇的内容一、词汇的界定及其性质词汇是一种语言中所有的词和所有的相当于词的作用的固定结构的总汇。

二、词汇的内容和范围（一）词的总汇1.基本词汇特点：①普遍性②稳固性③产生新词的基础基本词成为产生新词的基础，主要体现在两个方面，一方面是构成单纯基本词的词素，如“人”作为词素构成了“人”这一基本词，同时“人”作为词素又可以参与构成许多其他的合成词，从而形成它的能产性；另一方面是由合成词充当的基本词，当它被社会广泛使用并具有一定的稳固性之后，它就会以整体的形式转化成为合成词素，并参与创制新词。

稳固性不能和历史悠久完全等同起来，因为许多非基本词也同样可以具有历史悠久的特点。

但是一个具有悠久历史的词如果没有普遍性仍不可能成为基本词，同样一个并非具有悠久历史的词，但它某个历史发展阶段内具有普遍性，并进而形成了它的稳固性，那么它也有可能进入到基本词汇中来。

2.一般词汇①历史上承传下来的固有词②适应社会需要而产生的新词③因特殊需要而加以运用的古语词④从方言中吸收来的方言词⑤受外族语影响而产生的外来词（1）音译词——直接模仿外语词的语音形式，再用汉语语音加以改造，使它符合汉语语音的特点和规则，从而产生新词。

（2）形兼音译词——书面上直接借用外语字母的形式，再将其读音用汉语语音加以改造，使其符合汉语语音的特点和规则，从而形成为汉语的外来词。

（3）音加意译词——把已经汉化了的音译成分和原外语词的意义有关的汉语词素相组合，从而形成新的外来词。

（4）形加意译词——把直接借用的代表汉语词的字母形式，用汉语语音加以汉化后，再和有关的汉语词素相组合，从而产生新的外来词。

（5）音意兼译词——在外语词汉语语音化的基础上，巧妙地把一个音节用汉语的与之语音相近意义相关的汉字来表示，这些汉字从形式上看很像组成该词的汉语词素。

（6）意译词——在外语词的基础上，借鉴其意义，然后用汉语的词素和组词规则形成新词。

《现代汉语词汇学》第一章 读书笔记

《现代汉语词汇学》第一章 读书笔记

葛本仪：《现代汉语词汇学》读书笔记第一章对词汇的再认识第一节词汇的内容一、词汇的界定及其性质1.“词汇”是一个指称词的集体的概念，是表示词的总和的意义的。

我们在一些著述中能够经常见到一些解释，如:“语言中所有的词构成所谓语言的词汇”(斯大林语)，“一部书中所用的词的总和就叫做词汇”，或者说不论在什么情况下，“词的总称就叫做词汇”等等。

在日常交际中，在某种语境下，这样的解释是完全正确的。

但是从语言研究的角度来考虑，用词汇学的科学术语的含义来要求，这种解释显然就不够严格和正确了。

要给词汇作出正确的界定，还必须从词汇的性质谈起。

2.词汇的性质：早在50年代，斯大林就已经指出：“拿词汇本身来说，它还不是语言，——它好比是语言的建筑材料。

建筑业中的建筑材料并不就是房屋，虽然没有建筑材料就不可能建成房屋。

同样，语言的词汇也不就是语言，虽然没有词汇，任何语言都是不可想象的。

但是当语言的词汇受着语言语法的支配的时候就会获得极大的意义。

”斯大林这段话今天看来，尽管有许多不完善的地方，但是它总也提出了词汇的基本性质和作用。

在语言中，应该说，作为语言的建筑材料的成分很多，这就要看是在什么范围内，什么条件下，充当什么样的建筑材料等问题。

例如形成为音位的音素只能是音节的建筑材料，词素只能是词的建筑材料等。

对于词汇来说，它作为建筑材料，其作用是为了构成句子，也就是说词汇作为建筑材料，就是用来组成言语以进行交际的，因此，作为造句的材料就是词汇的功能和性质。

根据词汇的这一特点，应该承认，凡是具有这种功能和性质的语言成分，都应该属于词汇的范围之内，例如成语、惯用语等等，因为它们虽然都是由词组成的词组形式，但是它们却都是一种组句的备用单位，都具有和词一样的建筑材料的性质和作用，语言词汇当然不应该而且也不能够把这类成分排斥在词汇之外。

因此我们认为，词汇应当是一种语言中所有的词和所有的相当于词的作用的固定结构的总汇。

所以，任何种语言的词汇都包括着两个基本的内容：①该语言中所有的词的总汇②所有的相当于词的作用的固定结构的总汇。

词汇学1,2,3,4

词汇学1,2,3,4
3
▪ 5. 英语单词的结构。Word-structure ① 词的定义
② ③ words ④
content words 实义词 function words 功能词
⑤ Eg. I（pron） ⑥ Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis ⑦ (肺尘病)
▪ poly polysemy ▪ pseudo pseudoscience ▪ rupt rupture interrupt ▪ scope telescope microscope
13
▪ sol
solar
▪ tele telephone telecamera
▪ term terminate terminal
▪ Applied linguistics：应用语言学 ▪ （Socialinguistics， psycholinguistics，
cognitive linguistics，teaching methodology， corpus linguistics，SLA，language testing， etc.) ▪ 3. English vocabulary ▪ 4. 本书研究范围 ▪ Word-formation， word-meaning， ▪ word-history
▪ alt
altitude altimeter
▪ am，amor amity，amorous
▪ ann
annual
▪ aqu
aqueous， aquarium
▪ aud
auditor inaudible
▪ auto
automation autograph
10
▪ bio ▪ bre ▪ center ▪ chron ▪ cir ▪ cosmo ▪ crat ▪ dent ▪ dur

英语词汇学-第一章

英语词汇学-第一章
Description
Modern English vocabulary
The Future Development of English Vocabulary
Summary: The future development of English vocabulary is likely to be influenced by globalization, technology, and cultural exchange.
Communication: A sound knowledge of Lexicology aids in effective communication, whether in writing, speaking, or translation.
Educational: Teachers and students of English can benefit from a better understanding of the vocabulary they are working with.
Words are grouped according to their meanings or semantic fields.
Words are grouped according to their internal structure and the formation processes that led to them.
Definition and characteristics
输入 标题
02
01
04
03
Definition and characteristics
Characteristics
Practical: The knowledge gained from Lexicology is applied in areas like translation, education, and lexicography.

英语词汇学-1

英语词汇学-1
People in Britain, the United States, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa are native English speakers. The total population in these countries is about 400,000,000.
I International English Who are using English?
The countries that take E as a FL include China, Korea, Japan---
II Standard English
the variety of the EL which is normally employed in writing and normally spoken by ‘educated’ speakers, which students of English as a FL/SL are taught when they receive formal instruction — — Peter Trudgill, Jean Hannah The term Standard English refers to grammar and vocabulary (dialect) but not to pronunciation (accent).
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage.

词汇学简介第一讲

词汇学简介第一讲
禁用词与限制词的确定
禁用词和限制词的确定需要依据法律法规、道德规范、语言习惯等 因素进行综合考量。
感谢您的观看
THANKS
旧词的消亡
有些旧词因为不再使用或被新词替代而逐渐消失。例如，“ 电报”一词随着电话和电子邮件的普及逐渐被淘汰。
词义的变化
词义扩大
一些词汇的含义随着时间的推移逐渐扩大，涵盖更广泛的概念或事物。例如，“ 水果”一词最初只指苹果、梨等常见水果，现在还包括各种热带和亚热带水果。
词义缩小
相反，有些词汇的含义可能逐渐缩小，只涵盖更狭窄的概念或事物。例如，“茶 ”一词在古代中国泛指各种植物饮料，现在则专指茶树的嫩叶制作的饮料。
多义词
具有多个意义的词，如“bank”既指 “银行”，也指“河岸”。
同义词与反义词
同义词
意义相近或相同的词，如“美丽”和“漂亮”是同义词。
反义词
意义相反或相对的词，如“高”和“矮”是反义词。
04
词汇的变化与发展
新词的产生与旧词的消亡
新词的产生
随着社会的发展和科技的进步，新的概念和事物不断涌现， 需要创造新词来表达。例如，随着互联网的普及，出现了诸 如“网红”、“自媒体”等新词。
词汇随着社会的发展而不断演变， 新词不断产生，旧词逐渐消失，
词汇的意义也在不断变化。
词汇的演变受到多种因素的影响， 如社会变革、科技进步、文化交
流等。
现代汉语词汇在演变过程中形成 了自己的特点，如简练、形象、
内涵丰富等。
现代汉语词汇的特点
现代汉语词汇具有高度的灵活性和创造性，人们可以根据需要创造新词 或赋予旧词新义。
单纯词、合成词与派生词
单纯词
由一个语素构成的词，如“马” 、“猫”等。
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How about lexicography?
• Lexicography is concerned with the making of dictionaries: it is both what dictionary makers do ,and also the theorizing about dictionaries and their compilation.
A Course in Modern English Lexicology
What is lexicology?
• Lexicology is the branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language.
2. Borrowing as a Source of English Word-Stock
• • • • • • • • • • 2.1 The size of English word-stock 2.2 The native words of the English language 2.3 Borrowing: an overview 2.4 Major Sources of Borrowing Latin borrowings Scandinavian influences French loanwords Greek adoptions 2.5 Minor Sources of Borrowing 2.6 Influences of borrowing
7. Lexicology and Lexicography
• • • • • • 7.1 Definitions of lexicology and lexicography 7.2 Functions of dictionaries 7.3 Types of dictionaries 7.4 The history of English dictionaries 7.5 Structures of English dictionaries
8. Social Studies on the English Vocabulary
• • • • • • • 8.1 Standard English and the Core Vocabulary 8.2 Lexical varieties 8.3 Slang 8.4 Dialectical words 8.5 Gender Studies on words 8.6 Social Varieties 8.7 English for Special Purpose
5. Word Meaning and Meaning Relations
• • • • • • • • • •
•
5.1 Four kinds of meaning Denotation and reference Denotation and Connotation 5.2 Meaning Relations Synonymy Antonymy Hierarchical meaning relations----hyponymy and meronymy 5.3 Semantic field and componential analysis 5.4 Word meaning and context
Characteristics of Old English
• • • • • • Frequent use of compounds Introduction of loan-translation E.g. praepositio, preposition unicornis, unicorn A highly inflected language e.g. case, number, gender
10.Rhetorical Studies on the English Vocabulary
• 10.1 Figures of speech • 10.3 Euphemism
11.Discourse Analysis and Lexical Research
• • • • 11.1 Discourse Analysis 11.2 Semantics and Discourse 11.3 Meaning in Discourse 11.4 Lexical Coherence
3. Major Processes of Word Formation
• • • • • • • • 3.1 Morpheme, root and affix 3.2 Derivation and Compounding 3.3 Prefixation 3.4 Suffixation 3.5 Compounding Basic features of compounds Classification of compounds 3.6 Summary
What is The Indo-European Family?
• “Indo-European” refers to the family of languages spoken originally in Europe and parts of southern Asia. The IndoEuropean family includes most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and North India.
6. Collocation, Lexical Phrase and Idiom
• 6.1 Collocations • The typology of collocations • Investigating lexis: corpus approach and • collocations • 6.2 Lexical phrases • Definition • Function • Lexical phrases and language teaching • 6.3 Idioms
9.Culture Studies on the English Vocabulary
• 9.1 Cultural Connotations of the English • Vocabulary • 9.2Influence of Chinese Culture on the • English Vocabulary
4. Minor Processes of Word Formation
• 4.1 Blending • 4.2 Back-formation（e.g. beggar—beg, editor—edit, peddler-peddle, automation-automate, aggressionaggress) • 4.3 Initialism • 4.4 Clipping(e.g. laboratory-lab, memorandum-memo) • 4.5 Analogy • Single words formed by analogy(sunrisemoonrise,marathon-telethon,talkathon) • Phrases formed by analogy • 4.6 Reduplication(seesaw, zigzag, Ping-Pong)
What does lexicology study?
It deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaning and application.
8 types of lexical fact
• • • • • • • • 1. phonology 2. morphology (what is a “morpheme”?） 3. syntax 4. semantics 5. context 6. spelling 7. etymology 8. usage (Hudson, 1998)
• Grammatical relationships in OE are expressed mainly by the use of inflectional endings, which is a typical feature of synthetic language. This is different from Modern English in that grammatical relationships are mainly expressed by means of word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs, which is the main characteristic of analytic language.
Latin Italic Romance languages 印欧语 Germanic North Germanic
East Germanic
West Germanic
The Old English Period
• Duration of time: 449-1066 • The Old English corpus is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items. They are fundamentally different from the one we find in Modern English. • About 85% of OE words are no longer in use.
Is there difference between “lexis” &” lexicon”?
• They are synonymous, they refer to the total stock of words in a language.
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